2023届广东省阳江市高三下学期一模英语试题（解析版）

这是一份2023届广东省阳江市高三下学期一模英语试题（解析版），共19页。
机密★启用前
2024届新高三开学适应性考试
英语试题
本试卷共12页。考试结束后, 将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
注意事项: 1. 答题前, 考生先将自己的姓名、准考证号码填写清楚, 将条形码准确粘贴在考生信息条形码粘贴区。
2. 选择题必须使用2B铅笔填涂; 非选择题必须使用0.5毫米黑色字迹的签字笔书写, 字体工整、笔迹清楚。
3. 请按照题号顺序在答题卡各题目的答题区域内作答, 超出答题区域书写的答案无效; 在草稿纸、试卷上答题无效。
4. 作图可先使用铅笔画出, 确定后必须用黑色字迹的签字笔描黑。
5. 保持卡面清洁, 不要折叠, 不要弄破、弄皱, 不准使用涂改液、修正带、刮纸刀。
第二部分 阅读(共两节，满分50分)
第一节 (共15小题;每小题2.5分，满分37.5分)
阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
A
Four Preschool Winter Stories
Fox Versus Winter by Corey R. Tabor
In this humorous book, Fox does not like winter. His friends hibernate (冬眠) and migrate, leaving him lonely. Fox gets an idea to make new friends out of snow, but they are not as much fun as his old friends. What’s Fox to do? He decides to fight winter! Get ready to laugh as Fox gets a flame thrower and tries to melt winter. Winter fights back and Fox gets covered in snow. Just then, Rabbit appears. Rabbit teaches Fox to appreciate winter.
The Mitten by Jan Brett
One snowy day, the forest animals discover a mitten (连指手套) that a little boy dropped. One by one, the animals squeeze into the mitten to be cozy and warm. Amazingly, the mitten stretches to accommodate even a big bear! But when a little mouse tickles the bear’s nose, the bear’s huge sneeze sends all of the animals flying out of the mitten! The mitten flies through the air and the little boy catches his missing mitten and carries it home.
Snow Day! by Candice Ransom
This is a short, rhyming story about playing in the snow. School is canceled due to snow, so the children put on their winter clothes and head to play! They have a blast sledding and having a snowball fight. They come home cold and wet to warm up with some hot chocolate.
A Loud Winter’s Nap by Katy Hudson
Tortoise is just trying to sleep his way through winter, but all of his animal friends are being too loud. Their excitement with winter activities keeps Tortoise from his sleep, who keeps trying to find the perfect nap spot. When Tortoise tries to use a sled (雪橇) as a bed, he accidentally takes off down the hill! Tortoise discovers that enjoying winter activities with his friends is a lot of fun!
1. Who wrote the book in which Rabbit teaches Fox to enjoy winter?
A. Corey R. Tabor. B. Jan Brett. C. Candice Ransom. D. Katy Hudson.
2. Which book tells a brief and rhyming story?
A. Fox Versus Winter. B. The Mitten. C. Snow Day! D. A Loud Winter’s Nap.
3. What do the four books have in common?
A. They are for preschoolers. B. They tell stories of animals.
C. They are about snowball fight. D. They introduce ways of hibernation.
【答案】1. A 2. C 3. A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇应用文，文章介绍了四本适合幼儿园学生的书籍。
【1题详解】
细节理解题。根据Fox Versus Winter by Corey R. Tabor部分中“Rabbit teaches Fox to appreciate winter.(兔子教狐狸欣赏冬天)”可知， 在Fox Versus Winter这本书中，兔子教狐狸欣赏冬天，该书的作者是Corey R. Tabor。故选A。
【2题详解】
细节理解题。根据Snow Day! by Candice Ransom部分中“This is a short, rhyming story about playing in the snow.(这是一个关于在雪地里玩耍的押韵小故事)”可知，Snow Day!这本书讲述了一个简单而又押韵的故事。故选C。
【3题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章标题“Four Preschool Winter Stories(四个幼儿园冬季故事)”可知，文章介绍了四本适合幼儿园学生的书籍。故选A。
B
When the Great Backyard Bird Count (GBBC) began last Friday, Steve and Janet Kistler of Hart County, Kentucky, joined in. They’ve done so every year since the now-global tradition began 25 years ago.
For Moira Dalibor, who teaches math at a school, this was the first count. She led a group of students and parents to an arboretum (植物园) for an exercise in data-gathering. They were among hundreds of thousands of people around the world counting and recording over four days. Last year, about 385,000 people from 192 countries took part in the GBBC.
This global data goes into the eBird database used by scientists for research on bird populations, which have declined sharply overall in past decades. It’s part of a rise in “citizen science” projects in which volunteers collect data about the natural world for use by researchers.
Many bird-watchers use eBird year-round, and it has collected huge amounts of data — often between 1 million and 2 million bird checklists a month from around the world in the past couple of years, says Becca Rodomsky-Bish, the project’s leader at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, in Ithaca, New York. “Observing birds is a good way to connect with the natural world. Birds are everywhere. You don’t have to leave your house. They will come. And they’re charismatic because they’re fun and interesting to watch.”
This is how it works: Participants watch birds, whether that means looking out of the window for 15 minutes or taking a longer trip to a nature area. Organizers recommend the Merlin bird ID app to distinguish birds by size, shape, song or other characteristics. Many participants also carry field guides and binoculars (双筒望远镜) along with their phones. They then enter the findings into the eBird app. Those numbers help researchers track the ups and downs of various species, which then help determine the direction of conservation efforts.
Dalibor prepared her classes with information about local species and practiced with the Merlin app. The kids recorded bird sightings with pencils and drawing boards, and parent volunteers entered those numbers on phones.
4. Why did Dalibor lead her students to an arboretum?
A. To do exercise for health. B. To observe different plants.
C. To practice their math skills. D. To collect information about birds.
5. What does the underlined word “charismatic” in paragraph 4 probably mean?
A. Attractive. B. Beautiful. C. Rare. D. Shy.
6. What can people use the Merlin bird ID app to do?
A. To record their findings. B. To identify different birds.
C. To help determine the birds’ habitat. D. To track the ups and downs of various species.
7. What’s the best title of the text?
A. Great Backyard Bird Count: a strange activity
B. Watching birds contributes to students’ education
C. Moira Dalibor: a pioneer and responsible teacher
D. Great Backyard Bird Count shows power of citizen science
【答案】4. D 5. A 6. B 7. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“后院鸟类大统计”这一活动，这是“公民科学”项目兴起的一部分，在这些项目中，志愿者收集有关自然世界的数据供研究人员使用。
【4题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段“She led a group of students and parents to an arboretum (植物园) for an exercise in data-gathering.(她带领一群学生和家长到一个植物园进行数据收集练习。)”可知，达利伯要带她学生去植物园是为了收集鸟类的信息。故选D项。
【5题详解】
词句猜测题。根据画线词的下文“because they’re fun and interesting to watch(因为它们看起来很有趣)”可知，这些鸟应该是很有吸引力、有魅力的，所以可推测画线词是Attractive“有吸引力的”意思。故选A项。
【6题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“Organizers recommend the Merlin bird ID app to distinguish birds by size, shape, song or other characteristics.(组织者推荐使用梅林鸟类识别应用程序，通过大小、形状、鸣叫或其他特征来区分鸟类。)”可知，人们可以使用梅林鸟类ID应用程序来辨别不同的鸟类。故选B项。
【7题详解】
主旨大意题。分析全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了“后院鸟类大统计”这一活动，这是“公民科学”项目兴起的一部分，在这些项目中，志愿者收集有关自然世界的数据供研究人员使用，所以D选项“伟大的后院鸟类统计显示了公民科学的力量”能概括全文内容，适合用作文章标题。故选D项。
C
Whales are threatened by a variety of human activities off the West Coast of the United States, including fishing, ship traffic, and pollution. They have bad effects on whale populations, but are rarely addressed by current whale-protection policies in California, according to a study from the University of California, Davis.
The study, published for open access this week in the journal Marine Policy, examines the main causes of death for nine whale species in the California Current Ecosystem, which stretches from British Columbia, Canada to Baja California, Mexico. The whales considered in the study include gray, blue, fin, minke, North Pacific right, and killer whales.
“We find that it is people that deem fishing causes whale death,” said co-leading author Eliza Oldach. “But a number of human activities have made the modern ocean a really tough environment for whales to survive. We’re excited about efforts that look broadly to rebuild healthy oceans.”
The report found that main contributors to whale death are currently, targeted with relevant policy responses: noise, water quality and marine (海洋的) rubbish. But three other threats-nutritional stress, disease and predation (捕食) -need to also be considered to provide a more whole approach toward managing whale deaths.
“Gray whales migrate (迁徙) over 5,000 miles between their breeding grounds at either end of the California Current,” said co-leading author Helen Killeen. “Throughout their journey, they must pass through a large number of human activities, fighting with changes to their environment caused by climate change.”
The study comes as the California Ocean Protection Council (COPC) aims to develop a plan for achieving zero death for whales in the California Current Ecosystem this year. Achieving such a goal requires understanding the key drivers of whale deaths and opportunities for policy change, the report said.
8. Which activity will lead to whales’ death?
A. Going fishing with your friends in a river. B. Playing with your friends beside the sea.
C. Going sailing with your family on weekends. D. Throwing rubbish in the sea as you are playing.
9. What’s meaning of the underlined word “deem” in Paragraph 3?
A. Catch. B. Complain. C. Think. D. Describe.
10. What can we learn from Helen’s words?
A. Gray whales are fond of travelling. B. Gray whales’ migration is full of danger.
C. Human being is the only killer of whales. D. Whales’ death is mainly caused by climate.
11. What should COPC do prevent whales’ death?
A. Get rid of the present policy. B. Plant more trees along the sea.
C. Know what actually leads to it. D. Find a right place for them to live.
【答案】8. D 9. C 10. B 11. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了鲸鱼受到美国西海岸各种人类活动的威胁，包括捕鱼、船舶交通和污染。根据加州大学戴维斯分校的一项研究，它们对鲸鱼种群有不良影响，但加州目前的鲸鱼保护政策很少解决这些问题。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段“The report found that main contributors to whale death are currently, targeted with relevant policy responses: noise, water quality and marine (海洋) rubbish.(该报告发现，造成鲸鱼死亡的主要原因目前是相关政策应对的目标：噪音、水质和海洋垃圾)”可知，边玩边往海里扔垃圾会导致鲸鱼死亡。故选D。
【9题详解】
词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“it is people that”以及后文“fishing causes whale death”可知，此处为强调句，强调主语people，即人们认为捕捞导致了鲸鱼的死亡，故划线词意思是“认为”。故选C。
【10题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Throughout their journey, they must pass through a large number of human activities, fighting with changes to their environment caused by climate change.(在整个旅程中，它们必须经过大量的人类活动，与气候变化引起的环境变化作斗争)”可知，海伦告诉我们，灰鲸的迁徙充满了危险。故选B。
【11题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段“Achieving such a goal requires understanding the key drivers of whale deaths and opportunities for policy change, the report said.(报告称，实现这一目标需要了解鲸鱼死亡的主要驱动因素以及政策变化的机会)”可知，COPC应该知道导致鲸鱼死亡的原因来阻止这种情况。故选C。
D
If you’ve ever emerged from the shower or returned from your walk with a clever idea or a solution to a problem you had been struggling with, it may not be a surprise. Rather than constantly concentrating on a problem, research from the last 15 years suggests that people may be more likely to have creative breakthroughs when they’re doing a habitual task that doesn’t require much thought.
“People always get surprised when they realize they get interesting, novel ideas at unexpected times,” says Kalina Christoff, a scientist at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, “because our culture tells us that we should do it through hard work.”
Now researchers begin to understand why these clever thoughts occur during more passive activities and what’s happening in the brain. They have found that the key is a series of brain activities—within what’s called the default mode (DM) network—that occur while an individual is resting or performing habitual tasks that don’t require much attention.
“Simply put, it is a state that your brain returns to when you’re relaxed,” explains Christoff. “By contrast, when you’re working on a demanding task, the brain’s executive control (EC) systems keep your thinking focused, analytical, and logical.”
Researchers find that the DM network is also involved in the early stages of idea generation, drawing from past experiences and knowledge about the world. When your mind wanders, you’re allowing thoughts to playfully cross your mind, which helps you combine information and ideas in new ways and something clicks.
“A cautionary note: While the DM network plays a key role in the creative process, it is the EC systems that help you to evaluate and apply the creative ideas effectively to your problems in the real world,” Christoff says. “So it’s unwise to place blind faith in the discovery that creative ideas can be generated in the shower or during any other kinds of mind wandering. Instead, you have to do the work to set the groundwork for creative ideas to emerge in the first place.”
12. What is the most unlikely function of the EC systems?
A. To start your thinking process. B. To help you analyze.
C. To let you get novel ideas D. To keep you focused.
13. What do the underlined words “something clicks” in paragraph 5 probably mean?
A. A clever idea occurs. B. Something drops down.
C. A memory disappears. D. A funny thought happens.
14. What is Kalina Christoff’s attitude to the culture of hard work?
A. Disapproving. B. Positive. C. Doubtful. D. Unconcerned.
15. Which statement might the author agree with?
A. Practice makes perfect.
B. Where there is a will, there is a way.
C. Everything comes to him who waits.
D All work and no break makes Jack a dull boy.
【答案】12. C 13. A 14. B 15. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了创意经常会在放松状态下出现的心理机制。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段“‘By contrast, when you’re working on a demanding task, the brain’s executive control (EC) systems keep your thinking focused, analytical, and logical.’”（“相比之下，当你在处理一项要求很高的任务时，大脑的执行控制系统(EC)会让你的思维保持集中、分析性和逻辑性。”）”可知，EC系统主导的是有意识的思维活动而不是无意识的创意思维活动，让你开始思维过程，帮助你分析，保持你集中，不能让你获得新的想法。故选C。
【13题详解】
词义猜测题。根据画线词前“Researchers find that the DM network is also involved in the early stages of idea generation, drawing from past experiences and knowledge about the world.（研究人员发现，DM网络也参与了想法产生的早期阶段，从过去的经验和对世界的了解中汲取知识。）”结合划线句“When your mind wanders, you’re allowing thoughts to playfully cross your mind, which helps you combine information and ideas in new ways and something clicks.( 当你走神的时候，你允许一些想法在你的脑海中嬉戏，这有助于你以新的方式结合信息和想法，并something clicks。)”可推断，something clicks与idea generation所表达的意思相近，即当走神时，想法在我们的脑海中嬉戏，有助于我们以新的方式将信息和想法结合起来，这样一个聪明的想法就产生了。故划线部分与A项“一个聪明的想法产生”意思相符。故选A。
【14题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“So it’s unwise to place blind faith in the discovery that creative ideas can be generated in the shower or during any other kinds of mind wandering. Instead, you have to do the work to set the groundwork for creative ideas to emerge in the first place.”（盲目相信创造性的想法可以在淋浴或任何其他类型的走神过程中产生是不明智的。相反，你必须先做一些工作，为创意的出现打下基础）”可知，Kalina Christoff认为不能盲目相信在走神过程中会产生是不明智的，还是要努力为创意的出现打好基础，因此推断他对努力工作这一文化持正面态度的。故选B。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。通读全文，再根据第一段“If you’ve ever emerged from the shower or returned from your walk with a clever idea or a solution to a problem you had been struggling with, it may not be a surprise. Rather than constantly concentrating on a problem, research from the last 15 years suggests that people may be more likely to have creative breakthroughs when they’re doing a habitual task that doesn’t require much thought.（如果你曾经洗完澡或散步回来，想到了一个聪明的主意或解决了你一直在纠结的问题，这可能并不奇怪。过去15年的研究表明，人们在做一项不需要太多思考的习惯性任务时，可能更有可能取得创造性突破，而不是一直专注于一个问题）”可知，大脑机制决定了只有劳逸结合才能富有创意。由此推知，作者可能会同意D项“只工作不休息，聪明孩子也变傻”的说法。故选D。
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
第二节 (共5小题;每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
Jessica Nabongo longs to set foot in every nation. She started traveling at age four, along with her parents on family trips from Detroit, Michigan and completed her mission when she landed in the Seychelles, having visited 195 countries. ___16___ Along the way, she became a writer, photographer, and passionate advocate for inclusive and ethical(道德的) tourism .
Here she talks to us about her experience and tips for traveling better.
What inspires your adventures?
___17___ I have a strong desire to see the differences and similarities in how people live everywhere in the world, even at home in the United States.
Did you ever experience any obstacles?
I don’t believe in failure. ___18___ Embarrassment isn’t a natural human personality, in my eyes－it comes from socialization. If I fell over in the middle of Grand Central Station, I’d laugh at myself. I firmly believe that every failure in your life is just an opportunity to learn.
___19___
My mother has always said “ humble(使谦逊) yourself.” I appreciate it because when you travel, depending on your passport, depending on your social class, depending on so many different things, you can go to places with a lot of ego（自我）, or you can humble yourself and know that everyone is equal.
What are some things people can do to travel more sustainably(可持续地)?
Single－use plastic is one of the biggest things harming Earth right now, so a lot of my focus is on that. ___20___ If you’ re in a restaurant and you don’ t have a big appetite, ask for a half portion. It’s about being a deliberate(慎重的) traveler, just taking that extra minute to think how I can have a lower impact on this place that I’ m in and on the planet in general.
A. But it’s not just about the country count.
B. I believe failure is the mother of success.
C. Curiosity－that’s what’s always inspired me.
D. What did you depend on during your travel?
E. And I don’t have the ability to be embarrassed.
F. What’s the best piece of advice you’ ve received?
G. But I also think it’s important to watch how much you waste.
【答案】16. A 17. C 18. E 19. F 20. G
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。杰西卡·纳邦戈渴望踏足每一个国家，本文向我们讲述了她的经历和如何更好地旅行的建议。
【16题详解】
根据上文“having visited 195 countries(到访了195个国家)”以及下文“Along the way, she became a writer, photographer, and passionate advocate for inclusive and ethical(道德的) tourism(一路走来，她成为了一名作家、摄影师，也是包容性和道德旅游的热情倡导者)”可推理出此处上下文说的是她不仅到访国家的数量多，而且还做了许多其他的重要的事情，与A项“But it’s not just about the country count(但是重要的不仅仅是国家的数量)”表达的含义一致，故选A项。
【17题详解】
根据下文“I have a strong desire to see the differences and similarities in how people live everywhere in the world, even at home in the United States(我强烈希望看到世界各地人们生活方式的差异和相似之处，甚至是在美国的家里)”可推理出此处上下文说的是她有很强的好奇心，与C项“Curiosity－that’s what’s always inspired me(好奇心：那是一直赋予我灵感的东西)”表达的含义一致，故选C项。
【18题详解】
根据下文“Embarrassment isn’t a natural human personality, in my eyes－it comes from socialization. If I fell over in the middle of Grand Central Station, I’d laugh at myself. I firmly believe that every failure in your life is just an opportunity to learn(在我看来，尴尬不是人类天生的性格，它来自社会化。如果我在中央车站中间摔倒，我会自嘲。我坚信，你生命中的每一次失败都只是一次学习的机会)”可推理出此处上下文说的是Jessica Nabongo不相信失败并不感到尴尬，因为她认为失败是学习的机会，与E项“And I don’t have the ability to be embarrassed(我没有能力感到尴尬)”表达的含义一致，故选E项。
【19题详解】
根据下文“My mother has always said “ humble(使谦逊) yourself.” I appreciate it because when you travel, depending on your passport, depending on your social class, depending on so many different things, you can go to places with a lot of ego（自我）, or you can humble yourself and know that everyone is equal.( 我母亲一直说“谦卑自己”。我很感激，因为当你旅行时，取决于你护照，取决于您的社会阶层，取决于许多不同的事情，你可以去一些有自我意识的地方，也可以谦卑自己，知道每个人都是平等的。)”可知此处上下文说的是母亲给她的最好的建议，与F项“What’s the best piece of advice you’ ve received?( 你收到的最好的建议是什么？)”表达的含义一致，故选F项。
【20题详解】
根据下文“If you’ re in a restaurant and you don’ t have a big appetite, ask for a half portion.(如果你在餐馆里，但你的胃口不大，就要半份)”可知此处上下文说的是不要浪费，与G项“But I also think it’s important to watch how much you waste(但我也认为重要的是要注意你浪费了多少)”表达的含义一致，故选G项。
第三部分 语言运用(共两节，满分30分)
第一节 (共15小题;每小题1分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
William Thomson
William Thomson was born on 26 June, 1824 in Belfast. He was taught by his father, a professor of mathematics. In 1832, the family moved to Glasgow where Thomson attended university at the age of 10, then studied at Cambridge and Paris Universities. In 1846 he became professor of natural philosophy in Glasgow, a post he ___21___for more than 50 years.
In Glasgow, Thomson ___22___the first physics laboratory in Britain. He was a pioneer in many different ___23___, particularly electromagnetism (电磁学) and thermodynamics (热力学). ___24___Faraday(法拉第), he was responsible for the introduction of the ___25___of an electromagnetic field where Thomson developed the work of the ___26___of the subject, Nicolas Carnot and James Joule. One of the most ___27___results of his work was his idea of an absolute zero of temperature — the scale based on this is named ___28___him.
Throughout his work Thomson’s main goal was the practical use of science. He achieved ___29___through his work on submarine telegraphy, a major practical problem of the day. He was ___30___as a scientific adviser in the laying of the Atlantic telegraph cables in 1857-1858 and 1865-1866,for which he was knighted in 1866. His ___31___in marine issues also inspired him to develop a mariners’ compass and ___32___a tide machine and depth-measuring equipment. He invented many electrical instruments and his house in Glasgow was the first to be ___33___by electric light.
Thomson was raised to the noblemen with the ___34___of Baron Kelvin of Largs in 1892. The Kelvin was a small river that flowed near Glasgow University and he was president of the royal Society from 1890 to 1895. He died on 17 December, 1907, in Ayrshire, Scotland and was ___35___in Westminster Abbey.
21. A. sought B. confirmed C. admired D. held
22. A. took up B. broke up C. set up D. blew up
23. A. fields B. countries C. labs D. colleges
24. A. In spite of B. Except for C. Together with D. Regardless of
25. A. command B. condition C. contract D. concept
26. A. learners B. pioneers C. competitors D. leaders
27. A. important B. obvious C. fortunate D. positive
28. A. for B. with C. after D. on
29. A. wealth B. fame C. contribution D. enthusiasm
30. A. considered B. attracted C. employed D. accused
31. A. hobby B. desire C. success D. interest
32. A. operate B. invent C. control D. produce
33. A. lit B. built C. decorated D. equipped
34. A. title B. name C. honor D. award
35. A. preserved B. respected C. admitted D. buried
【答案】21. D 22. C 23. A 24. C 25. D 26. B 27. A 28. C 29. B 30. C 31. D 32. B 33. A 34. A 35. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了威廉·汤姆森的生平，并重点讲述了他在科学和实际应用方面所取得的成就。
【21题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：1846年，他成为格拉斯哥的自然哲学教授，并担任了50多年。A. sought寻找；B. confirmed确认；C. admired钦佩；D. held担任。从空格前面的“professor of natural philosophy in Glasgow”及“a post”可知，此处表示他担任这个职位长达50多年。故选D项。
【22题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：在格拉斯哥，汤姆森建立了英国第一个物理实验室。A. took up开始从事；B. broke up打碎；C. set up建立；D. blew up爆炸。由空后的“the first physics laboratory”可知，此处表示汤姆森在英国建立了第一个物理实验室。故选C项。
【23题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：他是许多领域的先驱，尤其是电磁学和热力学。A. fields领域；B. countries国家；C. labs实验室；D. colleges学院。后面提到的“particularly electromagnetism and thermodynamics”是两个不同的领域。故选A项。
【24题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意：他和法拉第一起引入了电磁场的概念，在那里汤姆森发展了这一课题的先驱尼古拉斯·卡诺和詹姆斯·焦耳的工作。A. In spite of尽管；B. Except for除了；C. Together with和……一起；D. Regardless of不管。根据下文“Faraday, he was responsible for the introduction of the concept”可知，此处表示和法拉第一起，他负责引入了电磁场这个概念。故选C项。
【25题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. command命令；B. condition条件；C. contract合同；D. concept概念。根据后文的“an electromagnetic field”可知，他和法拉第一起引入了电磁场的概念。故选D。
【26题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：他和法拉第一起引入了电磁场的概念，在那里汤姆森发展了这一课题的先驱尼古拉斯·卡诺和詹姆斯·焦耳的工作。A. learners学习者；B. pioneers先驱；C. competitors竞争者；D. leaders领导者。根据上文的“developed the work of”和下文的 “the subject”及其后的两个人名可知，此处指的是汤姆森发展了这两位先驱者在这一学科的成就。故选B项。
【27题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他工作中最重要的成果之一就是他的绝对零度概念——基于这个概念的温度计就是以他的名字命名的。A. important重要的；B. obvious明显的；C. fortunate幸运的；D. positive积极的。结合下文的“his idea of an absolute zero of temperature-the scale based on this is named ___8___ him.”可知，此处表示汤姆森所提出的重要的想法。故选A项。
【28题详解】
考查介词词义辨析。句意：他工作中最重要的成果之一就是他的绝对零度概念——基于这个概念的温度计就是以他的名字命名的。A. for为了；B. with和……一起；C. after在……后面；D. on在……上面。此处是固定词组 name after，表示“以……命名”。故选C项。
【29题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：他通过研究当时的一个重大实际问题——海底电报而成名。A. wealth财富；B. fame名誉；C. contribution贡献；D. enthusiasm热情。根据下文“He was ___10___ as a scientific adviser in the laying of the Atlantic telegraph cables in 1857-1858 and 1865-1866, for which he was knighted in 1866.”可知，他由于在大西洋电缆铺设工作上的成就被授以爵位，故此处指他通过自己在海底电报方面的工作而成名。故选B项。
【30题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：他曾在1857-1858年和1865-1866年铺设大西洋电报电缆时担任科学顾问，并于1866年获封爵士。A. considered考虑；B. attracted吸引；C. employed聘用；D. accused控告。从空后的“as a scientific adviser in the laying of the Atlantic telegraph cables”可知，他被聘作科学顾问来指导铺设电缆。故选C项。
【31题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：他对海洋问题的兴趣也激发了他开发水手罗盘、发明潮汐机和深度测量设备。A. hobby爱好；B. desire欲望；C. success成功；D. interest兴趣。根据语境并结合后面的“in marine issues also inspired him to develop a mariners' compass”可知，此处是指他对海洋问题的兴趣激励他开发了船用罗盘。故选D项。
【32题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：他对海洋问题的兴趣也激发了他开发水手罗盘、发明潮汐机和深度测量设备。A. operate操作；B. invent发明；C. control控制；D. produce生产。结合前面的 develop和后面的“a tide machine and depth- measuring equipment”可知，他发明了潮汐机和深度测量设备，下文的“He invented many electrical instruments”也是提示。故选B项。
【33题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：他发明了许多电子仪器，他在格拉斯哥的房子是第一个被电灯照亮的。A. lit照亮；B. built建造；C. decorated装饰；D. equipped装备。后面的“by electric light”表示他家是第一家使用电灯照明的家庭。故选A项。
【34题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：汤姆逊于1892年被提拔为贵族，被封为拉格斯的开尔文男爵。A. title头衔；B. name名字；C. honor荣誉；D. award奖励。结合空前的“was raised to the noblemen”和后面的“Baron Kelvin of Largs in1892”可知，在1892年他晋升成为贵族，拥有开尔文勋爵的称号。故选A项。
【35题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：1907年12月17日，他死于苏格兰的埃尔郡，葬于威斯敏斯特教堂。A. preserved保存；B. respected尊敬；C. admitted允许；D. buried埋葬。空处与前面的“He died on17 December, 1907”呼应，此处指他死后被埋葬在威斯敏斯特教堂里面。故选D项。
第二节 (共10小题;每小题1.5分，满分15分)
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
The Amazon Rainforest is home to a great variety of plant life; ____36____, its soil is ____37____(surprising) poor in nutrients. In fact, the soil in the region cannot support agriculture for more than a few years. If we give scientists a report ____38____ lists the nutrients of that soil, he or she will probably think that only desert ____39____(plant) can survive in it! Then why is the soil so poor in nutrients? For one thing, the rainy season has ____40____ impact on the soil. In the rainy season, the water level can rise to more than 12 metres. ____41____ the water goes away, it takes away the nutrients in the soil. ____42____ another thing, due to the Amazon’s hot climate, it is difficult for the soil ____43____(build) up enough nutrients. Dead plants and animals ____44____(break) down more quickly. The nutrients are soon taken in by the roots of the plants deep beneath the ground. As a result, most of the forest’s nutrients are locked up in the plants themselves, _____45_____(allow) them to grow at an unbelievable speed.
【答案】36. however
37. surprisingly
38. that##which
39. plants 40. an
41 When 42. For
43. to build
44. are broken
45. allowing
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了亚马逊雨林的土壤出人意料地贫瘠的原因：雨季和炎热气候的影响。
【36题详解】
考查副词。句意：亚马逊雨林是多种植物生命的家园；然而，它的土壤却出人意料地缺乏营养。上一句表示“亚马逊雨林是多种植物生命的家园”，此处表示“它的土壤缺乏营养”，上下文语义构成转折，且空后有逗号，空处应用意为“然而，但是”的副词however，连接上下文。故填however。
【37题详解】
考查副词。句意：亚马逊雨林是多种植物生命的家园；然而，它的土壤却出人意料地缺乏营养。分析句子可知，空处修饰形容词poor，surprising的副词形式surprisingly符合题意，意为“惊人地，出人意料地”，表示出人意料地缺乏营养。故填surprisingly。
【38题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：如果我们给科学家一份列出土壤营养成分的报告，他或她可能会认为只有沙漠植物才能在那里生存！分析句子可知，空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词report，先行词指物，在从句中作主语，应用关系代词that或which作引导词。故填that/which。
【39题详解】
考查名词复数。句意：如果我们给科学家一份列出土壤营养成分的报告，他或她可能会认为只有沙漠植物才能在那里生存！结合上下文可知，此处表示沙漠植物这一大类型的植物，空处应用可数名词plant的复数形式。故填plants。
【40题详解】
考查冠词。句意：一方面，雨季对土壤有影响。分析句子可知，空处表示泛指，意为“一个，一份”，应用不定冠词，且impact以元音音素开头，应用an。故填an。
【41题详解】
考查状语从句。句意：当水退去时，它带走了土壤中的养分。结合句意可知，前半句“水退去”应理解为和后半句“它带走了土壤中的养分”同时发生，空处应用从属连词when引导时间状语从句，意为“当……的时候”，且空处位于句首，首字母需大写。故填When。
【42题详解】
考查固定短语。句意：另一方面，由于亚马逊的炎热气候，土壤很难积累足够的养分。根据上文的“For one thing”和空后的“another thing”可知，此处应用固定短语for another thing，意为“另一方面”，和上文呼应，引出另一个原因，空处应用for构成该短语，且空处位于句首，首字母需大写。故填For。
【43题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：另一方面，由于亚马逊的炎热气候，土壤很难积累足够的养分。根据“it is difficult for the soil”可知，此处用固定句型“It is+形容词+for sb./sth. to do sth.”，意为“对……来说，做某事怎么样”，其中It是形式主语，不定式短语作真正的主语，空处应用build的不定式形式to build。故填to build。
【44题详解】
考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：死去的植物和动物被分解得更快。分析句子可知，空处作句子的谓语，此处在描述客观事实，时态应用一般现在时，break down“分解”和主语Dead plants and animals之间是被动关系，应用一般现在时的被动语态，且主语是复数，be动词应用are。故填are broken。
【45题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：因此，森林里的大部分营养物质都被植物锁在自身里面，使它们以令人难以置信的速度生长。分析句子可知，句子主干成分完整，空处作句子的结果状语，结合句意可知，此处表示自然发生的结果，应用allow的现在分词形式allowing。故填allowing。
第三部分 写作(共两节，满分40分)
第一节 (满分15分)
46. 世界雨林日来临之际，你校举办了一系列的庆祝活动。请你为校英文报写一篇短文，报道此次事件。内容包括：
1．活动目的；
2．活动内容；
注意：
3．活动意义。
1．写作词数应为80左右；
2．请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Celebrating World Rainforest Day
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Celebrating World Rainforest Day
This week our school held a series of activities in celebration of celebration of World Rainforest Day, the purpose of which is to raise students' awareness of the importance of protecting rainforests.
To observe this special day, a rainforest-themed exhibition was set up in the school corridor to show students the amazing features of rainforests and explain the issues they face. Some volunteers also provided in-depth instruction in special classrooms, such as how to protect them from destruction.
The activities are significant, which can inspire everyone to strive for the sustainable and potential development of the rainforest.
【解析】
【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。学校就“世界雨林日”来临之际，举办了一系列的庆祝活动，要求考生就此为校英文报写一篇短文。
【详解】1.词汇积累
举办：hold→host
庆祝：observe → celebrate
提供：provide→ offer
不可思议的：amazing→ surprising
2.句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句：Some volunteers also provided in-depth instruction in special classrooms, such as how to protect them from destruction.
拓展句：Some volunteers also provided in-depth instruction in special classrooms, which includes how to protect them from destruction.
【点睛】【高分句型1】This week our school held a series of activities in celebration of celebration of World Rainforest Day, the purpose of which is to raise students' awareness of the importance of protecting rainforests.（运用了介词加关系代词which引导的非限制性定语从句）
【高分句型2】The activities are significant, which can inspire everyone to strive for the sustainable and potential development of the rainforest.（运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句）
第二节 (满分25分)
47. 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
One morning, Ann’s neighbor Tracy found a lost dog wandering around the local elementary school. She asked Ann if she could keep an eye on the dog and she planned to find its owner. Ann agreed, but she said that she could watch it only for the day because she needed to take care of her son. At the time, her son Thomas was 10 years old, who was recovering from a heart operation.
Later, Tracy took photos of the dog, printed off 400 FOUND fliers, put them in mailboxes and began to find the dog’s owner. Meanwhile, Ann bought some pet supplies, warning her son not to fall in love with the dog. However, her son was filled with excitement as he knew that his mother got a dog back home. He planned to provide the dog with some food everyday.
Four days later, Ann and her son were still looking after the dog, whom they had started to call Riley. During the four days, they took care of the dog carefully, provided some food, took a shower and played with it, and they had already become the best friends.
The evening of the fifth day, when Ann arrived home from work, the dog threw itself against the door and barked madly at her. As soon as she opened the door, Riley dashed into the boys’ room where Ann found Thomas suffering from a heart attack. Riley ran over to Thomas, but as soon as Ann bent over to help him, the dog went silent.
The doctor said if it hadn’t come to get his mother in time, Thomas would have died. Luckily, with the doctor’s help, Thomas could go home tomorrow morning.
“Mum, can we keep it if we can’t find its owner? Even we can ask for permission if we find the owner,” Thomas asked his mother when they came back home.
“Well, since no one has called to claim it, we decide to keep it,” his mother replied. Hearing that, Thomas was excited.
注意：1. 续写词数应为150左右;
2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
However, the next day, Ann was told a man named Peter recognized his lost dog.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Peter’s car came and Thomas stood silently beside his car.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】参考范文：
However, the next day, Ann was told a man named Peter recognized his lost dog. Tracy said Peter called the number on the flier. Ann told Tracy what had happened during these days and even started crying. At the same time, Ann showed great gratitude to the dog. And Tracy told Ann that Peter would drive to her house to pick up his dog this afternoon. Later, Ann told Thomas the owner had called to claim Riley, they needed to return it to the owner. Hearing that news, Thomas put his hands over his mouth. His eyes were wide open for he couldn’t believe what had happened. However, he had to face the truth.
Peter’s car came and Thomas stood silently beside his car. Ann took Riley from her home. Seeing that, Thomas’ tears were rolling down his cheeks. Riley sat beside Thomas, sometimes ran around him and shouted: wom wom, which clearly showed that Riley didn’t want to leave his friend, Thomas. At last, Thomas asked Peter, “Can we keep Riley?” Knowing this point, Peter thought about it for a moment, and then said, “Maybe my dog was supposed to find you, maybe you should keep it.” Hearing that, Thomas ran around after Riley, obviously, they were full of joy.
【解析】
【导语】本文以狗为线索，讲述了一只迷路的小狗被Ann收留并救了Ann儿子一命的故事。
【详解】1.段落续写：
①由第一段首句内容“然而，第二天，安被告知一个名叫彼得的人认出了他丢失的狗。”可知，第一段可描述Peter看到传单上的狗并打电话询问。Ann对这只狗表达了感谢，Peter开车去接狗回家。Thomas知道这个消息后很难过，但也得面对现实。
②由第二段首句内容“彼得的车来了，托马斯静静地站在他的车旁边。”可知，第二段可描述Thomas的难过，最后Peter看到狗也不愿意离开。最终让Thomas留下了狗。
2.续写线索：认出狗——接狗回家——难过，不舍——留下狗——开心
3.词汇激活
行为类
①流下：roll down/stream down
②归还：return/give back
③充满：be full of/be filled with/be overwhelmed with
情绪类
①感激：show great gratitude to/express appreciation
②乐趣：joy/pleasure
【点睛】【高分句型1】Hearing that news, Thomas put his hands over his mouth.（运用了现在分词作状语）
【高分句型2】Riley sat beside Thomas, sometimes ran around him and shouted: wom wom, which clearly showed that Riley didn’t want to leave his friend, Thomas.(运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句）