外研版 (2019)选择性必修 第一册Unit 5 Revealing nature学案设计

Section Ⅱ　Using language

1.blame v．责怪，指责；把……归咎于　n．责任

(教材原句)The extinction of the Pinta Island tortoise is blamed on humans.平塔岛龟的灭绝应归咎于人类。

❶Don't blame me—it's not my fault.别怪我——又不是我的错。

❷The other driver blamed me for the accident.

＝The other driver blamed the accident on me.

另一个司机把事故归咎于我。

❸John is to blame for the accident.约翰应对这次事故负责。

❹The company was ready to take the blame for what had happened.公司准备对已发生的事情承担责任。

[归纳探究]

blame sb./sth. for sth.＝blame sth. on sb./sth.

    把某事归咎于某人/某物

blame sb. for (doing) sth.    因(做)某事而责备某人

take/accept the blame (for sth.)    承担(某事的)责任

put/lay/place the blame on sb.    把责任归咎于某人

the blame lies with sb.    责任在于某人

[巧学助记]　He was blamed for the serious mistake, but he blamed it on others. In fact, it is he, not others, that is to blame for it．

他因这个严重错误受到了责备，但他把它归咎于别人。事实上，是他，而不是别人，对此负有责任。

[即学即练]　单句语法填空

①Some people blame the smartphone ________ the tragedy, yet in fact people's weakening self-control and self-discipline are ________ (blame)．

②________ (blame) for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits.

③One of the computers is broken and she's blaming it ________ me.

④No one was prepared to take the blame ________ the disaster.

2.decline v．减少，降低；拒绝；谢绝　n．减少，下降，衰落

(教材原句)After goats in particular had been brought to the island, the Pinta Island tortoise population declined.

特别是山羊被带到岛上之后，平塔岛龟的数量下降了。

❶According to the statistics, the sales of houses declined by 20%.

据统计，房屋销售量下降了20%。

❷This section of the market has slowly declined in importance.

这部分市场的重要性已慢慢下降。

❸He declined to take on the task assigned to him.

他拒绝接受分配给他的任务。

❹There was a decline in traffic accidents in the city last year.

去年这个城市的交通事故有所减少。

❺The number of peacocks in this region is on the decline.

这个地区的孔雀数量在减少。

[归纳探究]

decline by...    减少了……(比较：decline to...减少到……)

decline in...    在……方面降低

decline to do sth.    拒绝做某事

a decline in...    在……方面的下降

in decline/on the decline    在下降

fall/go into decline    开始衰落

[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子

①There has been a decline ________ the size of families.

②Car sales have declined ________ a quarter.

③There's a widely-held belief that educational standards are ________ the decline.

④After the war, the city declined ________ importance.

⑤Why do you always decline ________ (tell) me where you live?

⑥I invited him to the meeting but he ________ (decline)．

⑦Mary ________________ (谢绝了我的邀请) to dinner.

⑧He is still one of the world's most popular golfers, but his game is ________________ (在走下坡路)．

3.be harmful to对……有害

(教材原句)Bacteria are always harmful to humans.细菌总是对人类有害。

❶Such chemical absorbed by plants can be harmful to humans and animals.这种被植物吸收的化学物质可能对人和动物有害。

❷If you don't warm up properly, exercise may do more harm than good.

你如果不做适当的热身运动，锻炼有可能弊大于利。

❸He may say not, but there's no harm in asking.

他可能拒绝，但问一问也无妨。

❹He meant no harm when he said that.他那样说并没有恶意。

[归纳探究]

do harm to sb./sth.＝do sb./sth. harm    对某人/某物有害

cause sb./sth. harm    对某人/某物造成伤害

suffer harm    受到损害

do more harm than good    弊大于利

there is no harm in doing sth.    不妨做某事，做某事没有坏处

mean no harm/not mean any harm    无意伤害，没有恶意

[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子

①Try to reduce the use of chemicals that are ________ (harm) to the environment.

②Modern farming methods have done considerable harm ________ the countryside.

③It is a parent's responsibility to ensure that their children ____________ (不受任何伤害)．

④It wouldn't ______________ (对你有任何伤害) to get some experience first.

4.(教材原句)However, diversity on our planet is such, that there are still millions of species on Earth remaining to be discovered.然而，我们星球上的多样性是如此之大，地球上还有数百万物种有待发现。

 [句式解构]　如此……以至于……

这是一个常见的句型。be such that和such...that都意为“如此……以至于……”，两种结构中的that从句都是结果状语从句。本句中such＝so much。

❶Her excitement was such that she could hardly contain herself.

她激动得几乎控制不住自己。

❷He is such a helpful person that we are all appreciative of him.

他是如此乐于助人，我们都很感激他。

[巧学助记]　当such位于句首时，该句型的意义并未发生变化。

Such was his strength that he could lift the big stone.

他的力气大得能把这块大石头举起来。

[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子

①The performance was ________ that the audience were deeply moved.

②It's ________ an interesting folk tale that everybody likes it.

③________________________ (他反应如此敏捷) that no one can match him.

④________________________ (灾难如此严重) the local authorities were quite unable to cope with it.

熟记下列重要知识点

①of all time    有史以来

②answer the call    响应号召

③be regarded as    被认为是

④be similar to    与……相似

⑤be home to    是……的家园/栖息地/产地

⑥be native to    源于……的，原产于……

⑦consist of＝be made up of    由……组成

⑧carry out    执行，实行

⑨so far    到目前为止

⑩by contrast    相比之下

过去完成时

一、语法现象感知

①They had got everything ready before I came.

②She had hardly gone to bed when the bell rang.

③I had intended to call on you yesterday, but someone came to see me just when I was about to leave.

④It was the first time that he had lost the game.

⑤If I had followed your advice, I would be better now.

二、语法规则理解

1．由句①可知，过去完成时表示在过去某个动作或某个具体时间________已经发生、完成的动作或情况。

2．由句②可知，过去完成时常与________， scarcely, barely, no sooner...than等副词连用。

3．由句③可知，intend, mean, hope, want, plan, think等动词的过去完成时可以用来表示一个________。

4．由句④可知，在句型________________________中，常用过去完成时。

5．由句⑤可知，过去完成时还可用在与________相反的虚拟从句中。

　过去完成时的基本用法表示“过去的过去”，所以句中必须有一个过去的时间点或从上下文中能找出一个过去的时间，以它为参照，发生在它之前的动作用过去完成时；如果句中或上下文中找不出这样的时间点，就不要用过去完成时。

过去完成时

一、构成：had＋过去分词

二、功能

1．表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。即“过去的过去”。可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可以通过上下文来表示。

By nine o'clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.

到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200张飞船发来的图片。

2．表示从过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。

❶I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.

当公共汽车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。

❷He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.

他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。

3．过去完成时常常用在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句(或间接引语)中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。

❶He said that he had known her well.

他说他很熟悉她。

❷I thought I had sent the letter a week before.

我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。

4．状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。如： when, before, after, as soon as, till/until引导的复合句。

❶When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.

我醒来时雨已停了。

❷She didn't go to bed until she had finished her work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。

　如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，因为从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。

After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.

马克思到达英国之后，努力提高他的英语水平。

5．动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图等。

❶They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.

他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。

❷We had hoped to be able to come and see you.

我们本来希望能来看看你。

6．过去完成时还可用在hardly...when..., no sooner...than..., It was the first (second, etc.) time (that)．..等固定句型中。

❶No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他刚到就又走了。

❷It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.这是他那一年第三次失业了。

7．表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气if从句中，常用过去完成时。

If we hadn't made adequate preparations, the conference wouldn't have been so successful.

如果我们没有做充分准备的话，会议是不会开得这么成功的。

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1．We offered to give Sharon a ride home, but she ________ (decline), saying that she felt like walking.

2．Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene ________ (declare) she had no plans to retire from her 36-year-old business.

3．Some social app companies were ________ (blame) because they didn't adequately check their users' registration.

4．It's the seaside birds that deserve at least part of the blame ________ getting Nick Burchill blacklisted at the Fairmont Empress Hotel in Victoria, Canada.

5．His efforts have resulted in 1，360 acres of naturally-grown land that has become home ________ many plants and animals.

6．As the economy was ________ decline, some people in the town had lost their jobs.

Ⅱ.用括号内词的适当形式填空

1．She asked me whether I ________ (return) the books to the library, and I admitted that I hadn't.

2．Researchers were puzzled over the results, which were completely opposite to what they ________ (expect)．

3．Just as I got to the school gate, I realized I ________ (leave) my book in the cafe.

4．—Did you enjoy the party?

—Yes. We ________ (treat) well by our hosts.

5．I wish I ________ (be) at my sister's wedding last Tuesday, but I was on a business trip in New York then.

6．Emma was much disappointed to see the washing machine which she ________ (repair) went wrong again.

7．By the time I got to school, the first play ________ (be) on for nearly half an hour.

8．If the new safety system ________ (put) to use, the accident would never have happened.

9．John ________ (plan) to make a compromise, but somehow he changed his mind at the last minute.

10．It was the first time Jane and I ________ (be) apart for more than a few days.

Section Ⅱ　Using language

要点精研·探究学习

1．①for　to blame　②Blamed　③on　④for

2．①in　②by　③on　④in　⑤to tell　⑥declined　

⑦declined my invitation　⑧on the decline

3．①harmful　②to　③do not suffer any harm　④do you any harm

4．①such　②such　③His reactions are such/Such are his reactions　④The disaster was such that

语法新知·对接课堂

二、

1．之前　2.hardly　3.本来打算做而没有做的事　4.It/This/That was the first/second...time that...　5.过去事实

课时达标·随堂自测

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1．declined　2.declared　3.to blame　4.for　5.to　6.in

Ⅱ.用括号内词的适当形式填空

1．had returned　2.had expected　3.had left　4.were treated　5.had been　6.had repaired　7.had been　8.had been put　9.had planned　10.had been