初中英语2024届中考复习语法知识讲解(词性+句子成分+句子划分+简单句结构)
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中考英语语法知识讲解一、词性【实词】名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、数词实词是指实在意义,能独立承担句子成分的词,实词有词形的变化。【虚词】冠词、介词、连词、感叹词与实词相对,虚词没有实在意义,不能独立承担句子成分,虚词没有词形的变化。1、名词(n.)表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。[例]boy, morning, orange, clock, etc.2、代词(pron.)主要用来代替名词。[例]who, she, you, it, etc.3、形容词(adj.)表示人或事物的性质或特征。[例]good, white, orange, ugly, etc.4、数词(num.)表示数量或事物的顺序。[例]one, two, three, hundred, etc.5、动词(v.)表示动作或状态。[例]am, is, think, does, may, etc.6、副词(adv.)修饰动词、形容词、副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。[例]now, often, slowly, home, hard, very, really, etc.7、冠词(art.)用在名词前,帮助说明名词。[例]a, an, the.8、介词(prep.)表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。[例]in, on, at, from, above, under, behind, with, without, to, etc.9、连词(conj.)用来连接词、短语或句子。[例]and, or, before, when, while, after, as soon as, if, unless, until, because, so, though, but, even if, even though, as if, etc.10、感叹词(interj.)表喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。[例]oh, well, hi, hello, etc.二、句子成分1、主语句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。[例]I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。[例]Jack cleans the room every day.(杰克每天打扫房间)3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。[例]My name is Ping ping.(我的名字叫萍萍)4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。[例]He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词)▲有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。[例]He wrote me a letter.(他给我写了一封信)。有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。[例]He wrote a letter to me.(他给我写了一封信)5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。[例]Shanghai is a big city.(上海是个大城市)6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。[例]He works hard.(他工作努力)7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。[例]They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁)He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常帮我做功课)The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语)8、同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。[例]Where is your classmate Tom? (你的同学汤姆在哪里?)三、句子划分一、英语句子按其语义功能划分为四类1.陈述句(肯定句和否定句)用来说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。[例]Light travels faster than sound.The film is not interesting.2.疑问句(一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反义疑问句)一般疑问句:Can you finish the work in time?特殊疑问句:Where do you live?选择疑问句:Do you want tea or coffee?反意疑问句:He doesn't know her, does he? 3.祈使句提出请求,建议或发出命令,祈使句的肯定句都是以动词原形开头,其否定句都是在动词原形前加don't。Sit down, please.(请坐)Don't be nervous! (别紧张) 4.感叹句表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪。感叹句构成有三种形式:(1) What+a/an+单数可数名词+主语+谓语!What a clever boy he is!(2) What+复数名词/不可数名词+主语+谓语!What fine weather it is!(3) How+adj/adv+主语+谓语!How clever the boy is!二、英语句子按结构可以分为三类:1)简单句(Simple Sentences)只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句。[例]She is fond of collecting stamps.她喜欢集邮。 2)并列句(Compound Sentences)包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句,句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接。[例]The food was good, but he had little appetite.食物很精美,但他却没什么胃口。3)复合句(Complex Sentences)包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句,从句由从属连词引导。例[例]The film had begun when we got to the cinema.我们到达电影院的时候,电影已经开演了。四、简单句结构1.主 + 谓(S+V)“主语+谓语”名词/代词/不定式/动名词 + 动词谓语动词可以表达完整的意思,这类动词为不及物动词(vi)。He works hard.I live in China.They talked for half an hour.The pen writes smoothly.I’m watching TV.2.主+系+表(S+V+P)主语 +系动词 +表语表语说明主语的状态和性质,可以是名词,形容词,副词,短语等。系动词包括:a.be 动词,am, is, are, was, were;b.表感官:feel, smell, sound, taste, look;c.表变化:become, grow, turn, go, get, fall;d.表状态:remain, keep, hold, stay, seem.I'm always alone.The storms grow stronger.This boy is one of my classmates.His face turned red.He is growing tall and strong.3.主+谓+宾(S+V+O)主语+谓语+宾语谓语一般为及物动词(vt.),后面必须要跟宾语才能表达完整的意思。宾语是谓语动词动作的承受者。
Tom bought a new bike.He has refused to help them.I don’t want to do the homework .He said "Good morning."She practices speaking English everyday.
4.主+谓+间宾+直宾S+V+IO+O这种句型,谓语动词必须要跟两个宾语才能表达完整意思。两个宾语分别是动作的间接承受者(一般是人)和直接承受者(一般是物)。
give sb sth = give sth to sbtell sb sth = tell sth to sbShe passed him the salt.I showed him my pictures.She cooked her husband a delicious meal.He showed me how to run the machine.My English teacher gave me a book.
5.主+谓+宾+宾补S+V+O+OC此种情况,动词虽然跟了宾语,但句子意思不完整,需要跟上一个补足语,对宾语进行解释说明,句子意思才能完整通顺。宾语补足语位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系,它们一起构成复合宾语。名词/代词宾格 + 名词The war made him a soldier.名词/代词宾格 + 形容词New methods make the job easy.名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语I often find him at work.名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式The teacher ask the students to close the windows.名词/代词宾格 + 分词I saw a cat running across the road.【试一试】请划分以下句子结构:1.Birds fly. 主 谓2.He is smart. 主 系 表3.I saw a movie last night. 主 谓 宾 时间状语4.She told us a funny story. 主 谓 间宾 直宾 5.Playing football makes me happy. 主 谓 宾 宾补6.The moon rose. 主 谓7.What he said does not matter.主(主语从句) 谓8.The trouble is that they are short of money. 主 系 表(表语从句)9.This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 主 系 表10.He enjoys reading.主 谓 宾11.I want to have a cup of tea. 主 谓 宾12.He brought you a dictionary. 主 谓 间宾 直宾13.He wrote a letter to me. 主 谓 直宾 间宾14.They painted the door green. 主 谓 宾 宾补15.He asked me to come back soon.主 谓 宾 宾补