高中英语人教版 (2019)必修 第一册Unit 4 Natural disasters优秀当堂达标检测题

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19 Reading For Writing[学语言]第一段1.本段第二句中用“sweep”一词要比使用“wash”更合适，形象地表达出了海浪造成破坏的严重程度。2.本段第一句中使用了 that引导的定语从句(that crashed into coastlines ...)，现在分词短语作状语(killing more than 6，500 people ...)；第二句使用了过去分词短语作定语(caused by the strong earthquake ...)以及that引导的定语从句(that reached a magnitude ...)，这些高级句式的运用使得文章精彩纷呈。第二、三段1.文中第三段第一句中用“Thousands of”一词表达了海啸危害的人数之多。2.第二、三段主要使用了被动语态；be doing ...when, make＋it＋形容词＋to do sth等高级句式彰显了较强的语言功底。[学结构]第一段主要从总体上介绍了海啸发生的时间、地点及破坏程度，各句之间衔接紧凑，逻辑清晰。第二、三段主要运用and, however等衔接词从细节方面详细介绍了海啸造成的破坏。 【题型解析】概要写作概要写作，简言之就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，也可称之为摘要。所选材料体裁没有限制，以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主。所需阅读的短文词数在350以内。[写作流程]第一步：归纳主旨大意(含段落大意)概要写作的第一步便是阅读并抓取主题，进而提取主旨大意，即有关该主题的主要内容或作者在该主题上的观点或主张。阅读语篇时，根据文章不同的文体可采取以下方法：记叙文圈出记叙文的六要素(who，when，where，what，how，why)，如果是夹叙夹议文，还要写出故事给读者带来的启示或寓意。说明文找出文章要说明的对象、观点或建议。议论文提取议论文的三要素(论点、论据、论证)。第二步：提炼关键词1．结合主旨大意，细读段落，找出每个段落的主旨句和关键词，区别段落中哪些是main ideas，哪些是supporting ideas，examples和additional information。通常是在相对重要的句子中提炼关键词。正确的关键词和关键句是概要写作最重要的内容和依据。2．消减事例，尽量减少实事并省略细节。第三步：合并和改写1．合并信息首先需要对信息进行分类、整合，找到信息之间的联系，再将联系紧密的信息合并在一起。同一层级的主旨句不宜合并在一起，但如果联系紧密，且没有支持的细节信息，可以考虑合并。2．在核心信息的基础上进行语言表达形式的改写，对原文的语言表达形式尽可能实现大规模的改变(改词、换句型等)。第四步：核查成文核查连贯性，优先考虑使用最短连接词(but，then，later，finally，besides，thus，therefore，yet，however)；核查标点和语法；核查词数。[常用语句]1．表示文章的内容以及研究目的This paper is aimed at/covers/mainly deals with...The article focuses on the topic of...This article/passage mainly tells(a story)about...This passage mainly deals with/discusses/explores...This essay presents knowledge that...This paper provides/gives an overview of...In this passage(about...)，the author...The author began the essay/passage by telling/presenting...First/Firstly/In the beginning/In the first part，the author argues/explains/mentions/states/points out(that)．..2．表示研究的结论The result showed that...The author found that...It was concluded that...Finally/As a conclusion，the author concludes/adds/stresses that...Finally，the author summarizes that...3．表示观点或建议The author suggests/considers that...As far as the author is concerned，...In the author's view，... 【例题分析】阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Your attitude plays a big part in your everyday life and can influence how your life may turn out in the future. If you have a good attitude, you'll be the kind of person who works hard and you'll live the kind of life many would admire. Here are some tips which can help you improve your attitude.Spend time with those who share your positive attitude. This is a must if you want to improve your attitude. The people you surround yourself with most of the time will reflect upon your life. So always make sure that these people share your positive  attitude and lift you.When you take action, always take steps to act with a purpose, so that your actions are in line with your values. For example, Walt Disney's main purpose is to “make people happy”. So next time you act, think of  your  purpose  and  improve  your  attitude  while doing so!Being polite when given help or asking for it isn't a hard thing, yet so often we forget these simple words, especially with those closest to us. If you want to improve your attitude, use “please” and “thank you” every time you're given the opportunity.If you want to improve your attitude to life and to those around you, stop comparing yourself with others. It's human to compare our lives with others', but when we do it too often we can drag (拖) ourselves down. So spare yourself the worry and stop comparing, only focus (集中) on your own life and you'll be much happier in the process.Gratefulness is one of the most powerful attitudes in your life. If you want a better life, give thanks for all that you have each and every day.  Gradually, you'll receive more things to be thankful for!So how's your attitude today? Does it need a little fine tuning?【学生习作】　　Your attitude can influence your future.(要点1)If you want to improve your attitude，you must stay with the persons with a positive attitude and act with a purpose.(要点2)In addition，you should not compare yourself with others.(要点3)Lastly，giving thanks for what you have will improve your attitude.(要点4)[点评]　 1.要点1、2概括不够全面。2.要点2可变换句式，避免重复使用you must/should...。3.要点3可使用同义词替换give thanks for。【升格作文】Your attitude, which may influence your future, plays an important role in your daily life. (要点1) To improve  your attitude, you should be with the persons with a positive attitude and act with an exact goal. (要点2) In addition, it doesn't make sense to compare yourself with others.  (要点3)  Lastly,  using polite words like “please” and “thank you” often and learning to be grateful for whatever you have will contribute  to  improving  your  attitude.(要点4) Ⅰ.单词拼写1．His elder son was killed in a car ______(撞车) a few years ago.2．I picked up the paper and ______(清扫) the floor.3．It is reported that the______(海浪) are big today.4．The ______(长度) of the bridge is 200 metres.5．I’ll order a special messenger to ______(递送) the document.6．Please send a speaker from your group to make a ______(总结) of your discussion.【答案】1.crash　2.swept　3.waves　4.length     5．deliver　6.summaryⅡ.选出strike在句中的含义①(雷电、暴风雨或疾病等)袭击，侵袭　②击打，敲打　③撞击　④突然想到(想法)　⑤(钟等)敲响报时⑥划(火柴)　⑦给某人……印象　⑧罢工1．Wilde fell and struck his head on the stone floor.(　　)2．His house was struck by lightning last night.(　　)3．Strike while the iron is hot.(　　)4．The ceremony started as the chimes(钟声) of midnight struck.(　　)5．She strikes me as a very efficient person.(　　)6．The matches were damp and he couldn’t make them strike.(　　)7．Three-quarters of the country’s workers took part in the strike.(　　)8．A good idea struck the manager.(　　)【答案】1.③　2.①　3.②　4.⑤　5.⑦　6.⑥　7.⑧ 8．④  Ⅰ 阅读理解 In late March, storms and rapid temperature shifts in several Midwestern states led to unexpected flooding. For Nebraska, it was the worst disaster in the state's history: 76 of 93 counties have had to apply for aid, with damage approximately $1.3 billion. Many families are receiving assistance for repairs to homes, farms, and infrastructure (基础设施).    Although it has been a destructive time for Midwestern farm counties, many volunteers have joined in despite the dangers. For volunteer Lynn Caniglia, the feeling that comes from "helping families" is all the payment she needs.​    Another girl called Jeanie Goodhile talked about her efforts. She raised disabled animals on her farm in Valley, Nebraska. The floods ruined her land and nearly killed all she owned. "When the water came, I had 20 minutes to save all of my animals," Goodhile said. "When I attempted to get some animals out of their pens(畜栏), they wouldn't come out." Across the Midwest, three people and more than 2.3 million animals died in the flooding. Goodhile is grateful for the first volunteers who risked their lives to save others.    Volunteers from as far away as Ohio and North Carolina rescued people trapped and are now providing supplies to those in need and helping to rebuild. "I assess homes to see if they're safe to live in after all of the damage," said volunteer Steve Metcalph. "Several steps need to be taken to ensure that a house is safe and habitable after flooding. Cleaning out a home and making repairs after flood damage can be a tough, complex process. Roads, bridges, and highways were also damaged. Most of the highways and roads have reopened, but nearly one million homes are still awaiting clean-ups."1.Which of the following best describes Nebraska's situation in late March?A. Terrible. B. Changeable. C. Pleasant. D. Effective.2.What happened to Jeanie Goodhile's farm?A.Her efforts to save some animals were in vain.B.The flood didn't kill any animal on the farm.C.There was no volunteer to help save the farm.D.She had no time to save the animals on the farm.3.What can be a suitable title for the text?A.Survivors in the floodB.A joint effort to save animalsC.The government's great contributionsD.Volunteers helping victims through floodⅡ 七选五    Earthquake can strike without warning. But many injuries and deaths from this kind of natural disaster can be prevented if people follow these safety tips.    If you're inside a building, stay there! One of the most dangerous things to do in an earthquake is to try to leave a building. ①_____ Drop to the ground. Get under something that is not easily damaged. Hold on to it until the shaking stops. You can also get to a comer formed by two walls with your arms over your head. If you're in bed when the earthquake hits, stay there and protect your head with a pillow.    ②_____ Don't take shelter under trees, street lights, electric poles or tall buildings. If you are driving, stop as quickly as possible and stay away from overpasses (立交桥), buildings, bridges or anything else that might fall or collapse beneath you. ③ _____    If you are trapped in ruins, cover your mouth with a handkerchief or a piece of cloth. Use your cellphone to call for help if possible. Don't shout. ④_____ Tap on a pipe or the wall so rescuers can find you.    Be prepared for after shocks. ⑤_____ However, sometimes they even happen months later. Therefore, if you are not in a safe place after the first shock, you should move quickly but carefully to a safer place.A.Don't move about or kick up dust.B.If you're outside, go to an open space.C.Shouting can cause you to breathe in dust.D.Don't park your car under a tree or any tall object.E.Take a good hold of your cellphone in the building.F.They can happen in the first hours after the earthquake.G.Most injuries happen when people inside buildings try to go out.答案 Ⅰ 阅读理解答案：1-3 AAD解析：1.细节理解题.根据文章第一段可知,三月下旬内布拉斯加州遭遇了洪水灾害,当时的情况是十分糟糕和悲惨的, terrible意为"糟糕的". 故选A.2.细节理解题.根据第三段中 When I attempted to get some animals out of their pens (畜栏), they wouldn't come out. 可知,她想从畜栏里救出一些动物,可是它们不愿出来,由此可知,她的努力白费了.故选A.3.主旨大意题.通读全文可知,本文主要讲在洪水来临时志愿者帮助那些受难者(包括人和动物)渡过难关,D项作为标题最合适.Ⅱ 七选五答案：①-⑤ GBDCF解析：①根据空前的两句可知,发生地震时最危险的事情之一是试图从建筑物里逃出来,因此此空应介绍这样做的后果,即容易受伤.故选G.②根据空后的under trees, street lights, electric poles or tall buildings 可知这里说的是室外的情况,因此设空处的内容应该是:要是在室外,去一个宽阔的地方.故选B.③前面谈论的是驾驶时发生地震需要如何做,此空承接上句,应该说明不要把车停在树下或高大的物体下面.故选D.④本段主要谈论的是如果被困在废墟中该如何做.根据空前的Don't shout. 可知后一句应该是解释大声喊会带来什么后果,故选C.⑤根据空后的However, sometimes they even happen months later. 可知前面要说的是余震可能会在地震后几小时内发生,故选F。 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Getting rid of dirt，in the opinion of most people，is a good thing.However，there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.In the early 16th century，people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease，as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in.A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths.By 1538，the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom.So did the king of England in 1546.Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way.Henry Ⅳ，King of France，was famously dirty.Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath，the king ordered that，to avoid the attack of disease，the nobleman should not go out.Though the belief in the merit(好处) of dirt was long­lived，dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century.Scientifically speaking，cleaning away dirt is good to health.Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease.Yet，it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War  Ⅱ.Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea：clothes need to be whiter than white，cloths ever softer，surfaces to shine.Has the hate for dirt，however，gone too far?Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays.Many first­time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt，which might be responsible for the spread of disease.On the contrary，Mary Ruebush，an American immunologist(免疫学家)，encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system.And the latter(后者) position is gaining some ground.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________[参考范文]People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin.(要点1)For a long time in history，people of some European countries，such as France，believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.(要点2)However，people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago.People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.(要点3)．Some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system，though.(要点4)