专题18.语法填空（初高考点差异及衔接）（解析版）-2023年初升高英语无忧衔接

这是一份专题18.语法填空（初高考点差异及衔接）（解析版）-2023年初升高英语无忧衔接，共17页。
语法填空（初高考点差异及衔接）


初中考点
语法填空的考查形式是在一个语篇文本中,设10个空,设空分为给提示词和不给提示词两类。给提示词的,答案不多于3个词;无提示词的,答案只有一个词。考查词性语法,结合实际语境、运用语法规则来确定所填单词的具体形式
高中考点
语法填空则更侧重考查考生语法和词汇在语境中的运用，强调词汇的变形。同时强调语篇分析能力，凸显交际性和语境化特征。
无提示词一般考查：冠词、介词、连词、代词、助动词、固定搭配等
有提示词一般考查：谓语动词、非谓语动词、形容词、副词、名词等。
【初中语法填空考点聚焦】

考点1　考查动词
1.设空处是谓语动词的,考虑该词的时态和语态。
例1  The other day, we chatted with my grandmother, and mentioned video
calling over the Internet. It　　     (invent) for people to see each other while talking online.
答案　is invented/was invented
解析    第二句中的主语It指代的是前文提到的video calling,与动词invent是被动关系。
2,设空处如果不是谓语动词,就有可能是动词的非谓语形式
例1  Su Yu-shan, the manager of the store, says the environment can help
people learn to do “soul(灵魂)reading” by　　     (provide) a private experience with each
book that draws one’s attention.
答案　providing
解析    设空处前为介词by,介词后接动名词形式。
例2   Then I taught him how to use the Internet and how　　     (play) chess online.
答案　to play
解析    how 与how to use是并列结构,作谓语动词taught的宾语。
考点2　考查名词
首先确定所给名词是可数名词还是不可数名词。如果是可数名词,还需要确定用单数还是复数形式。
例    Now he is quite good at playing chess online and has made a lot of 　　     (friend) on the Internet at the same time.
答案　friends
解析    提示词friend是可数名词,且设空处前出现a lot of,因此使用其复数形式。
考点3　考查形容词
如果设空句出现了提示使用比较等级的关键词或短语时,则需要用提示词的适当形式填空。比如形容词比较级前经常会有much,even,a little,a bit等关键词或短语出现,后会有than出现。
例    My grandfather is much 　　    (happy) than before.
答案　happier
解析    提示词为形容词,设空处前出现关键词much,且空后出现than,因此要使用形容词的比较级形式。
考点4　考查代词
1.考查物主代词。
设空处后出现名词,常考查形容词性物主代词。
例   he San people have another name—“bush people”.　　     (they) lifestyle is very simple, but they know more about animals and plants than most people do.
答案　Their
2.考查人称代词
例  But he was very disappointed when he found nobody here could play chess with　　      (he).
答案　him
解析    提示词为代词,设空处作with的宾语,因此使用人称代词he的宾格。
3. 考查反身代词
例    Now,she enjoys　　      (her) when talking with us every day. She is happy and you can tell from the expression on her face.
答案　herself
解析    enjoy oneself 过得开心,为固定短语,oneself和主语she保持一致,故填herself。
考点5　词性转换
1.动词转换为形容词
例    After changing into the dress and getting my makeup done, I felt 　　     (relax).
答案　relaxed
解析    本句的主语是I,felt后接形容词作表语,因此填形容词relaxed。
2.名词转换为形容词
例   With the help of his father-in-law, a builder, he moved into a 　　     (comfort) new home after only four months.
答案　comfortable
解析    提示词是名词,设空处修饰其后的名词home,因此要将其转化为形容词形式
3.形容词转换为副词
例   The bookstore is almost　　      (complete) dark, except for the shelves of books.
答案　completely
解析    本句考查副词作状语,修饰形容词dark,表示书店“几乎完全是黑的”,所以填completely。
4.动词转换为名词
例    Su Yu-shan, the　　     (manage) of the store, says the environment can help people learn to do “soul(灵魂) reading” by providing a private experience with each book that draws one’s attention.
答案　manager
解析    设空处补充说明Su Yu-shan是书店的经理,且设空处前出现冠词the,冠词the修饰名词,故填manager。
考法二　无提示词
无提示词的一般是填写冠词、介词、连词、副词、作形式主语或宾语的it等。
考点1　考查冠词
填写不定冠词时,注意其后单词若以元音音素开头则使用an,以辅音音素开头则使用a。
例1   The other day, we chatted with my grandmother, and mentioned video calling over the Internet. It was invented for people to see each other while talking online. Then we came up with　　     idea.
解析    设空后为单数可数名词idea, 在本句中表示泛指,前面用不定冠词,idea 以元音音
素开头,不定冠词用an。
答案　an
例2  I took him to　　      computer in my room and said, “Right here.”
答案　the
解析    题干中的in my room修饰限定computer,因此设空处表特指,答案为定冠词。
考点2　考查连词
并列的两个或多个单词、短语或句子之间设空,一般填入的连词有and,but,or,so。
若句子之间为从属关系,则填从属连词。
例  　　      it might not be for everyone, Wuguan Books creates a very different kind of environment from most bookstores.
答案　Although/Though/While
解析    由语境可知,逗号前后为让步关系,设空处表示“尽管、即使”。故可填Although/Though/While。注意句首单词首字母大写。
考点3　考查介词
介词经常出现在固定搭配或者短语中。
例   “Grandpa, someone is waiting　　      you to play chess,” I went to him and said.
答案　for
解析　wait for是固定搭配,意为“等候”。
考点4　考查副词
副词经常在一些固定搭配或者短语中出现,比如:put off(推迟),turn on(打开),take off(起飞)等。
例   I climbed　　      of my tent and looked out at the mountain.
答案　out
解析    climb out of从……爬出来。
考点5　考查it的用法
例　　      is necessary to encourage kids to come up with new ways to make use of technology in school life.
解析    It在句子中是形式主语,真正的主语是其后的动词不定式短语。“It is+形容词+
to do...”是常见表达。
答案　It

阅读下面短文,在空白处填入适当内容(1个单词)或括号中所给内单词的正确形式。
Madagascar has two seasons, a warm, wet season from November to April, and a cool, dry season between May and October. However, different parts of the country have very different weather.
The east coast is 　1　 (hot) and wetter, with up to 4,000 mm of rainfall per year. In the rainy season, there are strong winds, and these can cause a lot of damage (破坏). Avoid 　2　 ( visit) eastern Madagascar between January and March 　3　 the weather can make road travel very difficult. The dry season is cooler and more 　4　 (please). 
The high, central part of the country is much drier and cooler. About 1,400 mm of rain 　5　 (fall) in the rainy season, 　6　 some thunderstorms. The summer is usually sunny and dry, 　7　 it can be cold, especially in the mornings, with freezing showers, and it may snow in mountain areas above 2,400 m. 
The west coast is the driest part of the island. Here, the winter 　8　 (month) are nice with little rain, cool temperatures and the blue sky. The summer can be extremely hot,　9　 (especial) in the southwest. This part of the country is semi⁃desert, and only gets a little rain 　10　 year. 
语篇解读：本文介绍了马达加斯加的气候特点。
1.hotter　根据设空处后“and wetter”可知,此处用hot的比较级hotter,故填hotter。
2.visiting　avoid doing sth.避免做某事。故填visiting。
3.because　设空处前后为因果关系,且前为果后为因,故填because。
4.pleasant　由空前的cooler and more可知设空处为形容词,pleasant“令人愉快的”,是形容词,比较级用more pleasant,故填pleasant。
5.falls　文章用一般现在时对马达加斯加的气候进行了描述。主语rain是不可数名词,谓语动词应为第三人称单数,故填falls。
6.with　此处意为“伴有雷雨天气”。with带有,具有……特征。故填with。
7.but　设空处前后为转折关系,意为“夏天通常是晴朗干燥的,但也可能很冷,尤其是在早晨”。故用连词but。
8.months　根据空后的are可知这里名词为复数形式,因此用month的复数形式,故填months。
9.especially　设空处修饰介词短语in the southwest, 因此用especial的副词形式,故填especially。
10.a/every/each　由语境可知,此处指每年只有很少的降雨量。故填a/every/each。
【高中语法填空考点聚焦】

全国卷语法填空考点设置有如下特点：
一、有提示词类：设置6～7个小题
高频考点
谓语动词
1～2题。考查时态、语态及主谓一致，其中涉及语态方面的不超过1题，答案最多三个单词。
非谓语动词
1～2题。考查不定式、动名词与分词，每种最多设1题。
派生词
1～3题。考查方式有动词派生为名词、名词派生为形容词或动词、形容词派生为副词等。每种最多设1题。
名词
0～1题。主要考查可数名词的复数，也可能会考查名词的所有格。
形容词和副词类
0～1题。主要考查形容词和副词词性的转换，以及其比较级或最高级。
低频考点
代词：0～1题。一般给出人称代词的主格，要求考生填其宾格、名词性或形容词性物主代词、反身代词等。

二、无提示词类：设置3～4个小题
高频考点
介词
0～1题。重点考查常见介词的基本用法或固定搭配中的介词，一般不涉及短语介词。
冠词
0～1题。重点考查冠词的特指、泛指用法或固定搭配中的冠词，一般不涉及零冠词。
从属关联词
0～2题。侧重于定语从句的引导词。此外，名词性从句、状语从句也偶有涉及。
低频考点
并列连词
0～1题。并列句的关联词也偶有涉及。
其他
0～1题。包括助动词(如强调谓语动词的do, does, did；构成部分倒装的do, does, did；构成一般疑问句的do, does, did)，构成强调结构的it或that，连接性副词(before, ago, however, anyway ...)等。


一、“有提示词类”解题攻略



(一)高频考点之一：提示词为动词
1．考查谓语动词
解题
攻略
若句中无谓语动词，或者虽然已有谓语动词，但需填的动词与之是并列关系时，所给动词就是谓语动词；此时，应先考虑时态，考生可以根据句中的时间状语或语篇提示确定时态，然后考虑语态，最后需考虑主谓一致和语气问题，来确定谓语动词的数。
典例1
While running regularly can't make you live forever, the review says it __64__ (be) more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming.
分析：分析句子结构可知，前半句是由while引导的让步状语从句，后半句是主句，主句中含有一个宾语从句，即it ...or swimming作says的宾语。又因此处是对客观情况的描述，应用一般现在时，再根据主谓一致原则可知，应填is。
典例2
Diets have changed in China — and so too has its top crop. Since 2011, the country __61__ (grow) more corn than rice.
分析：分析句子成分可知，空格所在的句子中缺少谓语动词。根据时间状语Since 2011可知，谓语动词需用现在完成时，根据句意可知应用主动语态，再根据主谓一致原则可知填has grown。
典例3
The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 — when the government __68__ (start) a soil­testing program that gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers — and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
分析：分析句子结构可知，when the government __68__ (start) a soil­testing program为关系副词when引导的定语从句，先行词为2005。通过分析定语从句可知从句中缺少谓语动词，再根据时间状语between 2005可知应填一般过去时，根据句意可知需用主动语态，故填started。
2．考查非谓语动词
解题
攻略
若句中已有谓语动词，空处又不在句中作并列谓语时，所要填的通常是非谓语动词，此时需进一步确定是非谓语动词的哪种形式。一般来说，作主语、宾语、表语、定语通常用动名词形式；此外，doing表示主动、正在进行；done表示被动、完成；to do表示尚未发生的动作。
典例4
You don't have to run fast or for long __62__ (see) the benefit. You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of __63__ (die) early by running.
分析：第一句中已有谓语动词don't have to run，故空格处应为非谓语动词。根据句意可知应填不定式to see，作目的状语。第二句中已有谓语动词reduce，故空格处应为非谓语动词。又因空格前有介词of，结合句意可知，应填dying，作介词of的宾语。
典例5
Another reason for corn's rise: The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice __64__ (improve) water quality.
分析：句中已有谓语动词encourages，故空格处应为非谓语动词。根据句意可知应填不定式to improve，作目的状语。
典例6
China's approach to protecting its environment while __70__ (feed) its citizens “offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide，” says the bank's Juergen Voegele.
分析：分析句子成分可知，句中已有谓语动词offers，再根据空格前有从属连词while可知，“while __70__ (feed) its citizens”为时间状语从句的省略结构，所填的词与其逻辑主语China之间为主动关系，故应填现在分词feeding。
典例7
But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid­1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter __66__(permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
分析：when引导的从句中已经有谓语动词was，且从句中无其他连词，故空处应填非谓语动词。reporter与permit之间是被动关系，故用过去分词表被动。过去分词短语permitted to ...作后置定语，修饰reporter。故填permitted。

3．考查派生词
解题
攻略
有时所给提示词虽然是动词，但是空格处既不是考查谓语动词也不是考查非谓语动词，而是要求填所给词的派生词。此时要结合空格处前后的修饰词来确定所给提示词应派生为哪种词性。一般考查动词派生为名词，有时还需考虑动词变为形容词甚至副词。
典例8
This switch has decreased __66__ (pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
分析：分析句子成分可知空格前面有谓语动词has decreased，其后缺少宾语，故填名词pollution。
典例9
This development was only possible with the __69__ (introduce) of electric­powered engines and lifts.
分析：由前面的定冠词the可知，其后应接名词，故填introduction。

(二)高频考点之二：提示词为名词
解题
攻略
所给提示词为名词时，通常考查可数名词的单数变复数，或名词派生为形容词、动词等。
典例10
Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all __67__ (cause)．
分析：分析句子成分可知，from all __67__ (cause)为介词短语作后置定语，空处位于介词之后作宾语，又因空格前面有all，所以填其复数形式causes。
典例11
To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to __68__ (strength) your leg muscles (肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes.
分析：分析句子成分可知，空格前面有谓语动词do，再根据句意可知，此处应填动词形式，与空前的不定式符号to构成不定式短语，在句中作目的状语。故填strengthen。
典例12
The Central London Railway was one of the most __70__ (success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900.
分析：根据语境并结合空前的the most可知，空处表达最高级意义。故填successful。

(三)高频考点之三：提示词为形容词或副词
解题
攻略
当提示词为形容词或副词时，需考虑是否是考查比较级或形容词和副词之间的相互转换。当提示词为形容词时，还要考虑是否需要转换为名词形式。
典例13
According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years __61__ (long) than non­runners.
分析：根据空格后面的than可知，此处考查比较级形式，故填longer。
典例14
A taste for meat is __63__ (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle.
分析：分析句子成分可知，空处在句中作状语，修饰谓语动词is应用副词。故填actually。
(四)低频考点：提示词为代词
解题
攻略
所给提示词是代词时，一般考查人称代词变为物主代词。有时需考虑人称代词单数变为复数、主格变为宾格、人称代词变为反身代词等。
典例15
When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find __68__ (they) alive.
分析：因空处作动词find的宾语，故应填人称代词的宾格形式，即them。
典例16
On my recent visit, I held a lively three­month­old twin that had been rejected by __68__ (it) mother.
分析：mother是名词，所填词作定语修饰mother，故填其形容词性物主代词its。
二、“无提示词类”解题攻略

(一)高频考点之一：填介词
解题
攻略
当名词或代词在句中不作主语、表语或动词的宾语时，其前面一般是填介词。对介词的考查通常侧重于固定搭配中的介词及常见介词的习惯用法。
典例1
My name is Mireya Mayor. I'm a scientist who studies animals such as apes and monkeys. I was searching __67__ these three western lowland gorillas I'd been observing. No one had seen them for hours, and my colleagues and I were worried.
分析：search for是固定搭配，表示“寻找”，此处指“我”在寻找“我”研究的三只西部低地大猩猩。故填for。
典例2
It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and __62__ work.
分析：travel to and from work表示“上下班”，故填from。
(二)高频考点之二：填冠词
解题
攻略
当空格后有名词而且两者搭配在一起表示泛指或特指含义，或者空格处修饰序数词、最高级、表示特指意义的比较级等形式时，那么空格处一般是填冠词。有时还考查冠词在一些固定搭配中的用法。
典例3
Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over __62__ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.
分析：句意：玉米产量在过去25年里增长了近125%，而大米只增长了7%。特指在过去的25年里。故填定冠词the。
典例4
Unexpectedly, I'm face­to­face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at __62__ top of her lungs.
分析：固定短语at the top of“在……的顶部”，此处表示以最大的肺活量喊叫。故填the。
(三)高频考点之三：填从属关联词
解题
攻略
当空格前后为两个句子，且其中一个句子在另一句中充当某一句子成分时，空格处应填从属关联词。一般情况下，考查的是定语从句的关联词，有时也考查名词性从句或状语从句的关联词。
典例5
Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 __66__ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.
分析：分析句子结构可知，空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词a study，并在定语从句中作主语，故填that/which。
典例6
Over time, __45__ the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.
分析：根据句意和句子结构可知，空格处引导时间状语从句，表示“随着”或“当……时候”，故填as/when。
(四)低频考点：填并列连词
解题攻略
当空格前后是同一层次并具有相同句法功能的词、短语或句子时，空格处一般是填并列连词。
典例7
Another reason for corn's rise: The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice to improve water quality. Corn uses less water __65__ rice and creates less fertilizer (化肥) runoff.
分析：根据比较级less可知，此处将玉米和水稻用水量进行比较，需填连词，故填than。




一
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
When Victor Gao was growing up in rural China in ___36___1970s, cars and trucks were so rare that he would chase them with the other children through the dirt roads, ___37___(thrill) by the strange sight. Today, China is the world’s largest automobile producer, ___38___more than double the capacity(产能) of the United States.
"I never ___39___(expect) that an ordinary Chinese family would own a car and China would be a major automobile making country," Gao said, "It would be ___40___(complete) beyond my wildest dreams that China would produce more automobiles than the US."
December 18, 2018 marks four ___41___(decade) since China started the process, ___42___would transform it from a poor country into an economic superpower. This era of great change ___43___(know) broadly as "Reform and Opening". At the beginning of the reform era, China’s GDP was just under $150 billion. Today, it has sharply increased to over $12 trillion(万亿), following only the United States. China holds about 10% of global wealth. In the last 20 years alone, wealth per adult has quadrupled(成四倍), ___44___(leave) fewer than 1% of the population in extreme poverty(贫困). China now has 600 billionaires, a ___45___(high) number than anywhere else in the world.
【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了中国改革开放四十年取得了巨大的成就，从贫穷的国度一跃成为超级经济大国。
36. 【答案】the 考查冠词。句意：20世纪70年代，维克多 • 高在中国农村长大，那时，小汽车和卡车非常罕见，他会和其他孩子一起在土路上追逐它们，为这种奇怪的景象欣喜若狂，表示年代应用定冠词，故填the。
37. 【答案】thrilled 考查非谓语动词。句意参考上题解析，thrill与主语he之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，表示被动，用过去分词作状语,故填thrilled。
38. 【答案】with 考查介词。句意:如今，中国是世界上最大的汽车生产国，产量是美国的两倍多。分析句子结构可知，此处用with引导介词短语作伴随状语，故填with。
39. 【答案】expected 考查时态。句意:我从没想过一个普通中国家庭会拥有一辆汽车，中国会成为一个主要的汽车生产国。此处应用一般过去时表示过去的动作，故填expected。
40. 【答案】completely 考查副词。句意:中国的汽车产量超过美国，这完全是我没想到的。修饰介词短语beyond my wildest dreams用副词，故填completely。
41. 【答案】decades 考查名词的数。句意:2018年12月18日是中国开始从一个贫穷国家转变为超级经济大国40周年。前有数词four修饰，故用可数名词复数形式，故填decades。
42. 【答案】which 考查非限定性定语从句。句意:2018年12月18日标志着中国从贫穷的国度一跃成为超级经济大国40周年。关系词指代先行词process在非限定性定语从句中作主语，故填which。
43.【答案】 is known 考查固定结构。句意：这个大变革的时代被广泛称为改革开放。be known as作为……而出名。主语是第三人称单数，且为客观事实，故填is known。
44. 【答案】leaving 考查非谓语动词。句意:仅在过去的20年里，每个成人的财富翻了两番，使得只有不到1%的人口仍处于贫困之中。此处用现在分词短语作结果状语，表示一种自然而然的结果，故填leaving。
45. 【答案】Higher考查形容词比较级。句意:中国现在有600位亿万富翁，比世界上任何地方都多。根据下文中的than判断此处应用比较级形式。故填higher。
二
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式．
The makeup of British families has changed___36___（rapid） over the last two hundred years． The traditional family structure （结构）before the Industrial Revolution was the extended family in___37___three generations lived under one roof． The early twentieth century saw the___38___（ grow） of the nuclear family﹣parents and a small number of___39___（child） would form a single family． In the last thirty years， however， the UK___40___（ see） a breakdown of the typical nuclear family．
Increased divorce rates， later marriage and a move away from marriage altogether have resulted___41___new forms of family； divorced parents will develop new relationships and take their kids with them． A survey___42___（ conduct） by researchers shows that over 50% of kids are now born to parents who are not married．
Some minority communities stick to the extended family structure， and it is common___43___（find） that three generations are living together in an Indian family． They say that apart from strengthening traditional family ties，___44___can provide security for older people when they cannot work anymore． They believe that the phenomenon of other old people living in care homes___45___（indicate） that many old people in the wider community are abandoned in their old age．
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍英国家庭组成结构在过去两百年所发生的变化情况。
36.【答案】 rapidly 考查副词。句意：在过去的200年里，英国人的家庭组成结构发生了快速的变化。在英语中通常使用副词修饰形容词、副词、动词或整个句子。本句中句中changed是动词，要用副词修饰。所以要填 rapidly。
37. 【答案】which 考查定语从句。句意：在工业革命前英国传统的家庭结构是三代居住在一起的大家庭。本句是一个定语从句，应该使用关系代词指代先行词family，并在定语从句中做介词in的宾语，用关系代词which。所以要填which。
38. 【答案】growth 考查名词。句意：二十世纪初期建筑了核心家庭的成长。句中saw是及物动词，后接名词作宾语。growth是动词grow的名词形式。所以要填 growth。
39. 【答案】children 考查名词复数。句意：父母亲和孩子们形成了单个的家庭。child是可数名词，其前有a number of修饰时要用复数形式。所以要填 children。
40.【答案】 has seen 考查动词时态。句意：在过去三十年里，英国见证了核心家庭的破裂。根据时间状语In the last thirty years要用现在完成时态，且主语UK是单数形式，助动词用has。所以要填 has seen。
41. 【答案】in 考查动词固定搭配。句意：越来越高的离婚率、晚婚晚育等原因导致了核心家庭的破裂。
动词短语 in意为"引起， 导致"，是固定搭配。所以句中要填 in．
42. 【答案】conducted 考查过去分词。句意：研究人员进行的一项调查显示百分之50的孩子是由未婚的父母亲所生的。句中名词survey与conduct之间是动宾关系，要用过去分词短语conducted by researchers作定语。所以要填 conducted．
43. 【答案】to find 考查动词不定式。句意：在印度家庭里三代人生活在一起是很常见的。句中it是形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式短语to find that three generations are living together in an Indian family。所以要填 to find．
44. 【答案】it 考查代词。句意：他们说除了加强传统家庭联系以外，大家庭还可以给不再工作的老人提供安全。句中it指代前文中提到的the extended family structure，使用要填 it。
45. 【答案】indicates考查主谓一致。句意：他们认为老人生活在护理中心说明很多社区里的老人在年老的时候被抛弃了。主语phenomenon是单数形式，且表示一般事实，谓语动词也应用单数形式。所以要填 indicates。
三
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Senior citizens are the first to come to our mind when you think of hearing loss, but in a recent report, hearing professionals worry teenagers will soon outnumber aging adults ___36___ it comes to living with hearing loss.
The rise in popularity of personal audio devices from iPods to smart phones has had dangerous effect on the ears of those who use them most, teenagers! A research ___37___ (conduct) by the World Health Organization finds that nearly 50% of teens ___38___ (fall) into the habit of exposing themselves to unsafe levels of sound so far.
A sound is considered unsafe when it goes beyond 85 decibels (分贝). At that level, it takes just 8 hours of listening over your lifetime to cause damage. The louder the sound is, the ___39___ (little) time it takes to cause damage. Because hearing loss is ___40___ (typical) considered a health problem for the elderly, it is difficult to convince already stubborn teenagers that they really are doing damage ___41___ their ears.
Young adults ___42___ have been exposed to loud noise over a period of time may have some hearing loss symptoms. Their ___43___ (able) to learn is compromised, and they may have difficulty developing social skills.
In an effort to help teens better protect their hearing, we suggest ___44___ (set) volume limits on personal audio devices. ___45___ is also good to limit the amount of time exposed to noise and to take listening breaks to give the ears a rest.
【分析】本文属于说明文。短文介绍了青少年由于长时间听过高音量的设备，因而听力损失的情况越来越严重， 有必要采取措施。
36. 【答案】when 考查固定句型。句意：当提到听力丧失时，我们首先想到的是老年人，但在最近的一份报告中，听力专家担心，就听力丧失而言，青少年的数量将很快超过老年人。本句为句型when it comes to sth当谈及某事，故填when。
37. 【答案】conducted 考查非谓语动词。句意：世界卫生组织做的一份调查发现接近一半的青少年已经养成了把自己暴露在过大音量的环境中。分析句子可知，conduct作定语修饰research，与其为动宾关系，故填过去分词形式conducted。
38.【答案】 have fallen 考查动词时态和语态。句意：世界卫生组织做的一份调查发现接近一半的青少年已经养成了把自己暴露在过大音量的环境中。由于有so far修饰，描述过去动作对现在的影响，故用现在完成时，主语为teens，故用have fallen。fall into the habit of 养成…的习惯。故填have fallen。
39.【答案】 less 考查比较级。句意：音量越大，那么造成损害的时间就越短。本句为结构the +比较级+句子，the+比较级+句子，故填less。
40.【答案】 typically 考查副词。句意：听力损失是一个典型的老年人问题，因此很难说服固执的青少年他们正在损害自己的耳朵。修饰动词用副词，故填typically。
41. 【答案】to 考查介词。句意：听力损失是一个典型的老年人问题，因此很难说服顽固青少年他们正在损害自己的耳朵。本句为固定短语do damage to sth 损害某物，故用to。
42. 【答案】who/that 考查定语从句。句意：在暴露于过大音量一段时间后，青少年会出现一些听力损失的症状。分析句子可知，have been exposed to loud noise over a period of time作定语从句修饰young adults ，从句缺少主语，故填关系代词who或者that。
43. 【答案】ability 考查名词。句意：他们学习的能力就会受到影响。由于代词their修饰，故用名词ability。故填ability。
44. 【答案】setting 考查非谓语动词。句意：为了更好保护青少年的听力，我建议对播放设备进行音量限制。本句为suggest的用法suggest doing sth 建议做某事，故填setting。
45. 【答案】It考查it。句意：这不仅可以减少被暴露在过高音量的时间，也可以让耳朵休息一下。本句为it作形式主语，真正主语为后面的不定式，故填It。
四
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
When Victor Gao was growing up in rural China in ___36___1970s, cars and trucks were so rare that he would chase them with the other children through the dirt roads, ___37___(thrill) by the strange sight. Today, China is the world’s largest automobile producer, ___38___more than double the capacity(产能) of the United States.
"I never ___39___(expect) that an ordinary Chinese family would own a car and China would be a major automobile making country," Gao said, "It would be ___40___(complete) beyond my wildest dreams that China would produce more automobiles than the US."
December 18, 2018 marks four ___41___(decade) since China started the process, ___42___would transform it from a poor country into an economic superpower. This era of great change ___43___(know) broadly as "Reform and Opening". At the beginning of the reform era, China’s GDP was just under $150 billion. Today, it has sharply increased to over $12 trillion(万亿), following only the United States. China holds about 10% of global wealth. In the last 20 years alone, wealth per adult has quadrupled(成四倍), ___44___(leave) fewer than 1% of the population in extreme poverty(贫困). China now has 600 billionaires, a ___45___(high) number than anywhere else in the world.
【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了中国改革开放四十年取得了巨大的成就，从贫穷的国度一跃成为超级经济大国。
36.【答案】 the 考查冠词。句意：20世纪70年代，维克多 • 高在中国农村长大，那时，小汽车和卡车非常罕见，他会和其他孩子一起在土路上追逐它们，为这种奇怪的景象欣喜若狂，表示年代应用定冠词，故填the。
37.【答案】 thrilled 考查非谓语动词。句意参考上题解析，thrill与主语he之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，表示被动，用过去分词作状语,故填thrilled。
38. 【答案】with 考查介词。句意:如今，中国是世界上最大的汽车生产国，产量是美国的两倍多。分析句子结构可知，此处用with引导介词短语作伴随状语，故填with。
39. 【答案】expected 考查时态。句意:我从没想过一个普通的中国家庭会拥有一辆汽车，中国会成为一个主要的汽车生产国。此处应用一般过去时表示过去的动作，故填expected。
40. 【答案】completely 考查副词。句意:中国的汽车产量超过美国，这完全是我没想到的。修饰介词短语beyond my wildest dreams用副词，故填completely。
41. 【答案】decades 考查名词的数。句意:2018年12月18日是中国开始从一个贫穷国家转变为超级经济大国40周年。前有数词four修饰，故用可数名词复数形式，故填decades。
42. 【答案】which 考查非限定性定语从句。句意:2018年12月18日标志着中国从贫穷的国度一跃成为超级经济大国40周年。关系词指代先行词process在非限定性定语从句中作主语，故填which。
43.【答案】 is known 考查固定结构。句意：这个大变革的时代被广泛称为改革开放。be known as作为……而出名。主语是第三人称单数，且为客观事实，故填is known。
44. 【答案】leaving 考查非谓语动词。句意:仅在过去的20年里，每个成人的财富翻了两番，使得只有不到1%的人口仍处于贫困之中。此处用现在分词短语作结果状语，表示一种自然而然的结果，故填leaving。
45. 【答案】Higher考查形容词比较级。句意:中国现在有600位亿万富翁，比世界上任何地方都多。根据下文中的than判断此处应用比较级形式。故填higher。
五
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
The Truth about Whisky
Whisky is probably ___36___ most famous product of Scotland. Whisky making provides work ____37____ several thousand people in the Scottish Highlands and islands, and whisky is Scotland's biggest goods _____38_____ (sell) to every corner of the world.
The qualities of whisky come from the water which _____39_____ (use) to make it the rich "peaty"(多泥炭的) water of Scotland. When whisky is first made, it is _____40_____ (actual) clear, not brown in colour. The colour comes from the wooden _____41_____ (container) in which the whisky is stored for several years to allow it _____42_____ (mature) from a little added sugar.
For many years, whisky has been one of the most popular drinks all over the world, and Scotland _____43_____ (produce) more and more of it so far. But whisky sales have not increased as fast, so there are now large reserves of whisky in Scotland, especially the better and _____44_____ (much) expensive whisky. So a lot of the whisky sold today was made several years ago when people thought that whisky would get more and more popular. That is _____45_____, today, a lot of the whisky in the shops is marked with "Ten years old", or even "Fifteen years old".
【分析】这是一篇说明文。威士忌是苏格兰特产，为苏格兰人提供很多就业岗位和出口到世界各地。
36. 【答案】the 考查冠词。句意：威士忌是苏格兰最著名的产品。修饰最高级应用定冠词，故填the。
37. 【答案】for 考查介词。句意：威士忌为苏格兰高地和岛屿上的几千人提供工作。固定短语Provide sth. for sb.“提供某物给某人”，故填介词for。
38. 【答案】sold 考查非谓语。句意：威士忌是苏格兰最大的商品，销往世界各地。本句已经存在谓语动词且句中没有连词，故sell只能做非谓语，与逻辑主语goods构成被动关系，故填sold。
39. 【答案】is used 考查被动语态。此处是指水被用来制作威士忌酒，且描述客观事实，主语为单数，故用一般现在时的被动语态is used。
40. 【答案】actually 考查副词。句意：当威士忌酒初次酿造时，它的颜色实际上是清澈的，而不是棕色的。此处用副词作状语修饰谓语动词，故填actually。
41.【答案】 containers 考查名词的数。句意：威士忌的颜色来自于储存多年它的木质容器。此处容器不止一个，故用复数形式containers。
42. 【答案】to mature 考查非谓语动词。句意：威士忌的颜色来自于木质容器，威士忌可以在其中存放数年，使其从少量添加糖中成熟。固定短语allow to do sth.“允许做某事”后跟不定式，故填to mature。
43. 【答案】has produced 考查动词时态。句意：到目前为止，苏格兰生产的威士忌也越来越多。根据时间状语so far可知，本句应用现在完成时，故填has produced。
44. 【答案】more 考查形容词。句意：但是威士忌的销量并没有那么快的增长，所以现在苏格兰有大量的威士忌储备，尤其是更好更贵的威士忌。此处表示比较，应用比较级more。
45. 【答案】why考查表语从句引导词。句意：这就是为什么今天很多商店里的威士忌都标着“十年”，甚至“十五年”。此处why引导表语从句，表原因。故填why。