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考点07 情态动词（11种常见考点考法全掌握）-2024年新高考英语一轮总复习培优全攻略（上海专用）（解析版）
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这是一份考点07 情态动词（11种常见考点考法全掌握）-2024年新高考英语一轮总复习培优全攻略（上海专用）（解析版），共27页。
考点07 情态动词
课前热身练
（2023·上海浦东新·统考三模）Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
9:00 A．M., Saturday, November 14
The moment Fatima Bennett had dreamed of was finally here. Therefore, she couldn’t be 1 (happy).
The 4C Challenge (also known as the Clark County Coding Competition) was the event of the year 2 target participants were STEM-minded eighth graders like Fatima and her two best friends, Julia Sheen and Felipe Alvarez.
Their classmates were busy posting pictures on social media of their glorious summer vacations while the three best friends, who called 3 Team Java Time, had spent countless hours storyboarding, coding, and adjusting their program. Their app, Romeo and Juliet Remixed, turned the famous play into a multiplayer adventure that retold the story, 4 (integrate) Shakespeare’s language with the rhymes of songs.
The completed app was due by September 1, and the teens had worked hard to get it done. 5 at any point they lost momentum (动力), they were pushed by weekly texts from Neil Green, who had taken over the competition coordination (协调) this year.
On the day when their app 6 (submit) to the competition’s submission website, Fatima said, “A prize would be great, but we all know the very best reward.” The teens shouted, “K-J-H-S!”
Fatima, Julia, and Felipe were excited to show off their digital skills in front of the other teams of eighth graders, but they were most interested in the reward 7 (give) to the top three teams: guaranteed admission to Katherine Johnson High School, the county’s STEM magnet school. Felipe, Fatima, and Julia, friends since kindergarten, 8 barely contain their excitement. Their dream of going to KJHS together was 9 their reach!
That was 10 Fatima didn’t mind getting out of bed at 8 A．M. on this cold November Saturday to spend the day at Clarksville University, the site of the annual competition.
【答案】
1．happier 2．whose 3．themselves 4．integrating 5．If 6．was submitted 7．given 8．could 9．within 10．why
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要报道了三个好朋友Fatima，Julia，和Felipe积极参加编程竞赛，以获得精英中学的入学资格。
1．考查形容词。句意：因此，她再高兴不过了。句型：can’t be+形容词比较级，意为“再……也不过分”。故填happier。
2．考查定语从句。句意：4C挑战赛（也被称为克拉克县编程比赛）是今年的活动，目标参与者是有stem思维的八年级学生，比如Fatima和她的两个最好的朋友Julia Sheen 和 Felipe Alvarez。考查定语从句的关系词，先行词为“the event”，和“target”之间为所有关系，用whose。故填whose。
3．考查代词。句意：同学们忙着在社交媒体上晒自己暑假的照片，而这三个自称“Java时间团队”的好朋友花了无数个小时制作故事板、编码和调整程序。指代主语，用反身代词；主语为who，指的是“the three best friends”，用themselves。故填themselves。
4．考查非谓语动词。句意：他们的应用程序《罗密欧与朱丽叶混音版》将这部著名的戏剧变成了一款多人冒险游戏，将莎士比亚的语言与歌曲的押韵结合在一起，重新讲述了这个故事。这里为非谓语动词担当状语，和主句主语“their app”之间为主动关系，用动词ving形式。故填integrating。
5．考查状语从句。句意：如果在任何时候他们失去了动力，他们就会受到Neil Green每周发来的短信的推动，他今年接管了竞争协调工作。这里为状语从句的连接词，根据句意可知，空处指的是“如果”，用if引导；出现在句首，首字母大写。故填If。
6．考查时态和语态。句意：当他们的应用程序被提交到竞赛的提交网站时，Fatima说：“获奖固然很好，但我们都知道最好的奖励是什么。” 这里为从句谓语动词，根据时间状语“on the day”可知，从句时态为一般过去时；主语为their app，单数，和动词submit之间为被动关系，所以用被动语态。故填was submitted。
7．考查非谓语动词。句意：Fatima，Julia，和Felipe很兴奋地在其他八年级学生面前展示他们的数字技能，但他们最感兴趣的是给前三名的奖励：保证进入凯瑟琳约翰逊高中，这是该县的STEM精英中学。这里为非谓语动词担当后置定语，动词“give”和被修饰词“the reward”之间存在被动关系，用动词的过去分词。故填given。
8．考查情态动词。句意：Felipe，Fatima，和Julia从幼儿园开始就是朋友，他们几乎不能抑制自己的兴奋。根据句意可知，三个好朋友决定胜利在望，所以不能抑制自己的兴奋，用情态动词could。故填could。
9．考查介词。句意：他们一起去KJHS的梦想就在眼前！固定短语：within one’s reach，意为“伸手可及”。故填within。
10．考查表语从句。句意：这就是为什么Fatima不介意在这个寒冷的11月周六早上8点起床，去克拉克斯维尔大学度过一天的原因，那里是一年一度的比赛的举办地。这里为表语从句的连接词，根据句意可知，表语从句缺少原因状语，用why引导。故填why。
核心考点梳理
（一）动词分类
（二）情态动词基本用法
情态动词
基本用法
例句
can/could
1、表示能力，可译为“能，会”。
2、表示允许、许可，常用在口语中。could比can语气上要客气。
3、表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度，主要用于否定句和疑问句中。
The cinema can seat 1,000 people.
Could/ Can you tell me how to get to the zoo?
How can you be so careless?
may/
might
在口语中可用can, could代替may，但在正式场合用may。表示允许时，也可用might代替，might不表示过去时，而是表示口气比较婉转。
1、表示请求、许可，常译为“可以”。
2、用于祈使句表示祝愿。
May/Can /Could/ Might I have a talk with you?
must/
have to
1、must表示有做某一动作的必要或义务，强调主观看法，可译为“必须，应该”。
2、have to 表示因客观需要促使主语不得不做某事。
3、mustn't表示“禁止”；don't have to意思是“没有必要”= don't need to。
4、must可用来表示根据逻辑推理必然要发生的事，可译为“必然会，总是会”。
5、must有时可用来表示“偏偏”的意思。
Everyone must obey the rule.
My eyesight is very poor. I have to wear glasses for reading.
You must keep it a secret. You mustn't tell anyone.
You don't have to tell me the secret.
Truth must be out.
When I was taking a nap, a student must knock at the door.
shall
1、表示征询意见或请求指示，用于一、三人称疑问句。
2、表示说话人的意愿，有“命令、允诺、警告、威胁、决心”等意思，用于第二、三人称陈述句中。
3、表示强制，用于法令、条约、规章中，意为“必须，应该”。
Shall they wait outside?
He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you. （警告）
Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan.（决心）
The interest shall be divided into five parts, according to the agreement made by both sides.
should
1、表示义务，意为“应该”（某件事宜于做）。
2、常与what, how, why等词连用，表示意外、惊讶等情绪。
3、表示对过去、现在或将来情况的某种推测，可译为“可能、照说应该”。
4、表惊讶、忧虑、惋惜等，意为“竟然”
One shouldn't be selfish.
How should I know?
He should be taking a bath now.
It's a pity that you should be so careless.
ought to
1、表示义务，意为“应该”（因责任、义务而该做），口气比should稍重。
2、表示推测，暗含很大的可能，可译为“应该是，会是”。
We ought to defend our country.
Prices ought to come down soon.
will
1、表意愿，用于各种人称陈述句。
2、表请求，用于疑问句。
3、表示某种倾向或习惯性动作。
I will do anything for you.
Will you close the window? It´s a bit cold.
The door won´t open.
would
1、表意愿。
2、表委婉地提出请求、建议或看法。
3、表过去反复发生的动作或过去的一种倾向。
They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed.
Would you like another glass of beer?
Every time she was in trouble, she would go to him for help.
used to
1、表示过去的习惯或过去某时期的状况，但现在已不存在。
2、否定：usedn’t to/didn’t use to。
区别：
used to表示过去习惯动作或状态，强调“现已无此习惯了”，而would只表示过去的习惯动作，与现在无关，往往要带有一个特定的时间状语。
He used to drink tea but now he drinks coffee.
I usedn’t to go there./ I didn’t use to go there.
Did you use to go to the same school as your brother?
Used you to go to the same school as your brother?
We used to play hide-and-seek in the fields.
Whenever we were in the country, we would play hide-and-seek in the fields.
need
1、作情态动词：
need表示“需要”或“必须”，仅用于否定句或疑问句中，在肯定句中一般用 must，have to，ought to，或 should代替。
needn't do
2、作实义动词：
后面接不定式（to do），有人称、数和时态的变化。
need to do
don’t need to do
You needn’t come so early.
He needs to finish it this evening.
He doesn’t need to finish it this evening.
dare
1、作情态动词：
主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件状语从句中，一般不用于肯定句。
2、作实义动词：
在肯定句中，dare后面通常接带 to的不定式；而在否定和疑问句中，dare后面的不定式可以不带to。
dare to do
don’t dare (to) do
He daren’t speak English before such a crowd, dare he?
---Yes, he dare./No, he daren’t.
How dare you say I’m unfair．
If you dare come here, I will come to meet you.
（三）情态动词表推测
结构
时态
例句
must
do
be doing
have done
He must be very lazy for his desk is very untidy.
The ground is wet. It must have rained last night.
may/might
may/might not
Your math teacher may/might (not) be in his office.
I might have lost my watch in the bath room.
can/could
can/could not
can/could...?
John walked past me without speaking. He can't/couldn't have seen me.
He cannot be at home.
Can the story be true? / Where can (could) they have gone?
can/could用于肯定句中表示客观的可能性
As we all know, an experienced teacher can make mistakes. 众所周知，一位有经验的老师也会犯错。
You mustn’t smoke while you’re walking around in the wood. You could start a fire.
情态动词表推测的反意疑问句
情态动词表推测的反意疑问句，以情态动词后的时态为淮，如句子里有明确的时间状语，则以其为准。
E.g. 1. You must be hungry now, aren’t you?
2. He must be watching TV, isn’t he ?
3 Tom must have lived her for a long time, hasn’t he ?
4. She must have arrived yesterday, didn’t she?
（四）情态动词表虚拟
结构
所用句式
意义
例句
should/ ought to have done
肯定句、否定句、疑问句
本来(不)应该
We should have studied last night, but we went to the concert instead.
They shouldn't have left so soon.
could/might have done
肯定句
本来能够/可以
I could have run 100 meters in 12 seconds.
You might have made greater progress. But you didn’t.
need have done
否定句
本不必要
I need not have got up so early.
（五）情态动词在if虚拟条件句中的运用
时间
从句
主句
例句
与现在事实相反
If+主语+did
主语 + would/could/might/should + do
If we had time now, we would read it again.
与过去事实相反
If +主语+ had done...,
主语 + would/could/might/should + have done
I would have helped you if I had known of your difficulties.
Without ...,
But for...,
主语 + would/could/might/should + have done
Without your help, we could not have succeeded.
与将来事实相反
If+主语+did/ should do/ were to do
主语 + would/could/might/should + do
If it snowed/should snow/were to snow tomorrow, they would not go out.
当堂知识检测
1．I wonder how he _______ that to the teacher.
A．dare to say B．dare saying C．not dare say D．dared say
2．I regret that I waited in the queue for a long time to buy the ticket this morning. I ______ it online.
A．could buy B．must buy
C．could have bought D．must have bought
3．—I saw Lily in the teacher’s office just now.
—You _________ her, she has gone back home.
A．must not see B．mustn’t have seen C．can’t have seen D．couldn’t see
4．Jim says we ______ stay in his house as long as we leave it clean and tidy .
A．must B．can C．need D．should
5．---I honestly don't think I'm going to be admitted.
---Well, you never know! You________ a better impression than you think.
A．may have made
B．should have made
C．couldn't have made
D．needn't have made
6．I wonder why we________ eat out all the time when we can cook our own meals at home.
A．may B．would C．should D．must
7．Waking up suddenly________lead to rapid heart rate and high blood pressure.
A．must B．would C．can D．shall
8．—Real Madrid is sure to win the match !
—It’ s hard to say. You know, anything ________ happen even in the last minute.
A．need B．must
C．should D．can
9．—I did not know you were good friends.
—You__________. I have known her since she moved here. You were abroad then.
A．may have B．needn’t have C．couldn’t have D．must have
10．During our trip to the Great Wall last week, I couldn’t stop thinking that building it ________ have been a huge project in ancient times.
A．should B．must C．could D．need
11．(2018·天津) I can't find my purse. I___________ it in the supermarket yesterday, but I'm not sure.
A．should leave B．must have left
C．might leave D．could have left
12．(2018·北京) In today’s information age, the loss of data _________ cause serious problems for a company.
A．need B．should
C．can D．must
13．Thank you for all your hard work last week. I don’t think we ______ it without you.
A．can manage B．could have managed
C．could manage D．can have managed
14．— We would appreciate it if you could stay for lunch.
— Sorry, I . I have another appointment.
A．won’t B．shan’t C．can’t D．mustn’t
15．—Susan looks a little bit upset. What’s up?
—Oh, you are to blame. You ________ a joke on her in front of so many people.
A．shouldn’t play B．shouldn’t have played
C．needn’t play D．needn’t have played
16．We ______ eat too much roast food as it may do harm to our health.
A．wouldn’t B．needn’t C．had better not D．might not
17．— Will you be free this weekend?
— I’m not sure, but I ________ go to an art exhibition with my parents.
A．will B．should C．must D．may
18．— I think you ________ there in person; a phone call would have been fine.
— It is a good chance to know more of you from your parents.
A．couldn’t have been B．needn’t have been C．wouldn’t be D．shouldn’t be
19．—Excuse me, is this the right way to Disneyland?
—It ________ be but I’m not completely sure.
A．must B．will C．shall D．might
20．I hope we shall______ and come to understand one another .
A．be a friend B．being friends C．be friends D．to be a friend
21．Because Lincoln had so little schooling, journalists thought he ________ not have been very smart.
A．must B．shall C．could D．would
22．I believe he ________ an accident, otherwise he ________ have arrived on time.
A．might have；would
B．should have had； should
C．could have； should
D．must have had； would
23．—I wonder why Robert hasn’t shown up at the interview yet. It’s a pity if he missed.
—I’m not sure, but he ________ in a traffic jam riding here.
A．could be stuck B．should be stuck C．must have been stuck D．might have been stuck
24．Mr. Baker, some students want to see you. ________ they come in right now?
A．May B．Should C．Shall D．Will
25．There was plenty of time. She ________ .
A．mustn’t have hurried B．couldn’t have hurried C．must not hurry D．needn’t have hurried
26．This ___________an improvement, but “breakthrough” was an overstatement.
A．can have been B．should have been
C．may have been D．need have been
27．Many adults report that even when out in nature, they ________ not take the time to admire a spectacular mountain ________ pulling out their smartphone to take a picture.
A．may … before B．may … after
C．should … before D．should … after
28．When I was little, my mother used to sit by my bed,________ me stories and sing songs for me till I fell asleep.
A．having told B．tell C．telling D．told
29．I have been writing a novel which is based on a real love story and it_________ be ready early next month.
A．can B．must C．should D．need
30．—What does the notice over there read?
— “No media ______ cover the event without the permission of the organizing committee.”
A．will B．may C．shall D．must
31．It used to be that you ___drive for miles here without seeing another person, but now there are houses and people everywhere.
A．need B．should C．could D．must
32．---Mary, I got lost.
---Sorry, I________ a map for you.
A．must have drawn B．should draw C．could draw D．ought to have drawn
33．My key isn’t in my backpack. Where on earth________ I have put it?
A．can B．would C．should D．must
34．—I didn’t pass the final exam.
—I don’t think it’s surprising. You________ on your studies rather than computer games.
A．should focus B．should have focused
C．must focus D．must have focused
35．Harry is feeling uncomfortable. He ________ too much at the party last night.
A．has to drink B．must have drunk
C．could be drunk D．needs to drink
36．As the rule says, every student remain seated until their papers are collected.
A．can B．may
C．shall D．will
37．Someone ____the tap on, for the water was running over and flooding the bathroom.
A．could leave
B．must have left
C．might leave
D．should have left
38．—Shall I inform him of the change of the schedule right now?
—I am afraid you _______,in case he comes late for the meeting.
A．will B．must C．may D．can
39．—Sorry, Mum! I failed the job interview again.
—Oh, it's too bad. You________ have made full preparations.
A．must B．can C．would D．should
40．I ______ have worried before I came to the new school, for my classmates here are very friendly to me.
A．mightn’t B．mustn’t
C．needn’t D．couldn’t
41．I still find it hard to imagine that such a clever child __________ make such a foolish mistake.
A．shall B．must
C．can D．should
42．—_______ you disturb me now? I’m busy preparing a report.
— Terribly sorry, but I have something urgent to tell you.
A．Need B．Should C．Might D．Must
43．—Did you attend the meeting for the experiment project yesterday?
—Yes, but I don’t think I ____ because my director was there.
A．need to have B．need to C．needed to D．need have
44．When are you going to return my novel? Don’t worry. You ____ have your book soon, I promise.
A．shall B．should C．may D．must
45．There are over 50,000 signs in modern Chinese but luckily, Chinese children ______ learn all of them for everyday purpose.
A．needn't B．mustn't C．can't D．won't
46．—Can’t you stay a little longer?
—It’s getting late. I really _____ go now. My daughter is home alone.
A．may B．can
C．must D．dare
47．—________ I say something to you? You were really, really something back there. Incredible!
—Are you talking to me? Whoa!
A．Must B．Can C．Need D．Should
48．(2016·天津) It was really annoying; I ________ get access to the data bank you had recommended.
A．wouldn’t B．couldn’t
C．shouldn’t D．needn’t
49．______ you keep it a secret for the time being? It’s just between us.
A．Must B．Can C．Should D．May
50．—What do you think of Betty?
— Lovely, though she ______ be naughty sometimes.
A．should B．must
C．can D．need
参考答案：
1．D
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：我不知道他怎么敢对老师说那种话。dare是情态动词，它的过去式是dared，后接动词原形。dared作行为动词时，要用dare to do sth.，行为动词有数的变化，这句话的主语是he，其谓语的正确形式应该是dares to say，因此D选项正确，故选D。
2．C
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：今天早上我排队等了很长时间才买下这张票，我感到很后悔。我本来可以在网上买的。could have done表示过去本来可以有机会选择做某事，但实际上没有那样做，通常译为“本来可以”。故选C。
【点睛】情态动词+have done是我们要学习的情态动词中重要的一个语法项目，有一点是大家必须记住的，那就是——它一定表示“过去的或已经发生的事情”。
下面带大家逐一总结一下其用法：1、must have done对过去的推测，“一定已经，肯定已经…”；2、can’t/couldn’t have done对过去的推测，“不可能做过某事”；3、can/could sb. have done...?对过去的推测，“某人可能做过某事吗？”4、may/might have done对过去的推测，“也许已经，可能做过”；5、needn’t have done“不必做但是做了”；6、could have done(不是can)表示“本来可以做而未做”；7、should/ought to have done表示“过去应该做却没有做”，should/ought not to have done表示“过去不该做但做了”；8、would have done表示“本打算做事实上未做”。
分析本题，抓住两点：第一、分析句意可知，此处的推测为对过去事情的推测，故用完成式，排除答案A、B；第二、再分析must have done和could have done的区别，从而选择出正确的答案。
3．C
【详解】考查固定结构。句意：——我刚才在老师办公室看见莉莉了。——你不可能见过她，她回家去了。A. must not see不准看见；B. mustn’t have seen不能看到；C. can’t have seen不可能做过某事；D. couldn’t see看不见。根据后文“she has gone back home”指不可能见过莉莉，应用can’t have done。故选C。
4．B
【详解】考查情态动词。句意:吉姆说我们可以住在他的房子里，只要我们保持它干净整洁。A. must必须；B. can能，可以；C. need需要；D. should应该。根据后面的“as long as we leave it clean and tidy”可知，Jim许可我们待在他的房子里，即:我们”能，可以”待在他的房子里。故选B。
5．A
【详解】考查情态动词用法。句意：—老实说，我觉得我不会被录取。—唉，谁知道呢!你给人的印象可能比你想象的要好。A.may have made 可能；B.should have made本应该做；C.couldn't have made不可能做；D.needn't have made本不必做。根据句意可知，此处表示的是有可能，故选A。
6．D
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：既然我们很容易的在家烧饭，为什么偏要外去吃呢？A.may 可能；B.would 将要；C.should 应该；D.must 偏偏，。分析句子可知，既然我们很容易的在家烧饭，为什么偏要外去吃呢，故选D。
7．C
【详解】考查情态动词辨析。句意：突然醒来会导致心率加快和高血压。A. must一定；B. would将会；C. can可能；D. shall将要。此处表示推测，意为“能够，可以”应用can，故选C。
8．D
【详解】考查推测句。句意：——Real Madrid一定会赢得比赛！——很难说，你知道，甚至在最后一秒任何事都有可能发生。A. need需要；B. must必须；C. should应该；D. can可能。这里用can表示有客观的可能性。故选D。
9．C
【详解】考查推测句。句意：——我不知道你们是好朋友。——你不可能知道。自从那移居到这儿我就认识他。那时你在国外。根据句意可知，此处是对过去情况的否定推测，应用couldn't have done“不可能做某事”。故选C。
10．B
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：上周我们去长城的时候，我一直在想，在古代修建长城一定是一项浩大的工程。A. should应该；B. must必须；C. could可能；D. need需要。根据句意可知，表示对过去情况肯定猜猜测用must have done，意为“一定是……”。故选B。
11．D
【详解】考查情态动词表推测。句意：我不能找到我的钱包了，昨天我有可能把它落到超市了，但我不确定。根据句中时间状语yesterday可知，是对过去事情的推测，故用情态动词+ have done，再根据后句but I’m not sure.可知，此推测为不能肯定的推测，故用情态动词could，表示“可能”。故选D。
【点睛】情态动词是每年高考的热点也是难点。本题抓住两点：第一、时态。根据句中时间状语可以判断出是对过去事情的推测，故用情态动词 + have done；如果是对现在事情的推测，才用情态动词+v原形。第二、情态动词的选择。must为肯定推测，表示“一定”，could为不肯定推测，表示“可能”，这样就能选出正确答案。
12．C
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：在今天的信息时代，数据的丢失有时会对一个公司造成严重的问题。数据丢失造成严重问题是客观上会发生的情况，即“客观可能性”，故该空应用情态动词can。C选项正确。其余情态动词均没有该用法。need需要；should应该，竟然；must必须，肯定。
点睛：can的基本用法：1. (表示能力、功能)能，会；2. (表示推测)可能，可能会；3.（表示允许，请求）可以；4.（表示客观可能性）有时会。
13．B
【分析】，
【详解】考查虚拟语气。句意：多谢你上个星期的努力。我觉得要是没有你，我们不可能会成功的。根据句意可知，此处是对过去所发生事情的推测，应使用could/might/would/must have done。故选B。
14．C
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：——如果你能留下来吃午饭我将不胜感激的。——很抱歉，我不能，我有一个约会。由“我有一个约会”可知，不能留下来吃午饭，can’t 表示不能，故选C。
15．B
【详解】考查情态动词的虚拟语气。句意：——Susan看起来有点沮丧。有什么事吗?——都怪你，你本不应该在那么多人面前开她的玩笑。A. shouldn’t play不应该开玩笑；B. shouldn’t have played本不应该开玩笑；C. needn’t play不需要开玩笑 ；D. needn’t have played本不需要开玩笑。根据句意，Susan看起来有点沮丧，是因为自己已经被开玩笑了，而句子的描述与客观事实相反，故使用虚拟语气。shouldn’t have done表示的虚拟语气，其意义是：本不应该做某事，但是事实却做了。“开某人玩笑”表示为play a joke on sb，结合句意。故选B。
16．C
【详解】考查情态动词词义辨析。句意：我们最好不要吃太多的烧烤食品，因为它可能对我们的健康有害。A. wouldn’t不会，不肯；B. needn’t不需要，没必要；C. had better not最好不要；D. might not可能不。根据后半句“as it may do harm to our health”可知，太多烧烤食品不利健康，所以建议“最好不要”吃太多。had better not符合语境。故选C项。
17．D
【详解】考查情态动词辨析。句意：——这个周末你有空吗？——我不确定，但我可能会和父母一起去看艺术展。A. will将；B. should应该；C. must必须；D. may可能。结合语意，后者说自己不确定，所以空处应用may表示可能性不大的推测。故选D项。
18．B
【详解】考查情态动词对过去事实的推测。句意：——我认为你本不需要亲自到场，打个电话就可以了。——这是一个很好的机会，可以从你父母那里了解你更多的情况。A. couldn’t have been不可能； B. needn’t have been 本不必；C. wouldn’t be 将不；D. shouldn’t be不应该。结合句中“a phone call would have been fine.”可知，本句表示对过去发生事实的推测，此处指一个电话就可以解决的事情，不需要亲自来，然而你却来了。所以此处应用“本不必来的”，故选B。
19．D
【详解】考查情态动词用法。句意：——请问，这是去迪斯尼乐园的路吗?——可能是，但我也不是非常确定。A. must必须，肯定；B. will会；C. shall将要，必须；D. might可能。根据“but I’m not completely sure”可知，回答者不太确定，因此认为这条可能是去迪斯尼的路。故选D。
20．C
【详解】考查情态动词用法和名词的数。句意：我希望我们能成为朋友，互相了解。情态动词shall后接动词原形；主语是we，表语friend应用复数形式。综上，故选C。
21．C
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：因为林肯没有受过多少教育，记者们认为他不可能很聪明。A. must必须，一定；B. shall将，应该，可能；C. could可能，（can的过去时形式）；D. would将会，过去常常，（will的过去时形式） 。结合句意可知，此处是对过去事实的否定推测，应用can/could not have done。故选C。
22．D
【详解】考查情态动词用法和虚拟语气。句意：我相信他肯定遇到意外事件了，否则他会按时到的。第一空根据“otherwise he ________ have arrived on time”可知，此处表示对过去事实的肯定推测，需用must have done这种形式；第二空，根据otherwise可知，此处使用虚拟语气与过去事实相反，使用would have done。故选D。
23．D
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：——我想知道为什么罗伯特还没有出现在采访中。 如果他错过了，那就太可惜了。 ——我不确定，但他可能是在这里骑车时被堵车了。A. could be stuck可能堵车了；B. should be stuck应该堵车了；C. must have been stuck一定是堵车了；D. might have been stuck可能堵车了。此处表示对于过去已经发生的事情的推测应该用情态动词的完成式，且根据句意可知，应用被动语态，故选D项。
24．C
【详解】考查情态动词辨析。句意：贝克先生，有些学生想见你。他们是在这里等还是在外面等？A. May可以；B. Should应该；C. Shall应该；D. Will将。Shall用于第一、第三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。故选C。
25．D
【详解】考查情态动词的用法。句意：这有足够的时间，她没有必要着急。根据“There was plenty of time”可知没有必要，needn’t have hurried“不必着急”，故选D项。
26．C
【详解】考查情态动词+have done。句意：这或许是一种进步，但“突破”一词言过其实。A. can have been可能是；B. should have been应该是；C. may have been或许是；D. need have been需要是。根据空后“but “breakthrough” was an overstatement.”可知，这或许是一种进步，但“突破”一词言过其实。may have been符合语境。故选C。
27．A
【详解】考查情态动词和介词。句意：许多成年人表示，即使在大自然中，他们在拿出智能手机拍照之前，可能也不会花时间欣赏壮观的山峰。情态动词may意为“也许，可能”； should意为“应该”。根据句意，此处指成年人的习惯做法，但是不绝对，所以用“可能”符合句意；第二空填考查介词。not…before…相当于not…until…或after…，意为“在拿出智能手机拍照之前，不会花时间欣赏壮观的山峰”。故选A。
28．B
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：当我还小的时候，妈妈常常坐在我的床边，给我讲故事，唱歌，直到我睡着。情态used to后跟动词原形，此处应为动词原形tell和前文sit及后文sing并列，作谓语动词。故选B项。
29．C
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：我一直在写一部小说，是根据一个真实的爱情故事改编的，下个月初就可以写好了。A. can能，会；B. must必须，一定；C. should应该；D. need需要。根据时间状语next month，可知此处指将来的可能；情态动词should可以表示对将来的预测或可能。故选C。
30．C
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：——那边的布告上写的是什么?—— “未经组委会许可，任何媒体不得对赛事进行报道。” A. will将；B. may也许；C. shall将；D. must必须。shall用于第二、三称，表示警告、允诺、命令、规定等。根据句意，故选C。
31．C
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：以前你可能在这里开了几英里，都没见过别人，但现在到处都是房子和人。A. need 需要；B. should 应该，理应如此； C. could 可能，表示对客观可能性的推测；D. must 一定，必须。根据前半句意思可知，表示的是对客观可能性的推测。故选C。
32．D
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：——玛丽，我迷路了。——对不起，我本应该给你画张地图的。根据“Mary, I got lost.”可知，对过去事情的推测，所以用情态动词+have done。 must have done表示对过去事情肯定的推测；ought to have done表示过去本应该做某事却未做。根据句意，故选D。
33．A
【详解】考查情态动词+have done用法。句意：我的钥匙不在我的背包里。我到底可能将它放在哪里了？根据所给句子及选项可知，此处是“情态动词+have done”，can have done通常用于否定句及疑问句，用于疑问句时，表示怀疑和推测；would have done表示对过去事情的假设，意思是“本来会做”；should have done表示“过去应该做谋事却没有做”；must have done表示对过去的推测，意思是“一定已经，想必已经，准是已经”,只用于肯定句中。根据语境可知，此处表示对过去行为的怀疑和推测，应用can have done。故选A。
34．B
【详解】考查情态动词用法。句意：——我没有通过期末考试。——我认为这并不令人惊讶。你本应该集中精力学习而不是玩电脑游戏。should应该；must必须；此处结合语境表示“本应该做某事，结果没有”应用should have done；must have done表示“必定做了某事”，表示对过去已经发生的事情的肯定推测，不符合语境。故选B。
35．B
【详解】考查must have done的用法。句意：Harry感到不舒服。他昨晚一定是在聚会上喝多了。A. has to drink必须喝；B. must have drunk一定喝了；C. could be drunk可能被喝；D. needs to drink需要喝。结合“Harry is feeling uncomfortable.”及句末的last night可知，此处是对过去肯定的推测，must have done肯定做了某事，符合题意。故选B项。
36．C
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：正如规则所说，每个学生都必须坐着直到他们的试卷被收集起来。shall可用于第二/第三人称陈述句中,表示警告/许诺/命令/威胁/规定等语气。此处表示规定，故选C。
【点睛】Shall 用法归纳
1.should have done sth/should not have done sth表责备语气。
2. should可用来表示推测。
3. shall可用于第一/第三人称疑问句中,表示请求许可。
4. shall可用于第二/第三人称陈述句中,表示警告/许诺/命令/威胁/规定等语气。
5. 表将来时时,should是shall的过去式。
6. should可以表示劝告,建议语气,"应该/应当"。
7. should可以用在虚拟语气中,有时可以省略;有时不可以省略,表示"万一"。
8. should可以表示"居然/竟然",有不相信/惊愕的含义。
37．B
【详解】考查情态动词+完成式。句意：一定是有人没关水龙头，因为水溢出来淹了浴室。must have done表示对过去是清有把握的坑定推测，意思是“一定是做某事了”，故选B。
【点睛】情态动词+ have done结构：
1.“must + have + 过去分词”表示对过去发生的事情或状态进行推测,语气比较坚定,通常只用于肯定句.如：It must have rained last night,for the ground is wet.
2.“can / could + have + 过去分词”表示对过去某种情况的怀疑或不确定.can和could一般用于否定句和疑问句,could的语气较can弱.如：He can't have finished the work so soon.
3.“may / might + have + 过去分词”表示对已发生的动作或存在的状态进行不肯定的推测,might的语气比may弱一点.这种结构主要用于肯定句和否定句,疑问句改用can或could.如：They may not have known it beforehand.
4.“need + have + 过去分词”表示过去做了不必做或不需要做的事情,或过去做某事纯属多余.如：I needn't have bought so much wine—only five people came.
5.“should / ought to + have + 过去分词”表示过去本该做某事但没做,其否定式表示过去不该做某事但做了,这种句式含有不满或责备之意,ought to的语气比should强一些.如：
You ought to / should have studied harder.你本应该更努力学习的.（但没有）
He oughtn't to / shouldn't have done that.他本来就不该做那件事.（可是做了）
6.“would ＋ have ＋ 过去分词”表示对过去的某种情况进行猜测,或本来要做某事却因某种原因未做成,通常用来说明某一情况,但不像用should或ought to那样含有责备之意.如：
I guess the poet would have been about twenty when she wrote her first poem.
Another worker wouldn't have acted like that.
38．B
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：——我应该立刻通知他时间有变化吗？——恐怕你必须这样做，以防他开会迟到。A. will将要；B. must必须；C. may可能；D. can能够，可以。根据下文的“in case he comes late for the meeting.”可知，此处是指必须通知“他”时间有变。故选B。
【点睛】
39．D
【详解】考查情态动词+have done结构。句意：—对不起，妈妈，我面试又失败了。—噢，那太糟糕了，你应该做好充分准备的。A.must必须；B.can可以；C.would将会；D.should应该。这里是情态+have done的结构的虚拟语气，can+have+done”表示对过去行为的怀疑，用于疑问句，译成“可能做过……吗？”；could+have+done，表示对过去事情的假设，意思是本来能够做某事而没有做；must+have+done”表示对过去事情的肯定推测，译成“一定做过某事”，该结构只用于肯定句；should+have+done意思是“本来应该做某事，而实际没做”。故选D
【名师点睛】情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义，表示说话人的情绪、态度或语气的动词，但它不能单独作谓语，只能和其他动词一起构成谓语。情态动词是每年高考的热点也是难点，每年单项填空题必考一题。考点集中在：情态动词表示推测的基本用法及区别，情态动词否定式的用法辨析，“情态动词+have done”的用法区别等。
40．C
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：我来新学校之前本没有必要担心，因为在这里我的同学对我非常友好。needn't have done本没有必要做某事，表示实际上已经做了某事。根据后一句“for my classmates here are very friendly to me.”可知，同学对我非常友好所以我本没必要但心。mightn't也许不；mustn't不允许；couldn't不可能。故选C。
41．D
【详解】考查情态动词。 句意：我仍然难以想象这样聪明的孩子竟然犯这样愚蠢的错误。should 作为情态动词，可以用来表示意外、惊喜或者在说话人看来是不可思议的，常常译为"竟会"、"居然"，这么聪明的孩子竟然犯这样愚蠢的错误。表示意外，shall表示允诺，命令等，must表示必须，can表示能力及可能性。所以答案选D。
42．D
【详解】考查情态动词特殊用法。句意：—你非要现在打扰我吗？我正在准备一份报告。—真对不起，但是我怕有紧急事情告诉你。A. Need需要；B. Should 应该；C. Might也许；D. Must必须；一定；偏偏，非得；根据语境可知must表示“偏偏，非得”符合上下文语境，用来指责对方。故D项正确。
43．D
【详解】考查情态动词+have done。句意：——你昨天参加实验项目的会议了吗?——是的，但我想我（本来）不需要，因为我的主管在那里。Think/suppose等宾语从句中如果有否定词时，要把从句的否定词not前移，即“否定前移”。所以not是从句中的否定词。“need have done”意为“本来有必要做而未做”；“needn’t have done”指过去本来没必要做而做了。根据上一句时间状语“yesterday”可知本句指的是过去发生的事。结合第二句“because my director was there(我的主管)在”可推断出，我本来不必要去。故选D。
44．A
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：你什么时候还我的小说？别担心。我保证你一定会很快拿到你的书。A. shall一定会（表允诺）；B. should应该（表责任义务）；C. may也许（表可能）；D. must必须（表必要/很重要）。由Don’t worry.和I promise.可知，说话人允诺一定会很快归还，所以用shall。故选A项。
【点睛】shall的用法
1、shall表示单纯的将来，用于第一人称；第二人称只用于问句；口语中常以will代替，作“将要、会”。
2、shall表示说话者的意图、允诺、告诫、警告、命令、决心等，用于陈述句的第二、第三人称，作“一定会”“必须”“应该”“可以”。
3、shall在条约、规章、法令等文件中表示义务或规定，一般用于第三人称，作“应”“必须”。
如在本题中，根据I promise可知，此处表示允诺（一定会），所以用shall。故选A项。
45．A
【详解】考查情态动词辨析。句意：现代汉语中有超过5万种标志，但幸运的是，中国儿童不必学习所有这些标志用于日常目的。A. needn't不必；B. mustn't表示禁止； C. can't不可能；D. won't不愿意。根据but luckily可推断，不必学习如此多的东西，故选A。
46．C
【详解】考查情态动词辨析。句意：——你不能再多待会儿吗?——很晚了，我必须得走了。我女儿一个人在家。A. may可能，可以，也许；B. can能，会；C. must必须，必然要，必定会；D. dare敢，胆敢。结合句意可知，因为女儿一人在家，说话者必须要走。故选C。
【名师点睛】本题是考查情态动词，这里考查的是语气的强度，在这里结合语境是“一定”的意思，所以要做好此类辨析题需掌握情态动词选项的语气并结合语境。
47．B
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：——我能和你说句话吗？你刚才真的很了不起。真是难以置信啊！——你在说我吗？哇！A. Must一定、必须（含有强制性、强烈的肯定性）；B. Can能够（语气较委婉）；C. Need需要；D. Should应该。根据后文I say something to you?指语气委婉，表示能够，应用can。故选B。
48．B
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：这真是令人生气的；我不能进入你推荐的数据库。A. wouldn’t不愿意；B. couldn’t不能；C. shouldn’t不应该；D. needn’t不必。故选B。
49．B
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：你能永远将这件事当做秘密吗？这只是我们之间的事。A.Must必须，一定；B.Can能，可以；C.Should应该；D.May也许，可以。must表示主观的命令、规定；can用于征求对方意见，向对方请求许可；should表达义务、职责等；may也可以向对方请求许可，但语气更为委婉。根据句意可以判断，一方正在请求对方保守秘密。故选B项。
50．C
【详解】考查情态动词辨析。句意：——你认为贝蒂如何？——很可爱，尽管有时可能很调皮。A. should应该；B. must必须；C. can可能；D. need需要。根据语境可知，此处指贝蒂有时可能很调皮，应用can表可能的推测。故选C项。
课后巩固提高
二、用单词的适当形式完成句子
51．It was really annoying; I ________ get access to the data bank you had recommended. (用适当的词填空)
52．When he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he ________ find the legendary (传奇的) artist, they smiled and pointed down the river. (用适当的词填空)
53．This _____ sound crazy but I was on my way to drop some of my mother’s things off at the charity bins. (用适当的词填空)
54．How we respond to them, however, is up to us. We ______ react to them like evils of selfishness or like heroes of love. (用适当的词填空)
55．They daren’t_________(ask) for any more money. (所给词的适当形式填空)
56．For all the attention I was getting I _________ as well not have been there. I felt a stranger. (用适当的词填空)
57．I’m going to Europe on vacation together with John if I________make enough money. (用适当的词填空)
58．Thank you for your timely first aid, or the boy might easily_________(bleed)to death.(所给词的适当形式填空)
59．—May I smoke here? —If you _______, choose a seat in the smoking section.(用适当的词填空)
60．—Could you tell what the future _________ (have) in store for us?
—Of course not, sir. No one knows for sure what _________ (happen) in the future. (所给词的适当形式填空)
61．If you work well, you ________ get a chance of promotion.(用适当的词填空)
62．—Did Jim come?
-- I don’t know. He ________ (come) while I was out.(所给词的适当形式填空)
63．We figured that in twenty years each of us ought _________ (build) a life and made our fortunes. (所给词的适当形式填空)
64．The ground is wet. It must ________(rain)last night. (所给词的适当形式填空)
65．—Can’t you stay a little longer?
—It’s getting late. I really ________ go now. My daughter is home alone.(根据句意填空)
66．In today's information age，the loss of data________cause serious problems for a company. (根据句意填空)
67．I can’t find my purse. I ________ have left it in the supermarket yesterday, but I’m not sure. (用适当的词填空)
68．Students can’t wear jumpers, jackets or coats indoors. Also, girls and boys ______wear black leather shoes and black socks. Sports shoes are not allowed. (用适当的词填空)
69．“I ___________hardly stand the idea of having to talk to strangers on the Tube on my way to work,” he told the BBC． (用适当的词填空)
70．—I honestly don’t think I’m going to be admitted.
—Well, you never know! You ________ (make) a better impression than you think. (所给词的适当形式填空)
三、用单词的适当形式完成短文
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
The cost of complexity in supply chains
Adam Smith, the father of modern capitalism, famously thought that fair markets required a common moral framework between buyer and seller. That’s no surprise, considering that his ideas came out of the 18th-century marketplace, in 71 producers and consumers were likely to be neighbours. Advances in technology, transport and communications have taken us a long way since then, 72 (create) complex global supply chains. These 73 (reduce) consumer prices but introduced risks of their own, from labour exploitation and environmental degradation.
One of the costs of these supply chains has been the rise of powerful corporate middlemen between home buyers and sellers. These middlemen, including Big Tech platforms like Amazon, make it possible for us to buy goods made 74 the other side of the world, but this connective power is threatening accountability by creating so much separation between buyers and sellers 75 it’s impossible to match up with the real cost of convenience and low prices.
There are plenty of examples 76 (support) the case, from textiles made with child labour, to the unequal rents taken by middlemen in financial services or platform technology. In the latter, lack of information equality makes it difficult for market participants to have a(n) 77 (share) understanding of what is being bought and sold.
The two big questions are how to create system change and 78 will bear the cost of it. There are no simple answers to 79 of the questions, though technology offers new possibilities to connect buyers and sellers. Direct-to-consumer retailers and 3D printing, which 80 (allow) for shorter supply chains, are both examples of this, though neither currently provides anywhere near the scale to replace current systems of finance or manufacturing.
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Why we should record travel moments
Throughout my travels, I have come in search of a sound, not a sight.
Just as some travellers take photos of landscapes or their food, I started collecting sound recordings as an unusual and artistic way to help me remember some of the most stimulating details of my trips. I’ve found that 81 (listen) back to these recordings, I’m able to recall each place and moment in a different way than I can by scrolling through images. It turns out that this may be 82 our brains remember sound differently than other types of senses.
According to Dr James Giordano, a professor at Georgetown University Medical Center, our brains process information and turn it into memories by receiving it 83 our senses, encoding it and storing it — much like a computer. When we receive information and encode it, it is fairly short-term in nature; but when 84 (store), it becomes long-term memory. The information we receive and process with our ears 85 (call) echoic memory (回声记忆). “Think of the brain as a space and time machine. It allows us 86 (transport) ourselves back and forward in time, across spaces,” Giordano said. “Echoic memory is exactly as the name would imply: it is, in fact, an echo of something that 87 (occur).”
According to a study at the University of Iowa named In one ear and out the other, a group of students participated in two experiments in 88 they listened to sounds, looked at images and held objects. In the first experiment, students were asked to recall 89 various stimuli (刺激物) were the same or different after a set period of time. In the second, they were asked to recall the sounds, images and objects after an hour, a day and then a week. In 90 of the instances, students’ recollection of sound was far worse than their visual memories, and the longer the time passed by, the greater the gap became.
参考答案：
51．couldn’t
【详解】考查情态动词和时态。句意：这真的很烦人；我无法进入你推荐的数据库。结合句意和语境时态可知，本处表示的是“不能做某事”，由was可知，句子时态是一般过去时，因此空格处是过去式couldn’t，故填couldn’t
52．could
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：当他问河边的村民在哪里可以找到这位传奇艺术家时，他们笑着指着河的下游。分析句意可知，设空处表达的是能够做某事，用can，时态为一般过去时，因此空格处是could。故填could。
53．might/may
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：这可能听起来很疯狂，但我正准备把我妈妈的一些东西扔到慈善垃圾箱里。空格后sound为动词原形，应填入情态动词；再根据语气，这里是一种可能性的推测，空格处用情态动词might/may。故填might或may。
54．can
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：我们可以像自私的恶魔或有爱的英雄那样对待他们。根据上文的“How we respond to them, however, is up to us.”可知，这里指的是我们可以采取的方式，表示“可以、能够”用情态动词can。故填can。
55．ask
【详解】考查固定用法。句意：他们不敢再要钱了。情态动词daren't后跟动词原形ask。故填ask。
56．might
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：尽管我受到了如此多的关注，我还是不去那里为好。我觉得自己是个陌生人。might as well意思是：还是……的好,不妨；不如；何妨(含轻微劝告的意思)。故填might。
57．can
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：如果我能够挣到足够的钱，就会和约翰一起去欧洲度假。由句意可知，此处表示能力，应用情态动词can，意为“能够”。故填can。
58．have bled
【详解】考查情态动词对过去的推测。句意：谢谢你及时的急救，否则这孩子很容易流血而死。分析句子可知，本句表示对发生在过去的事情不太肯定的推测，might have done“或许已经……”符合题意，故填have bled。
59．must
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：——我可以在这里抽烟吗？——如果你非要抽，请选择吸烟区的座位。根据句意，此处指“如果你非要/一定要抽烟的话，请去吸烟区”，must可以表示“非要，偏一定要”。故填must。
60． will have will happen
【详解】考查时态。句意：——你能告诉我们未来会发生什么吗? ——当然不能，先生。没有人知道将来会发生什么。情态动词could表示委婉的请求和许可，根据从句主语the future可知，从句应用一般将来时，陈述将来发生的动作，故填will have；第二空在what引导的从句中作谓语，时间状语为in the future，也用一般将来时will happen。故填：①will have；②will happen。
61．shall/will
【详解】考查时态或情态动词。句意：你要是好好干，就有提升的机会。if引导的条件状语从句，从句用一般现在时代替将来时，主句用一般将来时。或表示命令，用于陈述句，与第二人称或第三人称连用，表示允诺、命令、警告和强制，或表示说话人的决心等，用情态动词shall。故填shall或will。
62．might have come/could have come
【详解】考查情态动词+have done。句意：——吉姆来了吗？——我不知道。他可能在我外出时来过。根据“I don’t know.”可知，说话者不知道Jim来没来，因此推测来过，但是语气很不确定，所以用might/could have come，表示“可能已经来过”。故填might/could have come。
63．to have built
【详解】考查“情态动词+have done”用法。句意：我们本想，二十年后，我们每个人都应该过上自己的生活，发大财。分析句子可知，句中涉及“情态动词+have done”用法，“ought to have done”意为“本来应该做，但实际上没做”，“build”的过去分词为“built”，故空格处应填“to have built”。故填to have built。
64．have rained
【详解】考查情态动词用法。句意：地面是湿的。昨夜一定下雨了。情态动词must+ have done表示对过去的事情进行有把握的肯定推测，符合语境，此处指根据地面湿，推测过去（last night）下雨。故填have rained。
65．must
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：——你不能再多待一会儿吗？——天要黑了，我真的现在必须走了，我的女儿独自待在家里。根据“It’s getting late.”可知，此处是指必须走。must意为“必须”，符合语境。故填must。
66．can
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：在当今这个信息时代，丢失数据可能给一个公司造成严重的问题。结合语境可知，此处用情态动词can表示推测，意为“可能”。故填can。
67．could/might
【详解】句意：我找不到我的钱包了。我可能昨天把它落在超市了，但我不确定。根据题干的时间状语yesterday，以及but I’m not sure可知，空格处表示对于过去的事情的猜测，应用could/might have done表示“过去可能做过某事”。故填could/might
68．must
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：学生不能在室内穿套头衫、夹克或外套。此外，女孩和男孩都必须穿黑色的皮鞋和黑色的袜子。不穿运动鞋。根据上下文可知这是规定，所以设空处应是必须的意思，后接动词原形，所以用情态动词must，故填must。
69．can
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：“我几乎无法忍受在上班的地铁上和陌生人说话，”他告诉BBC。结合句意空处应填情态动词can，表示能力。故填can。
70．may have made
【详解】考查情态动词+have done表对过去的猜测。句意：—老实说，我觉得我不会被录取。—哎，谁知道！你给人的印象可能比你想象的要好。此处表示对过去的事情的猜测，应用情态动词+have done sth，表“可能已经，也许已经做了某事”。故填may have made。
71．which 72．creating 73．have reduced 74．on 75．that 76．to support 77．shared 78．who 79．either 80．allow
【导语】本文为一篇议论文。人类得益于技术、运输和通信的进步，创造出了复杂的全球供应链，从而降低了消费价格，但也带来了跟多问题，如劳动力剥削和环境退化，新式的供应链分离了买卖双方，导致信息不平等，要进行系统变革，谁来为此买单，暂时没有简单的答案 。
71．考查非限制性定语从句的关系代词。句意：这并不奇怪，因为他的想法来自18世纪的市场，在这个市场中，生产者和消费者很可能是邻居。设空处考查非限制性定语从句的关系代词，先行词为marketplace，在从句中作地点状语，in后用关系代词which，引导从句。故填which。
72．考查非谓语动词。句意：从那时起，技术、运输和通信的进步带我们走了很长的路，创造了复杂的全球供应链。设空处为结果状语，应用现在分词creating，意为“创造，创建”，故填creating。
73．考查时态。句意：这些措施降低了消费价格，但也带来了自身的风险，包括劳动力剥削和环境恶化。根据前一句的时态，此处也用现在完成时，表示过去的动作对现在的影响，主语为These，助动词用have。故填have reduced。
74．考查介词。句意：这些中间商，包括亚马逊这样的大型科技平台，让我们有可能购买到世界另一端制造的商品，但这种联系的力量正在威胁着问责制，因为它在买家和卖家之间制造了如此多的分离，以至于不可能与便利和低价的实际成本相匹配。此处考查介词短语on the other side of，意为“在……的另一边”，作地点状语；设空处应用介词on。故填on。
75．考查连接词。句意：这些中间商，包括亚马逊这样的大型科技平台，让我们有可能购买到世界另一端制造的商品，但这种联系的力量正在威胁着问责制，因为它在买家和卖家之间制造了如此多的分离，以至于不可能与便利和低价的实际成本相匹配。此处考查so...that...，that引导结果状语从句。设空处应用that。故填that。
76．考查非谓语动词。句意：有很多例子可以支持这一观点，从童工制造的纺织品，到金融服务或平台技术中中间商收取的不平等租金。设空处为动词不定式，作examples 的后置定语。故填to support。
77．考查形容词。句意：在后者中，缺乏信息平等使得市场参与者很难对正在买卖的东西有一个共同的理解。设空处修饰名词understanding，应用形容词shared，意为“分享的，共有的”，为前置定语。故填shared。
78．考查表语从句的引导词。句意：两大问题是如何进行制度改革，以及谁将承担改革的成本。设空处引导表语从句，缺主语，为人，故用who引导从句。故填who。
79．考查代词。句意：这两个问题都没有简单的答案，但技术为连接买家和卖家提供了新的可能性。根据句意，设空处应用代词either，作to的宾语，指两者中的任何一个。故填either。
80．考查动词时态。句意：直接面向消费者的零售商和3D打印，使得供应链更短，都是这方面的例子，尽管目前这两种技术的规模都不足以取代当前的金融或制造系统。空处为定语从句的谓语动词，陈述客观事实，用一般现在时，主语which指代先行Direct-to-consumer retailers and 3D printing，因此which是复数意义，谓语动词用原形。故填allow。
81．listening 82．because 83．through 84．stored 85．is called 86．to transport 87．occurred/has occurred 88．which 89．whether 90．both/either
【导语】这是一篇说明文，不同于其他人旅行时拍很多照片，作者开始用各种声音来记录旅行，这是因为大脑对声音的记忆不同于其他类型的感官，回声记忆能让人穿越时空，在时间中穿梭。
81．考查现在分词。句意：我发现，听这些录音，我能以不同于滚动图像的方式回忆每个地点和时刻。动词listen和逻辑主语I之间是主谓关系，故用现在分词作状语，故填listening。
82．考查表语从句。句意：事实证明，这可能是因为我们的大脑对声音的记忆不同于其他类型的感官。分析句子可知，空处引导表语从句，从句结构完整，表示“因为”，应用连接副词because，故填because。
83．考查介词。句意：乔治敦大学医学中心教授James Giordano博士表示，我们的大脑处理信息，并通过感官接收信息，将其编码并存储，这就像一台计算机。结合句意可知，此处指“通过感官接收信息”，应用介词through。故填through。
84．考查状语从句的省略。句意：当我们接收信息并对其进行编码时，它本质上是相当短期的；但一旦储存起来，它就变成了长期记忆。此处是when引导的时间状语从句的省略，从句的主语是information，和动词store之间是被动关系，句子是描述一个事实，故用一般现在时的被动语态，完整形式是when it (the information) is stored，当状语从句主语和主句主语一致，且从句含有be动词时，可将从句中的主语和be动词省略，故填stored。
85．考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：我们用耳朵接收和处理的信息被称为回声记忆。句子是描述一个事实，且主语information和动词call之间是被动关系，故用一般现在时的被动语态，主语是不可数名词，be动词用is，故填is called。
86．考查动词不定式。句意：“它能让我们穿越时空，在时间中穿梭，” Giordano说。allow sb to do sth允许某人做某事，故此处应用动词不定式，故填to transport。
87．考查一般过去时/现在完成时。句意：“回声记忆就像它的名字所暗示的那样：事实上，它是已经发生的事情的回声。”分析句子可知，that引导定语从句，指代先行词something，表示单数意义，此处指过去发生的事情发出的回声，可用一般过去时，也可用现在完成时，强调过去发生的事情对现在的影响，助动词用has。故填occurred/has occurred。
88．考查定语从句。句意：根据爱荷华大学一项名为“一只耳朵进另一只耳朵出”的研究，一组学生参加了两个实验，他们分别听声音、看图像和拿着物体。分析句子可知，此处是“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，先行词是experiments，关系词在从句中作介词in的宾语，应用关系代词which，故填which。
89．考查宾语从句。句意：在第一个实验中，学生们被要求在一段时间后回忆各种刺激是相同还是不同。空处引导宾语从句，结合句意可知，此处指“各种刺激是相同还是不同”，空后有or，应用whether引导宾语从句，故填whether。
90．考查代词。句意：在这两种情况下/在任何一种情况下，学生对声音的记忆远不如视觉记忆，而且时间过得越久，差距就越大。结合句意可知，此处指“在这两种情况下”或“在任何一种情况下”，代词both“两者都”或either“（两者中）任何一个”均可，故填both/either。
考点07 情态动词
课前热身练
（2023·上海浦东新·统考三模）Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
9:00 A．M., Saturday, November 14
The moment Fatima Bennett had dreamed of was finally here. Therefore, she couldn’t be 1 (happy).
The 4C Challenge (also known as the Clark County Coding Competition) was the event of the year 2 target participants were STEM-minded eighth graders like Fatima and her two best friends, Julia Sheen and Felipe Alvarez.
Their classmates were busy posting pictures on social media of their glorious summer vacations while the three best friends, who called 3 Team Java Time, had spent countless hours storyboarding, coding, and adjusting their program. Their app, Romeo and Juliet Remixed, turned the famous play into a multiplayer adventure that retold the story, 4 (integrate) Shakespeare’s language with the rhymes of songs.
The completed app was due by September 1, and the teens had worked hard to get it done. 5 at any point they lost momentum (动力), they were pushed by weekly texts from Neil Green, who had taken over the competition coordination (协调) this year.
On the day when their app 6 (submit) to the competition’s submission website, Fatima said, “A prize would be great, but we all know the very best reward.” The teens shouted, “K-J-H-S!”
Fatima, Julia, and Felipe were excited to show off their digital skills in front of the other teams of eighth graders, but they were most interested in the reward 7 (give) to the top three teams: guaranteed admission to Katherine Johnson High School, the county’s STEM magnet school. Felipe, Fatima, and Julia, friends since kindergarten, 8 barely contain their excitement. Their dream of going to KJHS together was 9 their reach!
That was 10 Fatima didn’t mind getting out of bed at 8 A．M. on this cold November Saturday to spend the day at Clarksville University, the site of the annual competition.
【答案】
1．happier 2．whose 3．themselves 4．integrating 5．If 6．was submitted 7．given 8．could 9．within 10．why
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要报道了三个好朋友Fatima，Julia，和Felipe积极参加编程竞赛，以获得精英中学的入学资格。
1．考查形容词。句意：因此，她再高兴不过了。句型：can’t be+形容词比较级，意为“再……也不过分”。故填happier。
2．考查定语从句。句意：4C挑战赛（也被称为克拉克县编程比赛）是今年的活动，目标参与者是有stem思维的八年级学生，比如Fatima和她的两个最好的朋友Julia Sheen 和 Felipe Alvarez。考查定语从句的关系词，先行词为“the event”，和“target”之间为所有关系，用whose。故填whose。
3．考查代词。句意：同学们忙着在社交媒体上晒自己暑假的照片，而这三个自称“Java时间团队”的好朋友花了无数个小时制作故事板、编码和调整程序。指代主语，用反身代词；主语为who，指的是“the three best friends”，用themselves。故填themselves。
4．考查非谓语动词。句意：他们的应用程序《罗密欧与朱丽叶混音版》将这部著名的戏剧变成了一款多人冒险游戏，将莎士比亚的语言与歌曲的押韵结合在一起，重新讲述了这个故事。这里为非谓语动词担当状语，和主句主语“their app”之间为主动关系，用动词ving形式。故填integrating。
5．考查状语从句。句意：如果在任何时候他们失去了动力，他们就会受到Neil Green每周发来的短信的推动，他今年接管了竞争协调工作。这里为状语从句的连接词，根据句意可知，空处指的是“如果”，用if引导；出现在句首，首字母大写。故填If。
6．考查时态和语态。句意：当他们的应用程序被提交到竞赛的提交网站时，Fatima说：“获奖固然很好，但我们都知道最好的奖励是什么。” 这里为从句谓语动词，根据时间状语“on the day”可知，从句时态为一般过去时；主语为their app，单数，和动词submit之间为被动关系，所以用被动语态。故填was submitted。
7．考查非谓语动词。句意：Fatima，Julia，和Felipe很兴奋地在其他八年级学生面前展示他们的数字技能，但他们最感兴趣的是给前三名的奖励：保证进入凯瑟琳约翰逊高中，这是该县的STEM精英中学。这里为非谓语动词担当后置定语，动词“give”和被修饰词“the reward”之间存在被动关系，用动词的过去分词。故填given。
8．考查情态动词。句意：Felipe，Fatima，和Julia从幼儿园开始就是朋友，他们几乎不能抑制自己的兴奋。根据句意可知，三个好朋友决定胜利在望，所以不能抑制自己的兴奋，用情态动词could。故填could。
9．考查介词。句意：他们一起去KJHS的梦想就在眼前！固定短语：within one’s reach，意为“伸手可及”。故填within。
10．考查表语从句。句意：这就是为什么Fatima不介意在这个寒冷的11月周六早上8点起床，去克拉克斯维尔大学度过一天的原因，那里是一年一度的比赛的举办地。这里为表语从句的连接词，根据句意可知，表语从句缺少原因状语，用why引导。故填why。
核心考点梳理
（一）动词分类
（二）情态动词基本用法
情态动词
基本用法
例句
can/could
1、表示能力，可译为“能，会”。
2、表示允许、许可，常用在口语中。could比can语气上要客气。
3、表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度，主要用于否定句和疑问句中。
The cinema can seat 1,000 people.
Could/ Can you tell me how to get to the zoo?
How can you be so careless?
may/
might
在口语中可用can, could代替may，但在正式场合用may。表示允许时，也可用might代替，might不表示过去时，而是表示口气比较婉转。
1、表示请求、许可，常译为“可以”。
2、用于祈使句表示祝愿。
May/Can /Could/ Might I have a talk with you?
must/
have to
1、must表示有做某一动作的必要或义务，强调主观看法，可译为“必须，应该”。
2、have to 表示因客观需要促使主语不得不做某事。
3、mustn't表示“禁止”；don't have to意思是“没有必要”= don't need to。
4、must可用来表示根据逻辑推理必然要发生的事，可译为“必然会，总是会”。
5、must有时可用来表示“偏偏”的意思。
Everyone must obey the rule.
My eyesight is very poor. I have to wear glasses for reading.
You must keep it a secret. You mustn't tell anyone.
You don't have to tell me the secret.
Truth must be out.
When I was taking a nap, a student must knock at the door.
shall
1、表示征询意见或请求指示，用于一、三人称疑问句。
2、表示说话人的意愿，有“命令、允诺、警告、威胁、决心”等意思，用于第二、三人称陈述句中。
3、表示强制，用于法令、条约、规章中，意为“必须，应该”。
Shall they wait outside?
He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you. （警告）
Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan.（决心）
The interest shall be divided into five parts, according to the agreement made by both sides.
should
1、表示义务，意为“应该”（某件事宜于做）。
2、常与what, how, why等词连用，表示意外、惊讶等情绪。
3、表示对过去、现在或将来情况的某种推测，可译为“可能、照说应该”。
4、表惊讶、忧虑、惋惜等，意为“竟然”
One shouldn't be selfish.
How should I know?
He should be taking a bath now.
It's a pity that you should be so careless.
ought to
1、表示义务，意为“应该”（因责任、义务而该做），口气比should稍重。
2、表示推测，暗含很大的可能，可译为“应该是，会是”。
We ought to defend our country.
Prices ought to come down soon.
will
1、表意愿，用于各种人称陈述句。
2、表请求，用于疑问句。
3、表示某种倾向或习惯性动作。
I will do anything for you.
Will you close the window? It´s a bit cold.
The door won´t open.
would
1、表意愿。
2、表委婉地提出请求、建议或看法。
3、表过去反复发生的动作或过去的一种倾向。
They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed.
Would you like another glass of beer?
Every time she was in trouble, she would go to him for help.
used to
1、表示过去的习惯或过去某时期的状况，但现在已不存在。
2、否定：usedn’t to/didn’t use to。
区别：
used to表示过去习惯动作或状态，强调“现已无此习惯了”，而would只表示过去的习惯动作，与现在无关，往往要带有一个特定的时间状语。
He used to drink tea but now he drinks coffee.
I usedn’t to go there./ I didn’t use to go there.
Did you use to go to the same school as your brother?
Used you to go to the same school as your brother?
We used to play hide-and-seek in the fields.
Whenever we were in the country, we would play hide-and-seek in the fields.
need
1、作情态动词：
need表示“需要”或“必须”，仅用于否定句或疑问句中，在肯定句中一般用 must，have to，ought to，或 should代替。
needn't do
2、作实义动词：
后面接不定式（to do），有人称、数和时态的变化。
need to do
don’t need to do
You needn’t come so early.
He needs to finish it this evening.
He doesn’t need to finish it this evening.
dare
1、作情态动词：
主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件状语从句中，一般不用于肯定句。
2、作实义动词：
在肯定句中，dare后面通常接带 to的不定式；而在否定和疑问句中，dare后面的不定式可以不带to。
dare to do
don’t dare (to) do
He daren’t speak English before such a crowd, dare he?
---Yes, he dare./No, he daren’t.
How dare you say I’m unfair．
If you dare come here, I will come to meet you.
（三）情态动词表推测
结构
时态
例句
must
do
be doing
have done
He must be very lazy for his desk is very untidy.
The ground is wet. It must have rained last night.
may/might
may/might not
Your math teacher may/might (not) be in his office.
I might have lost my watch in the bath room.
can/could
can/could not
can/could...?
John walked past me without speaking. He can't/couldn't have seen me.
He cannot be at home.
Can the story be true? / Where can (could) they have gone?
can/could用于肯定句中表示客观的可能性
As we all know, an experienced teacher can make mistakes. 众所周知，一位有经验的老师也会犯错。
You mustn’t smoke while you’re walking around in the wood. You could start a fire.
情态动词表推测的反意疑问句
情态动词表推测的反意疑问句，以情态动词后的时态为淮，如句子里有明确的时间状语，则以其为准。
E.g. 1. You must be hungry now, aren’t you?
2. He must be watching TV, isn’t he ?
3 Tom must have lived her for a long time, hasn’t he ?
4. She must have arrived yesterday, didn’t she?
（四）情态动词表虚拟
结构
所用句式
意义
例句
should/ ought to have done
肯定句、否定句、疑问句
本来(不)应该
We should have studied last night, but we went to the concert instead.
They shouldn't have left so soon.
could/might have done
肯定句
本来能够/可以
I could have run 100 meters in 12 seconds.
You might have made greater progress. But you didn’t.
need have done
否定句
本不必要
I need not have got up so early.
（五）情态动词在if虚拟条件句中的运用
时间
从句
主句
例句
与现在事实相反
If+主语+did
主语 + would/could/might/should + do
If we had time now, we would read it again.
与过去事实相反
If +主语+ had done...,
主语 + would/could/might/should + have done
I would have helped you if I had known of your difficulties.
Without ...,
But for...,
主语 + would/could/might/should + have done
Without your help, we could not have succeeded.
与将来事实相反
If+主语+did/ should do/ were to do
主语 + would/could/might/should + do
If it snowed/should snow/were to snow tomorrow, they would not go out.
当堂知识检测
1．I wonder how he _______ that to the teacher.
A．dare to say B．dare saying C．not dare say D．dared say
2．I regret that I waited in the queue for a long time to buy the ticket this morning. I ______ it online.
A．could buy B．must buy
C．could have bought D．must have bought
3．—I saw Lily in the teacher’s office just now.
—You _________ her, she has gone back home.
A．must not see B．mustn’t have seen C．can’t have seen D．couldn’t see
4．Jim says we ______ stay in his house as long as we leave it clean and tidy .
A．must B．can C．need D．should
5．---I honestly don't think I'm going to be admitted.
---Well, you never know! You________ a better impression than you think.
A．may have made
B．should have made
C．couldn't have made
D．needn't have made
6．I wonder why we________ eat out all the time when we can cook our own meals at home.
A．may B．would C．should D．must
7．Waking up suddenly________lead to rapid heart rate and high blood pressure.
A．must B．would C．can D．shall
8．—Real Madrid is sure to win the match !
—It’ s hard to say. You know, anything ________ happen even in the last minute.
A．need B．must
C．should D．can
9．—I did not know you were good friends.
—You__________. I have known her since she moved here. You were abroad then.
A．may have B．needn’t have C．couldn’t have D．must have
10．During our trip to the Great Wall last week, I couldn’t stop thinking that building it ________ have been a huge project in ancient times.
A．should B．must C．could D．need
11．(2018·天津) I can't find my purse. I___________ it in the supermarket yesterday, but I'm not sure.
A．should leave B．must have left
C．might leave D．could have left
12．(2018·北京) In today’s information age, the loss of data _________ cause serious problems for a company.
A．need B．should
C．can D．must
13．Thank you for all your hard work last week. I don’t think we ______ it without you.
A．can manage B．could have managed
C．could manage D．can have managed
14．— We would appreciate it if you could stay for lunch.
— Sorry, I . I have another appointment.
A．won’t B．shan’t C．can’t D．mustn’t
15．—Susan looks a little bit upset. What’s up?
—Oh, you are to blame. You ________ a joke on her in front of so many people.
A．shouldn’t play B．shouldn’t have played
C．needn’t play D．needn’t have played
16．We ______ eat too much roast food as it may do harm to our health.
A．wouldn’t B．needn’t C．had better not D．might not
17．— Will you be free this weekend?
— I’m not sure, but I ________ go to an art exhibition with my parents.
A．will B．should C．must D．may
18．— I think you ________ there in person; a phone call would have been fine.
— It is a good chance to know more of you from your parents.
A．couldn’t have been B．needn’t have been C．wouldn’t be D．shouldn’t be
19．—Excuse me, is this the right way to Disneyland?
—It ________ be but I’m not completely sure.
A．must B．will C．shall D．might
20．I hope we shall______ and come to understand one another .
A．be a friend B．being friends C．be friends D．to be a friend
21．Because Lincoln had so little schooling, journalists thought he ________ not have been very smart.
A．must B．shall C．could D．would
22．I believe he ________ an accident, otherwise he ________ have arrived on time.
A．might have；would
B．should have had； should
C．could have； should
D．must have had； would
23．—I wonder why Robert hasn’t shown up at the interview yet. It’s a pity if he missed.
—I’m not sure, but he ________ in a traffic jam riding here.
A．could be stuck B．should be stuck C．must have been stuck D．might have been stuck
24．Mr. Baker, some students want to see you. ________ they come in right now?
A．May B．Should C．Shall D．Will
25．There was plenty of time. She ________ .
A．mustn’t have hurried B．couldn’t have hurried C．must not hurry D．needn’t have hurried
26．This ___________an improvement, but “breakthrough” was an overstatement.
A．can have been B．should have been
C．may have been D．need have been
27．Many adults report that even when out in nature, they ________ not take the time to admire a spectacular mountain ________ pulling out their smartphone to take a picture.
A．may … before B．may … after
C．should … before D．should … after
28．When I was little, my mother used to sit by my bed,________ me stories and sing songs for me till I fell asleep.
A．having told B．tell C．telling D．told
29．I have been writing a novel which is based on a real love story and it_________ be ready early next month.
A．can B．must C．should D．need
30．—What does the notice over there read?
— “No media ______ cover the event without the permission of the organizing committee.”
A．will B．may C．shall D．must
31．It used to be that you ___drive for miles here without seeing another person, but now there are houses and people everywhere.
A．need B．should C．could D．must
32．---Mary, I got lost.
---Sorry, I________ a map for you.
A．must have drawn B．should draw C．could draw D．ought to have drawn
33．My key isn’t in my backpack. Where on earth________ I have put it?
A．can B．would C．should D．must
34．—I didn’t pass the final exam.
—I don’t think it’s surprising. You________ on your studies rather than computer games.
A．should focus B．should have focused
C．must focus D．must have focused
35．Harry is feeling uncomfortable. He ________ too much at the party last night.
A．has to drink B．must have drunk
C．could be drunk D．needs to drink
36．As the rule says, every student remain seated until their papers are collected.
A．can B．may
C．shall D．will
37．Someone ____the tap on, for the water was running over and flooding the bathroom.
A．could leave
B．must have left
C．might leave
D．should have left
38．—Shall I inform him of the change of the schedule right now?
—I am afraid you _______,in case he comes late for the meeting.
A．will B．must C．may D．can
39．—Sorry, Mum! I failed the job interview again.
—Oh, it's too bad. You________ have made full preparations.
A．must B．can C．would D．should
40．I ______ have worried before I came to the new school, for my classmates here are very friendly to me.
A．mightn’t B．mustn’t
C．needn’t D．couldn’t
41．I still find it hard to imagine that such a clever child __________ make such a foolish mistake.
A．shall B．must
C．can D．should
42．—_______ you disturb me now? I’m busy preparing a report.
— Terribly sorry, but I have something urgent to tell you.
A．Need B．Should C．Might D．Must
43．—Did you attend the meeting for the experiment project yesterday?
—Yes, but I don’t think I ____ because my director was there.
A．need to have B．need to C．needed to D．need have
44．When are you going to return my novel? Don’t worry. You ____ have your book soon, I promise.
A．shall B．should C．may D．must
45．There are over 50,000 signs in modern Chinese but luckily, Chinese children ______ learn all of them for everyday purpose.
A．needn't B．mustn't C．can't D．won't
46．—Can’t you stay a little longer?
—It’s getting late. I really _____ go now. My daughter is home alone.
A．may B．can
C．must D．dare
47．—________ I say something to you? You were really, really something back there. Incredible!
—Are you talking to me? Whoa!
A．Must B．Can C．Need D．Should
48．(2016·天津) It was really annoying; I ________ get access to the data bank you had recommended.
A．wouldn’t B．couldn’t
C．shouldn’t D．needn’t
49．______ you keep it a secret for the time being? It’s just between us.
A．Must B．Can C．Should D．May
50．—What do you think of Betty?
— Lovely, though she ______ be naughty sometimes.
A．should B．must
C．can D．need
参考答案：
1．D
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：我不知道他怎么敢对老师说那种话。dare是情态动词，它的过去式是dared，后接动词原形。dared作行为动词时，要用dare to do sth.，行为动词有数的变化，这句话的主语是he，其谓语的正确形式应该是dares to say，因此D选项正确，故选D。
2．C
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：今天早上我排队等了很长时间才买下这张票，我感到很后悔。我本来可以在网上买的。could have done表示过去本来可以有机会选择做某事，但实际上没有那样做，通常译为“本来可以”。故选C。
【点睛】情态动词+have done是我们要学习的情态动词中重要的一个语法项目，有一点是大家必须记住的，那就是——它一定表示“过去的或已经发生的事情”。
下面带大家逐一总结一下其用法：1、must have done对过去的推测，“一定已经，肯定已经…”；2、can’t/couldn’t have done对过去的推测，“不可能做过某事”；3、can/could sb. have done...?对过去的推测，“某人可能做过某事吗？”4、may/might have done对过去的推测，“也许已经，可能做过”；5、needn’t have done“不必做但是做了”；6、could have done(不是can)表示“本来可以做而未做”；7、should/ought to have done表示“过去应该做却没有做”，should/ought not to have done表示“过去不该做但做了”；8、would have done表示“本打算做事实上未做”。
分析本题，抓住两点：第一、分析句意可知，此处的推测为对过去事情的推测，故用完成式，排除答案A、B；第二、再分析must have done和could have done的区别，从而选择出正确的答案。
3．C
【详解】考查固定结构。句意：——我刚才在老师办公室看见莉莉了。——你不可能见过她，她回家去了。A. must not see不准看见；B. mustn’t have seen不能看到；C. can’t have seen不可能做过某事；D. couldn’t see看不见。根据后文“she has gone back home”指不可能见过莉莉，应用can’t have done。故选C。
4．B
【详解】考查情态动词。句意:吉姆说我们可以住在他的房子里，只要我们保持它干净整洁。A. must必须；B. can能，可以；C. need需要；D. should应该。根据后面的“as long as we leave it clean and tidy”可知，Jim许可我们待在他的房子里，即:我们”能，可以”待在他的房子里。故选B。
5．A
【详解】考查情态动词用法。句意：—老实说，我觉得我不会被录取。—唉，谁知道呢!你给人的印象可能比你想象的要好。A.may have made 可能；B.should have made本应该做；C.couldn't have made不可能做；D.needn't have made本不必做。根据句意可知，此处表示的是有可能，故选A。
6．D
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：既然我们很容易的在家烧饭，为什么偏要外去吃呢？A.may 可能；B.would 将要；C.should 应该；D.must 偏偏，。分析句子可知，既然我们很容易的在家烧饭，为什么偏要外去吃呢，故选D。
7．C
【详解】考查情态动词辨析。句意：突然醒来会导致心率加快和高血压。A. must一定；B. would将会；C. can可能；D. shall将要。此处表示推测，意为“能够，可以”应用can，故选C。
8．D
【详解】考查推测句。句意：——Real Madrid一定会赢得比赛！——很难说，你知道，甚至在最后一秒任何事都有可能发生。A. need需要；B. must必须；C. should应该；D. can可能。这里用can表示有客观的可能性。故选D。
9．C
【详解】考查推测句。句意：——我不知道你们是好朋友。——你不可能知道。自从那移居到这儿我就认识他。那时你在国外。根据句意可知，此处是对过去情况的否定推测，应用couldn't have done“不可能做某事”。故选C。
10．B
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：上周我们去长城的时候，我一直在想，在古代修建长城一定是一项浩大的工程。A. should应该；B. must必须；C. could可能；D. need需要。根据句意可知，表示对过去情况肯定猜猜测用must have done，意为“一定是……”。故选B。
11．D
【详解】考查情态动词表推测。句意：我不能找到我的钱包了，昨天我有可能把它落到超市了，但我不确定。根据句中时间状语yesterday可知，是对过去事情的推测，故用情态动词+ have done，再根据后句but I’m not sure.可知，此推测为不能肯定的推测，故用情态动词could，表示“可能”。故选D。
【点睛】情态动词是每年高考的热点也是难点。本题抓住两点：第一、时态。根据句中时间状语可以判断出是对过去事情的推测，故用情态动词 + have done；如果是对现在事情的推测，才用情态动词+v原形。第二、情态动词的选择。must为肯定推测，表示“一定”，could为不肯定推测，表示“可能”，这样就能选出正确答案。
12．C
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：在今天的信息时代，数据的丢失有时会对一个公司造成严重的问题。数据丢失造成严重问题是客观上会发生的情况，即“客观可能性”，故该空应用情态动词can。C选项正确。其余情态动词均没有该用法。need需要；should应该，竟然；must必须，肯定。
点睛：can的基本用法：1. (表示能力、功能)能，会；2. (表示推测)可能，可能会；3.（表示允许，请求）可以；4.（表示客观可能性）有时会。
13．B
【分析】，
【详解】考查虚拟语气。句意：多谢你上个星期的努力。我觉得要是没有你，我们不可能会成功的。根据句意可知，此处是对过去所发生事情的推测，应使用could/might/would/must have done。故选B。
14．C
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：——如果你能留下来吃午饭我将不胜感激的。——很抱歉，我不能，我有一个约会。由“我有一个约会”可知，不能留下来吃午饭，can’t 表示不能，故选C。
15．B
【详解】考查情态动词的虚拟语气。句意：——Susan看起来有点沮丧。有什么事吗?——都怪你，你本不应该在那么多人面前开她的玩笑。A. shouldn’t play不应该开玩笑；B. shouldn’t have played本不应该开玩笑；C. needn’t play不需要开玩笑 ；D. needn’t have played本不需要开玩笑。根据句意，Susan看起来有点沮丧，是因为自己已经被开玩笑了，而句子的描述与客观事实相反，故使用虚拟语气。shouldn’t have done表示的虚拟语气，其意义是：本不应该做某事，但是事实却做了。“开某人玩笑”表示为play a joke on sb，结合句意。故选B。
16．C
【详解】考查情态动词词义辨析。句意：我们最好不要吃太多的烧烤食品，因为它可能对我们的健康有害。A. wouldn’t不会，不肯；B. needn’t不需要，没必要；C. had better not最好不要；D. might not可能不。根据后半句“as it may do harm to our health”可知，太多烧烤食品不利健康，所以建议“最好不要”吃太多。had better not符合语境。故选C项。
17．D
【详解】考查情态动词辨析。句意：——这个周末你有空吗？——我不确定，但我可能会和父母一起去看艺术展。A. will将；B. should应该；C. must必须；D. may可能。结合语意，后者说自己不确定，所以空处应用may表示可能性不大的推测。故选D项。
18．B
【详解】考查情态动词对过去事实的推测。句意：——我认为你本不需要亲自到场，打个电话就可以了。——这是一个很好的机会，可以从你父母那里了解你更多的情况。A. couldn’t have been不可能； B. needn’t have been 本不必；C. wouldn’t be 将不；D. shouldn’t be不应该。结合句中“a phone call would have been fine.”可知，本句表示对过去发生事实的推测，此处指一个电话就可以解决的事情，不需要亲自来，然而你却来了。所以此处应用“本不必来的”，故选B。
19．D
【详解】考查情态动词用法。句意：——请问，这是去迪斯尼乐园的路吗?——可能是，但我也不是非常确定。A. must必须，肯定；B. will会；C. shall将要，必须；D. might可能。根据“but I’m not completely sure”可知，回答者不太确定，因此认为这条可能是去迪斯尼的路。故选D。
20．C
【详解】考查情态动词用法和名词的数。句意：我希望我们能成为朋友，互相了解。情态动词shall后接动词原形；主语是we，表语friend应用复数形式。综上，故选C。
21．C
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：因为林肯没有受过多少教育，记者们认为他不可能很聪明。A. must必须，一定；B. shall将，应该，可能；C. could可能，（can的过去时形式）；D. would将会，过去常常，（will的过去时形式） 。结合句意可知，此处是对过去事实的否定推测，应用can/could not have done。故选C。
22．D
【详解】考查情态动词用法和虚拟语气。句意：我相信他肯定遇到意外事件了，否则他会按时到的。第一空根据“otherwise he ________ have arrived on time”可知，此处表示对过去事实的肯定推测，需用must have done这种形式；第二空，根据otherwise可知，此处使用虚拟语气与过去事实相反，使用would have done。故选D。
23．D
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：——我想知道为什么罗伯特还没有出现在采访中。 如果他错过了，那就太可惜了。 ——我不确定，但他可能是在这里骑车时被堵车了。A. could be stuck可能堵车了；B. should be stuck应该堵车了；C. must have been stuck一定是堵车了；D. might have been stuck可能堵车了。此处表示对于过去已经发生的事情的推测应该用情态动词的完成式，且根据句意可知，应用被动语态，故选D项。
24．C
【详解】考查情态动词辨析。句意：贝克先生，有些学生想见你。他们是在这里等还是在外面等？A. May可以；B. Should应该；C. Shall应该；D. Will将。Shall用于第一、第三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。故选C。
25．D
【详解】考查情态动词的用法。句意：这有足够的时间，她没有必要着急。根据“There was plenty of time”可知没有必要，needn’t have hurried“不必着急”，故选D项。
26．C
【详解】考查情态动词+have done。句意：这或许是一种进步，但“突破”一词言过其实。A. can have been可能是；B. should have been应该是；C. may have been或许是；D. need have been需要是。根据空后“but “breakthrough” was an overstatement.”可知，这或许是一种进步，但“突破”一词言过其实。may have been符合语境。故选C。
27．A
【详解】考查情态动词和介词。句意：许多成年人表示，即使在大自然中，他们在拿出智能手机拍照之前，可能也不会花时间欣赏壮观的山峰。情态动词may意为“也许，可能”； should意为“应该”。根据句意，此处指成年人的习惯做法，但是不绝对，所以用“可能”符合句意；第二空填考查介词。not…before…相当于not…until…或after…，意为“在拿出智能手机拍照之前，不会花时间欣赏壮观的山峰”。故选A。
28．B
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：当我还小的时候，妈妈常常坐在我的床边，给我讲故事，唱歌，直到我睡着。情态used to后跟动词原形，此处应为动词原形tell和前文sit及后文sing并列，作谓语动词。故选B项。
29．C
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：我一直在写一部小说，是根据一个真实的爱情故事改编的，下个月初就可以写好了。A. can能，会；B. must必须，一定；C. should应该；D. need需要。根据时间状语next month，可知此处指将来的可能；情态动词should可以表示对将来的预测或可能。故选C。
30．C
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：——那边的布告上写的是什么?—— “未经组委会许可，任何媒体不得对赛事进行报道。” A. will将；B. may也许；C. shall将；D. must必须。shall用于第二、三称，表示警告、允诺、命令、规定等。根据句意，故选C。
31．C
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：以前你可能在这里开了几英里，都没见过别人，但现在到处都是房子和人。A. need 需要；B. should 应该，理应如此； C. could 可能，表示对客观可能性的推测；D. must 一定，必须。根据前半句意思可知，表示的是对客观可能性的推测。故选C。
32．D
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：——玛丽，我迷路了。——对不起，我本应该给你画张地图的。根据“Mary, I got lost.”可知，对过去事情的推测，所以用情态动词+have done。 must have done表示对过去事情肯定的推测；ought to have done表示过去本应该做某事却未做。根据句意，故选D。
33．A
【详解】考查情态动词+have done用法。句意：我的钥匙不在我的背包里。我到底可能将它放在哪里了？根据所给句子及选项可知，此处是“情态动词+have done”，can have done通常用于否定句及疑问句，用于疑问句时，表示怀疑和推测；would have done表示对过去事情的假设，意思是“本来会做”；should have done表示“过去应该做谋事却没有做”；must have done表示对过去的推测，意思是“一定已经，想必已经，准是已经”,只用于肯定句中。根据语境可知，此处表示对过去行为的怀疑和推测，应用can have done。故选A。
34．B
【详解】考查情态动词用法。句意：——我没有通过期末考试。——我认为这并不令人惊讶。你本应该集中精力学习而不是玩电脑游戏。should应该；must必须；此处结合语境表示“本应该做某事，结果没有”应用should have done；must have done表示“必定做了某事”，表示对过去已经发生的事情的肯定推测，不符合语境。故选B。
35．B
【详解】考查must have done的用法。句意：Harry感到不舒服。他昨晚一定是在聚会上喝多了。A. has to drink必须喝；B. must have drunk一定喝了；C. could be drunk可能被喝；D. needs to drink需要喝。结合“Harry is feeling uncomfortable.”及句末的last night可知，此处是对过去肯定的推测，must have done肯定做了某事，符合题意。故选B项。
36．C
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：正如规则所说，每个学生都必须坐着直到他们的试卷被收集起来。shall可用于第二/第三人称陈述句中,表示警告/许诺/命令/威胁/规定等语气。此处表示规定，故选C。
【点睛】Shall 用法归纳
1.should have done sth/should not have done sth表责备语气。
2. should可用来表示推测。
3. shall可用于第一/第三人称疑问句中,表示请求许可。
4. shall可用于第二/第三人称陈述句中,表示警告/许诺/命令/威胁/规定等语气。
5. 表将来时时,should是shall的过去式。
6. should可以表示劝告,建议语气,"应该/应当"。
7. should可以用在虚拟语气中,有时可以省略;有时不可以省略,表示"万一"。
8. should可以表示"居然/竟然",有不相信/惊愕的含义。
37．B
【详解】考查情态动词+完成式。句意：一定是有人没关水龙头，因为水溢出来淹了浴室。must have done表示对过去是清有把握的坑定推测，意思是“一定是做某事了”，故选B。
【点睛】情态动词+ have done结构：
1.“must + have + 过去分词”表示对过去发生的事情或状态进行推测,语气比较坚定,通常只用于肯定句.如：It must have rained last night,for the ground is wet.
2.“can / could + have + 过去分词”表示对过去某种情况的怀疑或不确定.can和could一般用于否定句和疑问句,could的语气较can弱.如：He can't have finished the work so soon.
3.“may / might + have + 过去分词”表示对已发生的动作或存在的状态进行不肯定的推测,might的语气比may弱一点.这种结构主要用于肯定句和否定句,疑问句改用can或could.如：They may not have known it beforehand.
4.“need + have + 过去分词”表示过去做了不必做或不需要做的事情,或过去做某事纯属多余.如：I needn't have bought so much wine—only five people came.
5.“should / ought to + have + 过去分词”表示过去本该做某事但没做,其否定式表示过去不该做某事但做了,这种句式含有不满或责备之意,ought to的语气比should强一些.如：
You ought to / should have studied harder.你本应该更努力学习的.（但没有）
He oughtn't to / shouldn't have done that.他本来就不该做那件事.（可是做了）
6.“would ＋ have ＋ 过去分词”表示对过去的某种情况进行猜测,或本来要做某事却因某种原因未做成,通常用来说明某一情况,但不像用should或ought to那样含有责备之意.如：
I guess the poet would have been about twenty when she wrote her first poem.
Another worker wouldn't have acted like that.
38．B
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：——我应该立刻通知他时间有变化吗？——恐怕你必须这样做，以防他开会迟到。A. will将要；B. must必须；C. may可能；D. can能够，可以。根据下文的“in case he comes late for the meeting.”可知，此处是指必须通知“他”时间有变。故选B。
【点睛】
39．D
【详解】考查情态动词+have done结构。句意：—对不起，妈妈，我面试又失败了。—噢，那太糟糕了，你应该做好充分准备的。A.must必须；B.can可以；C.would将会；D.should应该。这里是情态+have done的结构的虚拟语气，can+have+done”表示对过去行为的怀疑，用于疑问句，译成“可能做过……吗？”；could+have+done，表示对过去事情的假设，意思是本来能够做某事而没有做；must+have+done”表示对过去事情的肯定推测，译成“一定做过某事”，该结构只用于肯定句；should+have+done意思是“本来应该做某事，而实际没做”。故选D
【名师点睛】情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义，表示说话人的情绪、态度或语气的动词，但它不能单独作谓语，只能和其他动词一起构成谓语。情态动词是每年高考的热点也是难点，每年单项填空题必考一题。考点集中在：情态动词表示推测的基本用法及区别，情态动词否定式的用法辨析，“情态动词+have done”的用法区别等。
40．C
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：我来新学校之前本没有必要担心，因为在这里我的同学对我非常友好。needn't have done本没有必要做某事，表示实际上已经做了某事。根据后一句“for my classmates here are very friendly to me.”可知，同学对我非常友好所以我本没必要但心。mightn't也许不；mustn't不允许；couldn't不可能。故选C。
41．D
【详解】考查情态动词。 句意：我仍然难以想象这样聪明的孩子竟然犯这样愚蠢的错误。should 作为情态动词，可以用来表示意外、惊喜或者在说话人看来是不可思议的，常常译为"竟会"、"居然"，这么聪明的孩子竟然犯这样愚蠢的错误。表示意外，shall表示允诺，命令等，must表示必须，can表示能力及可能性。所以答案选D。
42．D
【详解】考查情态动词特殊用法。句意：—你非要现在打扰我吗？我正在准备一份报告。—真对不起，但是我怕有紧急事情告诉你。A. Need需要；B. Should 应该；C. Might也许；D. Must必须；一定；偏偏，非得；根据语境可知must表示“偏偏，非得”符合上下文语境，用来指责对方。故D项正确。
43．D
【详解】考查情态动词+have done。句意：——你昨天参加实验项目的会议了吗?——是的，但我想我（本来）不需要，因为我的主管在那里。Think/suppose等宾语从句中如果有否定词时，要把从句的否定词not前移，即“否定前移”。所以not是从句中的否定词。“need have done”意为“本来有必要做而未做”；“needn’t have done”指过去本来没必要做而做了。根据上一句时间状语“yesterday”可知本句指的是过去发生的事。结合第二句“because my director was there(我的主管)在”可推断出，我本来不必要去。故选D。
44．A
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：你什么时候还我的小说？别担心。我保证你一定会很快拿到你的书。A. shall一定会（表允诺）；B. should应该（表责任义务）；C. may也许（表可能）；D. must必须（表必要/很重要）。由Don’t worry.和I promise.可知，说话人允诺一定会很快归还，所以用shall。故选A项。
【点睛】shall的用法
1、shall表示单纯的将来，用于第一人称；第二人称只用于问句；口语中常以will代替，作“将要、会”。
2、shall表示说话者的意图、允诺、告诫、警告、命令、决心等，用于陈述句的第二、第三人称，作“一定会”“必须”“应该”“可以”。
3、shall在条约、规章、法令等文件中表示义务或规定，一般用于第三人称，作“应”“必须”。
如在本题中，根据I promise可知，此处表示允诺（一定会），所以用shall。故选A项。
45．A
【详解】考查情态动词辨析。句意：现代汉语中有超过5万种标志，但幸运的是，中国儿童不必学习所有这些标志用于日常目的。A. needn't不必；B. mustn't表示禁止； C. can't不可能；D. won't不愿意。根据but luckily可推断，不必学习如此多的东西，故选A。
46．C
【详解】考查情态动词辨析。句意：——你不能再多待会儿吗?——很晚了，我必须得走了。我女儿一个人在家。A. may可能，可以，也许；B. can能，会；C. must必须，必然要，必定会；D. dare敢，胆敢。结合句意可知，因为女儿一人在家，说话者必须要走。故选C。
【名师点睛】本题是考查情态动词，这里考查的是语气的强度，在这里结合语境是“一定”的意思，所以要做好此类辨析题需掌握情态动词选项的语气并结合语境。
47．B
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：——我能和你说句话吗？你刚才真的很了不起。真是难以置信啊！——你在说我吗？哇！A. Must一定、必须（含有强制性、强烈的肯定性）；B. Can能够（语气较委婉）；C. Need需要；D. Should应该。根据后文I say something to you?指语气委婉，表示能够，应用can。故选B。
48．B
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：这真是令人生气的；我不能进入你推荐的数据库。A. wouldn’t不愿意；B. couldn’t不能；C. shouldn’t不应该；D. needn’t不必。故选B。
49．B
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：你能永远将这件事当做秘密吗？这只是我们之间的事。A.Must必须，一定；B.Can能，可以；C.Should应该；D.May也许，可以。must表示主观的命令、规定；can用于征求对方意见，向对方请求许可；should表达义务、职责等；may也可以向对方请求许可，但语气更为委婉。根据句意可以判断，一方正在请求对方保守秘密。故选B项。
50．C
【详解】考查情态动词辨析。句意：——你认为贝蒂如何？——很可爱，尽管有时可能很调皮。A. should应该；B. must必须；C. can可能；D. need需要。根据语境可知，此处指贝蒂有时可能很调皮，应用can表可能的推测。故选C项。
课后巩固提高
二、用单词的适当形式完成句子
51．It was really annoying; I ________ get access to the data bank you had recommended. (用适当的词填空)
52．When he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he ________ find the legendary (传奇的) artist, they smiled and pointed down the river. (用适当的词填空)
53．This _____ sound crazy but I was on my way to drop some of my mother’s things off at the charity bins. (用适当的词填空)
54．How we respond to them, however, is up to us. We ______ react to them like evils of selfishness or like heroes of love. (用适当的词填空)
55．They daren’t_________(ask) for any more money. (所给词的适当形式填空)
56．For all the attention I was getting I _________ as well not have been there. I felt a stranger. (用适当的词填空)
57．I’m going to Europe on vacation together with John if I________make enough money. (用适当的词填空)
58．Thank you for your timely first aid, or the boy might easily_________(bleed)to death.(所给词的适当形式填空)
59．—May I smoke here? —If you _______, choose a seat in the smoking section.(用适当的词填空)
60．—Could you tell what the future _________ (have) in store for us?
—Of course not, sir. No one knows for sure what _________ (happen) in the future. (所给词的适当形式填空)
61．If you work well, you ________ get a chance of promotion.(用适当的词填空)
62．—Did Jim come?
-- I don’t know. He ________ (come) while I was out.(所给词的适当形式填空)
63．We figured that in twenty years each of us ought _________ (build) a life and made our fortunes. (所给词的适当形式填空)
64．The ground is wet. It must ________(rain)last night. (所给词的适当形式填空)
65．—Can’t you stay a little longer?
—It’s getting late. I really ________ go now. My daughter is home alone.(根据句意填空)
66．In today's information age，the loss of data________cause serious problems for a company. (根据句意填空)
67．I can’t find my purse. I ________ have left it in the supermarket yesterday, but I’m not sure. (用适当的词填空)
68．Students can’t wear jumpers, jackets or coats indoors. Also, girls and boys ______wear black leather shoes and black socks. Sports shoes are not allowed. (用适当的词填空)
69．“I ___________hardly stand the idea of having to talk to strangers on the Tube on my way to work,” he told the BBC． (用适当的词填空)
70．—I honestly don’t think I’m going to be admitted.
—Well, you never know! You ________ (make) a better impression than you think. (所给词的适当形式填空)
三、用单词的适当形式完成短文
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
The cost of complexity in supply chains
Adam Smith, the father of modern capitalism, famously thought that fair markets required a common moral framework between buyer and seller. That’s no surprise, considering that his ideas came out of the 18th-century marketplace, in 71 producers and consumers were likely to be neighbours. Advances in technology, transport and communications have taken us a long way since then, 72 (create) complex global supply chains. These 73 (reduce) consumer prices but introduced risks of their own, from labour exploitation and environmental degradation.
One of the costs of these supply chains has been the rise of powerful corporate middlemen between home buyers and sellers. These middlemen, including Big Tech platforms like Amazon, make it possible for us to buy goods made 74 the other side of the world, but this connective power is threatening accountability by creating so much separation between buyers and sellers 75 it’s impossible to match up with the real cost of convenience and low prices.
There are plenty of examples 76 (support) the case, from textiles made with child labour, to the unequal rents taken by middlemen in financial services or platform technology. In the latter, lack of information equality makes it difficult for market participants to have a(n) 77 (share) understanding of what is being bought and sold.
The two big questions are how to create system change and 78 will bear the cost of it. There are no simple answers to 79 of the questions, though technology offers new possibilities to connect buyers and sellers. Direct-to-consumer retailers and 3D printing, which 80 (allow) for shorter supply chains, are both examples of this, though neither currently provides anywhere near the scale to replace current systems of finance or manufacturing.
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Why we should record travel moments
Throughout my travels, I have come in search of a sound, not a sight.
Just as some travellers take photos of landscapes or their food, I started collecting sound recordings as an unusual and artistic way to help me remember some of the most stimulating details of my trips. I’ve found that 81 (listen) back to these recordings, I’m able to recall each place and moment in a different way than I can by scrolling through images. It turns out that this may be 82 our brains remember sound differently than other types of senses.
According to Dr James Giordano, a professor at Georgetown University Medical Center, our brains process information and turn it into memories by receiving it 83 our senses, encoding it and storing it — much like a computer. When we receive information and encode it, it is fairly short-term in nature; but when 84 (store), it becomes long-term memory. The information we receive and process with our ears 85 (call) echoic memory (回声记忆). “Think of the brain as a space and time machine. It allows us 86 (transport) ourselves back and forward in time, across spaces,” Giordano said. “Echoic memory is exactly as the name would imply: it is, in fact, an echo of something that 87 (occur).”
According to a study at the University of Iowa named In one ear and out the other, a group of students participated in two experiments in 88 they listened to sounds, looked at images and held objects. In the first experiment, students were asked to recall 89 various stimuli (刺激物) were the same or different after a set period of time. In the second, they were asked to recall the sounds, images and objects after an hour, a day and then a week. In 90 of the instances, students’ recollection of sound was far worse than their visual memories, and the longer the time passed by, the greater the gap became.
参考答案：
51．couldn’t
【详解】考查情态动词和时态。句意：这真的很烦人；我无法进入你推荐的数据库。结合句意和语境时态可知，本处表示的是“不能做某事”，由was可知，句子时态是一般过去时，因此空格处是过去式couldn’t，故填couldn’t
52．could
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：当他问河边的村民在哪里可以找到这位传奇艺术家时，他们笑着指着河的下游。分析句意可知，设空处表达的是能够做某事，用can，时态为一般过去时，因此空格处是could。故填could。
53．might/may
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：这可能听起来很疯狂，但我正准备把我妈妈的一些东西扔到慈善垃圾箱里。空格后sound为动词原形，应填入情态动词；再根据语气，这里是一种可能性的推测，空格处用情态动词might/may。故填might或may。
54．can
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：我们可以像自私的恶魔或有爱的英雄那样对待他们。根据上文的“How we respond to them, however, is up to us.”可知，这里指的是我们可以采取的方式，表示“可以、能够”用情态动词can。故填can。
55．ask
【详解】考查固定用法。句意：他们不敢再要钱了。情态动词daren't后跟动词原形ask。故填ask。
56．might
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：尽管我受到了如此多的关注，我还是不去那里为好。我觉得自己是个陌生人。might as well意思是：还是……的好,不妨；不如；何妨(含轻微劝告的意思)。故填might。
57．can
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：如果我能够挣到足够的钱，就会和约翰一起去欧洲度假。由句意可知，此处表示能力，应用情态动词can，意为“能够”。故填can。
58．have bled
【详解】考查情态动词对过去的推测。句意：谢谢你及时的急救，否则这孩子很容易流血而死。分析句子可知，本句表示对发生在过去的事情不太肯定的推测，might have done“或许已经……”符合题意，故填have bled。
59．must
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：——我可以在这里抽烟吗？——如果你非要抽，请选择吸烟区的座位。根据句意，此处指“如果你非要/一定要抽烟的话，请去吸烟区”，must可以表示“非要，偏一定要”。故填must。
60． will have will happen
【详解】考查时态。句意：——你能告诉我们未来会发生什么吗? ——当然不能，先生。没有人知道将来会发生什么。情态动词could表示委婉的请求和许可，根据从句主语the future可知，从句应用一般将来时，陈述将来发生的动作，故填will have；第二空在what引导的从句中作谓语，时间状语为in the future，也用一般将来时will happen。故填：①will have；②will happen。
61．shall/will
【详解】考查时态或情态动词。句意：你要是好好干，就有提升的机会。if引导的条件状语从句，从句用一般现在时代替将来时，主句用一般将来时。或表示命令，用于陈述句，与第二人称或第三人称连用，表示允诺、命令、警告和强制，或表示说话人的决心等，用情态动词shall。故填shall或will。
62．might have come/could have come
【详解】考查情态动词+have done。句意：——吉姆来了吗？——我不知道。他可能在我外出时来过。根据“I don’t know.”可知，说话者不知道Jim来没来，因此推测来过，但是语气很不确定，所以用might/could have come，表示“可能已经来过”。故填might/could have come。
63．to have built
【详解】考查“情态动词+have done”用法。句意：我们本想，二十年后，我们每个人都应该过上自己的生活，发大财。分析句子可知，句中涉及“情态动词+have done”用法，“ought to have done”意为“本来应该做，但实际上没做”，“build”的过去分词为“built”，故空格处应填“to have built”。故填to have built。
64．have rained
【详解】考查情态动词用法。句意：地面是湿的。昨夜一定下雨了。情态动词must+ have done表示对过去的事情进行有把握的肯定推测，符合语境，此处指根据地面湿，推测过去（last night）下雨。故填have rained。
65．must
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：——你不能再多待一会儿吗？——天要黑了，我真的现在必须走了，我的女儿独自待在家里。根据“It’s getting late.”可知，此处是指必须走。must意为“必须”，符合语境。故填must。
66．can
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：在当今这个信息时代，丢失数据可能给一个公司造成严重的问题。结合语境可知，此处用情态动词can表示推测，意为“可能”。故填can。
67．could/might
【详解】句意：我找不到我的钱包了。我可能昨天把它落在超市了，但我不确定。根据题干的时间状语yesterday，以及but I’m not sure可知，空格处表示对于过去的事情的猜测，应用could/might have done表示“过去可能做过某事”。故填could/might
68．must
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：学生不能在室内穿套头衫、夹克或外套。此外，女孩和男孩都必须穿黑色的皮鞋和黑色的袜子。不穿运动鞋。根据上下文可知这是规定，所以设空处应是必须的意思，后接动词原形，所以用情态动词must，故填must。
69．can
【详解】考查情态动词。句意：“我几乎无法忍受在上班的地铁上和陌生人说话，”他告诉BBC。结合句意空处应填情态动词can，表示能力。故填can。
70．may have made
【详解】考查情态动词+have done表对过去的猜测。句意：—老实说，我觉得我不会被录取。—哎，谁知道！你给人的印象可能比你想象的要好。此处表示对过去的事情的猜测，应用情态动词+have done sth，表“可能已经，也许已经做了某事”。故填may have made。
71．which 72．creating 73．have reduced 74．on 75．that 76．to support 77．shared 78．who 79．either 80．allow
【导语】本文为一篇议论文。人类得益于技术、运输和通信的进步，创造出了复杂的全球供应链，从而降低了消费价格，但也带来了跟多问题，如劳动力剥削和环境退化，新式的供应链分离了买卖双方，导致信息不平等，要进行系统变革，谁来为此买单，暂时没有简单的答案 。
71．考查非限制性定语从句的关系代词。句意：这并不奇怪，因为他的想法来自18世纪的市场，在这个市场中，生产者和消费者很可能是邻居。设空处考查非限制性定语从句的关系代词，先行词为marketplace，在从句中作地点状语，in后用关系代词which，引导从句。故填which。
72．考查非谓语动词。句意：从那时起，技术、运输和通信的进步带我们走了很长的路，创造了复杂的全球供应链。设空处为结果状语，应用现在分词creating，意为“创造，创建”，故填creating。
73．考查时态。句意：这些措施降低了消费价格，但也带来了自身的风险，包括劳动力剥削和环境恶化。根据前一句的时态，此处也用现在完成时，表示过去的动作对现在的影响，主语为These，助动词用have。故填have reduced。
74．考查介词。句意：这些中间商，包括亚马逊这样的大型科技平台，让我们有可能购买到世界另一端制造的商品，但这种联系的力量正在威胁着问责制，因为它在买家和卖家之间制造了如此多的分离，以至于不可能与便利和低价的实际成本相匹配。此处考查介词短语on the other side of，意为“在……的另一边”，作地点状语；设空处应用介词on。故填on。
75．考查连接词。句意：这些中间商，包括亚马逊这样的大型科技平台，让我们有可能购买到世界另一端制造的商品，但这种联系的力量正在威胁着问责制，因为它在买家和卖家之间制造了如此多的分离，以至于不可能与便利和低价的实际成本相匹配。此处考查so...that...，that引导结果状语从句。设空处应用that。故填that。
76．考查非谓语动词。句意：有很多例子可以支持这一观点，从童工制造的纺织品，到金融服务或平台技术中中间商收取的不平等租金。设空处为动词不定式，作examples 的后置定语。故填to support。
77．考查形容词。句意：在后者中，缺乏信息平等使得市场参与者很难对正在买卖的东西有一个共同的理解。设空处修饰名词understanding，应用形容词shared，意为“分享的，共有的”，为前置定语。故填shared。
78．考查表语从句的引导词。句意：两大问题是如何进行制度改革，以及谁将承担改革的成本。设空处引导表语从句，缺主语，为人，故用who引导从句。故填who。
79．考查代词。句意：这两个问题都没有简单的答案，但技术为连接买家和卖家提供了新的可能性。根据句意，设空处应用代词either，作to的宾语，指两者中的任何一个。故填either。
80．考查动词时态。句意：直接面向消费者的零售商和3D打印，使得供应链更短，都是这方面的例子，尽管目前这两种技术的规模都不足以取代当前的金融或制造系统。空处为定语从句的谓语动词，陈述客观事实，用一般现在时，主语which指代先行Direct-to-consumer retailers and 3D printing，因此which是复数意义，谓语动词用原形。故填allow。
81．listening 82．because 83．through 84．stored 85．is called 86．to transport 87．occurred/has occurred 88．which 89．whether 90．both/either
【导语】这是一篇说明文，不同于其他人旅行时拍很多照片，作者开始用各种声音来记录旅行，这是因为大脑对声音的记忆不同于其他类型的感官，回声记忆能让人穿越时空，在时间中穿梭。
81．考查现在分词。句意：我发现，听这些录音，我能以不同于滚动图像的方式回忆每个地点和时刻。动词listen和逻辑主语I之间是主谓关系，故用现在分词作状语，故填listening。
82．考查表语从句。句意：事实证明，这可能是因为我们的大脑对声音的记忆不同于其他类型的感官。分析句子可知，空处引导表语从句，从句结构完整，表示“因为”，应用连接副词because，故填because。
83．考查介词。句意：乔治敦大学医学中心教授James Giordano博士表示，我们的大脑处理信息，并通过感官接收信息，将其编码并存储，这就像一台计算机。结合句意可知，此处指“通过感官接收信息”，应用介词through。故填through。
84．考查状语从句的省略。句意：当我们接收信息并对其进行编码时，它本质上是相当短期的；但一旦储存起来，它就变成了长期记忆。此处是when引导的时间状语从句的省略，从句的主语是information，和动词store之间是被动关系，句子是描述一个事实，故用一般现在时的被动语态，完整形式是when it (the information) is stored，当状语从句主语和主句主语一致，且从句含有be动词时，可将从句中的主语和be动词省略，故填stored。
85．考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：我们用耳朵接收和处理的信息被称为回声记忆。句子是描述一个事实，且主语information和动词call之间是被动关系，故用一般现在时的被动语态，主语是不可数名词，be动词用is，故填is called。
86．考查动词不定式。句意：“它能让我们穿越时空，在时间中穿梭，” Giordano说。allow sb to do sth允许某人做某事，故此处应用动词不定式，故填to transport。
87．考查一般过去时/现在完成时。句意：“回声记忆就像它的名字所暗示的那样：事实上，它是已经发生的事情的回声。”分析句子可知，that引导定语从句，指代先行词something，表示单数意义，此处指过去发生的事情发出的回声，可用一般过去时，也可用现在完成时，强调过去发生的事情对现在的影响，助动词用has。故填occurred/has occurred。
88．考查定语从句。句意：根据爱荷华大学一项名为“一只耳朵进另一只耳朵出”的研究，一组学生参加了两个实验，他们分别听声音、看图像和拿着物体。分析句子可知，此处是“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，先行词是experiments，关系词在从句中作介词in的宾语，应用关系代词which，故填which。
89．考查宾语从句。句意：在第一个实验中，学生们被要求在一段时间后回忆各种刺激是相同还是不同。空处引导宾语从句，结合句意可知，此处指“各种刺激是相同还是不同”，空后有or，应用whether引导宾语从句，故填whether。
90．考查代词。句意：在这两种情况下/在任何一种情况下，学生对声音的记忆远不如视觉记忆，而且时间过得越久，差距就越大。结合句意可知，此处指“在这两种情况下”或“在任何一种情况下”，代词both“两者都”或either“（两者中）任何一个”均可，故填both/either。
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