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考点02 定语从句（八大知识点梳理）-2024年新高考英语一轮总复习培优全攻略（上海专用）（解析版）
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这是一份考点02 定语从句（八大知识点梳理）-2024年新高考英语一轮总复习培优全攻略（上海专用）（解析版），共32页。
考点02 定语从句
课前热身练
1．So for them to move to Elkhead, Colo. to instruct the children ________ shoes were held together with string was a surprise. （用适当的词填空）
2．I feel like that my capacity has reached the point ________ I can compete for Olympic medals. （用适当的词填空）
3．Looking out of my window today reminded me of a day ________ I was searching for a special blue bird. （用适当的词填空）
4．Do you know the reason _______I left so early? (用适当的词填空)
5．This trend has had some side effects such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing _______the medical community was trying to fight. (用适当的词填空)
6．It aims at being a gathering place in ________ companies can have their own space to promote their products and services through virtual trade fairs. （用适当的词填空）
7．Before them the Shenzhou Ⅻ and threemember crews lived inside the Tiangong, ________ is traveling in lowEarth orbit about 400 kilometers high. （用适当的词填空）
8．I have made a schedule ________ is suitable for me. （用适当的词填空）
9．I called to tell the incredible news to the friend ________ had gone to work in the south. （用适当的词填空）
10．The exhibit also includes an interactive, immersive unit ________ visitors may click a mouse or use their fingers on a touch screen to change digital versions of the artwork. （用适当的词填空）
11．This is the perfect opportunity to step outside of your comfort zone and introduce yourself to people from another division ________ you may not have met. （用适当的词填空）
12．Others are fascinated by the chance to experience a mysterious world ________ so few humans get to see firsthand. （用适当的词填空）
13．In fact, the manner________he spoke was rough. (用适当的词填空)
14．We were glad at the news ________ he told us. （用适当的词填空）
15．It was in the school ___________ we once studied that the party was held. (用适当的词填空)
1．whose
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：因此，对他们来说，搬到科罗拉多州埃尔克黑德去指导那些鞋子是用绳子绑在一起的孩子们是一个惊喜。设空处引导定语从句，从句缺少定语。故填whose。
2．where
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我觉得我的能力已经到了能参加奥林匹克争夺奖牌的地步了。分析句子结构可知，此处为定语从句，修饰先行词the point，在从句中作地点状语。故填where。
3．when
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：今天，从我的窗外往外看，使我想起了有一天我在找一只特别的蓝鸟。分析句子结构可知，此处为定语从句，修饰先行词day，为时间；同时从句中不缺少主、宾、表和定语，而缺少时间状语。故填when。
4．why
【详解】考查定语从句的连接词。句意：你知道我为什么离开那么早吗？根据句子分析可知，此处引导定语从句，先行词为the reason，在从句中作原因状语，故应用why引导，故填why。
5．that
【详解】考查定语从句的连接词。句意：这一趋势带来了一些副作用，比如说超重和心脏病——这恰好就是医学界在努力对抗的。根据句子分子可知，此处引导定语从句，先行词为the very thing，指物，定语从句中缺少宾语，故应用that/which引导，但先行词被the very修饰时，只能用that引导，故填that。
6．which
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：它的目标是成为一个聚集的地方，在这里，企业可以有自己的空间，通过虚拟贸易交易会推广他们的产品和服务。设空处前有介词in，先行词为place，在定语从句中作地点状语，此处为“介词＋which”引导的定语从句。根据句意，故填which。
7．which
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：在他们之前，神舟十二和十三号的三名乘组人员在“天宫”里生活过，“天宫”在距离地面大约400公里的近地轨道飞行。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语，先行词为Tiangong，指物，故填which。
8．which/that
【详解】考查定语从句的关系代词。句意：我已经制定了一个适合我的时间表。设空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词为schedule，为物，在从句中作主语，应用关系代词that或which。故填which/that。
9．who/that
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我打电话把这个令人难以置信的消息告诉了那位去南方工作的朋友。设空处引导定语从句，先行词为friend，指人，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who或that。故填who/that。
10．where
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：展览还包括一个互动的沉浸式单元，游客可以在这里点击鼠标或用手指在触摸屏上更改艺术品的数字版本。设空处引导定语从句，先行词是unit，在定语从句中作状语，应用关系副词where引导。故填where。
11．whom/who/that
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这是一个绝佳的机会，可以走出你的舒适区，向来自另一个部门的人介绍你自己，而这些人你可能没有见过。设空处引导定语从句，在从句中作宾语，先行词为people指人，可用关系代词whom/who/that引导。故填whom/who/that。
12．which/that/不填
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：另一些人则着迷于有机会体验一个很少有人能亲眼看到的神秘世界。设空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词a mysterious world，且从句缺少宾语，应用which或者that引导，关系代词作宾语时也可省略。故填which/that/不填。
13．that/in which
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：事实上，他说话的态度很粗鲁。根据句子分析可知，此处引导定语从句，先行词为the manner，在定语从句中作方式状语，故可用that/in which引导，故填that/in which。
14．that/which
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：听到他告诉我们的消息，我们很高兴。分析句子可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词是news，关系词在从句中作宾语，应用关系代词that或which，故填that/which。
15．where
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：聚会是在我们曾经学习过的学校举行的。分析句子可知，此处为在It was…that…的强调句型中定语从句关系词的填入，先行词school在从句中作地点状语成分，所以此处应为关系副词where的填入。故填where。
核心考点梳理
一）定义
(1) 定语从句：在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词后面。
(2) 先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。
(3) 关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。
关系词的作用：
1) 引导定语从句，连接主句和从句，相当于一个连词；
2) 必在从句中作某个句子成份（可以做主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语）
关系代词（在从句中作主语，宾语，表语，宾补，定语）: that、 which、 who、whom、whose、as
关系副词（在从句中只作状语）: when、why、 where
二）关系代词的用法
在定语从句中关系代词起着连接主句与从句、指代先行词和在从句中作句子成分的三重作用。关系代词的选用取决于主句中的先行词以及关系代词在从句中作何种成分。
先行词
在从句中作主语
在从句中作宾语
在从句中作定语
指代人
who/that
whom/who/that
whose/of whom
指代物
which/that
which/that
whose/of which
1. 关系代词who, whom和that的用法
三者都可用于指代人，但在用法上存在差别。
who和whom
who可以代替人（即它的先行词必须是人），在从句中可以担任主语，往往也可以代替在从句中担任宾格的whom（常可省略）。但它的前面不能有介词，如果带介词则必须用宾格whom,即“介词+whom”。
Johnny is a person who always has novel ideas.
The girl who won the first prize is from Zhejiang.
The person who/whom you just talked to is Mr Depp.
= The person to whom you just talked is Mr Depp.
We’ll go to the hospital to see the patients, most of whom are children.
who和that
在定语从句中who和that指代人时常可以通用，但在下列情况中只能用who,而不能用that。
(1) 先行词是one, ones和anyone时，宜用who。
One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.
The ones who flatter me don’t please me.
Anyone who laughs last laughs best.
Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized.
(2) 先行词是those时，宜用who。
No words are strong enough to express our thanks to those who worked hard to rescue survivors in the earthquake.
(3) 当先行词有较长的后置定语时，宜用who。
I met a girl in the street yesterday who grew up in western Yunnan province.
(4) 一个句子带有两个定语从句时，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that, 另一个宜用who。
The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.
(5) 在there be 开头的句子中，宜用who。
There is a young man who wants to see your father.
There are many old men who are against this plan.
2. 关系代词whose的用法
关系代词whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，它既可以指代人，也可以指代物。当whose指代人时，相当于of whom，指代物时，相当于of which。whose引导的定语从句既可以是限定性定语从句，也可以是非限定性定语从句。
We wanted to see our teacher Miss Styles, whose husband lost his life in the earthquake.
=We wanted to see our teacher Miss Styles, the husband of whom lost his life in the earthquake.
Xi’an, whose walls remain as good as before, is one of the few cities with city walls.
3. 关系代词that和which的用法
两者都可用于指代物，但使用场合存在差别。
①在限定性定语从句中指代物时，which和that一般可以通用
The new house that/which I have just bought is about six miles away.
They planted some trees that/which didn’t need much water.
②限定性定语从句中只用that的情况
(1) 主句已有疑问词who或which时
Which of the cars that are in front of the hotel belongs to you?
Who is the man that is sitting by the lake?
(2) 先行词既有人又有物时
He talked about the schools and teachers that he had visited.
The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station.
(3) 先行词为all, much, few, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等不定代词时
It’s easy to do the repair. All that you need is a hammer and some nails.
We haven’t got much that we can offer you.
I’d like to tell you something that will make you surprised.
(4) 先行词有形容词最高级修饰时
This is the best way that has been used against pollution.
Polly is the most direct young woman that I have ever come across.
(5) 先行词有序数词修饰时
This is the third time that they have met.
The first time that Lester saw the film, he made up his mind to become a director.
(6) 先行词有the very, the only, the same, all, any, each, every, few, little, no, one of等词修饰时
This is the very room that I slept in that evening.
Li Ming is the only one that wants to be a teacher.
The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.
比较 *This is one of the best novels that were published last year.
*This is the only one of the best novels that was published last year.
(7) 有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which, 另一个宜用that
Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.
③只用which而不用that的情况
(1) 引导非限定性定语从句时只用which而不用that
The fish, which I bought this morning, is very fresh.
My house, which I bought two years ago, has got a lovely garden.
Jim passed the driving test, which surprised everybody in the office.
Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which, of course, made the others envy him.
The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, most of which are sold abroad.
London, which is the capital of UK, is a very beautiful city.
(2) 在限定性定语从句中，关系代词前有介词时只用which而不用that
I was put in a position in which I had to accept I was less important.
This is the hotel in which you will stay.
=This is the hotel(which/that) you will stay in.
(3) 在限定性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句，其中一句的关系词是that, 那么另一句的关系词就需用which
Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open.
三）关系副词的用法
关系副词和关系代词一样，具有各种作用。在定语从句中代替先行词、在从句中作状语、把两个句子连接成为一个带有定语从句的主从复合句等，相当于“介词+which”结构。由于关系副词在从句中均作状语，所以具体选用什么关系副词，主要取决于关系副词在从句中充当什么类型的状语。
先行词
关系副词
关系副词在从句中充当的成分
指地点
where
地点状语
指时间
when
时间状语
指原因
why
原因状语
1. 关系副词where的用法
由where引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示地点的名词，如building, city, room等，where在从句中作地点状语。先行词还可以是抽象的地点名词，如：case, point, situation, circumstance, activity, stage, state…
The hotel where we stayed was very clean.
=The hotel(that/which) we stayed at was very clean.
=The hotel at which we stayed was very clean.
I got to the stage where I wasn’t coping any more.
=I got to the stage(which/that) I wasn’t coping with any more.
=I got to the stage with which I wasn’t coping any more.
2. 关系副词when的用法
由when引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示时间的名词，如time, day, date等，when在从句中作时间状语。先行词还可以是抽象的时间名词，如：occasion...
I’ll never forget the time when we first met.
=I’ll never forget the time during which we first met.
I still remember the day when my brother joined the army.
= I still remember the day on which my brother joined the army.
The date when he joined the ANC Youth League was August 5th.
Next month, when you will be in your hometown, is just around the corner.
There are occasions when joking is not permissible.
3. 关系副词why的用法
由why引导的定语从句，经常会用在先行词reason的后面，why在从句中作原因状语。
The reason why I got a job was that I worked hard.
=The reason(that)/for which I got a job was that I worked hard.
Amy didn’t get a pay rise, but this wasn’t the main reason why she left.
=Amy didn’t get a pay rise, but this wasn’t the main reason (that)/for which she left.
l 带reason的定语从句与表语从句的常用句型
定语从句 “The reason why/that...” 或 “...the reason why/that...”
I know the reason why she studies so well.
表语从句 “The reason is that...” (不能用why, 否则就重复了)
The reason is that he is always careless in his work.
四）关系代词和关系副词的选用
对于同一个先行词，要想确定是用关系代词还是关系副词，关键是要弄清楚先行词在定语从句中担任什么成分。如果先行词在定语从句中作主语或宾语，就用关系代词；如果先行词在定语从句中作状语，就用关系副词。
This is the college (that/which) I visited.
This is the college where I studied three years ago.
两句中的先行词一样，都是college, 但关系词不一样。前者用关系代词that/which, 因为它在从句中作及物动词visited的宾语。后者用关系副词where, 因为它在从句中作状语，相当于there或in the college。
比较下列句子：
* This is the reason he was late. why
* This is the reason he gave for not coming. that/which/省略
* This is the factory I visited yesterday. that/which/省略
* This is the factory sells medicine. that/which
* This is the factory TV sets are sold. where
* I’ll never forget the day we spent together. that/which
* I’ll never forget the day I got married. when
五）关系代词作介词宾语
关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时, 介词可放于从句之首, 也可放于从句之末. 但以放于句首较为正式.（介词前置，必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。）
This is the book for which you asked. =This is the book (that/which) you asked for.
Do you know the person with whom I shook hands?
= Do you know the person (whom/that) I shook hands with?
In the dark street, there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help.
Is this the factory to which you paid a visit last week?
Is this factory the one to which you paid a visit last week?
This is the girl whom they are looking after. (介词after与look构成固定词组，不可前置。look at, look for, look after, take care of等)
l “介词+关系代词”引导定语从句常见的有以下几种结构：
(1)介词+关系代词
Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice．=Mandela was the black lawyer whom I went to for advice．
(2)名词/代词/数词+介词+关系代词
He wrote a book, the name of which I’ve completely forgotten.
The old man has two daughters, both of whom are doctors．
Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, three of which were English novels．
=Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, of which three were English novels．
(3)形容词最高级+介词+关系代词
China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.
(4)介词+关系代词+名词
I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I apologized.(不能使用whose)
l 关系代词前介词的确定
1) 根据先行词的习惯搭配
They’ll never forget July 1 on which Hong Kong returned to its motherland.
2) 根据定语从句中动词所需习惯搭配
Hong Kong is the city from which he comes.
3) 根据定语从句的意义
Wu Song was the man by whom the tiger was shot.
六）定语从句的种类
定语从句可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句两种。
区别：
1、形式上，非限定性定语从句往往用逗号隔开。
2、语法上，非限定性定语从句一般不用that和why.
3、语义上，限定性定语从句与先行词关系紧密，起限定作用，如果去掉了这个定语从句，整个句子就不完整或者会改变意思；而非限定性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密，对先行词起补充说明或描述的作用。
This is the book I like best. 这就是我最喜欢的那本书。
Beijing, which has been China's capital for more than 800 years , is rich in cultural and historic relics. 北京是中国八百年之久的古都，它有着丰富的文化和历史遗产。
4、翻译时，限定性定语从句可译为一句（较短的一般译为"的"字结构）；而非限定性定语从句可译为两句。（见上句翻译）
比较:
He has a sister, who is a musician. (只有一个姐妹)
He has a sister who is a musician. (不一定只有一个姐妹)
5、引导非限定性定语从句的关系代词，指人时用who, whom, whose, 指物时用which, whose,指整个句子用as, which; 关系副词when, where, 指原因用for which.
He studied hard at school when he was young, which leads to his success in his later life.
Tom's father, who arrived just now, is a famous scientist.
They set up a separate state of their own, where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.
He was proud, which his brother never was.
七）as引导的定语从句
1. as引导的限定性定语从句
多用于the same...as ; such/so...as; as ... as等结构中。如：
I have the same book as you (have).
We will only discuss such problems as have something to do with our own interests.
I saw so grand a National Day celebration as I never dream of.
He is as great a painter as ever lived.
比较：
I live in the same house that he used to live in.（同一个）
I'm wearing the same shirt as you wore yesterday.（同一类）
比较：
Here is so big a stone as no one can lift. （定语从句）
Here is so big a stone that no one can lift it.（结果状语从句）
2. as引导的非限定性定语从句
多单独引导一个定语从句，这种定语从句可置于句首，句中或句尾，译为"正如，这一点"。（动词常为know, see, expect, point out, etc.）
As we all know, smoking is harmful to one's health. (as 作宾语)
=As is known to all, smoking is harmful to one's health. （as 作主语）
=It's known to all that smoking is harmful to one's health.
=Smoking is harmful to one's health, as we all know.
=Smoking, as we all know, is harmful to one' health.
He was a foreigner, as I knew from his accent. (宾语, 先行词是前面整个句子)
3. as和which引导非限定性定语从句的区别
①位置的不同
which 引导的定语从句只置于所限定的句子后；as 位置较灵活，也就是说as可置于所限制的句子前面；插在句子中或放在句子后。如：
He was late again, which made his teacher very angry.
Jack, as you know, is an honest man. 或Jack is an honest man , as you know.
或As you know, Jack is an honest man.
②先行词的不同
as引导非限定性定语从句时，其先行词多为一个句子；
which引导非限定性定语从句时，其先行词可以是一个词，一个短语或一个句子。
He was proud, which his brother never was. （先行词是一个词）
She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.
He was proud, which I dislike very much.（先行词是一个句子）
He is an honest man, as is known to all.
He was a foreigner, as I know from his accent.
③which在非限定性定语从句做主语时可用各类动词做谓语；而as做主语时，谓语常用系动词，如be, seem, become等，一般不用其他行为动词。
He saw the girl, which delighted him.
He didn’t say anything at the meeting , as/which seemed very strange.
④as 一般译为"正如""就像"，which翻译成"这一点"。
常用的结构有as we all know; as often happens; as is often the case; as we can see; as is announced/ expected/ known/ imagined/ mentioned/ said/ shown/ reported等。
八）定语从句特殊情况
1. way和time后接定语从句的情况
What surprised me was not what he said but the way he said it.
This is the second time (that) the President has visited the country.
This was at a time when/during which there were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets.
注意：
1)在定语从句中，the way在从句中充当方式状语时，其后的关系词可以是in which, that或省略；但是当它在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分时，其后的关系词就用that或which。
2)先行词是time，若time作“次数”讲时，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；若time作“一段时间，时代”讲且作状语时，应用关系副词when或介词at/during＋which引导定语从句。
2. 定语从句含插入成份
定语从句中可以在主语后插入像sb feel/think/believe/suppose/say...成分，这并不影响定语从句，分析时只要找出来去掉就可以正常做题了。
如：This is the woman who the musician said was regarded as the best pianist in the country. 此句缺主语，所以不能用whom，不要看成say的宾语。
We will discuss the benefits _________ I feel have resulted from the project. that/which
They went to the place ________ they believed they could find some food. where
当堂知识检测
1．My father, ______ was often the case, came with me to grocery shops and taught me how to pick out produce by smell and touch.
A．as B．that C．what D．who
2．The Song Dynasty was an exciting period in Chinese history, at the height of power the country’s population doubled.
A．which B．whose C．where D．when
3．—Where did you have the discussion with Professor Snow?
—It was in the classroom we had a biology lesson yesterday.
A．which B．when C．that D．where
4．The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species ________ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
A．who B．where C．which D．that
5．The study shows that the number of people ______ weight poses a serious threat to their health is greater than ever before.
A．where B．whose C．which D．when
6．People sit uncomfortably on plastic chairs, looking through old magazines,________have been read hundreds of times previously.
A．all of them B．each of which C．all of which D．each of them
7．With regard to brilliant performances, annual sports meeting serves as a fabulous platform, ________ you are expected to cheer the athletes on by cheerleading.
A．不填 B．that C．where D．which
8．________ we all know, the beauty of calligraphy consists in the inner peace ________ you experience Chinese brilliant culture.
A．As; in which B．As; when
C．That; what D．That; where.
9．_____is known to everybody，she is well known for her beautiful songs.
A．It B．As
C．That D．What
10．Jackson turned out at the Grammy Awards,________music artists are given an award for their artistic or technical achievement.
A．when B．where C．which D．whose
11．Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree ________ they can be controlled on purpose.
A．for which B．to which C．of which D．on which
12．Students will encounter many challenges in the universities for the first year,________ getting used to a new environment quickly comes to be the most important one.
A．of which B．for which C．to which D．by which
13．He is confident, ________, in my opinion, is most important in modern society.
A．who B．which C．that D．what
14．Recently they have been developing a new kind of drug, ________ effects we are greatly concerned.
A．to whose B．about whose C．to which D．about which
15．We have entered an age ________ dreams have the best chance of coming true.
A．when B．that C．which D．what
16．Have you ever had a case ________ someone accused your journalist of getting the wrong end of the stick?
A．as B．when C．where D．which
17．It was April 29, 2001 ________ Prince William and Kate Middleton walked into the palace hall of the wedding ceremony.
A．that B．when C．since D．before
18．When I went back to my hometown years later, I saw a beautiful park, ______ had been a wasteland for many years.
A．that B．who C．when D．which
19．I have sent her several letters, ________ she hasn’t replied so far, so I feel a little sad.
A．with which B．in which C．to which D．on which
20．Last winter, part of Britain was struck by snowstorms, from ________ effects most passengers in Heathrow were suffering a lot, especially those with children.
A．which B．what C．whose D．That
21．Good advertising, ________ people attach positive meaning, can contribute to the sales of a product.
A．to which B．of which C．for which D．on which
22．________is often the case all over the world with new areas of economic activity, the sharing economy is developing faster than existing regulations.
A．As B．That C．It D．Which
23．Judging from his face ________there was a confident smile, we knew that he didn’t lose heart.
A．in which
B．from which
C．by which
D．on which
24．These terraces were built by the local Zhuang and Yao people, Guangxi is home.
A．for which B．for whom C．to which D．to whom
25．The book discusses the extent ________ family life has changed over the past 50 years.
A．where B．in which C．to which D．that
26．Polluted air does much harm to us, long-time exposure to________can affect our abilities in two areas: language and mathematics.
A．it B．that C．which D．what
27．Self-driving is an area ________ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.
A．that B．where
C．which D．when
28．Computer graphics technology has now reached the point, ________ special effects can be used to do just about anything.
A．which B．whose C．where D．when
29．_____is known to all, China will be an _____and powerful country in 20 or 30 years or so.
A．That; advancing B．This; advanced C．As; advanced D．It; advancing
30．There are some cases ________ this rule does not hold good.
A．that B．which C．when D．where
31．Is this a case _____ knowing the facts actually would be worse than not knowing?
A．where B．that C．when D．which
32．How I regretted ________ hard at school, ________ led to the failure in my career!
A．not to study; which B．not having studied; that
C．not having studied; which D．not to study; that
33．The reason________ she didn’t get the job was________ her English was not very good.
A．which; that B．why; that
C．why; because D．that; because
34．Is this the reason ________ at the meeting for the carelessness in the work?
A．he explained B．what he explained
C．how he explained D．why he explained
35．There are altogether fifty-four students in our class, is a newcomer from a faraway mountain village.
A．the most diligent of who
B．but the most diligent of whom
C．the most diligent of them
D．of whom the most diligent
36．I have many friends, some are businessmen.
A．of them B．from which
C．of whom D．who of
37．The ant runs its own body every second, ________ it is quicker than an Olympic 100-meter runner.
A．as 108 times as long; meaning B．108 times longer than; which meaning
C．108 times the length of; which means D．108 times how long; meaning
38．I hope to set up our company in will be a promising land, a place is full of opportunities.
A．where, where B．where, that C．what, where D．what, that
39．The Temple of Heaven is a complex of buildings________emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties in China worshiped heaven.
A．what B．where C．which D．when
40．They lived in a beautiful house, _________the windows were decorated with paper cuttings.
A．of which B．on which C．with which D．by which
41．In the middle of this particular scene, I spot a small girl ______ ankle is twice its normal size.
A．which B．that C．whose D．who
42．Most women identified at least one trusted friends __________ they could turn in a trouble moment.
A．off which B．on which C．to whom D．up whom
43．I’ll share a story with you this class, one ________ music can touch one’s soul and change one’s life.
A．that B．which C．when D．where
44．There are some characters in Jane Austen’s books in________ lives a slight fall of snow is an event.
A．her B．whom C．whose D．their
45．Have you ever dreamed of singing in front of an audience of thousands at a concert, _______ everyone is clapping and appreciating your music?
A．who B．that C．which D．where
46．There are occasions ________ backpackers are so tired that they fall asleep almost anywhere.
A．when B．where C．which D．that
47．Generally speaking, the generation gap is actually a technology gap, ________ children update themselves on the latest technology while parents drop behind.
A．where B．when C．which D．that
48．When I was young, my parents gave me an upbringing prepared me for the life challenges most of us have to face later in life.
A．that B．what C．where D．whose
49．William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes ________ we can learn without repeating them.
A．of whom B．about which C．from which D．by whom
50．I will never forget the scene________you saw me off in tears at the station.
A．which B．why C．what D．where
参考答案：
1．A
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我的父亲，正如经常做的一样，和我一起去杂货店，教我如何通过嗅觉和触觉挑选农产品。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导的是非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语，关系词指代主句内容，空格处意为“正如”，用关系代词as引导非限制性定语从句，故选A。
2．B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：宋朝是中国历史上一个激动人心的时期，在其鼎盛时期，全国人口翻了一番。空格处引导的是定语从句，Song Dynasty和power之间是所属关系，因此用表所属的whose引导定语从句，故选B。
3．D
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：——你和斯诺教授在哪里讨论的？——在我们昨天上生物课的教室里。分析可知，空格处引导的是限制性定语从句，从句中不缺主语或宾语，先行词classroom是地方，因此空格处用关系副词where，故选D。
4．D
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：GPNP旨在为生活在大熊猫范围内的所有物种提供更有力的保护，并显著改善该地区生态系统的健康状况。分析句子结构，空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词species，关系词在从句中作主语，先行词指物，且先行词前有all修饰，只能用关系代词that引导从句。故选D。
5．B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：研究表明，体重对健康构成严重威胁的人数比以往任何时候都多。分析句子可知，此处为限定性定语从句。先行词是people，关系词在定语从句中作定语，故用whose引导。故选B。
6．C
【详解】考查非限制性定语从句关系词，主谓一致。句意：人们不舒服地坐在塑料椅子上翻阅着旧杂志，这些杂志以前已经被读过几百次了。A. all of them 它们全都； B. each of which它们中每一个； C.all of which 它们全部都； D. each of them它们中每一个。该空需要使用关系代词which代替先行词magazines引导非限制性定语从句；根据空后have可知，主语应为复数意义，应使用all。故选C项。
7．C
【详解】考查非限定性定语从句。句意：关于精彩的表演，年度运动会是一个绝佳的平台，预计你会在这里通过啦啦队为运动员加油。分析句意可知，此处需要使用连接词引导非限定性定语从句，因先行词platform“平台”为抽象地点，在从句中作地点状语，故使用关系副词where引导合适。故选C项。
8．B
【详解】考查从句。句意：众所周知，当你体验中国灿烂的文化时，书法的美在于内心的平静。分析句意可知，第一空使用连词as引导非限定性定语从句，构成的as we all know意为“周所周知”；第二空使用连词when引导时间状语从句。故选B项。
9．B
【详解】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：众所周知，她以优美的歌曲而闻名。分析句子可知，空格处为一个非限制性定语从句缺少关系词表示“正如”，应使用as为关系代词，指代主句整个内容符合句意。若用it，则为：It is known to everybody that she is...句型中It是形式主语。故选B项。
10．B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：杰克逊出席了格莱美颁奖典礼，这是音乐艺术家因其艺术或技术成就而获奖的地方。先行词为the Grammy Awards，在非限制性定语从句中作地点状语，用关系副词where引导从句。故填where。
11．B
【详解】考查“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句。句意：人类的面部表情与动物的不同之处在于它们可以在多大程度上被有意控制。表达“到达某种程度”应用to...degree，先行词是degree，作介词to的宾语，应用which。故选B。
12．A
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：在大学的第一年，学生们将面临许多挑战，其中最重要的挑战之一是迅速适应新环境。先行词为many challenges，定语从句为getting used to a new environment quickly comes to be the most important one of，先行词表示物作宾语，用which，of提前。故选A项。
13．B
【详解】考查非限定性定语从句。句意：他很自信，在我看来，这是在社会上最重要的。此处为非限定性定语从句，关系词指代前面的内容，在从句中作主语，用关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句，故选B项。
14．B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：最近他们在研制一种新药，其效果引起了我们的高度关注。此处为介词+关系代词结构非限制性定语从句修饰先行词 a new kind of drug，结合短语be concerned about可知应用介词about，从句缺少定语。故选B。
15．A
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我们已经进入了一个梦想最有可能实现的时代。此处为定语从句修饰先行词an age（一个时代），并在从句中作时间状语，应用when引导。故选A。
16．C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：你有没有遇到过这样的情况，有人指责你的记者说错了方向？空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词是case，关系词代替它在从句中作抽象的地点状语，应用关系副词where引导。故选C。
17．B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：2001年4月29日，威廉王子和凯特·米德尔顿走进婚礼大厅。空处引导定语从句，先行词是April 29, 2001，代替它在从句中作时间状语，应用关系副词when。故选B。
18．D
【详解】考查定语从句的连接词。句意：几年后但我回到家乡，我看到了一个美丽的公园，公园已经是一个湿地了。根据句子分析可知，此处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为a beautiful park，指物，从句中缺少主语，故应用which引导，故选D。
19．C
【详解】考查“介词+which”引导的非限制性定语从句。句意：我给她写了好几封信，她到现在还没有回信，所以我有点难过。分析句子可知，此处为“介词+which”引导的非限制性定语从句，其中replied to letters是固定短语，意为“回信”，故将介词to放在which前，先行词letters在从句作replied to的宾语。故选C项。
20．C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：去年冬天，英国部分地区遭受了暴风雪的袭击，希思罗机场的大多数乘客都受到了暴风雪的影响，尤其是那些有孩子的乘客。此处是非限定性定语从句，先行词是snowstorms，关系词替代先行词在从句中作effects的定语，应用关系代词whose引导。故选C。
21．A
【详解】考查定语从句和固定搭配。句意：人们赋予积极的意义好广告可以促进产品的销售。分析句子可知，空处是“介词+关系词”引导的非限制性定语从句，attach ...to...附上，添加，固定搭配，故此处介词用to，先行词是Good advertising，关系词在从句中作介词宾语，应用关系代词which，故选A。
22．A
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：与世界各地新经济活动领域的情况一样，共享经济的发展速度快于现有法规。分析句子可知，设空处在句中引导一个从句，此处从句修饰整个主句内容，这是一个非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语，此处整个从句位于主句前，应用as引导。as和which均可引导非限制性定语从句，修饰整个主句，区别在于as引导的从句可位于主句前，也可位于主句后；而which引导的从句一般位于主句后；且as引导非限制性定语从句时，有“正如”之意，而which没有。故选A项。
23．D
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：从他脸上露出自信的微笑来看，我们知道他并没有灰心。空处引导定语从句，his face是先行词，在定语从句中作地点状语，带入从句中为there was a confident smile on his face，因此需用on which引导定语从句。故选D。
24．D
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这些梯田是当地壮族和瑶族人建造的，广西是他们的家乡。分析句子结构可知，空处引导的是非限制性定语从句，从句部分结构完整，应该用关系副词引导，结合选项可知使用“介词+关系代词”形式，分析知关系词指代先行词people并在从句中作介词to的宾语，从句中home to为固定搭配意为“是……的故乡”，故填to whom。故选D项。
25．C
【详解】考查介词和定语从句。句意：这本书讨论了过去50年家庭生活的变化程度。extent通常和介词to搭配，to the extent...“到……的程度/地步”，代替先行词extent作介词to的宾语，应用关系代词which引导从句。故选C。
26．C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：污染的空气对我们危害很大，长期暴露在这样的空气中会影响我们在两个方面的能力：语言和数学。分析可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是Polluted air，关系词代替它作介词to的宾语，故应用关系代词which引导从句。故选C。
27．B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：自动驾驶是一个中国和世界其它国家都在同一起跑线的领域。此处是限定性定语从句，先行词为area，关系词在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where，相当于in which。故选B。
28．C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：计算机图形技术现在已经达到了这样一个地步，特殊效果可以用来做任何事情。分析句子可知，句子为非限制性定语从句，先行词为“point”，在从句中作地点状语，故应用关系副词“where”引导从句。故选C项。
29．C
【详解】考查定语从句和形容词。句意：众所周知，中国将在20年或30年左右成为一个先进和强大的国家。分析句式结构可知，此处是关系代词as引导的非限制性定语从句，指代后面全句内容，as在从句中充当主语；再根据下文的country可知，“先进的”国家，用形容词advanced修饰。故选C项。
30．D
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：在某些情况下，这条规则不适用。此处是限定性定语从句，先行词是case，关系词在从句中作地点，应用where引导。故选D项。
31．A
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这是一个知道事实实际上会比不知道事实更糟的事例吗？分析句子结构可知，此处case为先行词，后引导定语从句，从句中不缺少主、宾、表和定语，故空处需要填关系副词；当case为先行词时，表示抽象地点，需要用where引导定语从句。故选A项。
32．C
【详解】考查固定短语和定语从句。句意：我多么后悔没有在学校努力学习，这导致了我的职业生涯的失败！分析句子可知，空格一处涉及固定短语“regret not having done sth.”，意为“后悔没做过某事”，故空格一处应填“not having studied”，句子为非限制性定语从句，先行词为“没有在学校努力学习”这件事，在从句中作主语，故空格二处应用“which”引导从句。故选C项。
33．B
【详解】考查定语从句和表语从句。句意：她没有得到那份工作的原因是她的英语不太好。第一空为定语从句，先行词为The reason，在定语从句中作原因状语，所以用关系副词why引导；第二空为表语从句，从句不缺少成分且句意完整，所以用连接代词that。该句也为The reason why...is/was that...句型，表示“……的原因是……”。故选B。
34．A
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这就是他在会上解释他工作粗心的原因吗？分析句子可知，本句为定语从句，先行词为the reason，指物，关系词在从句中作宾语，可以用which和that引导该从句，关系词也可以省略。故选A项。
35．D
【详解】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：我们班一共有五十四名学生，其中最勤奋的是一位来自遥远山村的新学生。句子结构以及句意分析可知，设空处可以填“of whom the most diligent/the most diligent of whom”构成非限制性定语从句，whom在从句中作介词of的宾语，指代先行词“fifty-four students”；选项A中应把who改成whom，定语从句中关系代词指人，位于介词后用whom，不能用who；B项应去掉并列连词but，或者把whom改为them构成由but连接的并列句；C项应在the前加连词but，构成并列句，或者把them改为whom构成非限制性定语从句。故选D。
36．C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我有许多朋友，其中有一些是商人。根据句意及所给句子可知，逗号后为非限制性定语从句，先行词为friends，介词of+whom (宾格)引导从句，表示“其中”，whom指代人。故选C项。
37．C
【详解】考查倍数的表达法和定语从句。句意：蚂蚁每秒钟跑自己身体长度的108倍的距离，这意味着它比一名奥运会100米运动员的速度还快。根据倍数的表达方式“数字+times+the length/size/depth/height/ect.+of+比较对象”可知，空格1应填108 times the length of；空格2处为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词The ant runs 108 times the length of its own body every second，空格2在从句中作主语和谓语，由于主语指代前面的整个句子，只能用关系代词which引导，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。故选C项。
38．D
【详解】考查宾语从句和定语从句。句意：我希望把公司创办在一个充满希望的地方，一个充满机会的地方。分析句子可知，该句第一空为介词in后接连接代词what引导的的宾语从句，what在从句中作主语成分；该句第二空为关系代词that引导的定语从句，先行词a place，关系代词在从句中作主语成分。故选D项。
39．B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：天坛是中国明清两代皇帝朝拜天坛的建筑群。定语从句修饰先行词buildings，在从句作地点状语，故用where。故选B。
40．A
【详解】考查定语从句关系词。句意：他们住在一所漂亮的房子里，房子的窗户都装饰着剪纸。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是house，从句中缺少定语，应是the windows of house，所以应该用of which引导。故选A项。
41．C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：在这个特别的场景中间，我发现了一个小女孩，她的脚踝是正常尺寸的两倍。此处引导限制性定语从句，先行词为girl，关系代词whose引导从句，在从句中作定语，限定名词ankle，意为“她的”。故选C项。
42．C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：多数女子会认定至少一个在处境困难时求助的可信赖的朋友。分析句子可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词friends，turn to sb.“求助某人”，故先行词从句中作介词to的宾语，指人，用关系代词whom，故选C。
43．D
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我将与你分享一个故事，一个有一首曲子可以触及你的灵魂，改变你的生活的故事。分析句子可知，空处引导定语从句，one指代上文提到的story，从句中作抽象地点状语， 用关系副词where引导定语从句，故选D。
44．C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：在简·奥斯汀的书中，有一些人物的生活中，一场小雪是一件大事。空处引导定语从句，先行词是character，代替先行词作lives的定语，应用关系代词whose。故选C项。
45．D
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：你有没有梦想过在一场音乐会上，每个人都在鼓掌和欣赏你的音乐，你在成千上万的观众面前唱歌？分析句子结构，空处引导一个非限制性定语从句，先行词为a concert，且从句中缺少地点状语，应用关系副词where引导。故选D。
46．A
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：有时背包客会累得有个地方就能睡着。分析句子可知，这里考查There are occasions when...表“有时……”，为固定句型，其中when后面引导定语从句（关系词指代先行词occasions并在从句中作时间状语 ）。故选A项。
47．A
【详解】考查定语从句关系词。句意：一般来说，代沟实际上是一种技术差距，孩子们在最新技术上更新自己，而父母却落后了。该空引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是a technology gap，关系词在从句中作地点状语，用关系副词where。故选A项。
48．A
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：当我还小的时候，我的父母给了我一个教育，让我为我们大多数人在以后的生活中面临的生活挑战做好了准备。分析句子结构可知，句中先行词为upbringing ，在定语从句中作主语，所以用关系代词that引导。故选A。
49．C
【详解】考查介词+关系代词引导的定语从句。句意：威廉·海斯蒂曾提出，历史告诉我们过去的错误，我们可以从中吸取教训，而不必重蹈覆辙。分析句子可知，空处及之后的句子为定语从句，先行词为mistakes，句子表示“我们可以从错误中吸取教训，而不是重蹈覆辙”，所以空处用“from which”，故选C。
50．D
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我永远不会忘记你在车站眼泪汪汪地为我送行的那一幕。根据句子分析可知，此处引导定语从句，先行词为the scene，在从句中作地点状语，故应用where引导，故选D。
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The number of the best
How big should a business team be? It is an enormously important issue for companies. Teams that are too small may 51 the skills required to get the job done; teams that are too big may be impossible to co-ordinate.
Similar trade-offs may apply when it comes to firms as a whole. Start-ups are often short of staff. The founders must play a host of different 52 , from obtaining finance to product development and marketing, for which they may not be equally suited. But the 53 is that they can have highly collaborative working environments.
People who have worked for start-ups say the culture changes when the company reaches a certain 54 . Patty McCord, formerly of Netflix, referred to the “stand-on-a-chair number”—the biggest group that can easily hear the boss 55 them.
Robin Dunbar, an anthropologist (人类学家) at Oxford University, has done a lot of work on primate groups. His argument is that the size of the group is linked to the size of the brain. With their large brains, humans can cope with larger bands. A larger social group has many advantages, 56 greater protection and specialisation.
Whereas 150 is sometimes referred to as the “Dunbar number”, the academic himself in fact refers to a range of 57 . He observes that humans tend to have five intimate friends, 15 or so good friends, around 50 social friends and 150-odd acquaintances.
Running a larger network can be difficult. So much time is needed to maintain relationships that their quality inevitably 58 . The armed forces have spent millennia experimenting with unit size. A Roman centurion (百人队长) oversaw 100. The modern American army company has 180 members. Britain’s equivalent numbers 120.
These are rough estimates, rather than rigid figures. But it is striking that many group activities seem to be 59 a Dunbar number. The Special Air Service, Britain’s elite fighting unit, has four-man patrols; when your life depends on it, you need to have absolute 60 in your colleagues. As a result, such groups are limited in size.
Sports-team sizes 61 the playing area. There are five players in a basketball side and six in ice hockey; outdoors there are 11 players in football and cricket teams, and 7-15 in the various forms of rugby. Perhaps this is the optimal size for coaching purposes, or perhaps crowds would 62 to distinguish individual players if teams were larger.
Small work teams may also tend towards these two size ranges. “If you want a committee to 63 something, limit it to four to five people,” says Mr Dunbar. “But to brainstorm in a meeting, you need 12-15.” Many companies use “agile” teams which draw employees from across the company; they tend to have between five and nine members.
The modern company may settle on a 64 with a small group of “core” workers and a larger group of contract workers. The result may be more 65 within the core staff but the non-core staff may be less well treated. The small core teams may work effectively. The big question will be the effect on morale of those outside those teams.
51．A．demand B．lack C．cultivate D．sharpen
52．A．roles B．games C．cards D．missions
53．A．truth B．point C．upside D．goal
54．A．height B．level C．size D．degree
55．A．phone B．contact C．criticize D．address
56．A．calling for B．allowing for C．hoping for D．paying for
57．A．records B．networks C．circles D．figures
58．A．suffers B．thrives C．denied D．functions
59．A．similar with B．close to C．interested in D．equal to
60．A．trust B．will C．right D．advance
61．A．result in B．relate to C．arise from D．contribute to
62．A．rush B．compete C．struggle D．refuse
63．A．discuss B．decide C．judge D．facilitate
64．A．shape B．scale C．level D．construction
65．A．agreement B．innovation C．influence D．cohesion
Food-delivery firms are coming of age. Among teens and millennials, ordering food online is as 66 a habit as booking a room online. Just how 67 consumers are is clear from financial documents by DoorDash, America’s biggest food-delivery company. From January to September that year, it booked orders worth $16 billion, up by 198% year on year.
The majority of America’s 700,000 or so eateries now 68 by means of a delivery app. Modern life makes people rely more on convenience food, as more women work and everybody is 69 time. In doing so, it has also changed one of Silicon Valley’s most criticized business models.
Restaurants entered the digital world two decades ago when Takeaway.com in Europe and Grubhub in America put menus 70 . Restaurants delivered the food themselves and the middlemen were reliably profitable. 71 , the new “third-party logistics” firms like DoorDash and Uber Eats have to share the bills, which average around $30, three ways. Once drivers and restaurants take their 72 , not much is left.
Until recently none of these startup firms made 73 , even in emerging markets where labour costs are far lower. Lack of obvious economies of scale or barriers to entry meant several competitors were fighting over market share by offering diners 74 discounts — and bleeding red ink in the process. They also faced the prospect of a sharp 75 in labour costs, as California passed a law that required companies to treat app-based workers as full employees.
76 , the American firm’s numbers contained plenty to chew on. DoorDash is generating cash and is profitable on an adjusted basis. Its in-app ads business offers juicy margins. The company sees itself as the digital hub for the convenience economy, connecting merchants, customers and riders; the word “platform” arose 646 times in its filing. It has even started delivering groceries and convenience-store items and selling last-mile 77 to other companies. Looking ahead, high unemployment amid a continuing economic downturn should mean lots of cheap labour.
Other facts are 78 to swallow. DoorDash warns that growth will slow as more people are going back to work after the virus declined. The share prices of many listed digital firms that benefited from lockdowns and self-isolating consumers 79 on the news of an effective vaccine (疫苗). And despite their critics’ defeat in California, gig firms (招临工的公司) will continue to face accusations of 80 their workers. In this respect, DoorDash has already joined the club of listed tech platforms.
66．A．established B．cautious C．curious D．annoying
67．A．aim-oriented B．addicted C．excited D．well-informed
68．A．collect B．relay C．forecast D．distribute
69．A．friendly to B．experienced in C．short of D．responsible for
70．A．outside B．right C．online D．free
71．A．By contrast B．For instance C．To sum up D．In turn
72．A．edge B．role C．cut D．price
73．A．money B．calls C．complaints D．movement
74．A．trade B．generous C．mean D．cash
75．A．break B．division C．blow D．rise
76．A．Moreover B．Therefore C．However D．Consequently
77．A．advertising B．delivery C．insurance D．productivity
78．A．harder B．quicker C．easier D．slower
79．A．doubled B．last C．mounted D．fell
80．A．taking advantage of B．going along with C．looking out for D．putting up with
You have to make a speech. You have done your research and now have plenty of ideas bouncing around in your head that you want to get across. The big 81 you face at this point is how to organize those thoughts. Or perhaps you are planning to write a paper, and all you have is the main topic. You need to brainstorm some supporting ideas and then 82 how those ideas fit together.
These are just two cases that many people deal with 83 . Some use outlining to flesh out and 84 their ideas, but is that the best strategy? If everyone thought in a linear (线性的) manner, then the answer would be yes, but most people don’t.
Enter mind mapping, a 85 that shows how different ideas and facts relate to one another. This two-dimensional (二维的) 86 is designed to help you remember information because its format is easy for your mind to 87 . Mind maps have proven to increase not only productivity and 88 but also memory. More than 250 million people worldwide use them, so why don’t you have a try and see what they are all about?
What is a mind map? Simply put, it is one’s ideas put into the form of a 89 diagram that starts with a central idea. Put this idea in a bubble (气泡) in the middle of a page with lines radiating out to other bubbles that contain related themes or concepts. It should look like a many-legged spider. Use words, short phrases or 90 to express your ideas. These associations often lead to other ideas that can be added at the same level or in smaller branches where 91 . Use color-coded bubbles for a visual representation of each branch’s 92 . You are now mapping your thoughts and ideas in the way your brain thinks.
Studies have shown that this technique of using pictures, colors and visual arrangement has improved people’s recall and memory of information by 10 to 15 percent. But it doesn’t stop there. Creativity is aroused because of the spatial arrangement, 93 people to make more links and associations on topics of any kind. 94 , it increases one’s productivity because mind mapping makes it easier to learn faster while communicating more effectively.
So whether you’re 95 a project or writing a research paper, make this technique a core part of your planning process!
81．A．purpose B．change C．question D．project
82．A．turn out B．take out C．give out D．figure out
83．A．consequently B．frequently C．entirely D．barely
84．A．organize B．express C．share D．spread
85．A．process B．foundation C．technique D．result
86．A．route B．structure C．objective D．direction
87．A．remember B．confirm C．draw D．design
88．A．confidence B．capacity C．efficiency D．creativity
89．A．vivid B．special C．visual D．normal
90．A．images B．sentences C．passages D．languages
91．A．obvious B．appropriate C．meaningful D．empty
92．A．function B．extension C．connection D．determination
93．A．encouraging B．enabling C．reminding D．informing
94．A．Additionally B．Sincerely C．Briefly D．Generally
95．A．in love with B．in terms of C．in favour of D．in charge of
参考答案：
51．B 52．A 53．C 54．C 55．D 56．B 57．D 58．A 59．B 60．A 61．B 62．C 63．B 64．D 65．D
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要论述的是一个团队和组织的最佳规模数字是多少。
51．考查动词词义辨析。句意：团队太小可能缺乏完成工作所需的技能；团队太大则可能难以协调。A. demand要求；B. lack缺少；C. cultivate培养；D. sharpen变锋利。根据下文中的“ teams that are too big may be impossible to co-ordinate.”以及常识可知，此处为团队小造成的结果是“缺少”工作需要的技能。故选B项。
52．考查名词词义辨析。句意：创始人必须扮演许多不同的角色，从融资到产品开发和营销，他们可能并不同样适合这些角色。A. roles角色，作用；B. games比赛；C. cards卡片；D. missions任务。根据下文中的“from obtaining finance to product development and marketing”可知，此处指的是创始人所承担的“角色”很多。故选A项。
53．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但好处是他们可以拥有高度协作的工作环境。A. truth真相，事实；B. point点；C. upside优势，好的一面；D. goal目标。根据下文中的表语从句“that they can have highly collaborative working environments.”可知，此处指的是员工少的“好处，优势”。故选C项。
54．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在初创公司工作过的人说，当公司达到一定规模时，文化就会发生变化。A. height高度；B. level水平；C. size尺寸；D. degree程度。根据上文中的“People who have worked for start-ups say the culture changes”以及本文的主题可知，此处指的是公司达到一定“规模”后，文化会随着变化。故选C项。
55．考查动词词义辨析。句意：前网飞公司的Patty McCord提到了“站在椅子上的人数”——能轻易听到老板对他们讲话的最大群体。A. phone给……打电话B. contact联系；C. criticize批评；D. address向……讲话，演讲。根据上文中的“the biggest group that can easily hear the boss”可知，能听到的应该指的是老板“向他们讲话”。故选D项。
56．考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：一个更大的社会群体有很多优势，可以得到更大的保护和专业化。A. calling for要求；B. allowing for 考虑到；C. hoping for希望；D. paying for赔偿，为……付钱。根据上文中的“A larger social group has many advantages”可知，此处解释这些优势所指的内容，所以此处为“考虑到”符合语境。故选B项。
57．考查名词词义辨析。句意：尽管150有时被称为“邓巴数字”，但实际上，这位学者自己指的是一系列数字。A. records记录；B. networks网络；C. circles圆形；D. figures数字。根据下文中“He observes that humans tend to have five intimate friends, 15 or so good friends, around 50 social friends and 150-odd acquaintances.”所涉及到的数字可知，此处指的是一些列的“数字”。故选D项。
58．考查动词词义辨析。句意：维持关系需要太多的时间，以至于关系的质量不可避免地受到影响。A. suffers遭受；B. thrives兴旺；C. denied否决；D. functions运转。根据上文中的“So much time is needed to maintain relationships”可知，把时间都用到维系关系方面，势必质量会“受损”。故选A项。
59．考查形容词短语词义辨析。句意：但令人惊讶的是，许多团体活动似乎接近邓巴数字。A. similar with与……相似；B. close to接近……；C. interested in对……感兴趣；D. equal to等同于。根据下文中的“The Special Air Service, Britain’s elite fighting unit, has four-man patrols”可知，此处指的是团队的人数“很接近”邓巴数字。故选B项。
60．考查名词词义辨析。句意：英国精锐战斗部队特种空勤团(Special Air Service)有四人巡逻；当成员的生命取决于它时，你需要对你的同事有绝对的信任。A. trust信任；B. will意愿；C. right权利；D. advance前进。根据上文中的“when your life depends on it”可知，当成员的生命取决于团队时，需要的就是成员间的“信任”。故选A项。
61．考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：运动队的规模与比赛场地有关。A. result in导致；B. relate to涉及，有关；C. arise from由……引起；D. contribute to有助于。根据下文中的“here are five players in a basketball side and six in ice hockey; outdoors there are 11 players in football and cricket teams, and 7-15 in the various forms of rugby.”可知，运动的规模“与场地有关”。故选B项。
62．考查动词词义辨析。句意：也许对于教练来说，这是最理想的规模，或者如果球队规模更大，观众就很难区分单个球员。A. rush冲，催促；B. compete竞争；C. struggle挣扎，努力；D. refuse拒绝。根据下文中的“to distinguish individual players if teams were larger.”可知，团队太大，观众就很难分辨球员，所以此处应为struggle意为“很难进行”符合语境。故选C项。
63．考查动词词义辨析。句意：邓巴先生说:“如果你想让一个委员会来决定某件事，那就限制在4到5人之内。”A. discuss讨论；B. decide决定；C. judge判断；D. facilitate促进。根据下文中的“But to brainstorm in a meeting, you need 12-15.”可知，让大家讨论的话，就多一点人参与，与此处的限制4到5人对应，结合语境可知，此处指的是“做决定”时，人数要少一些。故选B项。
64．考查名词词义辨析。句意：现代公司的组建可能会采取这样一种模型，即一小部分“核心”员工加上大部分的合同工。A. shape形状；B. scale规模；C. level水平；D. construction构建，结构。根据下文中的“with a small group of “core” workers and a larger group of contract workers.”可知，此处指的是现代公司的“构成模式”。故选D项。
65．考查名词词义辨析。句意：其结果可能是核心员工更有凝聚力，但非核心员工可能得不到良好的待遇。A. agreement同意，协议；B. innovation改革；C. influence影响；D. cohesion凝聚力。根据下文“but the non-core staff may be less well treated”中的but可知，此处指的是这种组成模式的优点，所以“凝聚力”符合语境。故选D项。
66．A 67．B 68．D 69．C 70．C 71．A 72．C 73．A 74．B 75．D 76．C 77．B 78．A 79．D 80．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了网上订餐的兴起和外卖公司面临的机遇和挑战。
66．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在青少年和千禧一代中，在网上订餐已经成为一种已确立的习惯，就像在网上预订房间一样。A. established已确立的，确定的；B. cautious小心的，谨慎的；C. curious好奇的；D. annoying令人恼火的。根据句中“as...a habit as booking a room online”可知，网上订餐与网上预订房间一样，已经是一种确定的习惯。故选A项。
67．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：从美国最大的外卖公司DoorDash的财务文件中，我们可以清楚地看到消费者对食物的着迷程度。A. aim-oriented目标导向的；B. addicted上瘾的，着迷的；C. excited激动的；D. well-informed消息灵通的；见多识广的。根据下文“From January to September that year, it booked orders worth $16 billion, up by 198% year on year.”可知，外卖公司的订单同比增长198%，说明消费者对食物非常着迷。故选B项。
68．考查动词词义辨析。句意：美国大约70万家餐馆中的大多数现在都通过配送应用程序进行配送。A. collect收集；B. relay传递；C. forecast预测；D. distribute分发。根据句中“by means of a delivery app”可知，通过应用程序进行配送。故选D项。
69．考查形容词短语辨析。句意：现代生活使人们更加依赖于方便食品，因为越来越多的女性工作，每个人都缺乏时间。A. friendly to对……友好；B. experienced in在……方面有经验；C. short of缺乏；D. responsible for为……负责。根据句中“more women work”可推知，越来越多传统上负责准备食物的女性走向职场，所以大家时间都变得忙起来，都缺时间。故选C项。
70．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：20年前，当欧洲的Takeaway. com和美国的Grubhub将菜单放在网上时，餐馆进入了数字世界。A. outside外边的；B. right正确的；C. online在线的，网上的；D. free免费的。根据句中“Restaurants entered the digital world”可推知，Takeaway. com和Grubhub将菜单放到网上。故选C项。
71．考查介词短语辨析。句意：相比之下，新的“第三方物流”公司，如DoorDash和Uber Eats，必须分担平均约30美元的账单，分三份。A. By contrast相比之下；B. For instance例如；C. To sum up总之；D. In turn反过来。上文讲传统的餐馆自己配送食物，与下文中新的第三方配送公司相比较，上下文有对比关系。故选A项。
72．考查名词词义辨析。句意：一旦司机和餐馆拿走了他们的份额，就所剩无几了。A. edge边，边缘；B. role角色，作用；C. cut份额；D. price价格。根据上文“to share the bills, which average around $30, three ways”可知，收益要分成三份，司机、餐馆和第三方配送公司用各自的份额。故选C项。
73．考查名词词义辨析。句意：直到最近，这些初创公司都没有赚钱，即使是在劳动力成本低得多的新兴市场。A. money钱；B. calls电话；C. complaints抱怨；D. movement移动。根据上文“Once drivers and restaurants take their 7 , not much is left.”可知，司机和餐馆拿走自己的份额后，剩下的就不多了，所以这些初创公司没有赚钱。故选A项。
74．考查名词和形容词词义辨析。句意：由于缺乏明显的规模经济效益或进入壁垒，几家竞争对手通过向食客提供慷慨的折扣来争夺市场份额，并在此过程中造成亏损。A. trade贸易；B. generous慷慨的，大方的；C. mean吝啬的，小气的；D. cash现款。根据句中“fighting over market share”可推知，为了争夺市场份额，这些公司会给食客提供慷慨的折扣。故选B项。
75．考查动词词义辨析。句意：它们还面临劳动力成本大幅增加的前景，因为加州通过了一项法律，要求公司将使用应用程序的员工视为正式员工。A. break打破；B. division分开；C. blow刮，吹；D. rise增加。根据句中“California passed a law that required companies to treat app-based workers as full employees”可推知，加州通过法律要求公司将使用应用程序的员工视为正式员工，所以公司成本会增加。故选D项。
76．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，这家美国公司的数据中有很多值得考虑的地方。A. Moreover 此外，而且；B. Therefore因此，所以；C. However然而，可是；D. Consequently因此，结果。上文提到这些初创公司都没有赚钱，而且公司成本将面临增加的可能，下文“the American firm’s numbers contained plenty to chew on. DoorDash is generating cash and is profitable on an adjusted basis.”却说美国公司DoorDash在调整后实现盈利，上下文有转折关系。故选C项。
77．考查名词词义辨析。句意：它甚至开始向其他公司运送食品杂货和便利店商品，并向其他公司提供“最后一英里送货服务”。A. advertising广告活动；B. delivery递送，投递；C. insurance保险；D. productivity生产率，生产力。根据句中“It has even started delivering groceries and convenience-store items”可推知，公司提供的是送货服务。故选B项。
78．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：其他事实则难以接受。A. harder更难的；B. quicker更快；C. easier更简单；D. slower较慢的。根据下文“DoorDash warns that growth will slow as more people are going back to work after the virus declined.”描述了公司可能面临的困难，所以难以接受。故选A项。
79．考查动词词义辨析。句意：许多受益于封锁和消费者自我隔离的上市数字公司的股价在有效疫苗的消息发布后下跌。A. doubled加倍；B. last持续，持久；C. mounted爬上；D. fell降落，落下。根据句中“digital firms that benefited from lockdowns and self-isolating consumers”可知，这些公司受益于与疫情相关的封锁和消费者自我隔离，所以“有效疫苗的消息”发布后，这些公司股票会下跌。故选D项。
80．考查动词短语辨析。句意：尽管批评人士在加州失败了，招临工的公司将继续面临利用员工的指控。A. taking advantage of利用；B. going along with陪……一起去；C. looking out for留心，提防；D. putting up with忍受，容忍。根据句中“critics”和“accusations”可知，招临工的公司遭到批评和指控，是因为它们利用员工。故选A项。
81．C 82．D 83．B 84．A 85．C 86．B 87．A 88．D 89．C 90．A 91．B 92．C 93．B 94．A 95．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了思维导图以及思维导图在发表演讲、写研究论文或负责项目中的使用。
81．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这时，你面临的最大问题是如何组织这些想法。A. purpose目的；B. change改变；C. question问题；D. project项目。根据下文“how to organize those thoughts”可知，如何组织这些想法是你面临的最大问题。故选C。
82．考查动词短语辨析。句意：你需要集思广益，想出一些支持性的想法，然后弄清楚这些想法是如何结合在一起的。A. turn out结果是；B. take out取出；C. give out释放；发出；D. figure out弄清楚。根据上文“You need to brainstorm some supporting ideas and then”可知，你需要想出一些支持性的想法，然后弄清楚这些想法是如何结合在一起的。故选D。
83．考查副词词义辨析。句意：这只是许多人经常处理的两个案例。A. consequently结果；B. frequently频繁地；经常；C. entirely完全地；D. barely仅仅；勉强；几乎不。根据上文“just two cases”以及常识可知，这只是许多人经常处理的两个案例。故选B。
84．考查动词词义辨析。句意：有些人用大纲来充实和组织他们的想法，但这是最好的策略吗？A. organize组织；B. express表达；C. share分享；D. spread传播。根据上文“how those ideas fit together”可知，此处指用大纲来组织想法。故选A。
85．考查名词词义辨析。句意：进入思维导图，这是一种显示不同想法和事实如何相互关联的技术。A. process过程；B. foundation基础；C. technique技术；技巧；D. result结果。根据下文“that shows how different ideas and facts relate to one another”可知，此处指在给思维导图下定义，思维导图是一个技巧。故选C。
86．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这种二维结构旨在帮助你记住信息，因为它的格式很容易让你的大脑记住。A. route路线；B. structure结构；C. objective目的；D. direction方向。根据空前的“two-dimensional ”可知，思维导图是一个二维结构。故选B。
87．考查动词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. remember记住；B. confirm证实；C. draw画画；D. design设计。根据下文“help you remember information”可知，思维导图的格式很容易让你的大脑记住，remember是原词复现。故选A。
88．考查名词词义辨析。句意：思维导图不仅能提高生产力和创造力，还能提高记忆力。A. confidence自信心；B. capacity能力；C. efficiency效率；D. creativity创造力。根据下文“Creativity is aroused because of the spatial arrangement”以及常识可知，思维导图能提高生产力和创造力，还能提高记忆力。故选D。
89．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：简单地说，就是将一个人的想法以一个中心思想开始的视觉图表的形式表达出来。A. vivid生动的；B. special特殊的；C. visual视觉的；D. normal正常的。根据下文“Put this idea in a bubble (气泡) in the middle of a page with lines radiating out to other bubbles that contain related themes or concepts. (将这个想法放在页面中间的气泡中，线条向包含相关主题或概念的其他气泡辐射。)”可知，思维导图是以视觉图表的形式表达出来的。故选C。
90．考查名词词义辨析。句意：用单词、短语或图片来表达你的想法。A. images图像；形象；B. sentences句子；C. passages通道；章节；D. languages语言。根据下文“Studies have shown that this technique of using pictures, colors and visual arrangement has improved people’s recall and memory of information by 10 to 15 percent. (研究表明，这种使用图片、颜色和视觉排列的技术使人们对信息的回忆和记忆提高了10%至15%。)”以及常识可知，思维导图是用单词、短语或图片来表达你的想法。故选A。
91．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这些关联通常会导致其他想法，这些想法可以在同一级别或适当的较小分支中添加。A. obvious明显的；B. appropriate合适的；C. meaningful有意义的； D. empty空的。根据空前“in smaller branches”可知，这些想法可以在同一级别或适当的较小分支中添加。故选B。
92．考查名词词义辨析。句意：使用颜色编码的气泡可以直观地表示每个分支的联系。A. function功能；B. extension拓展；延申；C. connection联系；D. determination决心。根据下文“Creativity is aroused because of the spatial arrangement, 13 people to make more links and associations on topics of any kind.”可知，使用颜色编码的气泡可以直观地表示每个分支的联系。connection与是links and associations同义词复现。故选C。
93．考查动词词义辨析。句意：空间的安排激发了创造力，使人们能够在任何类型的主题上建立更多的联系和联想。A. encouraging鼓励；B. enabling使能够；C. reminding提醒；D. informing告知。根据上文“Creativity is aroused because of the spatial arrangement”可知，空间的安排激发了创造力，从而使人们能够在任何类型的主题上建立更多的联系和联想，此处是现在分词作结果状语。故选B。
94．考查副词词义辨析。句意：此外，它还提高了一个人的生产力，因为思维导图可以更容易地更快地学习，同时更有效地交流。A. Additionally此外；B. Sincerely真诚地；C. Briefly简要地；D. Generally通常。根据上文“Creativity is aroused because of the spatial arrangement”以及下文“it increases one’s productivity”可知，此处应用additionally表示递进关系。故选A。
95．考查介词短语辨析。句意：所以，无论你是负责一个项目还是写一篇研究论文，都要把这项技术作为你计划过程的核心部分！A. in love with爱上；B. in terms of就……而言；C. in favour of赞成；D. in charge of负责。根据上文“You have to make a speech. You have done your research.”可知，无论你是负责一个项目还是写一篇研究论文，都要把这项技术作为你计划过程的核心部分！故选D。
考点02 定语从句
课前热身练
1．So for them to move to Elkhead, Colo. to instruct the children ________ shoes were held together with string was a surprise. （用适当的词填空）
2．I feel like that my capacity has reached the point ________ I can compete for Olympic medals. （用适当的词填空）
3．Looking out of my window today reminded me of a day ________ I was searching for a special blue bird. （用适当的词填空）
4．Do you know the reason _______I left so early? (用适当的词填空)
5．This trend has had some side effects such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing _______the medical community was trying to fight. (用适当的词填空)
6．It aims at being a gathering place in ________ companies can have their own space to promote their products and services through virtual trade fairs. （用适当的词填空）
7．Before them the Shenzhou Ⅻ and threemember crews lived inside the Tiangong, ________ is traveling in lowEarth orbit about 400 kilometers high. （用适当的词填空）
8．I have made a schedule ________ is suitable for me. （用适当的词填空）
9．I called to tell the incredible news to the friend ________ had gone to work in the south. （用适当的词填空）
10．The exhibit also includes an interactive, immersive unit ________ visitors may click a mouse or use their fingers on a touch screen to change digital versions of the artwork. （用适当的词填空）
11．This is the perfect opportunity to step outside of your comfort zone and introduce yourself to people from another division ________ you may not have met. （用适当的词填空）
12．Others are fascinated by the chance to experience a mysterious world ________ so few humans get to see firsthand. （用适当的词填空）
13．In fact, the manner________he spoke was rough. (用适当的词填空)
14．We were glad at the news ________ he told us. （用适当的词填空）
15．It was in the school ___________ we once studied that the party was held. (用适当的词填空)
1．whose
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：因此，对他们来说，搬到科罗拉多州埃尔克黑德去指导那些鞋子是用绳子绑在一起的孩子们是一个惊喜。设空处引导定语从句，从句缺少定语。故填whose。
2．where
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我觉得我的能力已经到了能参加奥林匹克争夺奖牌的地步了。分析句子结构可知，此处为定语从句，修饰先行词the point，在从句中作地点状语。故填where。
3．when
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：今天，从我的窗外往外看，使我想起了有一天我在找一只特别的蓝鸟。分析句子结构可知，此处为定语从句，修饰先行词day，为时间；同时从句中不缺少主、宾、表和定语，而缺少时间状语。故填when。
4．why
【详解】考查定语从句的连接词。句意：你知道我为什么离开那么早吗？根据句子分析可知，此处引导定语从句，先行词为the reason，在从句中作原因状语，故应用why引导，故填why。
5．that
【详解】考查定语从句的连接词。句意：这一趋势带来了一些副作用，比如说超重和心脏病——这恰好就是医学界在努力对抗的。根据句子分子可知，此处引导定语从句，先行词为the very thing，指物，定语从句中缺少宾语，故应用that/which引导，但先行词被the very修饰时，只能用that引导，故填that。
6．which
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：它的目标是成为一个聚集的地方，在这里，企业可以有自己的空间，通过虚拟贸易交易会推广他们的产品和服务。设空处前有介词in，先行词为place，在定语从句中作地点状语，此处为“介词＋which”引导的定语从句。根据句意，故填which。
7．which
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：在他们之前，神舟十二和十三号的三名乘组人员在“天宫”里生活过，“天宫”在距离地面大约400公里的近地轨道飞行。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语，先行词为Tiangong，指物，故填which。
8．which/that
【详解】考查定语从句的关系代词。句意：我已经制定了一个适合我的时间表。设空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词为schedule，为物，在从句中作主语，应用关系代词that或which。故填which/that。
9．who/that
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我打电话把这个令人难以置信的消息告诉了那位去南方工作的朋友。设空处引导定语从句，先行词为friend，指人，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who或that。故填who/that。
10．where
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：展览还包括一个互动的沉浸式单元，游客可以在这里点击鼠标或用手指在触摸屏上更改艺术品的数字版本。设空处引导定语从句，先行词是unit，在定语从句中作状语，应用关系副词where引导。故填where。
11．whom/who/that
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这是一个绝佳的机会，可以走出你的舒适区，向来自另一个部门的人介绍你自己，而这些人你可能没有见过。设空处引导定语从句，在从句中作宾语，先行词为people指人，可用关系代词whom/who/that引导。故填whom/who/that。
12．which/that/不填
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：另一些人则着迷于有机会体验一个很少有人能亲眼看到的神秘世界。设空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词a mysterious world，且从句缺少宾语，应用which或者that引导，关系代词作宾语时也可省略。故填which/that/不填。
13．that/in which
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：事实上，他说话的态度很粗鲁。根据句子分析可知，此处引导定语从句，先行词为the manner，在定语从句中作方式状语，故可用that/in which引导，故填that/in which。
14．that/which
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：听到他告诉我们的消息，我们很高兴。分析句子可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词是news，关系词在从句中作宾语，应用关系代词that或which，故填that/which。
15．where
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：聚会是在我们曾经学习过的学校举行的。分析句子可知，此处为在It was…that…的强调句型中定语从句关系词的填入，先行词school在从句中作地点状语成分，所以此处应为关系副词where的填入。故填where。
核心考点梳理
一）定义
(1) 定语从句：在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词后面。
(2) 先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。
(3) 关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。
关系词的作用：
1) 引导定语从句，连接主句和从句，相当于一个连词；
2) 必在从句中作某个句子成份（可以做主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语）
关系代词（在从句中作主语，宾语，表语，宾补，定语）: that、 which、 who、whom、whose、as
关系副词（在从句中只作状语）: when、why、 where
二）关系代词的用法
在定语从句中关系代词起着连接主句与从句、指代先行词和在从句中作句子成分的三重作用。关系代词的选用取决于主句中的先行词以及关系代词在从句中作何种成分。
先行词
在从句中作主语
在从句中作宾语
在从句中作定语
指代人
who/that
whom/who/that
whose/of whom
指代物
which/that
which/that
whose/of which
1. 关系代词who, whom和that的用法
三者都可用于指代人，但在用法上存在差别。
who和whom
who可以代替人（即它的先行词必须是人），在从句中可以担任主语，往往也可以代替在从句中担任宾格的whom（常可省略）。但它的前面不能有介词，如果带介词则必须用宾格whom,即“介词+whom”。
Johnny is a person who always has novel ideas.
The girl who won the first prize is from Zhejiang.
The person who/whom you just talked to is Mr Depp.
= The person to whom you just talked is Mr Depp.
We’ll go to the hospital to see the patients, most of whom are children.
who和that
在定语从句中who和that指代人时常可以通用，但在下列情况中只能用who,而不能用that。
(1) 先行词是one, ones和anyone时，宜用who。
One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.
The ones who flatter me don’t please me.
Anyone who laughs last laughs best.
Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized.
(2) 先行词是those时，宜用who。
No words are strong enough to express our thanks to those who worked hard to rescue survivors in the earthquake.
(3) 当先行词有较长的后置定语时，宜用who。
I met a girl in the street yesterday who grew up in western Yunnan province.
(4) 一个句子带有两个定语从句时，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that, 另一个宜用who。
The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.
(5) 在there be 开头的句子中，宜用who。
There is a young man who wants to see your father.
There are many old men who are against this plan.
2. 关系代词whose的用法
关系代词whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，它既可以指代人，也可以指代物。当whose指代人时，相当于of whom，指代物时，相当于of which。whose引导的定语从句既可以是限定性定语从句，也可以是非限定性定语从句。
We wanted to see our teacher Miss Styles, whose husband lost his life in the earthquake.
=We wanted to see our teacher Miss Styles, the husband of whom lost his life in the earthquake.
Xi’an, whose walls remain as good as before, is one of the few cities with city walls.
3. 关系代词that和which的用法
两者都可用于指代物，但使用场合存在差别。
①在限定性定语从句中指代物时，which和that一般可以通用
The new house that/which I have just bought is about six miles away.
They planted some trees that/which didn’t need much water.
②限定性定语从句中只用that的情况
(1) 主句已有疑问词who或which时
Which of the cars that are in front of the hotel belongs to you?
Who is the man that is sitting by the lake?
(2) 先行词既有人又有物时
He talked about the schools and teachers that he had visited.
The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station.
(3) 先行词为all, much, few, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等不定代词时
It’s easy to do the repair. All that you need is a hammer and some nails.
We haven’t got much that we can offer you.
I’d like to tell you something that will make you surprised.
(4) 先行词有形容词最高级修饰时
This is the best way that has been used against pollution.
Polly is the most direct young woman that I have ever come across.
(5) 先行词有序数词修饰时
This is the third time that they have met.
The first time that Lester saw the film, he made up his mind to become a director.
(6) 先行词有the very, the only, the same, all, any, each, every, few, little, no, one of等词修饰时
This is the very room that I slept in that evening.
Li Ming is the only one that wants to be a teacher.
The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.
比较 *This is one of the best novels that were published last year.
*This is the only one of the best novels that was published last year.
(7) 有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which, 另一个宜用that
Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.
③只用which而不用that的情况
(1) 引导非限定性定语从句时只用which而不用that
The fish, which I bought this morning, is very fresh.
My house, which I bought two years ago, has got a lovely garden.
Jim passed the driving test, which surprised everybody in the office.
Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which, of course, made the others envy him.
The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, most of which are sold abroad.
London, which is the capital of UK, is a very beautiful city.
(2) 在限定性定语从句中，关系代词前有介词时只用which而不用that
I was put in a position in which I had to accept I was less important.
This is the hotel in which you will stay.
=This is the hotel(which/that) you will stay in.
(3) 在限定性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句，其中一句的关系词是that, 那么另一句的关系词就需用which
Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open.
三）关系副词的用法
关系副词和关系代词一样，具有各种作用。在定语从句中代替先行词、在从句中作状语、把两个句子连接成为一个带有定语从句的主从复合句等，相当于“介词+which”结构。由于关系副词在从句中均作状语，所以具体选用什么关系副词，主要取决于关系副词在从句中充当什么类型的状语。
先行词
关系副词
关系副词在从句中充当的成分
指地点
where
地点状语
指时间
when
时间状语
指原因
why
原因状语
1. 关系副词where的用法
由where引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示地点的名词，如building, city, room等，where在从句中作地点状语。先行词还可以是抽象的地点名词，如：case, point, situation, circumstance, activity, stage, state…
The hotel where we stayed was very clean.
=The hotel(that/which) we stayed at was very clean.
=The hotel at which we stayed was very clean.
I got to the stage where I wasn’t coping any more.
=I got to the stage(which/that) I wasn’t coping with any more.
=I got to the stage with which I wasn’t coping any more.
2. 关系副词when的用法
由when引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示时间的名词，如time, day, date等，when在从句中作时间状语。先行词还可以是抽象的时间名词，如：occasion...
I’ll never forget the time when we first met.
=I’ll never forget the time during which we first met.
I still remember the day when my brother joined the army.
= I still remember the day on which my brother joined the army.
The date when he joined the ANC Youth League was August 5th.
Next month, when you will be in your hometown, is just around the corner.
There are occasions when joking is not permissible.
3. 关系副词why的用法
由why引导的定语从句，经常会用在先行词reason的后面，why在从句中作原因状语。
The reason why I got a job was that I worked hard.
=The reason(that)/for which I got a job was that I worked hard.
Amy didn’t get a pay rise, but this wasn’t the main reason why she left.
=Amy didn’t get a pay rise, but this wasn’t the main reason (that)/for which she left.
l 带reason的定语从句与表语从句的常用句型
定语从句 “The reason why/that...” 或 “...the reason why/that...”
I know the reason why she studies so well.
表语从句 “The reason is that...” (不能用why, 否则就重复了)
The reason is that he is always careless in his work.
四）关系代词和关系副词的选用
对于同一个先行词，要想确定是用关系代词还是关系副词，关键是要弄清楚先行词在定语从句中担任什么成分。如果先行词在定语从句中作主语或宾语，就用关系代词；如果先行词在定语从句中作状语，就用关系副词。
This is the college (that/which) I visited.
This is the college where I studied three years ago.
两句中的先行词一样，都是college, 但关系词不一样。前者用关系代词that/which, 因为它在从句中作及物动词visited的宾语。后者用关系副词where, 因为它在从句中作状语，相当于there或in the college。
比较下列句子：
* This is the reason he was late. why
* This is the reason he gave for not coming. that/which/省略
* This is the factory I visited yesterday. that/which/省略
* This is the factory sells medicine. that/which
* This is the factory TV sets are sold. where
* I’ll never forget the day we spent together. that/which
* I’ll never forget the day I got married. when
五）关系代词作介词宾语
关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时, 介词可放于从句之首, 也可放于从句之末. 但以放于句首较为正式.（介词前置，必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。）
This is the book for which you asked. =This is the book (that/which) you asked for.
Do you know the person with whom I shook hands?
= Do you know the person (whom/that) I shook hands with?
In the dark street, there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help.
Is this the factory to which you paid a visit last week?
Is this factory the one to which you paid a visit last week?
This is the girl whom they are looking after. (介词after与look构成固定词组，不可前置。look at, look for, look after, take care of等)
l “介词+关系代词”引导定语从句常见的有以下几种结构：
(1)介词+关系代词
Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice．=Mandela was the black lawyer whom I went to for advice．
(2)名词/代词/数词+介词+关系代词
He wrote a book, the name of which I’ve completely forgotten.
The old man has two daughters, both of whom are doctors．
Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, three of which were English novels．
=Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, of which three were English novels．
(3)形容词最高级+介词+关系代词
China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.
(4)介词+关系代词+名词
I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I apologized.(不能使用whose)
l 关系代词前介词的确定
1) 根据先行词的习惯搭配
They’ll never forget July 1 on which Hong Kong returned to its motherland.
2) 根据定语从句中动词所需习惯搭配
Hong Kong is the city from which he comes.
3) 根据定语从句的意义
Wu Song was the man by whom the tiger was shot.
六）定语从句的种类
定语从句可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句两种。
区别：
1、形式上，非限定性定语从句往往用逗号隔开。
2、语法上，非限定性定语从句一般不用that和why.
3、语义上，限定性定语从句与先行词关系紧密，起限定作用，如果去掉了这个定语从句，整个句子就不完整或者会改变意思；而非限定性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密，对先行词起补充说明或描述的作用。
This is the book I like best. 这就是我最喜欢的那本书。
Beijing, which has been China's capital for more than 800 years , is rich in cultural and historic relics. 北京是中国八百年之久的古都，它有着丰富的文化和历史遗产。
4、翻译时，限定性定语从句可译为一句（较短的一般译为"的"字结构）；而非限定性定语从句可译为两句。（见上句翻译）
比较:
He has a sister, who is a musician. (只有一个姐妹)
He has a sister who is a musician. (不一定只有一个姐妹)
5、引导非限定性定语从句的关系代词，指人时用who, whom, whose, 指物时用which, whose,指整个句子用as, which; 关系副词when, where, 指原因用for which.
He studied hard at school when he was young, which leads to his success in his later life.
Tom's father, who arrived just now, is a famous scientist.
They set up a separate state of their own, where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.
He was proud, which his brother never was.
七）as引导的定语从句
1. as引导的限定性定语从句
多用于the same...as ; such/so...as; as ... as等结构中。如：
I have the same book as you (have).
We will only discuss such problems as have something to do with our own interests.
I saw so grand a National Day celebration as I never dream of.
He is as great a painter as ever lived.
比较：
I live in the same house that he used to live in.（同一个）
I'm wearing the same shirt as you wore yesterday.（同一类）
比较：
Here is so big a stone as no one can lift. （定语从句）
Here is so big a stone that no one can lift it.（结果状语从句）
2. as引导的非限定性定语从句
多单独引导一个定语从句，这种定语从句可置于句首，句中或句尾，译为"正如，这一点"。（动词常为know, see, expect, point out, etc.）
As we all know, smoking is harmful to one's health. (as 作宾语)
=As is known to all, smoking is harmful to one's health. （as 作主语）
=It's known to all that smoking is harmful to one's health.
=Smoking is harmful to one's health, as we all know.
=Smoking, as we all know, is harmful to one' health.
He was a foreigner, as I knew from his accent. (宾语, 先行词是前面整个句子)
3. as和which引导非限定性定语从句的区别
①位置的不同
which 引导的定语从句只置于所限定的句子后；as 位置较灵活，也就是说as可置于所限制的句子前面；插在句子中或放在句子后。如：
He was late again, which made his teacher very angry.
Jack, as you know, is an honest man. 或Jack is an honest man , as you know.
或As you know, Jack is an honest man.
②先行词的不同
as引导非限定性定语从句时，其先行词多为一个句子；
which引导非限定性定语从句时，其先行词可以是一个词，一个短语或一个句子。
He was proud, which his brother never was. （先行词是一个词）
She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.
He was proud, which I dislike very much.（先行词是一个句子）
He is an honest man, as is known to all.
He was a foreigner, as I know from his accent.
③which在非限定性定语从句做主语时可用各类动词做谓语；而as做主语时，谓语常用系动词，如be, seem, become等，一般不用其他行为动词。
He saw the girl, which delighted him.
He didn’t say anything at the meeting , as/which seemed very strange.
④as 一般译为"正如""就像"，which翻译成"这一点"。
常用的结构有as we all know; as often happens; as is often the case; as we can see; as is announced/ expected/ known/ imagined/ mentioned/ said/ shown/ reported等。
八）定语从句特殊情况
1. way和time后接定语从句的情况
What surprised me was not what he said but the way he said it.
This is the second time (that) the President has visited the country.
This was at a time when/during which there were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets.
注意：
1)在定语从句中，the way在从句中充当方式状语时，其后的关系词可以是in which, that或省略；但是当它在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分时，其后的关系词就用that或which。
2)先行词是time，若time作“次数”讲时，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；若time作“一段时间，时代”讲且作状语时，应用关系副词when或介词at/during＋which引导定语从句。
2. 定语从句含插入成份
定语从句中可以在主语后插入像sb feel/think/believe/suppose/say...成分，这并不影响定语从句，分析时只要找出来去掉就可以正常做题了。
如：This is the woman who the musician said was regarded as the best pianist in the country. 此句缺主语，所以不能用whom，不要看成say的宾语。
We will discuss the benefits _________ I feel have resulted from the project. that/which
They went to the place ________ they believed they could find some food. where
当堂知识检测
1．My father, ______ was often the case, came with me to grocery shops and taught me how to pick out produce by smell and touch.
A．as B．that C．what D．who
2．The Song Dynasty was an exciting period in Chinese history, at the height of power the country’s population doubled.
A．which B．whose C．where D．when
3．—Where did you have the discussion with Professor Snow?
—It was in the classroom we had a biology lesson yesterday.
A．which B．when C．that D．where
4．The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species ________ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
A．who B．where C．which D．that
5．The study shows that the number of people ______ weight poses a serious threat to their health is greater than ever before.
A．where B．whose C．which D．when
6．People sit uncomfortably on plastic chairs, looking through old magazines,________have been read hundreds of times previously.
A．all of them B．each of which C．all of which D．each of them
7．With regard to brilliant performances, annual sports meeting serves as a fabulous platform, ________ you are expected to cheer the athletes on by cheerleading.
A．不填 B．that C．where D．which
8．________ we all know, the beauty of calligraphy consists in the inner peace ________ you experience Chinese brilliant culture.
A．As; in which B．As; when
C．That; what D．That; where.
9．_____is known to everybody，she is well known for her beautiful songs.
A．It B．As
C．That D．What
10．Jackson turned out at the Grammy Awards,________music artists are given an award for their artistic or technical achievement.
A．when B．where C．which D．whose
11．Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree ________ they can be controlled on purpose.
A．for which B．to which C．of which D．on which
12．Students will encounter many challenges in the universities for the first year,________ getting used to a new environment quickly comes to be the most important one.
A．of which B．for which C．to which D．by which
13．He is confident, ________, in my opinion, is most important in modern society.
A．who B．which C．that D．what
14．Recently they have been developing a new kind of drug, ________ effects we are greatly concerned.
A．to whose B．about whose C．to which D．about which
15．We have entered an age ________ dreams have the best chance of coming true.
A．when B．that C．which D．what
16．Have you ever had a case ________ someone accused your journalist of getting the wrong end of the stick?
A．as B．when C．where D．which
17．It was April 29, 2001 ________ Prince William and Kate Middleton walked into the palace hall of the wedding ceremony.
A．that B．when C．since D．before
18．When I went back to my hometown years later, I saw a beautiful park, ______ had been a wasteland for many years.
A．that B．who C．when D．which
19．I have sent her several letters, ________ she hasn’t replied so far, so I feel a little sad.
A．with which B．in which C．to which D．on which
20．Last winter, part of Britain was struck by snowstorms, from ________ effects most passengers in Heathrow were suffering a lot, especially those with children.
A．which B．what C．whose D．That
21．Good advertising, ________ people attach positive meaning, can contribute to the sales of a product.
A．to which B．of which C．for which D．on which
22．________is often the case all over the world with new areas of economic activity, the sharing economy is developing faster than existing regulations.
A．As B．That C．It D．Which
23．Judging from his face ________there was a confident smile, we knew that he didn’t lose heart.
A．in which
B．from which
C．by which
D．on which
24．These terraces were built by the local Zhuang and Yao people, Guangxi is home.
A．for which B．for whom C．to which D．to whom
25．The book discusses the extent ________ family life has changed over the past 50 years.
A．where B．in which C．to which D．that
26．Polluted air does much harm to us, long-time exposure to________can affect our abilities in two areas: language and mathematics.
A．it B．that C．which D．what
27．Self-driving is an area ________ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.
A．that B．where
C．which D．when
28．Computer graphics technology has now reached the point, ________ special effects can be used to do just about anything.
A．which B．whose C．where D．when
29．_____is known to all, China will be an _____and powerful country in 20 or 30 years or so.
A．That; advancing B．This; advanced C．As; advanced D．It; advancing
30．There are some cases ________ this rule does not hold good.
A．that B．which C．when D．where
31．Is this a case _____ knowing the facts actually would be worse than not knowing?
A．where B．that C．when D．which
32．How I regretted ________ hard at school, ________ led to the failure in my career!
A．not to study; which B．not having studied; that
C．not having studied; which D．not to study; that
33．The reason________ she didn’t get the job was________ her English was not very good.
A．which; that B．why; that
C．why; because D．that; because
34．Is this the reason ________ at the meeting for the carelessness in the work?
A．he explained B．what he explained
C．how he explained D．why he explained
35．There are altogether fifty-four students in our class, is a newcomer from a faraway mountain village.
A．the most diligent of who
B．but the most diligent of whom
C．the most diligent of them
D．of whom the most diligent
36．I have many friends, some are businessmen.
A．of them B．from which
C．of whom D．who of
37．The ant runs its own body every second, ________ it is quicker than an Olympic 100-meter runner.
A．as 108 times as long; meaning B．108 times longer than; which meaning
C．108 times the length of; which means D．108 times how long; meaning
38．I hope to set up our company in will be a promising land, a place is full of opportunities.
A．where, where B．where, that C．what, where D．what, that
39．The Temple of Heaven is a complex of buildings________emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties in China worshiped heaven.
A．what B．where C．which D．when
40．They lived in a beautiful house, _________the windows were decorated with paper cuttings.
A．of which B．on which C．with which D．by which
41．In the middle of this particular scene, I spot a small girl ______ ankle is twice its normal size.
A．which B．that C．whose D．who
42．Most women identified at least one trusted friends __________ they could turn in a trouble moment.
A．off which B．on which C．to whom D．up whom
43．I’ll share a story with you this class, one ________ music can touch one’s soul and change one’s life.
A．that B．which C．when D．where
44．There are some characters in Jane Austen’s books in________ lives a slight fall of snow is an event.
A．her B．whom C．whose D．their
45．Have you ever dreamed of singing in front of an audience of thousands at a concert, _______ everyone is clapping and appreciating your music?
A．who B．that C．which D．where
46．There are occasions ________ backpackers are so tired that they fall asleep almost anywhere.
A．when B．where C．which D．that
47．Generally speaking, the generation gap is actually a technology gap, ________ children update themselves on the latest technology while parents drop behind.
A．where B．when C．which D．that
48．When I was young, my parents gave me an upbringing prepared me for the life challenges most of us have to face later in life.
A．that B．what C．where D．whose
49．William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes ________ we can learn without repeating them.
A．of whom B．about which C．from which D．by whom
50．I will never forget the scene________you saw me off in tears at the station.
A．which B．why C．what D．where
参考答案：
1．A
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我的父亲，正如经常做的一样，和我一起去杂货店，教我如何通过嗅觉和触觉挑选农产品。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导的是非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语，关系词指代主句内容，空格处意为“正如”，用关系代词as引导非限制性定语从句，故选A。
2．B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：宋朝是中国历史上一个激动人心的时期，在其鼎盛时期，全国人口翻了一番。空格处引导的是定语从句，Song Dynasty和power之间是所属关系，因此用表所属的whose引导定语从句，故选B。
3．D
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：——你和斯诺教授在哪里讨论的？——在我们昨天上生物课的教室里。分析可知，空格处引导的是限制性定语从句，从句中不缺主语或宾语，先行词classroom是地方，因此空格处用关系副词where，故选D。
4．D
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：GPNP旨在为生活在大熊猫范围内的所有物种提供更有力的保护，并显著改善该地区生态系统的健康状况。分析句子结构，空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词species，关系词在从句中作主语，先行词指物，且先行词前有all修饰，只能用关系代词that引导从句。故选D。
5．B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：研究表明，体重对健康构成严重威胁的人数比以往任何时候都多。分析句子可知，此处为限定性定语从句。先行词是people，关系词在定语从句中作定语，故用whose引导。故选B。
6．C
【详解】考查非限制性定语从句关系词，主谓一致。句意：人们不舒服地坐在塑料椅子上翻阅着旧杂志，这些杂志以前已经被读过几百次了。A. all of them 它们全都； B. each of which它们中每一个； C.all of which 它们全部都； D. each of them它们中每一个。该空需要使用关系代词which代替先行词magazines引导非限制性定语从句；根据空后have可知，主语应为复数意义，应使用all。故选C项。
7．C
【详解】考查非限定性定语从句。句意：关于精彩的表演，年度运动会是一个绝佳的平台，预计你会在这里通过啦啦队为运动员加油。分析句意可知，此处需要使用连接词引导非限定性定语从句，因先行词platform“平台”为抽象地点，在从句中作地点状语，故使用关系副词where引导合适。故选C项。
8．B
【详解】考查从句。句意：众所周知，当你体验中国灿烂的文化时，书法的美在于内心的平静。分析句意可知，第一空使用连词as引导非限定性定语从句，构成的as we all know意为“周所周知”；第二空使用连词when引导时间状语从句。故选B项。
9．B
【详解】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：众所周知，她以优美的歌曲而闻名。分析句子可知，空格处为一个非限制性定语从句缺少关系词表示“正如”，应使用as为关系代词，指代主句整个内容符合句意。若用it，则为：It is known to everybody that she is...句型中It是形式主语。故选B项。
10．B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：杰克逊出席了格莱美颁奖典礼，这是音乐艺术家因其艺术或技术成就而获奖的地方。先行词为the Grammy Awards，在非限制性定语从句中作地点状语，用关系副词where引导从句。故填where。
11．B
【详解】考查“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句。句意：人类的面部表情与动物的不同之处在于它们可以在多大程度上被有意控制。表达“到达某种程度”应用to...degree，先行词是degree，作介词to的宾语，应用which。故选B。
12．A
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：在大学的第一年，学生们将面临许多挑战，其中最重要的挑战之一是迅速适应新环境。先行词为many challenges，定语从句为getting used to a new environment quickly comes to be the most important one of，先行词表示物作宾语，用which，of提前。故选A项。
13．B
【详解】考查非限定性定语从句。句意：他很自信，在我看来，这是在社会上最重要的。此处为非限定性定语从句，关系词指代前面的内容，在从句中作主语，用关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句，故选B项。
14．B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：最近他们在研制一种新药，其效果引起了我们的高度关注。此处为介词+关系代词结构非限制性定语从句修饰先行词 a new kind of drug，结合短语be concerned about可知应用介词about，从句缺少定语。故选B。
15．A
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我们已经进入了一个梦想最有可能实现的时代。此处为定语从句修饰先行词an age（一个时代），并在从句中作时间状语，应用when引导。故选A。
16．C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：你有没有遇到过这样的情况，有人指责你的记者说错了方向？空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词是case，关系词代替它在从句中作抽象的地点状语，应用关系副词where引导。故选C。
17．B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：2001年4月29日，威廉王子和凯特·米德尔顿走进婚礼大厅。空处引导定语从句，先行词是April 29, 2001，代替它在从句中作时间状语，应用关系副词when。故选B。
18．D
【详解】考查定语从句的连接词。句意：几年后但我回到家乡，我看到了一个美丽的公园，公园已经是一个湿地了。根据句子分析可知，此处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为a beautiful park，指物，从句中缺少主语，故应用which引导，故选D。
19．C
【详解】考查“介词+which”引导的非限制性定语从句。句意：我给她写了好几封信，她到现在还没有回信，所以我有点难过。分析句子可知，此处为“介词+which”引导的非限制性定语从句，其中replied to letters是固定短语，意为“回信”，故将介词to放在which前，先行词letters在从句作replied to的宾语。故选C项。
20．C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：去年冬天，英国部分地区遭受了暴风雪的袭击，希思罗机场的大多数乘客都受到了暴风雪的影响，尤其是那些有孩子的乘客。此处是非限定性定语从句，先行词是snowstorms，关系词替代先行词在从句中作effects的定语，应用关系代词whose引导。故选C。
21．A
【详解】考查定语从句和固定搭配。句意：人们赋予积极的意义好广告可以促进产品的销售。分析句子可知，空处是“介词+关系词”引导的非限制性定语从句，attach ...to...附上，添加，固定搭配，故此处介词用to，先行词是Good advertising，关系词在从句中作介词宾语，应用关系代词which，故选A。
22．A
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：与世界各地新经济活动领域的情况一样，共享经济的发展速度快于现有法规。分析句子可知，设空处在句中引导一个从句，此处从句修饰整个主句内容，这是一个非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语，此处整个从句位于主句前，应用as引导。as和which均可引导非限制性定语从句，修饰整个主句，区别在于as引导的从句可位于主句前，也可位于主句后；而which引导的从句一般位于主句后；且as引导非限制性定语从句时，有“正如”之意，而which没有。故选A项。
23．D
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：从他脸上露出自信的微笑来看，我们知道他并没有灰心。空处引导定语从句，his face是先行词，在定语从句中作地点状语，带入从句中为there was a confident smile on his face，因此需用on which引导定语从句。故选D。
24．D
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这些梯田是当地壮族和瑶族人建造的，广西是他们的家乡。分析句子结构可知，空处引导的是非限制性定语从句，从句部分结构完整，应该用关系副词引导，结合选项可知使用“介词+关系代词”形式，分析知关系词指代先行词people并在从句中作介词to的宾语，从句中home to为固定搭配意为“是……的故乡”，故填to whom。故选D项。
25．C
【详解】考查介词和定语从句。句意：这本书讨论了过去50年家庭生活的变化程度。extent通常和介词to搭配，to the extent...“到……的程度/地步”，代替先行词extent作介词to的宾语，应用关系代词which引导从句。故选C。
26．C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：污染的空气对我们危害很大，长期暴露在这样的空气中会影响我们在两个方面的能力：语言和数学。分析可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是Polluted air，关系词代替它作介词to的宾语，故应用关系代词which引导从句。故选C。
27．B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：自动驾驶是一个中国和世界其它国家都在同一起跑线的领域。此处是限定性定语从句，先行词为area，关系词在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where，相当于in which。故选B。
28．C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：计算机图形技术现在已经达到了这样一个地步，特殊效果可以用来做任何事情。分析句子可知，句子为非限制性定语从句，先行词为“point”，在从句中作地点状语，故应用关系副词“where”引导从句。故选C项。
29．C
【详解】考查定语从句和形容词。句意：众所周知，中国将在20年或30年左右成为一个先进和强大的国家。分析句式结构可知，此处是关系代词as引导的非限制性定语从句，指代后面全句内容，as在从句中充当主语；再根据下文的country可知，“先进的”国家，用形容词advanced修饰。故选C项。
30．D
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：在某些情况下，这条规则不适用。此处是限定性定语从句，先行词是case，关系词在从句中作地点，应用where引导。故选D项。
31．A
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这是一个知道事实实际上会比不知道事实更糟的事例吗？分析句子结构可知，此处case为先行词，后引导定语从句，从句中不缺少主、宾、表和定语，故空处需要填关系副词；当case为先行词时，表示抽象地点，需要用where引导定语从句。故选A项。
32．C
【详解】考查固定短语和定语从句。句意：我多么后悔没有在学校努力学习，这导致了我的职业生涯的失败！分析句子可知，空格一处涉及固定短语“regret not having done sth.”，意为“后悔没做过某事”，故空格一处应填“not having studied”，句子为非限制性定语从句，先行词为“没有在学校努力学习”这件事，在从句中作主语，故空格二处应用“which”引导从句。故选C项。
33．B
【详解】考查定语从句和表语从句。句意：她没有得到那份工作的原因是她的英语不太好。第一空为定语从句，先行词为The reason，在定语从句中作原因状语，所以用关系副词why引导；第二空为表语从句，从句不缺少成分且句意完整，所以用连接代词that。该句也为The reason why...is/was that...句型，表示“……的原因是……”。故选B。
34．A
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：这就是他在会上解释他工作粗心的原因吗？分析句子可知，本句为定语从句，先行词为the reason，指物，关系词在从句中作宾语，可以用which和that引导该从句，关系词也可以省略。故选A项。
35．D
【详解】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：我们班一共有五十四名学生，其中最勤奋的是一位来自遥远山村的新学生。句子结构以及句意分析可知，设空处可以填“of whom the most diligent/the most diligent of whom”构成非限制性定语从句，whom在从句中作介词of的宾语，指代先行词“fifty-four students”；选项A中应把who改成whom，定语从句中关系代词指人，位于介词后用whom，不能用who；B项应去掉并列连词but，或者把whom改为them构成由but连接的并列句；C项应在the前加连词but，构成并列句，或者把them改为whom构成非限制性定语从句。故选D。
36．C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我有许多朋友，其中有一些是商人。根据句意及所给句子可知，逗号后为非限制性定语从句，先行词为friends，介词of+whom (宾格)引导从句，表示“其中”，whom指代人。故选C项。
37．C
【详解】考查倍数的表达法和定语从句。句意：蚂蚁每秒钟跑自己身体长度的108倍的距离，这意味着它比一名奥运会100米运动员的速度还快。根据倍数的表达方式“数字+times+the length/size/depth/height/ect.+of+比较对象”可知，空格1应填108 times the length of；空格2处为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词The ant runs 108 times the length of its own body every second，空格2在从句中作主语和谓语，由于主语指代前面的整个句子，只能用关系代词which引导，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。故选C项。
38．D
【详解】考查宾语从句和定语从句。句意：我希望把公司创办在一个充满希望的地方，一个充满机会的地方。分析句子可知，该句第一空为介词in后接连接代词what引导的的宾语从句，what在从句中作主语成分；该句第二空为关系代词that引导的定语从句，先行词a place，关系代词在从句中作主语成分。故选D项。
39．B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：天坛是中国明清两代皇帝朝拜天坛的建筑群。定语从句修饰先行词buildings，在从句作地点状语，故用where。故选B。
40．A
【详解】考查定语从句关系词。句意：他们住在一所漂亮的房子里，房子的窗户都装饰着剪纸。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是house，从句中缺少定语，应是the windows of house，所以应该用of which引导。故选A项。
41．C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：在这个特别的场景中间，我发现了一个小女孩，她的脚踝是正常尺寸的两倍。此处引导限制性定语从句，先行词为girl，关系代词whose引导从句，在从句中作定语，限定名词ankle，意为“她的”。故选C项。
42．C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：多数女子会认定至少一个在处境困难时求助的可信赖的朋友。分析句子可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词friends，turn to sb.“求助某人”，故先行词从句中作介词to的宾语，指人，用关系代词whom，故选C。
43．D
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我将与你分享一个故事，一个有一首曲子可以触及你的灵魂，改变你的生活的故事。分析句子可知，空处引导定语从句，one指代上文提到的story，从句中作抽象地点状语， 用关系副词where引导定语从句，故选D。
44．C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：在简·奥斯汀的书中，有一些人物的生活中，一场小雪是一件大事。空处引导定语从句，先行词是character，代替先行词作lives的定语，应用关系代词whose。故选C项。
45．D
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：你有没有梦想过在一场音乐会上，每个人都在鼓掌和欣赏你的音乐，你在成千上万的观众面前唱歌？分析句子结构，空处引导一个非限制性定语从句，先行词为a concert，且从句中缺少地点状语，应用关系副词where引导。故选D。
46．A
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：有时背包客会累得有个地方就能睡着。分析句子可知，这里考查There are occasions when...表“有时……”，为固定句型，其中when后面引导定语从句（关系词指代先行词occasions并在从句中作时间状语 ）。故选A项。
47．A
【详解】考查定语从句关系词。句意：一般来说，代沟实际上是一种技术差距，孩子们在最新技术上更新自己，而父母却落后了。该空引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是a technology gap，关系词在从句中作地点状语，用关系副词where。故选A项。
48．A
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：当我还小的时候，我的父母给了我一个教育，让我为我们大多数人在以后的生活中面临的生活挑战做好了准备。分析句子结构可知，句中先行词为upbringing ，在定语从句中作主语，所以用关系代词that引导。故选A。
49．C
【详解】考查介词+关系代词引导的定语从句。句意：威廉·海斯蒂曾提出，历史告诉我们过去的错误，我们可以从中吸取教训，而不必重蹈覆辙。分析句子可知，空处及之后的句子为定语从句，先行词为mistakes，句子表示“我们可以从错误中吸取教训，而不是重蹈覆辙”，所以空处用“from which”，故选C。
50．D
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我永远不会忘记你在车站眼泪汪汪地为我送行的那一幕。根据句子分析可知，此处引导定语从句，先行词为the scene，在从句中作地点状语，故应用where引导，故选D。
课后巩固提高
二、完形填空
The number of the best
How big should a business team be? It is an enormously important issue for companies. Teams that are too small may 51 the skills required to get the job done; teams that are too big may be impossible to co-ordinate.
Similar trade-offs may apply when it comes to firms as a whole. Start-ups are often short of staff. The founders must play a host of different 52 , from obtaining finance to product development and marketing, for which they may not be equally suited. But the 53 is that they can have highly collaborative working environments.
People who have worked for start-ups say the culture changes when the company reaches a certain 54 . Patty McCord, formerly of Netflix, referred to the “stand-on-a-chair number”—the biggest group that can easily hear the boss 55 them.
Robin Dunbar, an anthropologist (人类学家) at Oxford University, has done a lot of work on primate groups. His argument is that the size of the group is linked to the size of the brain. With their large brains, humans can cope with larger bands. A larger social group has many advantages, 56 greater protection and specialisation.
Whereas 150 is sometimes referred to as the “Dunbar number”, the academic himself in fact refers to a range of 57 . He observes that humans tend to have five intimate friends, 15 or so good friends, around 50 social friends and 150-odd acquaintances.
Running a larger network can be difficult. So much time is needed to maintain relationships that their quality inevitably 58 . The armed forces have spent millennia experimenting with unit size. A Roman centurion (百人队长) oversaw 100. The modern American army company has 180 members. Britain’s equivalent numbers 120.
These are rough estimates, rather than rigid figures. But it is striking that many group activities seem to be 59 a Dunbar number. The Special Air Service, Britain’s elite fighting unit, has four-man patrols; when your life depends on it, you need to have absolute 60 in your colleagues. As a result, such groups are limited in size.
Sports-team sizes 61 the playing area. There are five players in a basketball side and six in ice hockey; outdoors there are 11 players in football and cricket teams, and 7-15 in the various forms of rugby. Perhaps this is the optimal size for coaching purposes, or perhaps crowds would 62 to distinguish individual players if teams were larger.
Small work teams may also tend towards these two size ranges. “If you want a committee to 63 something, limit it to four to five people,” says Mr Dunbar. “But to brainstorm in a meeting, you need 12-15.” Many companies use “agile” teams which draw employees from across the company; they tend to have between five and nine members.
The modern company may settle on a 64 with a small group of “core” workers and a larger group of contract workers. The result may be more 65 within the core staff but the non-core staff may be less well treated. The small core teams may work effectively. The big question will be the effect on morale of those outside those teams.
51．A．demand B．lack C．cultivate D．sharpen
52．A．roles B．games C．cards D．missions
53．A．truth B．point C．upside D．goal
54．A．height B．level C．size D．degree
55．A．phone B．contact C．criticize D．address
56．A．calling for B．allowing for C．hoping for D．paying for
57．A．records B．networks C．circles D．figures
58．A．suffers B．thrives C．denied D．functions
59．A．similar with B．close to C．interested in D．equal to
60．A．trust B．will C．right D．advance
61．A．result in B．relate to C．arise from D．contribute to
62．A．rush B．compete C．struggle D．refuse
63．A．discuss B．decide C．judge D．facilitate
64．A．shape B．scale C．level D．construction
65．A．agreement B．innovation C．influence D．cohesion
Food-delivery firms are coming of age. Among teens and millennials, ordering food online is as 66 a habit as booking a room online. Just how 67 consumers are is clear from financial documents by DoorDash, America’s biggest food-delivery company. From January to September that year, it booked orders worth $16 billion, up by 198% year on year.
The majority of America’s 700,000 or so eateries now 68 by means of a delivery app. Modern life makes people rely more on convenience food, as more women work and everybody is 69 time. In doing so, it has also changed one of Silicon Valley’s most criticized business models.
Restaurants entered the digital world two decades ago when Takeaway.com in Europe and Grubhub in America put menus 70 . Restaurants delivered the food themselves and the middlemen were reliably profitable. 71 , the new “third-party logistics” firms like DoorDash and Uber Eats have to share the bills, which average around $30, three ways. Once drivers and restaurants take their 72 , not much is left.
Until recently none of these startup firms made 73 , even in emerging markets where labour costs are far lower. Lack of obvious economies of scale or barriers to entry meant several competitors were fighting over market share by offering diners 74 discounts — and bleeding red ink in the process. They also faced the prospect of a sharp 75 in labour costs, as California passed a law that required companies to treat app-based workers as full employees.
76 , the American firm’s numbers contained plenty to chew on. DoorDash is generating cash and is profitable on an adjusted basis. Its in-app ads business offers juicy margins. The company sees itself as the digital hub for the convenience economy, connecting merchants, customers and riders; the word “platform” arose 646 times in its filing. It has even started delivering groceries and convenience-store items and selling last-mile 77 to other companies. Looking ahead, high unemployment amid a continuing economic downturn should mean lots of cheap labour.
Other facts are 78 to swallow. DoorDash warns that growth will slow as more people are going back to work after the virus declined. The share prices of many listed digital firms that benefited from lockdowns and self-isolating consumers 79 on the news of an effective vaccine (疫苗). And despite their critics’ defeat in California, gig firms (招临工的公司) will continue to face accusations of 80 their workers. In this respect, DoorDash has already joined the club of listed tech platforms.
66．A．established B．cautious C．curious D．annoying
67．A．aim-oriented B．addicted C．excited D．well-informed
68．A．collect B．relay C．forecast D．distribute
69．A．friendly to B．experienced in C．short of D．responsible for
70．A．outside B．right C．online D．free
71．A．By contrast B．For instance C．To sum up D．In turn
72．A．edge B．role C．cut D．price
73．A．money B．calls C．complaints D．movement
74．A．trade B．generous C．mean D．cash
75．A．break B．division C．blow D．rise
76．A．Moreover B．Therefore C．However D．Consequently
77．A．advertising B．delivery C．insurance D．productivity
78．A．harder B．quicker C．easier D．slower
79．A．doubled B．last C．mounted D．fell
80．A．taking advantage of B．going along with C．looking out for D．putting up with
You have to make a speech. You have done your research and now have plenty of ideas bouncing around in your head that you want to get across. The big 81 you face at this point is how to organize those thoughts. Or perhaps you are planning to write a paper, and all you have is the main topic. You need to brainstorm some supporting ideas and then 82 how those ideas fit together.
These are just two cases that many people deal with 83 . Some use outlining to flesh out and 84 their ideas, but is that the best strategy? If everyone thought in a linear (线性的) manner, then the answer would be yes, but most people don’t.
Enter mind mapping, a 85 that shows how different ideas and facts relate to one another. This two-dimensional (二维的) 86 is designed to help you remember information because its format is easy for your mind to 87 . Mind maps have proven to increase not only productivity and 88 but also memory. More than 250 million people worldwide use them, so why don’t you have a try and see what they are all about?
What is a mind map? Simply put, it is one’s ideas put into the form of a 89 diagram that starts with a central idea. Put this idea in a bubble (气泡) in the middle of a page with lines radiating out to other bubbles that contain related themes or concepts. It should look like a many-legged spider. Use words, short phrases or 90 to express your ideas. These associations often lead to other ideas that can be added at the same level or in smaller branches where 91 . Use color-coded bubbles for a visual representation of each branch’s 92 . You are now mapping your thoughts and ideas in the way your brain thinks.
Studies have shown that this technique of using pictures, colors and visual arrangement has improved people’s recall and memory of information by 10 to 15 percent. But it doesn’t stop there. Creativity is aroused because of the spatial arrangement, 93 people to make more links and associations on topics of any kind. 94 , it increases one’s productivity because mind mapping makes it easier to learn faster while communicating more effectively.
So whether you’re 95 a project or writing a research paper, make this technique a core part of your planning process!
81．A．purpose B．change C．question D．project
82．A．turn out B．take out C．give out D．figure out
83．A．consequently B．frequently C．entirely D．barely
84．A．organize B．express C．share D．spread
85．A．process B．foundation C．technique D．result
86．A．route B．structure C．objective D．direction
87．A．remember B．confirm C．draw D．design
88．A．confidence B．capacity C．efficiency D．creativity
89．A．vivid B．special C．visual D．normal
90．A．images B．sentences C．passages D．languages
91．A．obvious B．appropriate C．meaningful D．empty
92．A．function B．extension C．connection D．determination
93．A．encouraging B．enabling C．reminding D．informing
94．A．Additionally B．Sincerely C．Briefly D．Generally
95．A．in love with B．in terms of C．in favour of D．in charge of
参考答案：
51．B 52．A 53．C 54．C 55．D 56．B 57．D 58．A 59．B 60．A 61．B 62．C 63．B 64．D 65．D
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要论述的是一个团队和组织的最佳规模数字是多少。
51．考查动词词义辨析。句意：团队太小可能缺乏完成工作所需的技能；团队太大则可能难以协调。A. demand要求；B. lack缺少；C. cultivate培养；D. sharpen变锋利。根据下文中的“ teams that are too big may be impossible to co-ordinate.”以及常识可知，此处为团队小造成的结果是“缺少”工作需要的技能。故选B项。
52．考查名词词义辨析。句意：创始人必须扮演许多不同的角色，从融资到产品开发和营销，他们可能并不同样适合这些角色。A. roles角色，作用；B. games比赛；C. cards卡片；D. missions任务。根据下文中的“from obtaining finance to product development and marketing”可知，此处指的是创始人所承担的“角色”很多。故选A项。
53．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但好处是他们可以拥有高度协作的工作环境。A. truth真相，事实；B. point点；C. upside优势，好的一面；D. goal目标。根据下文中的表语从句“that they can have highly collaborative working environments.”可知，此处指的是员工少的“好处，优势”。故选C项。
54．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在初创公司工作过的人说，当公司达到一定规模时，文化就会发生变化。A. height高度；B. level水平；C. size尺寸；D. degree程度。根据上文中的“People who have worked for start-ups say the culture changes”以及本文的主题可知，此处指的是公司达到一定“规模”后，文化会随着变化。故选C项。
55．考查动词词义辨析。句意：前网飞公司的Patty McCord提到了“站在椅子上的人数”——能轻易听到老板对他们讲话的最大群体。A. phone给……打电话B. contact联系；C. criticize批评；D. address向……讲话，演讲。根据上文中的“the biggest group that can easily hear the boss”可知，能听到的应该指的是老板“向他们讲话”。故选D项。
56．考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：一个更大的社会群体有很多优势，可以得到更大的保护和专业化。A. calling for要求；B. allowing for 考虑到；C. hoping for希望；D. paying for赔偿，为……付钱。根据上文中的“A larger social group has many advantages”可知，此处解释这些优势所指的内容，所以此处为“考虑到”符合语境。故选B项。
57．考查名词词义辨析。句意：尽管150有时被称为“邓巴数字”，但实际上，这位学者自己指的是一系列数字。A. records记录；B. networks网络；C. circles圆形；D. figures数字。根据下文中“He observes that humans tend to have five intimate friends, 15 or so good friends, around 50 social friends and 150-odd acquaintances.”所涉及到的数字可知，此处指的是一些列的“数字”。故选D项。
58．考查动词词义辨析。句意：维持关系需要太多的时间，以至于关系的质量不可避免地受到影响。A. suffers遭受；B. thrives兴旺；C. denied否决；D. functions运转。根据上文中的“So much time is needed to maintain relationships”可知，把时间都用到维系关系方面，势必质量会“受损”。故选A项。
59．考查形容词短语词义辨析。句意：但令人惊讶的是，许多团体活动似乎接近邓巴数字。A. similar with与……相似；B. close to接近……；C. interested in对……感兴趣；D. equal to等同于。根据下文中的“The Special Air Service, Britain’s elite fighting unit, has four-man patrols”可知，此处指的是团队的人数“很接近”邓巴数字。故选B项。
60．考查名词词义辨析。句意：英国精锐战斗部队特种空勤团(Special Air Service)有四人巡逻；当成员的生命取决于它时，你需要对你的同事有绝对的信任。A. trust信任；B. will意愿；C. right权利；D. advance前进。根据上文中的“when your life depends on it”可知，当成员的生命取决于团队时，需要的就是成员间的“信任”。故选A项。
61．考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：运动队的规模与比赛场地有关。A. result in导致；B. relate to涉及，有关；C. arise from由……引起；D. contribute to有助于。根据下文中的“here are five players in a basketball side and six in ice hockey; outdoors there are 11 players in football and cricket teams, and 7-15 in the various forms of rugby.”可知，运动的规模“与场地有关”。故选B项。
62．考查动词词义辨析。句意：也许对于教练来说，这是最理想的规模，或者如果球队规模更大，观众就很难区分单个球员。A. rush冲，催促；B. compete竞争；C. struggle挣扎，努力；D. refuse拒绝。根据下文中的“to distinguish individual players if teams were larger.”可知，团队太大，观众就很难分辨球员，所以此处应为struggle意为“很难进行”符合语境。故选C项。
63．考查动词词义辨析。句意：邓巴先生说:“如果你想让一个委员会来决定某件事，那就限制在4到5人之内。”A. discuss讨论；B. decide决定；C. judge判断；D. facilitate促进。根据下文中的“But to brainstorm in a meeting, you need 12-15.”可知，让大家讨论的话，就多一点人参与，与此处的限制4到5人对应，结合语境可知，此处指的是“做决定”时，人数要少一些。故选B项。
64．考查名词词义辨析。句意：现代公司的组建可能会采取这样一种模型，即一小部分“核心”员工加上大部分的合同工。A. shape形状；B. scale规模；C. level水平；D. construction构建，结构。根据下文中的“with a small group of “core” workers and a larger group of contract workers.”可知，此处指的是现代公司的“构成模式”。故选D项。
65．考查名词词义辨析。句意：其结果可能是核心员工更有凝聚力，但非核心员工可能得不到良好的待遇。A. agreement同意，协议；B. innovation改革；C. influence影响；D. cohesion凝聚力。根据下文“but the non-core staff may be less well treated”中的but可知，此处指的是这种组成模式的优点，所以“凝聚力”符合语境。故选D项。
66．A 67．B 68．D 69．C 70．C 71．A 72．C 73．A 74．B 75．D 76．C 77．B 78．A 79．D 80．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了网上订餐的兴起和外卖公司面临的机遇和挑战。
66．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在青少年和千禧一代中，在网上订餐已经成为一种已确立的习惯，就像在网上预订房间一样。A. established已确立的，确定的；B. cautious小心的，谨慎的；C. curious好奇的；D. annoying令人恼火的。根据句中“as...a habit as booking a room online”可知，网上订餐与网上预订房间一样，已经是一种确定的习惯。故选A项。
67．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：从美国最大的外卖公司DoorDash的财务文件中，我们可以清楚地看到消费者对食物的着迷程度。A. aim-oriented目标导向的；B. addicted上瘾的，着迷的；C. excited激动的；D. well-informed消息灵通的；见多识广的。根据下文“From January to September that year, it booked orders worth $16 billion, up by 198% year on year.”可知，外卖公司的订单同比增长198%，说明消费者对食物非常着迷。故选B项。
68．考查动词词义辨析。句意：美国大约70万家餐馆中的大多数现在都通过配送应用程序进行配送。A. collect收集；B. relay传递；C. forecast预测；D. distribute分发。根据句中“by means of a delivery app”可知，通过应用程序进行配送。故选D项。
69．考查形容词短语辨析。句意：现代生活使人们更加依赖于方便食品，因为越来越多的女性工作，每个人都缺乏时间。A. friendly to对……友好；B. experienced in在……方面有经验；C. short of缺乏；D. responsible for为……负责。根据句中“more women work”可推知，越来越多传统上负责准备食物的女性走向职场，所以大家时间都变得忙起来，都缺时间。故选C项。
70．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：20年前，当欧洲的Takeaway. com和美国的Grubhub将菜单放在网上时，餐馆进入了数字世界。A. outside外边的；B. right正确的；C. online在线的，网上的；D. free免费的。根据句中“Restaurants entered the digital world”可推知，Takeaway. com和Grubhub将菜单放到网上。故选C项。
71．考查介词短语辨析。句意：相比之下，新的“第三方物流”公司，如DoorDash和Uber Eats，必须分担平均约30美元的账单，分三份。A. By contrast相比之下；B. For instance例如；C. To sum up总之；D. In turn反过来。上文讲传统的餐馆自己配送食物，与下文中新的第三方配送公司相比较，上下文有对比关系。故选A项。
72．考查名词词义辨析。句意：一旦司机和餐馆拿走了他们的份额，就所剩无几了。A. edge边，边缘；B. role角色，作用；C. cut份额；D. price价格。根据上文“to share the bills, which average around $30, three ways”可知，收益要分成三份，司机、餐馆和第三方配送公司用各自的份额。故选C项。
73．考查名词词义辨析。句意：直到最近，这些初创公司都没有赚钱，即使是在劳动力成本低得多的新兴市场。A. money钱；B. calls电话；C. complaints抱怨；D. movement移动。根据上文“Once drivers and restaurants take their 7 , not much is left.”可知，司机和餐馆拿走自己的份额后，剩下的就不多了，所以这些初创公司没有赚钱。故选A项。
74．考查名词和形容词词义辨析。句意：由于缺乏明显的规模经济效益或进入壁垒，几家竞争对手通过向食客提供慷慨的折扣来争夺市场份额，并在此过程中造成亏损。A. trade贸易；B. generous慷慨的，大方的；C. mean吝啬的，小气的；D. cash现款。根据句中“fighting over market share”可推知，为了争夺市场份额，这些公司会给食客提供慷慨的折扣。故选B项。
75．考查动词词义辨析。句意：它们还面临劳动力成本大幅增加的前景，因为加州通过了一项法律，要求公司将使用应用程序的员工视为正式员工。A. break打破；B. division分开；C. blow刮，吹；D. rise增加。根据句中“California passed a law that required companies to treat app-based workers as full employees”可推知，加州通过法律要求公司将使用应用程序的员工视为正式员工，所以公司成本会增加。故选D项。
76．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，这家美国公司的数据中有很多值得考虑的地方。A. Moreover 此外，而且；B. Therefore因此，所以；C. However然而，可是；D. Consequently因此，结果。上文提到这些初创公司都没有赚钱，而且公司成本将面临增加的可能，下文“the American firm’s numbers contained plenty to chew on. DoorDash is generating cash and is profitable on an adjusted basis.”却说美国公司DoorDash在调整后实现盈利，上下文有转折关系。故选C项。
77．考查名词词义辨析。句意：它甚至开始向其他公司运送食品杂货和便利店商品，并向其他公司提供“最后一英里送货服务”。A. advertising广告活动；B. delivery递送，投递；C. insurance保险；D. productivity生产率，生产力。根据句中“It has even started delivering groceries and convenience-store items”可推知，公司提供的是送货服务。故选B项。
78．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：其他事实则难以接受。A. harder更难的；B. quicker更快；C. easier更简单；D. slower较慢的。根据下文“DoorDash warns that growth will slow as more people are going back to work after the virus declined.”描述了公司可能面临的困难，所以难以接受。故选A项。
79．考查动词词义辨析。句意：许多受益于封锁和消费者自我隔离的上市数字公司的股价在有效疫苗的消息发布后下跌。A. doubled加倍；B. last持续，持久；C. mounted爬上；D. fell降落，落下。根据句中“digital firms that benefited from lockdowns and self-isolating consumers”可知，这些公司受益于与疫情相关的封锁和消费者自我隔离，所以“有效疫苗的消息”发布后，这些公司股票会下跌。故选D项。
80．考查动词短语辨析。句意：尽管批评人士在加州失败了，招临工的公司将继续面临利用员工的指控。A. taking advantage of利用；B. going along with陪……一起去；C. looking out for留心，提防；D. putting up with忍受，容忍。根据句中“critics”和“accusations”可知，招临工的公司遭到批评和指控，是因为它们利用员工。故选A项。
81．C 82．D 83．B 84．A 85．C 86．B 87．A 88．D 89．C 90．A 91．B 92．C 93．B 94．A 95．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了思维导图以及思维导图在发表演讲、写研究论文或负责项目中的使用。
81．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这时，你面临的最大问题是如何组织这些想法。A. purpose目的；B. change改变；C. question问题；D. project项目。根据下文“how to organize those thoughts”可知，如何组织这些想法是你面临的最大问题。故选C。
82．考查动词短语辨析。句意：你需要集思广益，想出一些支持性的想法，然后弄清楚这些想法是如何结合在一起的。A. turn out结果是；B. take out取出；C. give out释放；发出；D. figure out弄清楚。根据上文“You need to brainstorm some supporting ideas and then”可知，你需要想出一些支持性的想法，然后弄清楚这些想法是如何结合在一起的。故选D。
83．考查副词词义辨析。句意：这只是许多人经常处理的两个案例。A. consequently结果；B. frequently频繁地；经常；C. entirely完全地；D. barely仅仅；勉强；几乎不。根据上文“just two cases”以及常识可知，这只是许多人经常处理的两个案例。故选B。
84．考查动词词义辨析。句意：有些人用大纲来充实和组织他们的想法，但这是最好的策略吗？A. organize组织；B. express表达；C. share分享；D. spread传播。根据上文“how those ideas fit together”可知，此处指用大纲来组织想法。故选A。
85．考查名词词义辨析。句意：进入思维导图，这是一种显示不同想法和事实如何相互关联的技术。A. process过程；B. foundation基础；C. technique技术；技巧；D. result结果。根据下文“that shows how different ideas and facts relate to one another”可知，此处指在给思维导图下定义，思维导图是一个技巧。故选C。
86．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这种二维结构旨在帮助你记住信息，因为它的格式很容易让你的大脑记住。A. route路线；B. structure结构；C. objective目的；D. direction方向。根据空前的“two-dimensional ”可知，思维导图是一个二维结构。故选B。
87．考查动词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. remember记住；B. confirm证实；C. draw画画；D. design设计。根据下文“help you remember information”可知，思维导图的格式很容易让你的大脑记住，remember是原词复现。故选A。
88．考查名词词义辨析。句意：思维导图不仅能提高生产力和创造力，还能提高记忆力。A. confidence自信心；B. capacity能力；C. efficiency效率；D. creativity创造力。根据下文“Creativity is aroused because of the spatial arrangement”以及常识可知，思维导图能提高生产力和创造力，还能提高记忆力。故选D。
89．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：简单地说，就是将一个人的想法以一个中心思想开始的视觉图表的形式表达出来。A. vivid生动的；B. special特殊的；C. visual视觉的；D. normal正常的。根据下文“Put this idea in a bubble (气泡) in the middle of a page with lines radiating out to other bubbles that contain related themes or concepts. (将这个想法放在页面中间的气泡中，线条向包含相关主题或概念的其他气泡辐射。)”可知，思维导图是以视觉图表的形式表达出来的。故选C。
90．考查名词词义辨析。句意：用单词、短语或图片来表达你的想法。A. images图像；形象；B. sentences句子；C. passages通道；章节；D. languages语言。根据下文“Studies have shown that this technique of using pictures, colors and visual arrangement has improved people’s recall and memory of information by 10 to 15 percent. (研究表明，这种使用图片、颜色和视觉排列的技术使人们对信息的回忆和记忆提高了10%至15%。)”以及常识可知，思维导图是用单词、短语或图片来表达你的想法。故选A。
91．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这些关联通常会导致其他想法，这些想法可以在同一级别或适当的较小分支中添加。A. obvious明显的；B. appropriate合适的；C. meaningful有意义的； D. empty空的。根据空前“in smaller branches”可知，这些想法可以在同一级别或适当的较小分支中添加。故选B。
92．考查名词词义辨析。句意：使用颜色编码的气泡可以直观地表示每个分支的联系。A. function功能；B. extension拓展；延申；C. connection联系；D. determination决心。根据下文“Creativity is aroused because of the spatial arrangement, 13 people to make more links and associations on topics of any kind.”可知，使用颜色编码的气泡可以直观地表示每个分支的联系。connection与是links and associations同义词复现。故选C。
93．考查动词词义辨析。句意：空间的安排激发了创造力，使人们能够在任何类型的主题上建立更多的联系和联想。A. encouraging鼓励；B. enabling使能够；C. reminding提醒；D. informing告知。根据上文“Creativity is aroused because of the spatial arrangement”可知，空间的安排激发了创造力，从而使人们能够在任何类型的主题上建立更多的联系和联想，此处是现在分词作结果状语。故选B。
94．考查副词词义辨析。句意：此外，它还提高了一个人的生产力，因为思维导图可以更容易地更快地学习，同时更有效地交流。A. Additionally此外；B. Sincerely真诚地；C. Briefly简要地；D. Generally通常。根据上文“Creativity is aroused because of the spatial arrangement”以及下文“it increases one’s productivity”可知，此处应用additionally表示递进关系。故选A。
95．考查介词短语辨析。句意：所以，无论你是负责一个项目还是写一篇研究论文，都要把这项技术作为你计划过程的核心部分！A. in love with爱上；B. in terms of就……而言；C. in favour of赞成；D. in charge of负责。根据上文“You have to make a speech. You have done your research.”可知，无论你是负责一个项目还是写一篇研究论文，都要把这项技术作为你计划过程的核心部分！故选D。
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