2024版高考英语一轮总复习第一部分模块知识复习必修第一册Unit4NaturalDisasters

Unit 4 Natural Disasters

Ⅰ.阅读理解

A

Climate change leads to a threat to the world’s sandy beaches, and as many as half of them could disappear by 2100, a new study has found. Even by 2050 some coastlines could be unrecognizable from what we see today, with 14% to 15% facing severe erosion(侵蚀).

Using updated sea level rise predictions, the researchers analyzed how beaches around the world would be in a future with higher seas and more damaging storms. They also considered natural processes like wave erosion, as well as human factors like coastal building developments, which can affect a beach’s health. The study found that sea level rise is expected to outweigh these other factors, and that the more heat-trapping gases humans put into the atmosphere, the worse the influences on the world’s beaches are likely to be.

It’s hard to overstate just how important the world’s beaches are.They cover more than one third of the world’s coastlines, and protect coastal areas from storms. Beaches are also important economic engines, supporting relaxation, tourism and other activities. And in some areas, the beach is more than a vacation destination. In places like Australia, life near the coast revolves around the beach for much of the year.

Some of the world’s most popular beaches are already taking action. Places like Miami Beach are trucking in thousands of tons of sand to patch up(修补) badly eroded shorelines, while others have built sea walls and breakwaters in an attempt to hold precious sand in place. But the financial and environmental costs of these projects are huge, and scientists say rough seas and more powerful storms, supercharged by a warmer climate, will make this a losing battle.

However, the researchers did find that humans have some control over what happens to the world’s beaches. If the world’s governments are able to stick to modest cuts in heat-trapping gas pollution, the researchers found that 17% of projected beach losses by 2050 could be prevented, and that number will grow to 40% by 2100 if greenhouse gases are limited.

1.Which is the biggest contributor to severe beach erosion?

A.Damaging storms. 　B.Wave erosion.

C.Coastal buildings. 　D.Sea level rise.

2.What can we infer from Paragraph 3?

A.It is hard to protect coastal beaches.

B.One third of storms take place near beaches.

C.Beaches are of great significance to our lives.

D.Most Australians live on beach tourism.

3.What does the underlined word “this” refer to in Paragraph 4?

A.Popularizing the beaches.

B.Holding sand in place.

C.Reducing the project costs.

D.Stopping global warming.

　　【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新的研究发现：气候变化对世界上的沙滩造成了威胁，预计到2100年，多达一半的沙滩可能会消失。因此，世界上一些最受欢迎的海滩已经开始采取行动。

1.D　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The study found that sea level rise is expected to outweigh these other factors”可知，有很多因素会造成沙滩被侵蚀，其中海平面上升是导致沙滩被严重侵蚀的最大因素。

2.C　推理判断题。根据第三段中的“It’s hard to overstate just how important the world’s beaches are.”可知，再怎么强调世界海滩的重要性也不为过。再结合该段可知，海滩也是重要的经济引擎，支撑着休闲、旅游和其他活动。由此可以推断，第三段主要强调了沙滩对我们的生活非常重要。

3.B　代词指代题。根据第四段中的“Places like Miami Beach …sand in place.”可知，像迈阿密海滩这样的地方正在努力修补严重侵蚀的海岸线，而其他地方则建造了海堤和防波堤，试图把珍贵的沙子固定住。再根据本段最后一句可知，科学家说汹涌的海洋和更强大的风暴因更温暖的气候而增压，这将会使得固定沙子是一项失败的举措。因此可知，this指的是“holding sand in place”。

B

(2022·全国高考甲卷)Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old.Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage.In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it.The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from.Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut.

In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical(对称的) shapes.This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”.In the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone.Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests.This indicates that Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to two-year-old babies.

The next step according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues(线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.

4.How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment?

A.By following instructions.

B.By using a tool.

C.By turning the box around.

D.By removing the lid.

5.Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text?

A.Using a key to unlock a door.

B.Telling parrots from other birds.

C.Putting a ball into a round hole.

D.Grouping toys of different shapes.

6.What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos?

A.How far they are able to see.

B.How they track moving objects.

C.Whether they are smarter than monkeys.

D.Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.

7.Which can be a suitable title for the text?

A.Cockatoos:Quick Error Checkers

B.Cockatoos:Independent Learners

C.Cockatoos:Clever Signal-Readers

D.Cockatoos:Skilful Shape-Sorters

　　【语篇解读】 通过实验发现，澳大拉西亚地区戈芬氏凤头鹦鹉的形状识别能力相当于两岁的人类幼儿。

4.B　细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage(虽然人们不知道这些鸟在野外会使用工具，但事实证明，它们在关在笼子里时就能熟练地使用工具).”以及“…the birds were given five differently shaped ‘keys’ to choose from.Inserting the correct ‘keys’ would let out the nut(研究人员给了这些鸟5把形状各异的‘钥匙’供它们选择。插入正确的‘钥匙’会让坚果出来).”可知，在实验中，凤头鹦鹉是通过使用工具从盒子里取出坚果的。故选B项。

5.C　细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age(在人类身上，婴儿从一岁左右就可以把一个圆形的物品放进一个圆形的洞里)”结合选项，可知，一岁儿童最有可能完成“将一个球放进一个圆形的洞里”的任务。故选C项。

6.D　推理判断题。通过文章最后一段中的“The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues(线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections(根据研究人员的说法，下一步是尝试弄清楚凤头鹦鹉是完全依靠视觉线索，还是也使用触觉来选择它们的形状).”可推知，后续测试的目的是了解凤头鹦鹉在测试中是否使用触觉。故选D项。

7.D　标题推测题。通读全文，再结合文章第一段中的“Coffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old(戈芬氏凤头鹦鹉是一种原产于澳大拉西亚的小鹦鹉，它的形状识别能力与两岁的人类相似).”可推知，本文主要介绍了会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。D项“Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters(凤头鹦鹉：识别形状的熟练工)”符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。故选D项。

C

“Like a monster, it destroys everything.” That’s how one schoolgirl described a tsunami(海啸).

On Dec. 26, 2004, a magnitude 9.1 earthquake in Indonesia set off a massive tsunami.It killed more than 290,000 people across a dozen countries and cost an estimated $10 billion in damage.

Nov. 5 is World Tsunami Awareness Day and at the United Nations, disaster risk reduction was high on the agenda.

“What I can tell you is that the tsunami wave cannot be stopped,” said Bulgarians U.N.Ambassador Georgi Velikov Panayotov.He was on vacation in Thailand in 2004 and survived the tsunami.“What we can do is to build early warning systems and, of course, educate the population about the damaging power of the tsunami wave,” he said.

On March 11, 2011, a magnitude 9 earthquake rocked northeastern Japan triggering a fierce tsunami that also damaged the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant, south of Sendai.

“When the big earthquake hit Japan in 2011, people thought that we were prepared for it,” said Japan’s U.N. Ambassador Koro Bessho.“It caused severe damage. We had dams;we had drills.However, we had been counting on something that hits every 100 years and the earthquake was of the size of possibly every 500 years or thousand years,” he said.

These two events sent the countries of the region into overdrive to review and improve disaster preparedness. In 2015 the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction was born. It aims to help create a better understanding of disaster risk and improve preparedness for an effective response.

Indonesia is made up of thousands of islands which are disaster prone(灾害频发区). Willem Rampangilei, head of Indonesia National Board for Disaster Management, said his government now has plans for every disaster prone city.

Countries at risk are also expanding their education programs. Children from an early age are taught how to react in case of a tsunami and then go with their classmates to higher ground away from coastal areas to avoid the walls of water the tsunami triggers.

8.What does Georgi Velikov Panayotov mainly talk about?

A.The general features of a tsunami.

B.Ways for humans to face a tsunami.

C.His suffering in the 2004 tsunami.

D.The loss caused by the 2004 tsunami.

9.In Koro Bessho’s opinion, why did the 2011 earthquake cause severe damage?

A.It caused a fierce tsunami.

B.It destroyed a nuclear plant.

C.The size was beyond expectation.

D.There was no effective defense system.

10.What common belief pushed different countries to take action to face a coming tsunami?

A.Children should be protected by all means.

B.The improvement of preparedness can reduce damage.

C.Proper response in case of a tsunami can save one’s life.

D.Stronger measures should be taken in disaster prone areas.

11.Which can be the best title of the text?

A.World Tsunami Awareness Day

B.Nations Attacked by a Massive Tsunami

C.The Unpredictable and Destructive Disaster

D.Learn from Disasters to Prevent Future Ones

　　【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了两次海啸带来的灾难及人们面对海啸应该做什么，并说明一些国家已在改进灾害防范准备工作以减少损失。

8.B　细节理解题。根据第四段可知，他主要谈论的是人类面对海啸的方式。

9.C　细节理解题。结合第六段可知，Koro Bessho认为地震规模超出了预期，造成了严重破坏。

10.B　细节理解题。结合第七段可知，这些地区的国家都认为改进防灾准备工作可以减少损害。

11.D　标题归纳题。文章主要介绍了两次海啸带来的灾难及人们面对海啸应该做什么，并说明一些国家已在改进防灾准备工作以减少损失。故D项“从灾难中学习以预防未来的灾难”正确。

Ⅱ.七选五阅读

(山东省临沂市2022届高三下学期2月一模考试)For a long time, sports have been viewed as a way to stay healthy and in shape, but their importance goes much further.

From a social standpoint, sports are a powerful tool that brings people together and creates a sense of community.　1　 As an international student, playing pick-up basketball at the gym was the fastest and easiest way to make friends. 

As a student, I had very challenging classes and occasionally had to deal with bad homework or midterm grades. I learned that I am not always going to get the results that I want, but no matter what, I have to persevere and not give up.　2　 

In addition to that, exercising is a great way to get out of the stressful college life that is all about homework, presentations, and group projects.　3　 I personally think that I would go crazy without going to the gym at least three times a week. 

The reason most students do not play sports is because they feel lazy about it and don’t have the energy for it.　4　 As a matter of fact, exercise pumps more oxygen through your blood and makes your entire system more active. 

　5　 Besides just being fun, sports can help you perform better in school, relax more and worry less, deal with setbacks, work better with others and increase your energy. 

A.To sum up, playing college sports has some serious benefits.

B.In short, playing sports can help students become more energetic.

C.They helped me get on very well with my teachers and classmates.

D.In fact, playing sports helps students relax and reduce their anxiety.

E.Sports gave me a positive attitude where I see falling as a way to learn.

F.They develop connections that bond together people from all walks of life.

G.However, the belief that the intense exercise will leave you exhausted is wrong.

　　【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了体育运动能带来很多好处。

1.F　根据前文“From a social standpoint, sports are a powerful tool that brings people together and creates a sense of community.”可知，此处是讲体育对人们的社交活动有益。故F项“他们建立起联系，把各行各业的人联系在一起”切合文意。

2.E　根据前文“I learned that I am not always going to get the results that I want, but no matter what, I have to persevere and not give up.”可知，此处是讲体育锻炼教会作者面对失败要有一种积极的态度，故E项“运动给了我积极的态度，我把跌倒看作是一种学习的方式”切合文意。

3.B　根据前文“In addition to that, exercising is a great way to get out of the stressful college life that is all about homework, presentations, and group projects.”可知，此处是讲体育锻炼能够让大学生更加充满能量，故B项“简而言之，运动可以帮助学生变得更有活力”切合文意。

4.G　根据前文“The reason most students do not play sports is because they feel lazy about it and don’t have the energy for it.”可知，G项中的“the belief that the intense exercise will leave you exhausted is wrong”和前文构成转折关系，对应转折词however。

5.A 　根据后文“Besides just being fun, sports can help you perform better in school, relax more and worry less, deal with setbacks, work better with others and increase your energy.”可知，此处是总结运动的诸多好处，故A项“总而言之，参加大学体育运动有一些重要的好处”。