2024年初中英语语法一轮复习之倒装句考点及重要句型分析

2024年初中英语语法一轮复习之倒装句考点及重要句型分析让步倒装中的名词前冠词的使用问题由as(虽然)引导让步状语从句，通常只用倒装形式；若倒装后用于句首的是名词，则该名词前不用冠词。如：Boy as he is, he likes to play with girls. 他虽是个男孩，但却喜欢与女孩子玩。Teacher as Michael is, he is not capable of teaching all subjects. 迈克虽是老师，但他也不能教所有的科目。即使名词前带有形容词修饰语其前也不用冠词。如：Big puzzle as it was, it hadn’t got the better of Jim. 虽然是个大难题，但仍没有难倒吉姆。Strong man as he is, General Botha has been severely put to the test during the past few weeks. 波赛将军虽然坚强，在过去的数周里也受到了严重的考验。注：though引导让步状语从句时，可以用倒装形式，也可以不用倒装形式。假若使用倒装语序，同样也不能在置于句首的名词前使用冠词。如：Hero as [though] he was, he shuddered at the sight. 他虽是英雄，但见到这样的情景也不寒而栗。介词短语置于句置时的倒装说明在通常情况下，介词短语置于句置时其后的句子是不用倒装的。如：At the end there may be an index. 结尾处可能有索引。On the platform she kissed her mother. 她在月台上吻了她的母亲。Before the meeting I looked through the reports. 开会前我把报告看了一遍。From the balloon we could see the town far below. 从热气球上我们可以看到下方远处的小镇。但是，有时为了保持句子平衡或使上下文衔接紧密，有时可将用作地点状语的介词短语置于句首，此时句中主语和谓语完全倒装。这类句子所涉及的动词通常是表示姿势的不及动词(如crouch, hang, lie, sit, stand等)和表示行动的不及物动词（如come, die, go, run, live, rise等）。如：On the door hung a big sign. 门上挂着一个大招牌。Over the wall came a shower of stones. 从墙上飞来一阵石块。Round the comer came Mrs Porter. 波特夫人在拐角上出现了。On the top of the hill stood an old castle. 山丘上有一座古堡。Under the road run pipes for gas and water. 在马路下面铺着煤气管道和自来水管。Before them lay miles of undulating moorland. 他们前面是一片高低起伏的荒原。少数情况下，及物动词的被动语态有时也可以倒装。如：In the distance could be seen the purple mountains. 远处可以见到紫色的山。另外，有时用于句首的介词短语也可能是句子表语，此时要注意其中的谓语应与其后的主语保持一致，而不是与位于句首的表语保持一致。比较：In the box was a cat. 箱子里是一只猫。In the box were some cats. 箱子里是一些猫。非谓语动词置于句首时的倒装实例有时为了强调，可将谓语部分的现在分词、过去分词或不定式置于句首，从而构成倒装。如：1. 现在分词置于句首时引出的倒装Lying on the couch is an old lady. 躺在睡椅上的是一位老太太。Standing beside the table was his wife. 站在桌旁的是他的妻子。Leading to the park is a very delightful road. 通向公园去的是一条非常宜人的路。2. 过去分词置于句首时引出的倒装Buried in the sands was an ancient village. 一个古老的村庄被埋在这沙土之中。有时置于句首的过去分词可能已转化为形容词，为句子的表语。如：Seated on the grass are some students singing and laughing. 一些学生坐在草地上，唱着、笑着。Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the Chinese people. 他们能够对中国人民为所欲为的日子一去不复返了。3. 不定式置于句首时引出的倒装To be carefully considered are the following questions. 下列问题要仔细考虑。几类常见的部分倒装句类型1. 否定型倒装在正式文体中，如果将never, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, no sooner, no longer, nowhere 等含有否定意义的副词若位于句首，则其后的句子要用部分倒装。如：后来我再也没见到过他了。I never saw him again.→Never did I see him again.他很少出去吃饭。He seldom goes out for dinner.→Seldom does he go out for dinner.她几乎没时间听音乐。She hardly has time to listen to music.→Hardly does she have time to listen to music.他几乎没有认识到他面临的危险。He little realized the danger he faced.→Little did he realize the danger he faced.对于not…until句型，当not until…位于句首时，其后的主句要用倒装语序。如：雨停了之后他才离开这房间。He didn’t leave the room until the rain stopped.→Not until the rain stopped did he leave the room.某些起副词作用的介词短语，由于含有否定词，若位于句首，其后要用部分倒装。如：On no accounts must this switch be touched. 这个开关是绝不能触摸的。In [Under] no circumstances will I lend money to him.无论如何我也不会再借钱给他了。2. only型倒装当一个状语受副词only的修饰且置于句首时，其后用部分倒装语序。如：Only in this way can we learn English. 只有这样才能学会英语。Only then did I understand what she meant. 只有到那时我才明白她的意思。Only for the love of his family does he do such hard work. 只为了他对家庭的爱，他做这么辛苦的工作。3. so型倒装当副词so后接形容词或副词位于句首时，其后通常用部分倒装。如：So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home. 天气太冷，我们只好呆在家里。So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed. 光速很快，我们几乎没法想象它的速度。So sudden was the attack that we had no time to escape. 袭击来得非常突然，我们来不及逃跑。以so开头的句子还有这样一种倒装——表示前面提出的某一肯定的情况也同样适合于后者，这类倒装的基本结构是“so+助动词+主语”。如：You are young and so am I. 你年轻，我也年轻。She likes music and so do I. 她喜欢音乐，我也喜欢。If he can do it, so can I. 要是他能做此事，我也能。4. not only型倒装当not only…but also位于句首引出句子时，not only 后的句子通常用部分倒装形式。如：Not only is he a teacher, but he is also a poet. 他不仅是一位教师，而且是一位诗人。Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily. 不仅他讲得更正确，也讲得更不费劲了。 涉及虚拟倒装的考题_________ he followed my advice, he would have succeeded.A. When                  B. If                         C. Had                     D. Has答案应选C，但容易误选B。不能选B，主要是因为时态前后有矛盾。由于主句谓语是would have succeeded，这表明是对过去事实作出的假设，所以从句谓语应该是 had followed，所以，如果选B，句子应该是 if he had followed my advice。但按英语语法，在此类表示虚拟条件的从句中，若有 had, should, were 等词，便可省略 if，而将 had, should, were 提前置于句首。又如：If he were my friend, I would ask him to lend me some money.= Were he my friend, I would ask him to lend me some money. 假若他是我的朋友，我就会向他借些钱。If it should rain tomorrow, I should stay indoors.= Should it rain tomorrow, I should stay indoors. 如果明天下雨，我就呆在室内。If he had asked me, I would have told him. = Had he asked me, I would have told him. 要是他问过我，我就会告诉他了。关于否定词置于句首的倒装 请先看一道题：a. I __________ seen such a good harvest!b. __________ I seen such a good harvest.A. have never, Never have                        B. never have, Have neverC. have never, Have never                        D. never have, Never have此题应选A。这里考查的是否定词置于句首，句子用部分倒装的问题。一般说来，以下否定词位于句首，句子要用倒装(部分倒装—-用一般问句的形式)：seldom, never, little, few, hardly, not, not until, in vain, in no way, by no means, on no account, no longer 等。如：Never does he come late. 他从不迟到。Little did he know that the police were after him. 他一点也不知道警察在找他。By no means shall I go there again. 我决不会再去那儿了。Hardly had he arrived at the station when the train began to leave. 他一到车站，火车就开动了。Few students did they see in the classroom. 他们在教室没看到几个学生。Not a word did I ever say to him. 我从未对他说过一句话。Not until all the fish in the river died did the villagers realize how serious the pollution was. 直到河里的鱼全死了，村民们才意识到污染是多么严重。“only+状语”置于句首句子要倒装 请看下面一道涉及only的倒装试题：Only in this way __________ able to finish the work in time.A. can you be                       B. are you                       C. you can be                      D. you are此题应选 B。容易误选D。至于A，C，这比较容易排除，因为情态动词 can 不能与 be able to用在同一谓语中。本题之所以要选B而不选D，主要是因为句首用了only in thisway 的缘故，按照英语语法规则：“only+状语”位于句首，句子通常要用倒装语序(部分倒装——用一般疑问句形式)。如：1. “only 副词”位于句首。如：Only then did I realize that I was wrong. 只是到了那时我才意识到是我错了。2. “only+介词短语”位于句首。如：Only by working hard can you succeed. 只有努力工作你才能成功。Only in the reading-room can you find him. 你只有在阅览室才能找到他。3. “only+状语从句”位于句首。如：Only when one loses freedom does one know itsvalue. 一个人只有在失去自由后才知道自由的可贵。注意：若位于句首的不是only+状语，而是 only+宾语等，则通常无需倒装(但有时也可以倒装)。如：Only a policeman the children saw in the street. 孩子们在街上只看到一个警察。Only one more point will I make. 我只再说明一点。as / though引导让步状语从句时要用倒装吗 as / though引导让步状语从句时，一般须用部分倒装。如：Old as / though he is, he works like a young man. 尽管他很老了，但他工作起来却像个年轻人。Hard as / though he was working, he didn’t pass the exam. 虽然他一直在努力学习，但他还是没有通过那次考试。Try again as / though he will, he can’t succeed. 尽管他还会再试一试，但是它不会成功。as / though引起的倒装分三种情况：表语、动词原形及状语的倒装。1. 表语的倒装一般直接将表语提前到句首，若表语是带不定冠词a / an的单数可数名词，倒装后，不定冠词a / an须被省略。如：Fine as / though he looks, he is ill with some serious diseases.Child as / though he is, he knows much about the society.2. 原形动词的倒装A. 动词前面带有情态动词may, might, will, would, can, could等时，只将行为动词提到句首，而这些情态动词保留在原处。B. 若动词前面没有情态动词时，应在动词原来的位置加上助动词do的适当形式。C. 用于这一句型的动词一般是不及物动词，而不能是系动词或及物动词。如：Swim as / though he can, he can’t swim so far. 尽管他会游泳，但是他游不得那么远。Run as / though he did, he didn’t run fast enough to catch the bus. 虽然他跑，但是他跑得不够快而没有赶上汽车。3. 状语倒装In the classroom as / though he stays, he doesn’t read his texts. 尽管他呆在教室里，但他不读书。Carefully as / though he worked, he made some mistakes. 尽管他工作很细心，但还是除了一些差错。 也谈谈So do I 与 So I do的用法区别有这样一道单项填空题：—He studies very hard.—Yes，so __________ and so __________.A. he did，you did            B. did he，did you            C. he did，did you          D. did he，you did此题应选C。容易误选B。此题句意为：—他学习很用功。—是的，他确实用功，你也一样(用功)。这里涉及这样两个问题：1. 表示前面所述的情况也适合于后面一个人或事物，通常在so后用倒装句式(部分倒装——用一般问句的形式)：He likes English. So do I. 他喜欢英语，我也一样。He was ill and so were his parents. 他病了，他父母也病了。顺便说一句，在正式文体中，as也可这样用：He travelled a great deal，as did most of his friends. 他去过许多地方旅游，他多数朋友也一样。但是如果前面所述情况为否定式，则用neither，nor引出倒装句(此时不能用so)：He couldn’t do it，and neither could she. 他做不了，她也做不了。He never comes late. Nor do I. 他从不迟到，我也从不迟到。2. 后一句子若只是重复前句的意思，起加强语气的作用，so后面不用倒装句式：—He has done a good job. 他干得不错。—So he has. 他的确干得不错。