高考英语二轮复习题型归纳与变式演练专题09阅读理解之推理判断题——由内及外（含解析）

这是一份高考英语二轮复习题型归纳与变式演练专题09阅读理解之推理判断题——由内及外（含解析），共29页。
专题09 阅读理解之推理判断题——由内及外

层级二
拉分题目分分抢
相较于细节理解题来说，阅读理解题型中的推理判断题、词句猜测题、主旨大意题，题目相对比较难。对于这类题目，在考前复习中要特别关注，要迎难而上，认真分析，努力争创高分。


近3年高考推理判断题题量统计
考纲解读
　　年份
卷别　　　
2022
2021
2020
(1)推理判断题主要考查考生在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，由里及外，运用逻辑思维，同时借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断的能力。
(2)高考对推理判断题的考查形式包括以下几种：推断隐含意义、推断目的意图、推断文章出处或读者对象、推断观点态度。
新高考卷Ⅰ
7
5

新高考卷II
5
5

全国卷Ⅰ(全国乙卷)
5
6
5
全国卷Ⅱ(全国甲卷)
3
8
3
全国卷Ⅲ


4



推理判断题相对于细节理解题，难度较高，特别是新高考阅读理解加大了对文章深层理解题的考查，不仅要求理解作者言外之意，还要求对文章的写作意图和写作手法作出评判，这些题目往往成为考生得高分的拦路虎。这就要求考生具有较高的阅读理解能力，掌握一定阅读技巧，仔细阅读，认真分析，确保突破难点得高分。2m

命题方式
解题捷径
选项特征
1.We can infer from the (first .../last) paragraph that ________．
2．The passage/author implies/suggests that __________．
3．It can be concluded from the passage that ________．
4．The main purpose of the passage is __________．
5．Where does this passage probably come from?
6．What’s the author’s attitude towards...？
　　解答推理判断题目时一定要透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”，在进行推断时，要据文推理、合情推理，不可脱离原文主观臆断。
1．定位原文，字斟句酌，“一步推导”定隐含推断题
2．依照首段、尾段、文体特征及文章来源判断
3．利用褒贬词汇，判断观点态度
4．围绕主题， 恰当判断写作意图
正确选项特征
1．“立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。
2．选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念。如only, never, all, absolutely等，正确答案常用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇，如often, usually, sometimes, some, may, probably等。
干扰选项特征
1．张冠李戴　　　
2.无中生有
3．曲解文意　　　
4.扩缩范围

微技能一 隐含推断题——“一步推导”知隐含
近几年高考隐含推断题一般考查5题左右，高考越来越倾向考查学生对文章深层的理解能力，隐含推断题主要考查以下几个方面：
1．细节推断题，即根据文章特定细节进行推断；
2．综合推断题，即根据全段、甚至全篇，结合多处信息推断文章寓意或深层意义；
3．逻辑推断题，即严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论。
细节推断题——关键信息显神功
细节推断题：要求考生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件、具体信息等。考生要从文章本身所提供的信息出发，抓住关键的信息词，运用逻辑思维，并借助一定的常识进行分析、推理和判断。
【典例1】　(2021·新高考卷Ⅰ阅读A)
Hotel__and__Hostel__Des__Artistes
Hotel and Hostel Des Artistes is located just a 10－minute walk from the central city station and it’s close to all of the city’s main attractions.The staff is friendly and helpful, providing you with a map of the city when you arrive, and offering advice if you require some.However, you need to pay 2 euros a day for Wi－Fi.
23．What is the disadvantage of Hotel and Hostel Des Artistes?版权所有
A．It gets noisy at night. B．Its staff is too talkative.
C．It charges for Wi－Fi. D．It’s inconveniently located.
【分析】　
第一步　找关键词：Hotel and Hostel Des Artistes
第二步　定位到原文：从题干Hotel and Hostel Des Artistes 可将考查内容定位到第四个广告下的信息中。“However, you need to pay 2 euros a day for Wi－Fi.”
第三步　仔细比对选项：从该信息可知，该旅社离中心城市车站很近、靠近很多的景点、员工友好乐于助人、提供城市地图、尽可能提供建议。但每天需要支付无线网络费2欧元。故选C。【出处：】
综合推断题——多处信息推隐含
综合推断题：有些推理判断题，很难从某一句话或某几句话推断出其含义，这时就需要在弄懂全文意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，从而确定最佳结论。
【典例2】　(2021·八省市联考阅读C)
Magic is a form of entertainment that is based on pretending to do things that are impossible.The magician is a specially trained actor.He tries to make the audience believe that he has the power to do things which are against the laws of nature.
Magic shows are entertaining as long as the audience does not discover how the tricks are done.The magician usually depends on his skill with his hands, on his knowledge of psychology, and, sometimes, on mechanical devices(机械装置)．Since magic performance is meant to trick people, the use of psychology is important.The magician must keep people from noticing all the movements of his hands and from thinking about the secret parts of his equipment.He must also lead the audience to draw false conclusions.The magician’s success depends on the fact that many things seen by the eye are not the things that matter.
Two basic magic tricks are making objects seem to appear and making objects seem to disappear.A combination of these two tricks makes for some interesting effects.For example, the magician puts a small ball under one of several cups.The ball then seems to jump from one cup to another or to change colour.What actually happens is that the magician, employing quick hand movements or a mechanical device, hides one ball.While doing this he talks to the audience and waves a brightly coloured cloth with one hand.The audience is too busy watching the cloth and listening to the magician’s words to notice that his other hand is hiding the ball.
Another favourite trick is to cut or burn something, and then make it appear whole again.What actually happens is that the magician makes the cut or burned object disappear by quickly hiding it while the audience watches something else.Then he “magically” makes it appear whole again by displaying(展示)another object that has not been cut or burned.
11．What can we infer from the text?
A．Mechanical devices are expensive.
B．Most magicians employ assistants.
C．It takes practice to perform magic.
D．Small objects are magicians’ favourite.
【分析】
第一步　通读题目找出题干关键词：infer from the text
第二步　定位到原文，寻找相关信息：通过文章第一段中The magician is a specially trained actor.和第二段中The magician usually depends on his skill with his hands..., 第三段中．..employing quick hand movements...和第四段中．..by quickly hiding it...可知， 魔术师的操作都是微妙和迅速的， 还需要熟悉心理学去转移观众的注意力。
第三步　仔细比对选项：由以上信息可知，变魔术需要下功夫练习。故选C。
逻辑推断题——逻辑关系细推敲
逻辑推断题：逻辑推断是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论。解答这类题的前提是获得短文的主题思想或列举的具体事实，然后按题目的要求进行推断。
【典例3】　(2021·全国甲卷阅读B)
Port Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding (繁育) programme, has welcomed the arrival of a rare black rhino calf (犀牛幼崽)．When the tiny creature arrived on January 31, she became the 40th black rhino to be born at the reserve.And officials at Port Lympne were delighted with the new arrival, especially as black rhinos are known for being difficult to breed in captivity (圈养)．
24．Which of the following best describes the breeding programme?
A．Costly. B．Controversial.
C．Ambitious. D．Successful.
【分析】　
第一步　通读题目找出题干关键词：describes
第二步　定位到原文，寻找相关信息：根据本段第二句“she became the 40th black rhino to be born at the reserve”，该动物保护区已经成功繁育出40头稀有黑犀；最后一句“especially as black rhinos are known for being difficult to breed in captivity (圈养)”，可知黑犀的繁育难度很高。
第三步　仔细比对选项：综合前面两句话提供的信息，可以推出，黑犀繁育效果很好，结合上下文语境可以推出，该项目非常成功。故选D。
微技能二 观点态度题——忠于措辞定态度
观点态度题是高考英语阅读常考的一种题型，也是考生很容易失分的一种题型。文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的情感、观点或态度往往隐含在文章的字里行间或流露于修饰词之中。常见的设问方式有：
·How does the author feel about...？　　　　　　　
·What does the author think of...?
·What is the author’s attitude towards/to...?
·The author’s attitude towards...can be described as ________．
4关注1不要
(1)关注首段首尾句，确定文章主题，判断作者的观点态度。
(2)关注but后表示观点态度的语句来判断作者或文中人物的观点。
(3)关注作者所举的例子或者所引用的话语，来判断文章作者或文中人物的态度倾向。
(4)关注文章语言的褒贬来判断作者的态度。
(5)不要将个人的好恶态度揉进题中，要学会分清作者本人的态度和作者引用观点的态度。
牢记4类选项常用词汇
肯定
positive积极乐观的；optimistic乐观的；supportive支持的；hopeful有希望的；promising有前途的；favourable赞许的
否定
negative否定的，消极的；disapproving 不赞成的；critical 批评的；unfavourable不赞同的
怀疑
suspicious可疑的，怀疑的；doubtful可疑的
主/客观
subjective主观的；objective客观的
中立
neutral中立的；indifferent不关心的；uninterested不感兴趣的；unconcerned不关心的
【典例4】　(2021·新高考卷Ⅰ阅读D)
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful.The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well－being.The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re－evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
34．What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?
A．Favorable. B．Intolerant.
C．Doubtful. D．Unclear.
【分析】
第一步　通读题目找出题干关键词：the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence
第二步　定位到原文，寻找相关信息：根据第三段的首句Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far...more beneficial than harmful.可知，作者认为情商普及利大于弊。
第三步　仔细比对选项：又根据The most positive aspect of this popularization...和The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped...可知，作者对于情商普及是赞成的。故选A。
微技能三 写作意图/手法题——文章主旨推意图
考查判断作者写作意图/手法的试题是阅读理解题中较高层次的题目。写作意图与文章主题不同，但与它关系密切，所以可以算作主旨大意题的一种变体。二者的异同可以从下面的对比中看出：文章主旨是中心思想、文章大意，而写作意图则阐述文章为何表达这个中心思想。在高考中既可能考查全文的写作意图，又可能考查某处细节或某一段落的写作意图。近几年高考写作意图/手法题主要考查以下几个方面：1.考查整篇文章的写作意图；2.考查某处细节的写作意图；3.考查作者的写作手法。
从写作文体推断写作意图

记叙文
一般会在首段或尾段出现高度概括的总结性的语言，且往往有一定的哲理性，所有的叙述都是围绕该哲理展开的。
新闻报道
新闻报道通常由导语和主体组成。把握导语就是找到了整篇文章的主旨，进而了解写作意图。
应用文
文章中有对某种物品或服务的详尽介绍，使用具有明显支持倾向的语言。写作意图主要为告知、推销或者吸引读者参观等。
说明文
写作意图有赖于对文章主旨的把握，阅读时需要找准主题句。
议论文
提出论点——进行论证——得出结论，作者的意图往往隐含于最后一部分中。

从写作手法推断写作意图

从字里行间推断写作意图
在阅读中，有时作者并未把写作意图说出来，需要读者在理解整体语篇的基础上，根据字面意思，通过全篇逻辑关系，推敲作者的写作意图。
【典例5】　(2021·新高考卷Ⅰ阅读D)
We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes.The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims.Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person.21教育名创33．Why does the author mention “doctor” and “cheater” in paragraph 2?
A．To explain a role. B．To clarify a concept.
C．To present a fact. D．To make a prediction.
【分析】
第一步　审读题目找出题干关键词：paragraph 2
第二步　从字里行间推断写作意图：由第二段首句We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes.可知本段主要介绍情商的概念。
第三步　仔细比对选项：比对选项可知，提到的“医生”和“骗子”是对这一概念的解释。故选B。
微技能四 文章出处、类别/读者对象题—文体特征推出处
几乎所有的文章都可能涉及文章出处、文章类别或读者对象题。推断文章出处或类别要从文章内容、语言特色和标志信息着手；确定读者对象要从文章主题和文章措辞来判断。
熟知8类文体判文章出处

3步确定读者对象

【典例6】　(2021·八省市联考阅读A)
The Pre－College Program offers non－credit courses.Students will experience college－level courses given by some of our college’s leading experts and will receive written feedback (反馈) on their work at the end of the course.Pre－College students will also receive a grade of Satisfactory/Unsatisfactory and a certificate of completion at the conclusion of the program.21·育1．Who is the text intended for?
A．The general public. B．College freshmen.
C．Educational experts. D．High school students.
【分析】
第一步　确定题干中的关键信息：the text intended for
第二步　定位到原文，寻找相关信息：根据文章第一段第一句“The Pre－College Program offers non－credit courses.”和第一段中的“ Pre－college students will also receive a grade of Satisfactory/Unsatisfactory and a certificate of completion at the conclusion of the program.”可推知，这篇文章是写给大学预科生即高中生的。
第三步　本题的关键是理解Pre－College的意思，前缀pre－的意思是“在……前；先于”，由此可以推出答案。故选D。


精做高考真题
Passage 1、（2022·浙江·高考真题）
Many people believe that working to the maximum is the secret to success, but research has found that moderation(适度) also gets results on the job.
In a study led by Ellen Langer of Harvard University, researchers asked people to translate sentences into a new a made-up language. Subjects who practiced the language moderately beforehand made fewer errors than those who practiced extensively or not at all. High levels of knowledge can make people too attached to traditional ways of viewing problems across fields the arts, sciences, and politics. High conscientiousness is related to lower job performance, especially in simple jobs where it doesn’t pay to be a perfectionist.
How long we stay on the clock and how we spend that time are under careful examination in many workplaces. The young banker who eats lunch at his desk is probably seen as a go-getter, while his colleagues who chat over a relaxed conference-room meal get dirty looks from the corner office. “People from cultures that value relationships more than ours does are shocked by the thought of eating alone in front of a computer”, says Art Markman, a professor of psychology at the University of Texas, Austin. Social interaction has been shown to lift mood(情绪) and get people thinking in new directions and in ways that could help improve any post-lunch effort.
Markman also promotes off-task time. “Part of being a good thinker is experiencing things that are seemingly unrelated to what you are working on at the moment but give you fresh ideas about your work,” he says. “Also, there is a lot of research showing that a positive mood leads to higher levels of productivity and creativity. So, when people do things to increase their life satisfaction, they also make themselves more effective at work.”
1．What does Ellen Langer’s study show?
A．It is worthwhile to be a perfectionist B．Translation makes people knowledgeable.
C．Simpler jobs require greater caution. D．Moderate effort produces the best result.
2．What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A．A good thinker is able to inspire other people.
B．Experience unrelated to your job is useless.
C．A cheerful mood helps make a creative mind.
D．Focusing on what you do raises productivity.
3．What does the text seem to advocate?
A．Middle-of-the-road work habits. B．Balance between work and family.
C．Long-standing cultural traditions. D．Harmony in the work environment.
【语篇解读】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了许多人认为工作到最大限度是成功的秘诀，但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果。所以要适度工作，工作时要有积极的情绪，这会让自己在工作中更有效率。
【详情解析】
1．【D】推理判断题。根据第一段“Many people believe that working to the maximum is the secret to success, but research has found that moderation(适度) also gets results on the job.(许多人认为工作到最大限度是成功的秘诀，但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果。)”和第二段中“In a study led by Ellen Langer of Harvard University, researchers asked people to translate sentences into a new a made-up language. Subjects who practiced the language moderately beforehand made fewer errors than those who practiced extensively or not at all.(在哈佛大学Ellen Langer领导的一项研究中，研究人员要求人们将句子翻译成一种新的虚构的语言。那些事先适度练习这门语言的受试者比那些全力练习或根本不练习的受试者犯的错误要少。)”可知，第一段提出主题，即适度的工作也会带来成果，接着第二段作者用Ellen Langer的研究来证明这一点，由此可推知，Ellen Langer的研究表明适度的努力会产生最好的结果。故选D。
2．【C】推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Also, there is a lot of research showing that a positive mood leads to higher levels of productivity and creativity.(此外，许多研究表明，积极的情绪能够提高生产力和创造力。 )”可知，积极的情绪能够提高生产力和创造力，由此可推知，愉快的心情有助于创造性思维。故选C。
3．【A】推理判断题。根据第一段中“but research has found that moderation(适度) also gets results on the job.(但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果)”和第二段中“High conscientiousness is related to lower job performance, especially in simple jobs where it doesn’t pay to be a perfectionist.(高尽责性与低工作表现有关，尤其是在简单的工作中，追求完美并不值得。)”可知，文章主要介绍研究表明适度的工作也会带来成果，所以文章提倡适度工作，即中庸的工作习惯。故选A。
Passage 2、（2022·北京·高考真题）
My name is Alice. Early last year, I was troubled by an anxiety that crippled ( 削弱 ) my ability to do anything. I felt like a storm cloud hung over me. For almost a year I struggled on, constantly staring at this wall that faced me. My perfectionist tendencies were the main root of this: I wanted to be perfect at whatever I did, which obviously in life is not possible, but it consumed me.
One day, I attended a presentation by wildlife conservationist Grant Brown at my high school. His presentation not only awed and inspired me, but also helped emerge an inner desire to make a difference in the world. I joined a pre-presentation dinner with him and that smaller setting allowed me to slowly build up my courage to speak one-on-one with him—an idea that had seemed completely impossible. This first contact was where my story began.
A month later, Brown invited me to attend the World Youth Wildlife Conference. Looking back, I now see that this would be the first in a series of timely opportunities that my old self would have let pass, but that this new and more confident Alice enthusiastically seized. Shortly after I received his invitation, applications to join the Youth for Nature and the Youth for Planet groups were sent around through my high school. I decided to commit to completing the applications, and soon I was a part of a growing global team of young people working to protect nature. Each of these new steps continued to grow my confidence.
I am writing this just six months since my journey began and I’ve realised that my biggest obstacle ( 障碍 ) this whole time was myself. It was that voice in the back of my head telling me that one phrase that has stopped so many people from reaching their potential: I can’t. They say good things come to those who wait; I say: grab every opportunity with everything you have and be impatient. After all, nature does not require our patience, but our action.
What can we learn from this passage?
A．Practice makes perfect. B．Patience is a cure of anxiety.
C．Action is worry’s worst enemy. D．Everything comes to those who wait.
【语篇解读】
这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述作者通过参加保护自然活动治愈好了自己的焦虑。
【详情解析】
【C】推理判断题。由第一段“ Early last year, I was troubled by an anxiety that crippled ( 削弱 ) my ability to do anything. I felt like a storm cloud hung over me.”（去年年初，我被一种焦虑困扰，它削弱了我做任何事情的能力。）由文章第三段“I decided to commit to completing the applications, and soon I was a part of a growing global team of young people working to protect nature. Each of these new steps continued to grow my confidence.(我决定完成申请，很快我就成为了一个不断壮大的全球年轻人保护自然团队的一员。每一步都让我更加自信。)可知，文章主要讲述作者通过参加保护自然活动治愈好了自己的焦虑。所以从文章中我们能学到行动是忧虑最大的敌人。故选C项。
Passage3、（2021·北京·高考真题）
I remember the day during our first week of class when we were informed about our semester（学期） project of volunteering at a non-profit organization．When the teacher introduced us to the different organizations that needed our help，my last choice was Operation Iraqi Children （OIC）．My first impression of the organization was that it was not going to make enough of a difference with the plans I had in mind．
Then，an OIC representative gave us some details，which somewhat interested me．After doing some research， I believed that we could really do something for those kids．When I went online to the OIC website，I saw pictures of the Iraqi children．Their faces were so powerful in sending a message of their despair（绝望） and need that I joined this project without hesitation．We decided to collect as many school supplies as possible，and make them into kits——one kit，one child．
The most rewarding day for our group was project day，when all the efforts we put into collecting the items finally came together．When I saw the various supplies we had collected，it hit me that every kit we were to build that day would eventually be in the hands of an Iraqi child．Over the past four months，I had never imagined how I would feel once our project was completed．While making the kits，I realized that I had lost sight of the true meaning behind it．I had only focused on the fact that it was another school project and one I wanted to get a good grade on．When the kits were completed，and ready to be sent overseas，the warm feeling I had was one I would never forget．
In the beginning，I dared myself to make a difference in the life of another person．Now that our project is over，I realize that I have affected not only one life，but ten．With our efforts，ten young boys and girls will now be able to further their education．
What can we conclude from this passage？
A．One's potential cannot always be underrated．
B．First impression cannot always be trusted．
C．Actions speak louder than words．
D．He who hesitates is lost．
【语篇解读】
本文是记叙文。讲述了作者一开始认为加入伊拉克儿童行动项目不会达到他的期望，但是最后通过努力对自己和他人带来影响，说明第一印象不总是可信的。
【详情解析】
【B】推理判断题。根据第一段“My first impression of the organization was that it was not going to make enough of a difference with the plans I had in mind．”（我对这个组织的第一印象是，它不会对我心中的计划产生足够的影响。）和最后一段“In the beginning，I dared myself to make a difference in the life            of another person．Now that our project is over，I realize that I have affected not only one life，but ten．With our efforts，ten young boys and girls will now be able to further their education．”（一开始，我鼓励自己去改变另一个人的生活。现在我们的项目结束了，我意识到我不仅影响了一个人的生活，而且影响了十个人的生活。在我们的努力下，十名男孩和女孩现在将能够继续接受教育。）可知，一开始作者认为加入伊拉克儿童行动不会达到他的期望，但是最后通过努力对自己和他人带来影响，说明第一印象不总是可信的。故选B。
Passage 4、（2021·浙江高考真题）
Leslie Nielsen’s childhood was a difficult one, but he had one particular shining star in his life — his uncle, who was a well-known actor. The admiration and respect his uncle earned inspired Nielsen to make a career (职业) in acting. Even though he often felt he would be discovered to be a no-talent, he moved forward, gaining a scholarship to the Neighborhood Playhouse and making his first television appearance a few years later in 1948. However, becoming a full-time, successful actor would still be an uphill battle for another eight years until he landed a number of film roles that finally got him noticed.
But even then, what he had wasn’t quite what he wanted. Nielsen always felt he should be doing comedy but his good looks and distinguished voice kept him busy in dramatic roles. It wasn’t until 1980 — 32 years into his career — that he landed the role it would seem he was made for in Airplane! That movie led him into the second half of his career where his comedic presence alone could make a movie a financial success even when movie reviewers would not rate it highly.
Did Nielsen then feel content in his career? Yes and no. He was thrilled to be doing the comedy that he always felt he should do, but even during his last few years, he always had a sense of curiosity, wondering what new role or challenge might be just around the comer. He never stopped working, never retired.
Leslie Nielsen’s devotion to acting is wonderfully inspiring. He built a hugely successful career with little more than plain old hard work and determination. He showed us that even a single desire, never given up on, can make for a remarkable life.
What does Nielsen’s career story tell us?
A．Art is long, life is short. B．He who laughs last laughs longest.
C．It’s never too late to learn. D．Where there’s a will there’s a way.
【语篇解读】
本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Leslie Nielsen的演艺生涯。
【详情解析】
【D】推理判断题。通读全文，再结合文章最后一段第二、三句话“He built a hugely successful career with little more than plain old hard work and determination. He showed us that even a single desire, never given up on, can make for a remarkable life. (他凭借平凡的努力和决心建立了一个非常成功的事业。他告诉我们，即使是只有一个愿望，永不放弃，也能成就非凡的人生)”可推知，Nielsen的职业经历告诉我们：有志者事竟成。故选D。
Passage 5、（2020·江苏·高考真题）
For those who can stomach it, working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first, according to a study of meal timing and physical activity.
Athletes and scientists have long known that meal timing affects performance. However, far less has been known about how meal timing and exercise might affect general health.
To find out, British scientists conducted a study. They first found 10 overweight and inactive but otherwise healthy young men, whose lifestyles are, for better and worse, representative of those of most of us. They tested the men’s fitness and resting metabolic (新陈代谢的) rates and took samples (样品) of their blood and fat tissue.
Then, on two separate morning visits to the scientists’ lab, each man walked for an hour at an average speed that, in theory, should allow his body to rely mainly on fat for fuel. Before one of these workouts, the men skipped breakfast, meaning that they exercised on a completely empty stomach after a long overnight fast (禁食). On the other occasion, they ate a rich morning meal about two hours before they started walking.
Just before and an hour after each workout, the scientists took additional samples of the men’s blood and fat tissue.
Then they compared the samples. There were considerable differences. Most obviously, the men displayed lower blood sugar levels at the start of their workouts when they had skipped breakfast than when they had eaten. As a result, they burned more fat during walks on an empty stomach than when they had eaten first. On the other hand, they burned slightly more calories (卡路里), on average, during the workout after breakfast than after fasting.
But it was the effects deep within the fat cells that may have been the most significant, the researchers found. Multiple genes behaved differently, depending on whether someone had eaten or not before walking. Many of these genes produce proteins (蛋白质) that can improve blood sugar regulation and insulin (胰岛素) levels throughout the body and so are associated with improved metabolic health. These genes were much more active when the men had fasted before exercise than when they had breakfasted.
The implication of these results is that to gain the greatest health benefits from exercise, it may be wise to skip eating first.
What could be learned from the research?
A．A workout after breakfast improves gene performances.
B．Too much workout often slows metabolic rates.
C．Lifestyle is not as important as morning exercise.
D．Physical exercise before breakfast is better for health.
【语篇解读】
本文是说明文。文章介绍了一项研究，结果表明对于那些能忍受的人来说，不吃早餐锻炼可能对健康更有益。
【详情解析】
【D】推理判断题。根据最后一段The implication of these results is that to gain the greatest health benefits from exercise, it may be wise to skip eating first.可知，这些结果的暗示，为了从运动中获得最大的健康益处，先不吃东西可能更明智。因此推断早饭前的体育锻炼对健康更有益。故选D。
　挑战名校考题
Passage 1、（2022·北京四中高三期中质量检测）
Virtual reality is quickly becoming the new technological frontier. Tech companies everywhere seem to be racing to get their foot in the VR door. However, Virtual reality has a set of challenges and hurdles that it must overcome in order to work well. Michael Abrash, a writer and programmer, listed a number of these in a speech from 2014; they include things like low latency, high refresh rate, high resolution, a wide field of view and rock solid tracking, among others. Even if you don’t quite understand the technical aspects of those terms, it should be noted that VR is heavily dependent on being very fast, very accurate and very good-looking. If it isn’t, the viewer will feel motion sick or disconnected from the world that VR is trying to create.
Now that we can actually build VR headsets that begin to meet these requirements, we are seeing a rising interest in VR. As it rises, so does the interest in creating new media to be experienced in using virtual reality. Journalism is a medium built on relevance. Journalists should always be finding new ways to tell stories and deliver content. It is a goldmine for storytelling. What better ways to tell a story to someone than to put them right in the center of it?
Some journalists and publications are already utilizing VR. Vice creative director Spike Jonze, in a collaboration with director and visual artist Chris Milk, put viewers at the scene of the Millions March protest in New York in December, 2014. The University of Southern California created “Project Syria,” which allows viewers to experience the bombing of a crowded neighborhood and visit a refugee camp in the titular, war-torn country. These are just a few examples of a growing number of projects that are out there.
Virtual reality is a powerful tool for journalists. The consumer isn’t just reading or watching something play out; they’re experiencing it. The immersive nature of VR allows for people to connect with the subject matter on a much deeper level than just reading about it. The experience is emotional, speaking more to our instinct than our intellect. The possibilities for storytelling here are legion, and any storyteller wanting to do something more interesting than their peers should surely be considering the sheer power of VR.
The question of virtual reality, though, is not how powerful it is. That is immediately apparent. The question of VR is one of viability and availability. Telling stories must be easy to do, and access to those stories must be readily available. This is the biggest challenge that VR faces. If the tools to tell a story with VR aren’t easy to pick up and learn, VR will fail. If VR technology isn’t both top-of-the-line and affordable, VR will fail.
Accessibility was one concern for Thomas Hallaq, assistant professor of journalism and mass communications, who said that current VR technology is pretty exclusive right now. Despite that, he said he doesn’t think the exclusivity of this technology will be a problem in the long run.
“I think it’s very promising,” Hallaq said. “We’re seeing more technology become accessible, and more people having access to that technology. Just look at smartphones.” If the technology is widely available and companies like Oculus, Samsung, HTC and Valve can overcome the inherent hurdles, VR will succeed in being a desirable means of storytelling. Like radio, TV and the Internet before it, virtual reality will change the way we tell stories.
What’s the author’s attitude towards the future of VR technology?
A．optimistic B．neutral C．pessimistic D．concerned
【语篇解读】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了虚拟现实（VR）技术在新闻领域的应用，虚拟现实是记者的强大工具，但也存在一定的问题。
【详情解析】
【A】推理判断题。根据最后一段中“If the technology is widely available and companies like Oculus, Samsung, HTC and Valve can overcome the inherent hurdles, VR will succeed in being a desirable means of storytelling. Like radio, TV and the Internet before it, virtual reality will change the way we tell stories.(如果这项技术得到广泛应用，Oculus、三星、HTC和Valve等公司能够克服固有的障碍，VR将成功成为一种令人满意的讲故事的手段。就像之前的广播、电视和互联网一样，虚拟现实将改变我们讲故事的方式)”可推知，作者对VR技术的未来持积极态度。故选A。
Passage 2、（2022·山西省长治市第二中学校高三诊断测试）
17-year-old Dasia Taylor was named one of 40 finalists in the Regeneron Science Talent Search (STS), the nation’s most famous Science and math competition for high school seniors.
Dasia’s sutures (缝合线) work by changing color if the patients’ pH level changes, indicating an infection. pH is one of the most common parts of wound healing, Dasia said. It changes very quickly, so it’s one of the fastest ways to recognize infection.
So, she started experimenting with root vegetables. “I found that beet changed color at the perfect pH point,” says Taylor. “That’s perfect for an infected wound. And so, I was like, ‘Oh, okay. So beet is where it’s at’.” Beet provided the perfect dye for her invention, changing from bright red to dark purple when a surgical wound becomes infected. After more than a year of research, Taylor is working on getting her sutures patented.
She imagines these sutures being used in developing countries where they can save lives and money. “The goal of my project is to reduce the number of deadly surgical site infections in developing countries because developing countries suffer from the most number of deaths due to surgical site infections,” she said. “I was like there is no way that that should be happening. The equity part of my brain and all the work that I do around equity was like ‘That shouldn’t be happening. They should have the resources to save their citizens in their country.’ So, my goal is to work on that and make sure that it can actually discover those types of infections and stuff.” After graduation, Dasia hopes to attend Howard University, study political science and finally become a lawyer.
1．What did Dasia discover in her experiment?
A．Beet has the same pH level. B．Beet can change color at different times.
C．Beet therapy is good for wound healing. D．Beet can be used to help her with the invention.
2．What can we learn about Dasia?
A．She has won the invention patent.
B．She became the winner of the Regeneron STS.
C．She made contributions to surgical infection recognition.
D．She helped save lots of lives and money in developing countries.
3．What will Dasia’s future career probably involve?
A．Medical and health work. B．Medical device development.
C．Something about the legal aid. D．Medical and science research.
【语篇解读】
本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了17岁的高中生泰勒Dasia发现通过观察缝线颜色的变化，很快就可以知道病人伤口是否感染，为外科感染识别做出了贡献。
【详情解析】
1．【D】推理判断题。根据文章第三段“ Beet provided the perfect dye for her invention, changing from bright red to dark purple when a surgical wound becomes infected. ”(甜菜为她的发明提供了完美的染料，当手术伤口感染时，甜菜会从亮红色变成深紫色)可知达西娅在实验中发现甜菜可以帮助她完成这项发明。故选D。
2．【C】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“The goal of my project is to reduce the number of deadly surgical site infections in developing countries because developing countries suffer from the most number of deaths due to surgical site infections.”（我这个项目的目标是减少发展中国家致命手术部位感染的数量，因为发展中国家因手术部位感染而死亡的人数最多）以及“They should have the resources to save their citizens in their country.’ So, my goal is to work on that and make sure that it can actually discover those types of infections and stuff.”（他们应该有资源来拯救自己国家的公民。所以，我的目标是研究它，确保它可以发现这些类型的感染和东西）可知达西娅为外科感染识别做出了贡献。故选C。
3．【C】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“After graduation, Dasia hopes to attend Howard University, study political science and finally become a lawyer.”（毕业后，Dasia希望进入霍华德大学学习政治学，最终成为一名律师）可知达西娅未来的职业生涯可能会涉及法律援助。故选C。
Passage 3、（2022·内蒙古·赤峰二中高三月考检测）
Some of my earliest memories involve sitting with my dad in his study every night when he came home from the office. I’d watch as he put his personal items away: his watch, wallet, comb and car keys. They would always occupy the same spot on the table every time.
Dad’s comb was jade green. I heard he bought it when he married Mum. Every night, he would smile, hand me the comb and say, “Be a good girl and help Daddy clean it, OK?”
I was more than happy to do it. At age five, this kind of task brought me such joy. I would excitedly turn the tap on, and then brush the comb with a used toothbrush as hard as I could. Satisfied that I’d done a good job, I would proudly return the comb to Dad. He would smile at me, and place the comb on top of his wallet.
About two years later, Dad left his sales job and started his own wholesale business. I started primary school. That was when things started to change. Dad’s business wasn’t doing so well, and our stable life started getting shaky. He didn’t come home as much as he used to. And when he did come home, it was always late and I’d already be in bed. I started to get mad. Why didn’t he listen to Mum and just stick to his old job? Why take the risk and place the whole family in trouble? Over the years, I stopped waiting for him to come home, and stopped going downstairs to check on him.
Now 28, I’ve graduated from college and got a job. Dad’s business has also started to get back on track. Yet the uncomfortable silence between Dad and me went on.
Two days before my birthday last year, Dad came home early. On that evening, I helped him carry his bags into his study as usual. When I turned to leave, he asked me to clean his comb. I looked at him for a while, then took the comb and headed to the sink.
It was a new comb. This one was brown. I hadn’t noticed that he’d changed it. After cleaning it, I passed it back to Dad. He looked at it and smiled. But this time, I noticed something different. My dad had aged. He had wrinkles next to his eyes when he smiled, yet his smile was still as heartwarming as before.
1．From the first three paragraphs, we can learn ________.
A．the precious green comb of Dad was made of jade
B．the earliest memories with Dad were full of joy
C．the author wasn’t willing to clean the comb for Dad
D．the author would study together with Dad every evening
2．What probably made Dad decide to resign from his original job to start his own business?
A．That he was fired and had to make a living.
B．That he was eager to get everything on track.
C．That he hoped to earn a better life for the family.
D．That he wanted to keep the life for his family stable.
3．What emotional changes did the author experience when staying with Dad these years?
A．mad → satisfied → warm B．satisfied → worried → angry
C．warm → concerned → uncomfortable D．cheerful → mad→ warm
【语篇解读】
这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者小时候很喜欢等父亲下班，与爸爸共度夜晚，帮父亲清理他的梳子。但是后来父亲自己创业，初期艰难，便不那么经常回家了，和作者之间的夜间亲子互动也少了很多。作者对此心怀怨念。在作者28岁生日的那天晚上，父亲和作者进行了很久以前的夜间亲子互动活动“给爸爸洗梳子”，解开了心结。
【详情解析】
1．【B】推理判断题。由第一段中的“Some of my earliest memories involve sitting with my dad in his study every night when he came home from the office. (我最早的记忆包括每天晚上爸爸从办公室回家时，和他坐在书房里)”，第二段中的“Every night, he would smile, hand me the comb and say, “Be a good girl and help Daddy clean it, OK?”(每天晚上，他都会笑着把梳子递给我，说：“做个好女孩，帮爸爸清洗它，好吗？”)”和第三段中的“I was more than happy to do it. At age five, this kind of task brought me such joy. (我非常乐意做这件事。在我五岁的时候，这种任务给我带来了极大的快乐)”可得出，作者与爸爸最早的回忆充满了喜悦。故选B项。
2．【C】推理判断题。由第四段中的“About two years later, Dad left his sales job and started his own wholesale business. (大约两年后，爸爸离开了他的销售工作，开始了自己的批发事业)”，“Dad’s business wasn’t doing so well, and our stable life started getting shaky. (爸爸的生意做得不太好，我们的稳定生活开始动摇)”和“Why didn’t he listen to Mum and just stick to his old job? Why take the risk and place the whole family in trouble? (为什么他不听妈妈的话，只做他以前的工作？为什么要冒这个险，让全家陷入困境？)”可知，爸爸放弃稳定生活，承担风险去创业，应该是希望为这个家庭创造更好的生活。故选C项。
3．【D】推理判断题。由第三段中的“I was more than happy to do it. At age five, this kind of task brought me such joy. (我非常乐意做这件事。在我五岁的时候，这种任务给我带来了极大的快乐)”可得出，作者与爸爸最早的回忆充满了喜悦；由第四段中的“I started to get mad. Why didn’t he listen to Mum and just stick to his old job? Why take the risk and place the whole family in trouble? (我开始生气了。为什么他不听妈妈的话，只做他以前的工作？为什么要冒这个险，让全家陷入困境？)”和第五段中的“Yet the uncomfortable silence between Dad and me went on. (然而，爸爸和我之间令人不安的沉默还在继续)”可得出，作者对爸爸的行为感到生气，二人关系很僵；由最后一段中的“After cleaning it, I passed it back to Dad. He looked at it and smiled. But this time, I noticed something different. My dad had aged. He had wrinkles next to his eyes when he smiled, yet his smile was still as heartwarming as before. (洗完后，我把它递给了爸爸。他看着它，笑了。但这一次，我注意到了一些不同的东西。我爸爸已经老了。当他微笑时，眼睛旁边有皱纹，但他的笑容仍然像以前一样温暖人心)”可得出，作者和爸爸解开心结，作者感到温暖；这些年来，作者与父亲在一起时经历了“快乐的→生气的→温暖的”的情感变化。故选D项。
Passage 4、（2022·辽宁实验中学高三期中考试）
At 81 years old, Jeanne Daprano is still pushing her body to the limit. She’s still running competitive races, breaking world records and taking on new challenges. “The thing I’m learning about aging is that it’s inevitable,” Daprano said. “I’m not going to escape it. There are two ways to go: You can either press on or give up.”
Daprano grew up in Iowa. Then, she moved to California. As a primary school teacher, she began running in order to keep up with her student. “I was known as a running teacher,” she said. “I had my students do fitness before we studied in the morning and then throughout the day.” Then she began running competitively with 5K and 10K road races before moving to the track. She is now the world record holder in the women’s 75-year-old age group 400 meters and 800 meters. “When I get to the final finish line, I want this body to be worn out. I’m not doing this to live to be 100. I’m doing this to be the best I can be today.”
After moving to Atlanta about a decade ago, Daprano met fitness trainer David Buer. Ever since, she’s been coming to his gym, where he tailors workouts for Daprano’s specifc needs. “When she came to me, she was pushing 70 years old,” Buer said. “I’ve worked with other individuals Jeanne’s age, but she came to me with different goals. She had a unique drive and passion — not just a passion for fitness or athletics but for life in general.”
Last February, Daprano took on a new challenge: her first indoor rowing competition. In classic fashion, she broke the world record in the 80-to-84 age group, rowing 2,000 meters in 9:23:7. For those hoping to either start getting in shape or stay in shape for a long time, she offers this advice: Listen to your body. What are you passionate about? How are you going to keep physically fit and mentally fit? Start where you are. Don’t look ahead or compare yourself to somebody else.
What might be Buer’s first impression of Daprano?
A．She was a qualified teacher. B．She was an unusual woman.
C．She was too old to run a race. D．She was hard to get along with.
【语篇解读】
本文为一篇记叙文。81岁的Jeanne Daprano仍然在突破身体的极限，她参加竞技比赛，打破世界纪录，接受新的挑战。文章介绍了她如何开始跑步并描述了她对运动的热爱。
【详情解析】
【B】 推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段““When she came to me, she was pushing 70 years old,” Buer said. “I’ve worked with other individuals Jeanne’s age, but she came to me with different goals. She had a unique drive and passion — not just a passion for fitness or athletics but for life in general.””（布尔说:“她来找我的时候已经快70岁了。”“我和其他和珍妮同龄的人一起工作过，但她带着不同的目标来找我。她有一种独特的动力和激情——不仅仅是对健身或运动的激情，而是对生活的激情。”）可知，当Buer第一次见到Daprano时，他认为她是与众不同的。故选B项。
Passage 5、（2022·吉林·长春市实验中学模拟预测）
People who seek comfort by pouring their hearts out in Courtney’s office don’t get rewarded with an Xanax or Prozac prescription (处方). Instead, they walk away with a reading list of some fictions.
Such fictions as To Kill a Mockingbird and The Color Purple teach you complicated topics like racism, poverty, bullying and other issues. They could also help you know your own heart and others’. Keith Oatley, a psychology professor at Toronto University, recommends novels that help us understand the characters from the inside rather than plot—driven novels. We can learn from a literary masterpiece, such as Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway, or from popular fictions such as Harry Potter. Spending quality time with these characters as you relax on the beach or sit propped up on bed pillows may enhance your EQ (emotional intelligence).
Lab tests seem to show this. Brain scans of people who have been reading fictions show the area that corresponds with emotion lights up. Even if you are not a keen reader, there’s still hope. Past studies have shown serial TV programs that are character driven such as The West Wing or The Good Wife also help you better understand what we human beings are up to. Other studies have shown watching character-driven sitcoms can lessen a viewer’s prejudice.
You can be as witty as Sherlock, but to get along well in this life, you really do need to understand people emotionally. And you can’t be as emotionally unavailable as Mr. Darcy throughout much of Pride and Prejudice. You have to learn the lesson Jane Austen is trying to teach with that book. Kieth said, “To love people, you really have to know them.” People say you only get one life, but I say read fictions and you can live many lives in one.
1．How is the third paragraph mainly developed?
A．By analyzing some data. B．By following the order of time.
C．By providing some evidence. D．By making some comparisons.
2．What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A．Sherlock gets along well in life. B．Darcy is not very emotionally intelligent.
C．Keith loves reading Austen’s novels. D．Reading fictions can lengthen our life.
【语篇解读】
这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了阅读小说对提升人们的情商有益。
【详情解析】
1．【C】推理判断题。第二段最后一句“Spending quality time with these characters as you relax on the beach or sit propped up on bed pillows may enhance your EQ (emotional intelligence).(当你在沙滩上放松，或者倚靠在枕头上时，和这些人物共度美好时光可以提高你的情商)”提到阅读小说对提升人们的情商有益，根据第三段中“Lab tests seem to show this.(实验室测试似乎证明了这一点)”及“Past studies have shown serial TV programs that are character driven such as The West Wing or The Good Wife also help you better understand what we human beings are up to. Other studies have shown watching character-driven sitcoms can lessen a viewer’s prejudice.(过去的研究表明，像《白宫风云》和《傲骨贤妻》这样受角色驱动的系列电视节目也能帮助你更好地理解我们人类的行为。其他研究表明，观看以角色为导向的情景喜剧可以减少观众的偏见)”可知，第三段是通过提供一些证据展开的。故选C项。
2．【B】推理判断题。根据最后一段第二句话“And you can’t be as emotionally unavailable as Mr. Darcy throughout much of Pride and Prejudice.(你不能像在《傲慢与偏见》中的Darcy先生一样感情用事)”可知，Darcy先生是一个感情用事的人，情商不高。故选B项。
Passage 6、（2022·黑龙江·哈尔滨三中高三阶段性考试）
It was late on a Thursday evening in Austin, Texas, and I had just finished my shift downtown waiting tables. I hopped into my truck and headed away from the chaos to my own personal oasis, Dan’s Depot. It was on a four-lane road that went straight from the heart of Austin to West Texas. Once, Dan’s Depot had been outside of the city. But with Austin’s population growing and the city’s expansion, it was swallowed up by high-rise buildings and skyscrapers.
I’ve been familiar with Dan’s Depot since I played my first show there. Like most waiters in Austin, I’m actually a musician. The woman who welcomes customers is Dan’s wife Maude.
I slid my truck into the last free spot and headed to the door. “How’s it going, Maude?” I asked. “David, I just don’t know what we’re going to do,” she said. “Our contract with the landlord is up for renewal at the end of the month, and he has doubled the rent. Even if we charged twice as much for the snacks and shows, we could never make ends meet.”
My heart dropped. On some level, I’d been expecting to hear this news for as long as I’d been coming to Dan’s Depot. After all, Dan’s Depot was now sandwiched between a shop selling yoga pants to people who could afford personal trainers and a luxury furniture store where even a simple dining chair cost more than S1, 000. How could this little live music bar survive with those kinds of neighbors?
“What are you going to do with this place? Are you moving?” I asked. She shook her head slowly. “I just don’t know. Dan and I are not as young as we used to be.”
I patted her on the shoulder and made my way to the tables near the stage. Memories sprung up in my mind. Most of my musical ideas came to me while I was watching live shows here at Dan’s Depot. When the song ended, I got up and went back to Maude.
“What if I run the new Dan’s Depot?” I asked her. She stared at me, surprised.
“Hear me out,” I said. “I’ve got enough money to go in with you and Dan as a third partner. I know the Texas music scene in and out, and I can get the best new bands in here every week. We’ll move it way down South Congress Avenue, where it’s still close enough to be accessible from downtown but the rent is more affordable. And most importantly, this place means a lot to me.”
Maude was still staring at me silently. I began to grow uneasy. Had I offended her? I started apologizing. She cut me off with a huge embrace. “Honey, I think that’s a fantastic idea.”
1．Why did the author say he had long expected to hear the news Maude told him?
A．He pointed out Dan’s Depot was in poor management
B．He felt the sandwiches in Dan’s Depot were too expensive.
C．He thought Dan’s Depot was out of tune with its surroundings.
D．He suggested Dan and Maude retire early and enjoy their lives.
2．What does the author advise Maude to do?
A．Sell Dan’s Depot to him. B．Hire him as a lead singer.
C．Find another way to run the business. D．Advertise for a third partner.
【语篇解读】
这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者心目中的绿洲Dan’s Depot面临即将倒闭的风险，作者建议换一种方式来经营这个事业。文章告诉我们：每一个结束都是一个新的开始。
【详情解析】
1．【C】推理判断题。由第四段中的“On some level, I’d been expecting to hear this news for as long as I’d been coming to Dan’s Depot. After all, Dan’s Depot was now sandwiched between a shop selling yoga pants to people who could afford personal trainers and a luxury furniture store where even a simple dining chair cost more than S1, 000. How could this little live music bar survive with those kinds of neighbors? (从某种程度上说，自从我来到Dan’s Depot以来，我就一直期待听到这个消息。毕竟，Dan’s Depot现在被夹在一家向买得起私人教练的人出售瑜伽裤的商店和一家豪华家具店之间，在那里，即使是一张简单的餐椅也要花费1000多美元。这家小小的现场音乐酒吧怎么能与这些邻居共存？)”可知，作者说他早就希望听到莫德告诉他的消息，是因为作者认为Dan’s Depot与周围环境格格不入。故选C项。
2．【C】推理判断题。由倒数第三段中的““What if I run the new Dan’s Depot?” I asked her. (“如果我经营新的Dan’s Depot怎么样？”我问她)”和倒数第二段““Hear me out,” I said. “I’ve got enough money to go in with you and Dan as a third partner. I know the Texas music scene in and out, and I can get the best new bands in here every week. We’ll move it way down South Congress Avenue, where it’s still close enough to be accessible from downtown but the rent is more affordable. And most importantly, this place means a lot to me.”(“听我说，”我说。“我有足够的钱，加入你和丹作为第三个合作伙伴。我了解得克萨斯州的音乐界，每周都能请到最好的新乐队来。我们会把它搬到南国会大道，那里离市中心很近，但租金更便宜。最重要的是，这个地方对我来说意义重大。”)”可知，作者建议莫德换一种方式来经营Dan’s Depot，倒数第二段讲了具体的新经营策略。故选C项。
Passage 7、（2022·安徽·六安市裕安区新安中学高三月考试卷）
Last Tuesday, a robotic ship called the Mayflower Autonomous Ship (MAS) took off from Plymouth, England. Its mission (使命) was to recreate the 1620 crossing of the Atlantic by the Mayflower, which brought the first European settlers to the USA．But unlike the original Mayflower, there are no people on the MAS. Everything about the ship is designed to run automatically. The ship is guided by an artificial intelligence (AI) system called "AI Captain".
The MAS is a project run by a group called ProMare along with the computer company, IBM. The ship's electric motor is powered by solar energy. The goal of the project is to test different kinds of technologies for collecting information about the sea. If these can be handled by machines, it could be a big advance in ocean research.
Because the MAS didn't have to carry humans, its designers were free to think about how to make the best ship for the job. In addition to cameras and radar to help the ship guide itself, the ship is carrying many different kinds of tools and sensors. It has special listening devices which can detect whales and dolphins. It even has a special "tongue" which can report back on the chemicals in the water.
Last Friday morning, scientists tracking the ship noticed that it was going about half as fast as it should have been going. The AI Captain was working well, but there seemed to be something slowing the motor down. Since the ship had only covered 10% of the way across the Atlantic, the team decided to bring it back to Plymouth so they could fix the problem and send it out again. They sent the MAS instructions to turn back.
When the MAS finally does put out to sea again, it is expected to take about three weeks to cross the Atlantic Ocean. The fastest speed for the MAS is about 10 mph (16 kph). That may seem slow, but it's about 5 times faster than the original Mayflower, which took 66 days to make the journey.
What can we know from the last paragraph?
A．The robotic ship will set sail again soon.
B．The journey will be difficult and dangerous.
C．The entire journey will be about 2, 100 miles.
D．The MAS will travel farther than the original one.
【语篇解读】
本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要介绍了一艘名为五月花号的机器人船穿越大西洋，测试收集海洋信息的不同技术。
【详情解析】
【A】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“When the MAS finally does put out to sea again, it is expected to take about three weeks to cross the Atlantic Ocean.（当MAS最终再次出海时，预计需要大约三周的时间才能穿越大西洋。）”可知，MAS将很快会再次出海。故选A项。
Passage 8、（2022·福建省龙岩第一中学高三期末测试）
Virtual realty can improve brain activity that may be crucial for leaning, memory and even treating Alzheimer’s, a study on rats has found.
After monitoring the rats’ brain activity, researchers from the University of California Los Angeles discovered electrical activity in a region known as the hippocampus neurons (海马体神经元) differed depending on whether the rats were placed in real-world or VR environments. The new findings are significant as the hippocampus is a primary driver of learning and memory in the brain.    
When rats walk around in real life, electrical activity in the hippocampus appears to synchronize (同步发生) at a rate of eight heartbeats per second. Heartbeats at this frequency are generally known as “theta (Ѳ) waves”, with stronger Ѳ waves seeming to improve the brain's ability to learn and keep sensory information. When placed in a VR environment, the rat’s Ѳ waves became stronger.
“It turns out that amazing things happen when the rat is in virtual reality” said Prof Mayank Mehta from UCLA．The scientists also found that VR environments could change different electrical rhythms (节律) in different parts of the neurons, which indicates that scientists may be able to control human brain rhythms.
“This is a new technology that has great potential,” Mehta said. The study also indicates why VR may stimulate these unique brain waves. A big part of it, Mehta puts, may be down to the very different set of stimuli presented in VR.
Imagine that you’re approaching a doorway in real life. Your eyes see the door getting larger. But how do you know that you’re moving forward and the door isn’t coming to you? The answer is that your brain uses information such as the acceleration of your head through space or the shift of weight from one foot to the other－information that may not be present during a VR experience.
How does the author introduce VR’s different set of stimuli?
A．By conducting further tests on rats. B．By comparing different environments.
C．By providing a detailed analysis D．By explaining the theory of VR.
【语篇解读】
本文是一篇说明文。一项对老鼠的研究发现，VR(虚拟现实环境)可以改善大脑活动，这可能对学习、记忆甚至治疗阿尔茨海默氏症至关重要。
【详情解析】
【B】 推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段最后一句“A big part of it, Mehta puts, may be down to the very different set of stimuli presented in VR. (Mehta认为，其中很大一部分原因可能是虚拟现实中呈现的一系列截然不同的刺激)”和最后一段“Imagine that you’re approaching a doorway in real life. Your eyes see the door getting larger. But how do you know that you’re moving forward and the door isn’t coming to you? The answer is that your brain uses information such as the acceleration of your head through space or the shift of weight from one foot to the other－information that may not be present during a VR experience.(想象一下，你正在接近现实生活中的一个门口。你的眼睛看到门越来越大。但是你怎么知道你在向前走，而那扇门不会向你走来呢?答案是，你的大脑使用的信息，比如你的头部在空间中的加速度，或者从一只脚到另一只脚的重心转移——这些信息在虚拟现实体验中可能不存在)”可知，作者通过对比现实环境与虚拟现实环境所带来的不同效果，来介绍VR所带来的不同刺激，故选B。
Passage 9、（2022·江西·临川一中高三诊断性测试）
Mark Baker’s appreciation for nature runs deep, but he hasn’t always championed the Amazon rainforest’s rugged beauty.
For eight years, Mr. Baker’s business sold rare tropical wood from the Amazon to customers across the United States. Exporting wood provided him with an excuse to spend a lot of time in the rainforest, taking him back to his boyhood days. Mr. Baker told himself that selective harvest was just part of managing the resource.
But gradually he began to notice on his birding outings that the forest had grown quieter. On the Manaus docks, he saw wood for export labeled with the name of a type of wood legal to export, but knew that it was another illegal type. “It took me eight years to come to the realization that the construct that you can selectively harvest and manage the forest was a bunch of nonsense,” he says. “I couldn’t do it anymore.”
Because of his own personal transformation, Mr. Baker founded an ecotourism company that takes tourists along Brazil’s Rio Negro. With the trips, he aims to foster appreciation and a sense of stewardship(管理)for the rainforest among global citizens.
The Amazon rainforest covers more than 2.3 million square miles and is the biggest carbon store in the world, according to Giordane Martins, a biologist. Forty percent of Brazil’s land lies in the Amazon, but roughly 20% of it is already deforested. Ecotourism, what Mark is doing, has a positive impact.
“Our role is to educate,” Mark says. “Many people arrive with that nature sensibility. Some acquire it on our tours. One of the goals of ecotourism is to share the economic benefits of travel. The other is to help promote conservation, to generate income and help protect the forest. We’ve seen that happen. I wish we could say we saved the rainforest. We haven’t. But we have had an impact.”
1．Which of the following can best describe Mark Baker?
A．Environmentally conscious and selfish. B．Profit-oriented and competent.
C．Socially responsible and determined. D．Smart and pessimistic.
2．What can we learn about the ecotourism from the last paragraph?
A．It has a positive impact. B．It has saved the rainforest.
C．It is profitable but meaningless. D．It provides academic education.
【语篇解读】
本文是一篇说明文。介绍了靠着雨林木材做生意的Mark Baker意识到自己的行为对雨林造成了很大的破坏，从而一改态度，开始号召生态旅游，拯救雨林，并起到了一些积极作用。
【详情解析】
1．推理判断题。根据第三段第三四句“ “It took me eight years to come to the realization that the construct that you can selectively harvest and manage the forest was a bunch of nonsense,” he says. “I couldn’t do it anymore.” (“我花了8年的时间才意识到，你可以选择性地收割和管理森林的构想是一派胡言。”他说。“我再也做不下去了。” )”可知，他是下定了决心的。根据第四段最后一句“With the trips, he aims to foster appreciation and a sense of stewardship(管理)for the rainforest among global citizens. (通过这些旅行，他的目标是在全球公民中培养对雨林的欣赏和管理意识。)”可知，他是具有社会责任感的。故选C项。
2．推理判断题。根据最后一段“I wish we could say we saved the rainforest. We haven’t. But we have had an impact. (我希望我们可以说我们拯救了雨林。我们还没有。但我们已经产生了影响。)”可知，虽然他们提倡的生态旅游还没有完全拯救雨林，但是已经产生了积极的影响。故填A项。
Passage 10、（2022·河南省实验中学高三期末测试）
As is known to us all, the stories we share with one another are significant, which shows our wisdom, providing our inspiration and attaching importance to our development. But occasionally people choose not to tell.
Consider the negative effects of not sharing a story in the news: People are wondering if public health officials are holding back too much information about the recent outbreak of Ebola.
There is a danger in holding back stories that ought to be told. Bobette Buster said it was like this, “The fact is, history has shown us that stories not told can become like a dangerous genie (妖怪) left in a bottle. When they are finally uncorked, their power to destroy is set free.”
There are a number of reasons why we hide parts of our story: they often show our weaknesses or expose our disadvantages; they require courage and strength to share, and of course, there are some stories that should be kept secret — especially those that embarrass someone else.
Most of us have two selves: the one we display on the outside and the one we actually are on the inside. And the better we get at hiding the stories that show our true selves, the more damage we may be causing to ourselves and to others.
Honesty and openness is important. It proves we are trustworthy. It displays we are human. We are not perfect or better. It highlights the importance of hard work and personal development. Hard work may not allow us to overcome our disadvantages completely. But with hard work, we do not have to be restricted to our mistakes.
Does this mean we admit every weakness, every disadvantage, and every secret regret to everybody we meet? No, of course not. There is a time and a place and a certain level of relationship necessary for some stories to be told in an appropriate manner.
1．What’s the function of the example in Paragraph 2?
A．It reflects that people are concerned about the spread of Ebola.
B．It proves not sharing a story can cause trouble.
C．It concludes that one should share a story at a proper time.
D．It shows the bad effect caused by sharing a story.
2．The writer aims to convince us to _______.
A．remove the dangers that can be caused by untold stories
B．be open to people close to you by sharing some secrets
C．share stories appropriately for the good of others and ourselves
D．realize the importance of being honest when making friends
【语篇解读】
这是一篇议论文。本文主要向我们介绍了不分享理应被分享的消息或情况会给我们带来的负面影响，接着剖析了我们不愿分享的原因，以及诚实和坦率的重要性，但最后一段告诉我们并非所有的东西都要去分享，而是要在合适的时间地点，以一种合适的方式去分享。
【详情解析】
1．【B】推理判断题。根据第二段“Consider the negative effects of not sharing a story in the news: People are wondering if public health officials are holding back too much information about the recent outbreak of Ebola. (想想在新闻中不分享情况的负面影响：人们想知道公共卫生官员是否对最近爆发的埃博拉疫情隐瞒了太多信息)”可知，第二段中例举了不分享埃博拉情况导致人们怀疑公共卫生官员是否隐瞒疫情的例子，以此来证明段首“the negative effects of not sharing a story”不分享情况会带来负面影响甚至麻烦的观点。故选B项。
2．【C】推理判断题。通读全文，并结合第五段中“And the better we get at hiding the stories that show our true selves, the more damage we may be causing to ourselves and to others.(我们越是善于隐藏那些展现真实自我的故事，我们对自己和他人造成的伤害就越大)”和最后一段中“There is a time and a place and a certain level of relationship necessary for some stories to be told in an appropriate manner. (有些故事需要以适当的方式讲述，这需要时间、地点和一定程度的关系)”可推知，作者在文中告诉我们，隐藏自我的故事是有害的，所以劝诫我们要为了他人和自己的利益适当地分享故事。故选C项。