高考英语二轮复习题型归纳与变式演练专题13阅读理解之说明文（含解析）

这是一份高考英语二轮复习题型归纳与变式演练专题13阅读理解之说明文（含解析），共41页。试卷主要包含了命题趋势，题型概述，选项特点，解题技法等内容，欢迎下载使用。
专题13 阅读理解之说明文



一、命题趋势
科普类说明文选材通常是各学科的前沿问题，如自然科学类、前沿科技发明类和医疗卫生类；高科技领域的最新科研成果；人们比较关心的生态环境问题；涉及到太空生物心理考古等领域话题。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方式，因此这方面说明文是试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。所以科普类说明文，它是阅读理解重要内容，也是高考考查难点。科普类“阅读理解”题愈来愈受到命题者的青睐｡而科普类文章往往具有跨学科､行文逻辑性强等特点,要求考生能从文章的整体逻辑以及重要细节上全面把握｡
二、题型概述
高考对说明文的考查多为科普说明文，它是阅读理解重要内容，也是高考考查难点。科普说明文着重揭示自然界潜在的奥秘、生物生存背景和产品工艺原理，多解释性、定义性、说明性长句，甚至可能会出现多种从句叠现的现象，因此阅读科普说明文时同学们一定要保持冷静，始终以平静的心态阅读原文，解答试题。同时应认真分析长句句子结构和逻辑关系。试题核心考查点：① 注重学科渗透,行文逻辑性强,内容抽象｡ ② 有利于激发学生的思维,对选拔优秀考生有一定的作用｡ ③ 能全面地考查学生的综合阅读能力和运用所学知识去分析､解决实际问题的能力｡
三、选项特点
1．正确选项的特点
(1)、是对原文中某一短语或句子的转换说法，一定要对照原文，做出正确理解。
(2)、说明文多出现标题判断题，考查考生对全文的理解，它常用设问方式，解题时应特别注意，因此多以How do/does...defend themselves(itself)为标题。
(3)、科普说明文往往揭示自然奥秘、动植物生存特点及产品工艺原理，易出现一些学术性较强的生词，因此常出现生词词义判断题，这种试题常以What does the underlined word mean？或What is the meaning of the underlined word？为设问方式考查对生词词义的判断。解题时一定要认真阅读原文，分析原文对自然奥秘、动植物生存特点、产品工艺原理是如何解释、如何定义的，在此基础上抽象概括出生词词义。
2．干扰选项的特点
(1)、断章取义，只是片面的理解很容易出现偏差。
(2)、出现生词会比较多，一定要理解上下句的句意。
审题口诀：
说明文章是“素描”，无情无议只介绍。
阐明事理遵顺序， 客观叙述不作造。
不管题干如何问， 原文材料是依靠。
相关语句提信息， 比对成功不动摇。







四、解题技法
科普类文章往往具有跨学科、行文逻辑性强等特点:要求考生能从文章的整体逻辑以 及重要细节上全面把握。科普说明文常设置下列题型：细节理解题、词义猜测题、推理判断题以及主旨大意题等,其中以主旨大意和推理判断题居多。 从词汇角度来看,在科普类文章中,词汇的意义具有单一性和准确性的特点。从语法和句子结构方面看,其结构较复杂,长难句较多,语法分析较困难。文章中常用被动语态、定语从句等结构。科普说明文在结构上常采用的写作方法有:①总分式。在说明事物或事理时,段落(层次)之间有一个总分关系,表现为由总到分或由分到总;②承接式。各层之间按照事物的发展过程,或者按时间、因果、条件等关系安排,前后相互承接;③递进式。后边在前边的基础上进一步说明,各层之间的关系由浅入深。文章的命题除了遵循科普类文章的命题方式外,还经常考查文章的篇章结构和修辞手法。
[方法1]　细节理解题
说明文通常突出介绍事件的过程、步骤和方法，同时通过具体的事例、数字、定义或图表等加以说明，所以该文体中的细节理解题常常和这些过程、步骤、方法、事例、数字、定义、图表等相关。考生解题时一定要准确地理解这些事实细节，进而做好相关的细节理解题。
【典例剖析】
Solar panels that grow spinach (菠菜) by pulling in steam from the air could offer a low-cost strategy to produce crops in the desert, a new study says. A new system, called WEC2P, consists of solar panels coated with hydrogel (水凝胶) , researchers in Saudi Arabia report. The hydrogel-lined solar panels are mounted (安装) on top of a large metal box that turns water vapor from the air into liquid water for growing crops. Over two weeks of hot weather last summer, the researchers were able to grow spinach with a crop survival rate of 95 percent.
According to the experts, the technology offers a “low-cost strategy” to improve food and water security. It’s described as “low cost” as the hydrogels use material as cheap as $1 per kilogram, although the combined cost of building and adopting such a system would be much more. As well as powering the growth of crops, harvesting steam from the air can also provide clean drinking water.
“Our goal is to create a system of clean energy, water, and food production, especially the water-creation part in our design,” said Wang.
“Our design makes water out of air using clean energy that would’ve been wasted and is suitable for scattered, small-scale farms in remote places like deserts and oceanic islands.” Commercial solar panels can usually transform less than a quarter of absorbed sunlight into electricity, while the remainder of the radiation is either lost as heat or heats up the panels, which in turn reduces their efficiency.
One potential issue with the system is it relies on high levels of humidity (湿度) — when there is a lot of steam in the surrounding air — and may not be quite as effective in very dry areas. “The performance and furthermore the cost of the system will have to be further and significantly improved before it can be made economically attractive,” said Wang.
【语篇解读】
这是一篇说明文。一项新的研究表明，通过从空气中吸收蒸汽来种植菠菜的太阳能电池板可以为在沙漠中种植作物提供一种低成本的策略。据沙特阿拉伯的研究人员报道，一种名为WEC2P的新系统由涂有水凝胶的太阳能电池板组成。文章对这种新系统进行了详细介绍。
Why is the technology described as low cost?
A．Because it’s easy to collect steam from the air.
B．Because of the low cost of building the system.
C．Because of the extensive application of the system.
D．Because the material used in hydrogels is inexpensive.
【详情解析】
细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“It’s described as “low cost” as the hydrogels use material as cheap as $1 per kilogram, although the combined cost of building and adopting such a system would be much more.”(它被描述为“低成本”，因为水凝胶使用的材料便宜到每公斤1美元，尽管建造和采用这样一个系统的综合成本要多得多)可知，这种技术被称为低成本是因为用于水凝胶的材料很便宜。故选D。
【答案】D

[方法2]　主旨大意题
说明文中的主旨大意题通常会体现作者写作的目的、文章主题思想、段落大意及阅读人群、文章出处等。这样，考生需要根据文章或段落的主题句、作者说明的主要内容等信息确定和主旨大意相关的试题，从而做出正确的选择。
【典例剖析】
This summer we witnessed interview teams at the North Pole wearing short sleeve shirts due to the warm weather. A study published on Aug 29 revealed more concerning issues in the supposedly coldest area of the world. Zombie ice from a massive Greenland ice sheet was confirmed to be melting, which would eventually raise global sea levels by at least 10 inches (27 centimeters) on its own, reported Associated Press (AP).
Zombie ice is the kind of ice that is still attached to thicker areas of ice, but is no longer getting fed by larger glaciers. Since glaciers are getting less snow to complement (补充) the amount of ice melted, once the zombie ice is melted, it cannot be re-formed.
Scientists decided to look at the balance of the ice. In perfect balance, snow in the mountains of Greenland flows down and thickens the sides of glaciers, balancing out what’s melting on the edges, according to AP. But in the last few decades, there is less refill and more melting, creating an imbalance.
Study co-author William Colgan at the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland told AP that 3.3 percent of Greenland’s total ice volume will melt eventually. “Starving would be a good phrase” for what’s happening to the ice, Colgan added.
With a great number of natural resources buried under the earth, areas of melted ice revealed treasures that attracted the world’s richest men. According to CNN, in early August, there was a “treasure hunt” in Greenland. Billionaires, including Bill Gates and others, financially backed KoBold Metals, a US-based mineral exploration company, to explore the rare metals under the glaciers in Greenland. The company told CNN that since there were enough minerals to power hundreds of millions of electric vehicles, the critical resource is capable of powering the green energy transition.
【语篇解读】
这是一篇说明文。据报道，来自格陵兰岛巨大冰原的僵尸冰被证实正在融化，并介绍了这一现象的形成原因及其影响。
The suitable saying that can be applied to this passage is ______.
A．Every coin has two sides B．Man can conquer nature
C．The early bird catches the worm D．One false move may lose the game

【详情解析】
主旨大意题。根据文章开头部分“A study published on Aug 29 revealed more concerning issues in the supposedly coldest area of the world. Zombie ice from a massive Greenland ice sheet was confirmed to be melting, which would eventually raise global sea levels by at least 10 inches (27 centimeters) on its own, reported Associated Press (AP).(8月29日发表的一项研究揭示了在这个被认为是世界上最冷地区的更多令人担忧的问题。据美联社(AP)报道，来自格陵兰岛巨大冰原的僵尸冰被证实正在融化，这最终将使全球海平面上升至少10英寸(27厘米))”可知，僵尸冰融化对全球海洋是一个威胁；根据最后一段“With a great number of natural resources buried under the earth, areas of melted ice revealed treasures that attracted the world’s richest men. (由于地下埋藏着大量的自然资源，融化的冰所暴露的宝藏吸引了世界上最富有的人)”可知，僵尸冰融化又可以使地下稀有矿藏可以被人类开采，获得财富。由此可见，僵尸冰融化一方面是坏事，一方面是好事。A项谚语意思是任何事物都有两面性，符合文章内容。故选A项。
【答案】A
[方法3]　标题判断题
科普说明文多出现标题判断题，考查考生对全文的理解，它常以What would be the best title for this passage? What can be a suitable title for the text?等为设问方式，文章标题可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子，它的特点是：短小精悍，多为一短语；涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小；精确性强，不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。答案需要理解文章后归纳文章中心。
【典例剖析】
A computer programme can identify breast cancer from routine scans with greater accuracy than human experts. Researchers said they hoped this could prove a breakthrough in the fight against the global killer.
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women all over the world, with more than 2 million new diagnoses last year alone. Whether breast cancer is severe is closely related to the time of diagnosis. Therefore, the regular examination is vital in detecting the earliest signs of the disease in patients who show no obvious symptoms.
In Britain, women over 50 are advised to get a mammogram(乳房X光检查) every three years, the results of which are interpreted by two independent experts in order to reduce errors in diagnosis. But interpreting the scans leaves room for error, and a small percentage of all mammograms either return a false positive—misdiagnosing a healthy patient as having cancer or false negative—missing the disease as it spreads.
Now researchers at Google Health have trained an artificial intelligence model to detect cancer in breast scans from thousands of women in Britain and the United States. The images had already been reviewed by doctors in real life but unlike in a clinical setting, the machine had no patient history to inform its diagnoses.
The team found that their AI model could predict breast cancer from the scans with a similar accuracy level to expert radiographers, who are trained to take X-rays. Further, the AI showed a reduction in the percentage of cases where cancer was incorrectly identified—5.7 percent in the US and 1.2 percent in Britain, respectively. It also reduced the percentage of missed diagnoses by 9.4 percent among US patients and by 2.7 percent in Britain.
“The earlier you identify a breast cancer, the better it is for the patient.” Dominic King, UK leading scientist at Google Health, told AFP. “We think about this technology in a way that supports and enables an expert, or a patient ultimately, to get the best outcome from whatever diagnostics(诊断法) they’ve had.”
【语篇解读】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家的一项新发明，研究人员训练一个新的人工智能模型，该人工智能模型可以通过常规扫描识别乳腺癌，其准确性比人类专家高。
Which is the main idea of the text?
A．A cure for breast cancer has been confirmed.
B．A breakthrough in AI technology has been made.
C．Researchers trained an AI model to help detect breast cancer.
D．A computer program avoids errors in identifying breast cancer.
【详情解析】
主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“A computer programme can identify breast cancer from routine scans with greater accuracy than human experts. Researchers said they hoped this could prove a breakthrough in the fight against the global killer. (计算机程序可以通过常规扫描识别乳腺癌，其准确性比人类专家还要高。研究人员表示，他们希望这能成为对抗这种全球杀手的一项突破)”以及第四段“Now researchers at Google Health have trained an artificial intelligence model to detect cancer in breast scans from thousands of women in Britain and the United States. (现在谷歌Health的研究人员已经训练了一个人工智能模型，可以在英国和美国的数千名女性的乳房扫描中检测癌症)”可知，文章主要介绍了一个新的能识别乳腺癌的人工智能模型。故选C。
【答案】C
[方法4]　推理判断题
为了考查考生的逻辑推理判断能力，说明文中的推理判断题通常要求考生推断出事件发展过程和步骤的重要环节以及作者使用举例和对比等写作手法的具体目的等。这时，考生需要联系文章的主题思想对推理判断题加以突破。
【典例剖析】
The lift-off of any NASA space shuttle is always a huge event, but on July 23, 1999, it was particularly emotional for a group of women whose nickname was the “Mercury 13”. On that day, Eileen Collins became the first woman to command a space shuttle ever.
Almost Astronauts: 13 Women Who Dared to Dream is a photo essay book that tells the story of thirteen female pilots, known as the “Mercury 13”, who attempted to join NASA’s astronaut program in the 1960s, when there was an unspoken rule in America: you had to be a man if you wanted to be an astronaut.
They participated in the Women in Space program, in which they not only completed the tests but also surpassed the results of male astronauts. However, their ambition, courage, and achievements were ignored by NASA and other government figures, involving Vice President Lyndon B．Johnson, who was in favor of prohibiting women from being astronauts.
Of course, those 13 women never made it to space, but they continued to push for female pilots to be admitted to the space program. Because of their courageous struggle, later generations succeeded.
Younger female readers will enjoy reading these stories about women who overcame criticism, prejudice and injustice and dared to achieve more than the roles society wished them to play. Not only are these women excellent role models for our girls, they are also a good reminder of how hard women once fought for us, so we can enjoy the relative equality today. I would recommend this book to any young woman, especially one in high school who is ready to take on the world on her own, one who may be questioning where she will take her life and definitely one who may be dreaming bigger than most people think is appropriate.
【语篇解读】
本文是一篇书评。文章主要介绍了一本书《Almost Astronauts: 13 Women Who Dared to Dream》，介绍了这本书的主要内容以及意义。
What’s the purpose of the text?
A．To inform the public of an event. B．To explain a phenomenon.
C．To argue over a social issue. D．To recommend a book.
【详情解析】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“I would recommend this book to any young woman, especially one in high school who is ready to take on the world on her own, one who may be questioning where she will take her life and definitely one who may be dreaming bigger than most people think is appropriate. (我会向所有的年轻女性推荐这本书，尤其是那些已经准备好独自面对这个世界的高中生，一个可能在质疑自己将在哪里度过一生的人，以及一个可能有比大多数人认为的更大梦想的人。)”可推断，这篇文章的主要目的是推荐这本书。故选D。
【答案】D
[方法5]　代词指代判断题
科技说明文在对自然奥秘、动植物生存侍点及产品工艺原理进行解释时，易出现动作变换多、人称转变频的现象，因此常出现代词指代判断题，这些试题常以it；they；them 等表物的代词为命题题点，要求考生裉据上下文语语境逻辑推断其指代对象。解题时应认真分析动作转换背景，区分动作不同执行者，从而准确判断代词的正确指代。
【典例剖析】
Just as a hungry brain craves (渴望) food, a lonely brain craves people. A new brain study demonstrates this. After being left alone, it shows people's brains would be activated at the sight of other people. The action was in the same brain region that speeds up when a hungry person sees food.
Livia Tomova, a neuroscientist, who studies how the brain produces mental activities, and her colleagues began this study. They recruited (招募) 40 people. On one day, the participants had to fast—not eat anything at all—for 10 hours. On another day, the same people were placed in a room for 10 hours. They couldn't see anyone. No friends, no family and no social media. They weren't even allowed to check their email. After both days, Tomova and her colleagues put the people in a MRI machine. It shows activity in the brain by tracking how much blood is flowing to each region.
At the end of each day, the participants showed high activity in a brain area called the midbrain. The scientists were interested in two, small areas within it. Both areas produce dopamine, a chemical that is important in craving and rewards. The two areas activated when hungry participants saw pictures of tasty pizza or juicy hamburgers. After the volunteers had been isolated, those brain areas became active when they saw social activities they missed. It might be playing sports or chatting with friends.
The midbrain plays an important part in people's motivation to seek food or friends. In fact, it responds to food and social signals even when people aren't hungry or lonely. But hunger and loneliness increased the reactions and made people's responses specific to the thing they were missing. And the more hunger or isolation the volunteers said they were experiencing, the stronger the activity in this part of the brain. Tomova and her colleagues published their results November 23 in Nature Neuroscience.
【语篇解读】
本文是说明文，介绍了Tomova和她的同事通过研究，发现“饥饿的大脑渴望食物和孤独的大脑渴望与人的交往”这一行为背后的大脑机制。
What does the underlined “it” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A．A midbrain area. B．A social activity. C．A volunteer. D．A hamburger.
【详情解析】
词句猜测题。根据第三自然段“After the volunteers had been isolated, those brain areas became active when they saw social activities they missed. It might be playing sports or chatting with friends. (在志愿者被隔离后，当他们看到自己错过的社交活动时，这些大脑区域就会变得活跃。可能是做运动或和朋友聊天)”可知，代词It指代的是前文中让大脑会变得活跃的social activities之一。故选B项。
【答案】B
[方法6]　生词词义或句意猜测题
科普说明文往往揭示自然奥秘、动植物生存特点及产品工艺原理，易出现一些学术性较强的生词，因此常出现生词词义判断题，这种试题常以What does the underlined word mean?或What is the meaning of the underlined word?为设问方式考查对生词词义的判断。词义猜测题的设置通常和定义、概念、举例等有关，这有助于对词汇的理解，解题时考生要注意捕捉这些信息，正确理解相关词汇的意思。
【典例剖析】
In previous recessions (经济衰退), billionaires were hit along with the rest of us; it took almost three years for Forbes’s 400 richest people to recover from losses caused in 2008’s Great Recession. But in the coronavirus recession of 2020, most billionaires have gotten richer than ever before.
Billionaires increased their new billions just as millions of other Americans ran into terrible financial problems. More than 20 million people lost their jobs at the start of the pandemic. Food banks across the country are preparing for another great increase in demand. Why are American billionaires doing so well while so many other Americans suffer? People may find part of the reasons from the following fact. Stocks (股票) are overwhelmingly owned by the wealthy, and the stock market has recovered from its early-pandemic depths much more quickly than other parts of the economy.
But some billionaires are also benefiting from economic and technological trends that were accelerated by the pandemic. Among these are the owners and investors of retail giants like Amazon, Walmart, Target, Dollar Tree and Dollar General, which have reported huge profits this year while many of their smaller competitors were defeated completely as the coronavirus spread.
Then there are companies that have bet on the rapid digitization of everything Eric Yuan, the chief executive of Zoom, became a billionaire in 2019. Now he is worth almost $20 billion. Dan Gilbert, the chairman of Quicken Loans, was worth less than $7 billion in March, now he commands more than $43 billion. But there is a great deal of stratification (层化) even among billionaires—richer billionaires got even richer in 2020 than the poorer ones did. Jeff Bezos, Amazon’s funder, was worth about $113 billion at the start of the pandemic. Now he is worth $182 billion. Two years ago, Bezos was the only “centibillionaire” on earth—the trendy neologism (a new word) for people whose wealth exceeds (超过) ￥100 billion.
【语篇解读】
这是一篇说明文。在新冠疫情期间，大多数亿万富翁比以往任何时候都更富有。文章对这种现象进行了介绍和分析。
What is “part of the reasons” that is implied in Paragraph 2?
A．The American inequality. B．The recovery of stock market.
C．The effect of the pandemic. D．The food shortage across the country.
【详情解析】
词句猜测题。根据第二段最后一句“Stocks (股票) are overwhelmingly owned by the wealthy, and the stock market has recovered from its early-pandemic depths much more quickly than other parts of the economy.”（股票绝大多数由富人持有，股市从疫情早期的深度中复苏的速度远远快于经济的其他领域。）可知，“part of the reasons”是指美国的不平等。故选A。
【答案】A
[方法7]篇章结构题
对文章组织结构的考查不外乎两个层次。一是按段落的组织方法理解文章的结构，一是按写作方法(论证方法)理解文章的结构。为突出主题作者可能采用不同的写作手法来组织文章，通过举例、比较、类比等手法来透彻阐明主题观点。对这类题型的考查主要体现在以下几个方面：最常见的提问方式是：
The sentence in paragraph means _______.;
The example of in para.is used to illustrate/show______ .
Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?
【典例剖析】
The Indian government may use 3D paintings as virtual speed-breakers on major highways arid roads, in an attempt to check speeding and careless driving, and eventually make its deadly roads a little safer. “We are trying out 3D paintings used as virtual speed breakers to avoid unnecessary requirements of speed breakers,” India's transport minister Nitin Gadkari tweeted.
The visual illusions are supposed to encourage drivers to slow down automatically. Earlier this month, India had ordered the removal of all speed breakers from highways, which are considered to be a danger to safety for high-speed vehicles.
India has the highest number of road accident deaths in the world. According to the World Health Organisation, over 200,00 people are killed by road accidents due to poor application of road safety laws. This is considerably higher than its official figures of 141,526 for 2014.
The use of visual illusions as speed breakers was first pioneered in the American city of Philadelphia in 2008, as part of a campaign against speeding motorists. The technique has also been tried out in China to create floating 3D crossings.
In India, cities such as Ahmedabad and Chennai have already experimented with 3D zebra crossings in the last one year. In Ahmedabad for instance, two artists, mother and daughter have painted 3D crosswalks in the first few months of this year. The artists say their motto is “to increase the attention of drivers”, and that the concept has been successfully tested in zones where accidents easily occur on a highway.”
However, critics argue that once drivers know that these speed breakers arc visual illusions, they may ignore them. Others also point out that India's decision does not consider the safety of a large number of walkers. In the end, the new policy may be just one step towards improving road safety.
The author explains the experiment of 3D zebra crossings in India by ________.
A. giving examples B. analyzing causes
C. providing figures D. making comparisons
【语篇解读】
本文叙述了印度政府决定用3D图画作为主要路段的减速器，目的是使危险的路段变得安全，但有人也对此种方法的有效性表示怀疑。
【详情解析】
篇章结构题。根据第五段In Ahmedabad for instance, two artists, mother and daughter have painted 3D crosswalks in the first few months of this year....可知作者通过举例来解释印度3D斑马线的实验。
【答案】A


精做高考真题
Passage 1、（2022·全国新高考II卷）
As we age, even if we’re healthy, the heart just isn’t as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early 60s. And among people who don’t exercise, the changes can start even sooner.
“Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart.
Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic (无氧) exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health.
“We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine. “And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump (泵送) a lot more blood during exercise.” But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise didn’t change, he says.
“The sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you haven’t already, is in late middle age when the heart still has flexibility,” Levine says. “We put healthy 70-year-olds through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing happened to them at all.”
Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says Levine’s findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference.
1．What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band?
A．The right way of exercising. B．The causes of a heart attack.
C．The difficulty of keeping fit. D．The aging process of the heart.
2．In which aspect were the two groups different in terms of research design?
A．Diet plan. B．Professional background.
C．Exercise type. D．Previous physical condition.
3．What does Levine’s research find?
A．Middle-aged hearts get younger with aerobic exercise.
B．High-intensity exercise is more suitable for the young.
C．It is never too late for people to start taking exercise.
D．The more exercise we do, the stronger our hearts get.
4．What does Dr. Nieca Goldberg suggest?
A．Making use of the findings. B．Interviewing the study participants.
C．Conducting further research. D．Clarifying the purpose of the study.
【语篇解读】
本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是锻炼对于心脏的好处。
【详情解析】
1．【D】推理判断题。根据第二段的““Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart.(“想想橡皮筋。一开始，它是灵活的，但把它放在抽屉里20年，它就会变得干燥，很容易破碎，”德克萨斯大学的心脏专家本·莱文博士说。这就是心脏的变化。)”可知，莱文想通过提到橡皮筋来解释心脏的老化过程，故选D。
2．【C】推理判断题。根据第三段的“The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week.(第一组每周参加三次非有氧运动——平衡训练和重量训练。第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多的高强度有氧运动。)”可知，两组在研究设计上的不同在于运动类型的不同，故选C。
3．【A】细节理解题。根据第三段的“The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health.(第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多的高强度有氧运动。两年后，第二组的心脏健康状况有了显著改善。)”和第四段的““We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine.(莱文说:“我们把这些50岁的心脏的时钟拨回30或35岁的心脏。”)”可知，莱文的研究发现了通过有氧运动，中年人的心脏会变得更年轻，故选A。
4．【C】推理判断题。根据最后一段的“But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference.(但这项研究的规模很小，需要在更大的人群中重复进行，以确定日常锻炼的哪些方面会产生最大的影响。)”可知，妮卡·戈德堡博士建议进行进一步的研究。故选C。
Passage 2、（2022·全国新高考I卷）
Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula (芝麻菜)was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.
In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away — from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.
Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”
If that’s hard to understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time — but for him, it's more like 12 bones of donated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D．C．, which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.
Such methods seem obvious, yet so often we just don’t think. “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says.
5．What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story?
A．We pay little attention to food waste. B．We waste food unintentionally at times.
C．We waste more vegetables than meat. D．We have good reasons for wasting food.
6．What is a consequence of food waste according to the test?
A．Moral decline. B．Environmental harm.
C．Energy shortage. D．Worldwide starvation.
7．What does Curtin’s company do?
A．It produces kitchen equipment. B．It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel.
C．It helps local farmers grow fruits. D．It makes meals out of unwanted food.
8．What does Curtin suggest people do?
A．Buy only what is needed. B．Reduce food consumption.
C．Go shopping once a week. D．Eat in restaurants less often.
【语篇解读】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了我们日常生活中的食物浪费现象以及华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官科廷为解决食物浪费而采取的努力。
【详情解析】
5．【B】推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste.(像我们大多数人一样，我努力关注那些被浪费的食物)”及“But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.(但随着时间的推移，芝麻菜变坏了。更糟糕的是，我不假思索地买了太多东西；我扔掉的东西可以做六份沙拉)”可推知，作者想通过讲述芝麻菜的故事来表明我们有时会无意间浪费食物。故选B项。
6．【B】细节理解题。根据第三段“Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other, resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”(生产没人吃的食物会浪费用于种植食物的水、燃料和其他资源。这使得食物浪费成为一个环境问题。事实上，罗伊特写道，“如果食物浪费是一个国家，它将是世界上第三大温室气体排放国。”)”可知，浪费食物的一个后果是对环境的危害。故选B项。
7．【D】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington. D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce, that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.(科廷是华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官，该公司把食物复原，变成健康的食物。去年，该组织通过接受捐赠和收集有瑕疵的农产品，收回了超过807500磅的食物，否则这些农产品就会在地里腐烂。草莓呢？志愿者们将清洗、切割、冷冻或干燥它们，以便在路上的餐食中使用)”可知，科廷的公司用人们不想要的食物重新制作食物。故选D项。
8．【A】细节理解题。根据最后一段中的““Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says.(“每个人都可以在减少浪费方面发挥作用，无论是在每周的购物中不购买不必要的食物，还是要求餐馆不包括你不吃的配菜，”科廷说)”可知，科廷建议人们只买需要的东西来避免浪费食物。故选A项。
Passage 3、（2022·全国新高考I卷）
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. “The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.
9．Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on?

A．Its variety. B．Its distribution. C．Its quantity. D．Its development.
10．Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?
A．They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.
B．They could not open and close their lips easily.
C．Their jaws were not conveniently structured.
D．Their lower front teeth were not large enough.
11．What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A．Supporting evidence for the research results.
B．Potential application of the research findings.
C．A further explanation of the research methods.
D．A reasonable doubt about the research process.
12．What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?
A．It is key to effective communication. B．It contributes much to cultural diversity.
C．It is a complex and dynamic system. D．It drives the evolution of human beings.
【语篇解读】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音。
【详情解析】
9．【D】细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damian Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.(30多年前，学者Charles Hockett注意到，被称为唇齿音的语音，如“f”和“v”，在吃软食物的社会的语言中更常见。现在，瑞士苏黎世大学的Damian Blasi领导的一组研究人员发现了这一趋势产生的方式和原因)”可知，Damian Blasi的研究关注的是这一趋势是如何产生的以及产生的原因，可知他的研究重点是在语言的演变上。故选D项。
10．【C】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned, making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure , making it easier to produce such sounds.(他们发现，古人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，因此很难产生唇齿音，唇齿音是通过下唇接触上牙齿而形成的。后来，我们的下颚变成了覆盖咬合结构，更容易发出这样的声音)”可知，因为古代成年人因为上下门牙是对齐的，他们的下颚结构跟现在的我们不一样，这就导致他们发不出这个唇齿音，也就是说他们的下颚结构使他们很难发出唇齿音。故选C项。
11．【A】主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the so Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v”increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.(对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，在过去几千年里，“f”和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然没有发现)”可知，此段主要是通过介绍语言数据库的分析结果来证实语音是发生了很大变化，有些以前使用的语音，现在不一定找得到，因此此处主要是通过相关证据进一步证明研究结果。故选A项。
12．【C】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中““The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.(研究小组成员Steven Moran说：“自从人类出现以来，我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，我们今天发现的各种语音都是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物。”)”可知，人类的语意一直在发展变化中，并不会一成不变，而且会因生物变化和文化变化等进行复杂的相互作用而改变，因此可知Steven Moran认为语音是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C项。
Passage 4、（2022·全国新高考I卷）
The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling lonely.
The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s wellbeing. It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use.
Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used to keep hens when I was younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school. ”
“I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there again at night to see they’ve gone to bed.”
“It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful.”
There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has been given financial support to roll it out countrywide.
Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said: “Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.”
Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.”
13．What is the purpose of the project?
A．To ensure harmony in care homes. B．To provide part-time jobs for the aged.
C．To raise money for medical research. D．To promote the elderly people’s welfare.
14．How has the project affected Ruth Xavier?
A．She has learned new life skills. B．She has gained a sense of achievement.
C．She has recovered her memory. D．She has developed a strong personality.
15．What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7?
A．Improve. B．Oppose. C．Begin. D．Evaluate.
16．What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs?
A．It is well received. B．It needs to be more creative.
C．It is highly profitable. D．It takes ages to see the results.
【语篇解读】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况的项目。
【详情解析】
13．【D】细节理解题。根据第二段“The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s wellbeing (该项目由当地一家慈善机构构想，旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况。)”可知，这个项目的目的是为了减少孤独和提高老年人的幸福感。故选D项。
14．【B】推理判断题。根据第五段““It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful.” (有不同的关注点很好。人们把自己的孩子带进来看母鸡，居民们也来外面坐着看它们。我喜欢创造性的活动，做一些有用的事情的感觉很好。)”可知，Ruth Xavier很享受做这些事，她觉得自己在做有用的事，这能够给她来良好的感觉，因此可知通过该项目她获得了一种成就感。故选B项。
15．【C】词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段“Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said: “Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.” (彭福街60号的额外护理经理Wendy Wilson是第一批参与该项目的人之一，她说：“居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣。”)”可知，Wendy Wilson是着手这项工程的人之一，也是做这个项目的创始人之一，因此可知，画线处embark on意为“开始着手做某事”，与C项“Begin (开始)”含义相近。故选C项。
16．【A】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here. (居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣。)”以及最后一段“Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.” (“诺丁山路径”的负责人林恩·刘易斯说：“我们很高兴能参与这个项目。它将通过共同的兴趣和创造性活动真正帮助我们的居民联系起来。”)”可知，该项目得到了居民们的认可，大家很欢迎这个项目，而且这个项目将会带来一些好处，因此可知这个项目的反响很好，很受欢迎。故选A项。
Passage 5、（2022·全国·高考乙卷）
The Government’s sugar tax on soft drinks has brought in half as much money as Ministers first predicted it would generate, the first official data on the policy has shown.
First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity (肥胖). It is believed that today’s children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar, putting them at a higher risk of the disease.
Initially the sugar tax was expected to make £520m a year for the Treasury. However, data of the first six months showed it would make less than half this amount. At present it is expected to generate £240m for the year ending in April 2019, which will go to school sports.
It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers (制造商) so they can avoid paying the tax. Drinks now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of manufacturers’ efforts to avoid the charge, according to Treasury figures. Since April drinks companies have been forced to pay between 18p and 24p for every litre of sugary drink they produce or import, depending on the sugar content.
However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax, as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.
Today’s figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities (设施) and healthier eating in schools. Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance, and the industry is playing its part.
17．Why was the sugar tax introduced?
A．To collect money for schools. B．To improve the quality of drinks.
C．To protect children’s health. D．To encourage research in education.
18．How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax?
A．They turned to overseas markets. B．They raised the prices of their products.
C．They cut down on their production. D．They reduced their products’ sugar content.
19．From which of the following is the sugar tax collected?
A．Most alcoholic drinks. B．Milk-based drinks. C．Fruit juices. D．Classic Coke.
20．What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy?
A．It is a short-sighted decision. B．It is a success story.
C．It benefits manufacturers. D．It upsets customers.
【语篇解读】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国政府对软饮料征收的糖税来解决儿童以及青少年的健康问题，同时该收入用于学校体育。
【详情解析】
17．【C】细节理解题。根据第二段中的“First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity.(该税于2016年4月首次宣布，适用于每100毫升含糖超过5g的软饮料，旨在帮助减少儿童肥胖)”可知，征收糖税的目的是帮助儿童减少肥胖，保护儿童健康。故选C项。
18．【D】细节理解题。根据第四段中的“It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers so they can avoid paying the tax.(此前，制造商已经降低了商店中销售的超过一半的软饮料的含糖量，以避免纳税)”可知，一些饮料公司通过降低了产品的含糖量来避税。故选D项。
19．【D】细节理解题。根据第五段中的“However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax, as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.(然而，一些高糖品牌，如经典可口可乐，已经接受了糖税，并拒绝改变，因为担心会惹恼消费者。果汁、以牛奶为原料的饮料和大多数酒精饮料是免税的，每年生产不到100万升的小公司也是免税的)”可知，糖税主要来自经典可口可乐这些高糖品牌。故选D项。
20．【B】推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Today’s figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities and healthier eating in schools.(根据一位政府官员的说法，今天的数据显示了糖税的积极影响，它为学校的体育设施和健康饮食筹集了数百万英镑)”可知，糖税政策带来了积极影响。由此推知，糖税政策的实施是一个成功的政策。故选B项。


　挑战名校考题
Passage 1、（2022·贵州·凯里一中高三第四次月考试题）
The whole world knows them: actors, singers, models, athletes and TV personalities. If I use social media, I get too familiar.
I have nothing against the entertainment industry and celebrities. The problem is that by idolizing the entertainment industry so much, we sometimes completely forget about the things that are truly important and that are changing our world. You probably know who Leonardo DiCaprio is—a very talented American actor and film producer. But then you probably don’t know who Cori Bargmann is. Bargmann is a scientist who is uncovering the causes of Alzheimer’s and autism, which have been unknown for years.
What I think is wrong is that DiCaprio’s net worth is $260 million dollars, while Bargmann’s is less than $l million dollars. DiCaprio is definitely talented and has worked hard to give us good films, but Bargmann is working for something that can save thousands of humans who are suffering. And just because our society prefers to idolize the entertainment industry instead of science, she gets paid much less than she deserves.
But if it would benefit the world to invest all of our time and attention toward scientists, why don’t we make scientists our new “celebrities”?
First of all, we like being entertained. We love pretty faces and easy-to-digest information. It’s easier to care about simple stuff rather than scientific, complicated things. Another reason is that most scientists don’t like being in the spotlight. They’ re mostly reserved and like to have privacy. They’ re busy people, which explains why they haven’t attracted the media the same way that performers have. Also, people have free will and the right to be interested in whatever they want to be.
However, studies have shown that young people are more interested in a scientific career as a result of COVID-19. The pandemic has also made known some scientists who have suddenly started appearing on TV and guiding us on how to get protected from this deadly virus. Maybe that is the start of the development of a different point of view which will be in favor of science for future generations.
1．Why does the author mention Leonardo DiCaprio and Cori Bargmann?
A．To introduce the topic. B．To give an example.
C．To offer a definition. D．To propose a solution.
2．Why are scientists not as well-known as actors?
A．Scientists get paid much less than actors.
B．People are busy choosing what they like.
C．Scientists don’t feel like being paid attention to.
D．People prefer entertainment to complex science.
3．What does the word “that” underlined in the last paragraph refer to?
A．Studies make scientists known and accepted by the masses.
B．Young people want to change their jobs because of the pandemic.
C．People are attracted to science and scientists during a special time.
D．Most scientists gradually become willing to show up in public light.
4．What’s the author’s attitude toward entertainment stars?
A．Objective. B．Favorable.
C．Prejudiced. D．Indifferent.
【语篇解读】
本文是一篇说明文。介绍了科学家和演员不平等的现状及原因。
【详情解析】
1．【B】推理判断题。根据第二段中的“The problem is that by idolizing the entertainment industry so much, we sometimes completely forget about the things that are truly important and that are changing our world. (问题在于，由于如此崇拜娱乐业，我们有时会完全忘记真正重要且正在改变我们世界的东西。)”可知，下文举例是为了说明上文中的主题，所以下文作者提到莱昂纳多·迪卡普里奥和科丽·巴格曼是为了举例说明科学家和演员不平等的现状。故选B项。
2．【D】细节理解题。根据文章第三段最后一句“And just because our society prefers to idolize the entertainment industry instead of science.(仅仅因为我们的社会更喜欢崇拜娱乐业而不是科学。)”可知，因为社会更倾向于将娱乐业偶像化，所以科学家们不及娱乐明星出名。故选 D项。
3．【C】词句猜测题。代词that一般指代的是上文中的内容，根据最后一段中的“The pandemic has also made known some scientists who have suddenly started appearing on TV and guiding us on how to get protected from this deadly virus.(大流行也让一些科学家广为人知，他们突然开始出现在电视上，指导我们如何保护我们免受这种致命病毒的侵害。)”结合that的指代特点可概括为在疫情这个特殊时期人们变得更加关注科学和科学家。故选C项。
4．【A】推理判断题。根据文章第二段第一句“I have nothing against the entertainment industry and celebrities.(我不反对娱乐圈和名人。)”可知，作者在文章中关于娱乐明星的态度是客观的。故选A项。
Passage 2、（2022·贵州·贵阳一中高三适应性月考卷）
Most of us want to be in peak physical condition, get in shape and be healthy. While some gym bunnies are more obsessed with looking ripped, for many of us nutrition and watching what you eat is a vital way to stay healthy. But when it comes to food, what is calorie counting, and what are the positives and negatives of it?
A law in the UK came into force in April 2022 that requires large businesses such as restaurants, takeaways, and cafes to display the calorie information of non-pre-packed food and soft drinks on their menus. It’s a strategy aimed to tackle obesity and give people a more informed choice of what goes down their gullets(食道). According to the NHS (National Health Service), generally, the recommended daily intake of calories for male adults is 2,500 per day, while female adults should consume 2,000 to maintain their weight levels. For those of us who wish to drop a few pounds, experts advise us to consume fewer calories than the recommended daily number, eat a balanced diet, and increase our levels of physical activity.
However, there are some skeptics when it comes to calorie counting. 200 calories of fresh fruit and 200 calories of junk food, for example cookies, have the same caloric value. However, there is a question of the health benefits of what you’re consuming, regardless of calories. While fresh fruit like apples contains things like vitamin C, junk food could contain an unhealthy level of sugar and fats. Likewise, fruit may fill you up and leave you not desiring more food for longer than a biscuit with equal calories - meaning, overall, you eat less. Simply counting calories, while useful for weight loss, doesn’t take into account your intake of good fats, carbohydrates, and proteins - things that your body needs. So, if you’re trying to stick to a low-carb diet, just looking at numbers of calories on a menu won’t be that useful. So, always be mindful that what you’re eating is part of a healthy balanced diet.
5．What phenomenon is deseribed in the first paragraph?
A．Addiction to working out in the gym. B．Inappropriate ways to stay healthy.
C．Presence of attention to staying healthy. D．Impatience of calorie counting.
6．What is important for losing weight according to the experts?
A．Knowing the calories of various food.
B．Taking in fewer calories than the recommended daily number.
C．Trying different sports to increase the levels of physical activity.
D．Eating as few calories as one can.
7．It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that________.
A．counting calories doesn’t take what your body needs into account
B．the same caloric value doesn’t mean the same health benefits
C．counting calories is merely useful for weight loss
D．how much one eats is equally important to what one eats
8．The passage is mainly about________
A．how to do calorie counting B．whether calorie counts or not
C．how calorie counting works D．whether we should count calorie
【语篇解读】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了考虑到健康问题，我们是否应该计算卡路里。
【详情解析】
5．【C】细节理解题。根据第一段“Most of us want to be in peak physical condition, get in shape and be healthy.”（我们大多数人都希望自己处于最佳状态，保持身材，保持健康）可知，这一段提到大多数人很关注自己的外形和身体健康。故选C。
6．【B】细节推理题。根据第二段“For those of us who wish to drop a few pounds, experts advise us to consume fewer calories than the recommended daily number, eat a balanced diet, and increase our levels of physical activity.”（对于那些想减掉几磅的人，专家建议我们摄入比建议的每日热量少的热量，均衡饮食，增加身体活动水平）可知，专家建议要减重的人每天摄入的卡路里应低于每天的推荐量。故选B。
7．【B】推理判断题。根据第三段“200 calories of fresh fruit and 200 calories of junk food, for example cookies, have the same caloric value. However, there is a question of the health benefits of what you’re consuming, regardless of calories.”（200卡路里的新鲜水果和200卡路里的垃圾食品，例如饼干，具有相同的热量值。然而，无论卡路里多少，你所摄入的食物对健康的益处都是个问题）和“Simply counting calories, while useful for weight loss, doesn’t take into account your intake of good fats, carbohydrates, and proteins - things that your body needs.”（简单地计算卡路里虽然有助于减肥，但并没有考虑到你摄入的优质脂肪、碳水化合物和蛋白质——这些都是你身体所需要的）推知，同等卡路里值并不意味相同的健康好处。故选B。
8．【D】主旨大意题。根据第一段“But when it comes to food, what is calorie counting, and what are the positives and negatives of it?”（但是，当谈到食物时，什么是卡路里计数，它的正面和负面是什么？）和最后一段“Simply counting calories, while useful for weight loss, doesn’t take into account your intake of good fats, carbohydrates, and proteins - things that your body needs. So, if you’re trying to stick to a low-earb diet, just looking at numbers of calories on a menu won’t be that useful. So, always be mindful that what you’re eating is part of a healthy balanced diet.”（简单地计算卡路里虽然有助于减肥，但并没有考虑到你摄入的优质脂肪、碳水化合物和蛋白质——这些都是你身体所需要的。所以，如果你想坚持低热量饮食，只看菜单上的卡路里含量就没那么有用了。所以，要时刻注意你所吃的是健康均衡饮食的一部分）可知，这篇文章主要讲的是卡路里计算的必要性和它的不足之处，从而让我们读者明了该不该计算卡路里。故选D。
Passage 3、（辽宁省六校2022-2023学年度高三期中联考试题）
Years of research show that when a native English speaker enters a conversation among nonnative speakers, understanding goes down.Communication specialist Heather Hansen tells us that's because the native speaker doesn't know how to do what nonnative speakers do naturally: speak in ways that are understandable to everyone, using simple words and expressions.They unconsciously use unnecessarily confusing vocabulary, which makes language less understandable.
Ting Gong grew up in Shanghai and moved to the U.S.in her 20s. She ran up against this problem of confusing vocabulary at the doctor's one day. "The receptionist(接待员)gave me a form and asked me to write down my complaints,”she said.“I told her that I did not have any complaint，and she looked impatient and then she asked me to write down anything that I could think of.”
“I only realized that‘complaints' here refers to symptoms I have after I spoke to my husband when I got home. At the doctor's I actually wrote down 'the receptionist was not friendly' as one of my complaints."
So what can we do to improve communication between native and nonnative English speakers?
Hansen says the responsibility shouldn't be on nonnative speakers but rather on native English speakers. Take a page out of nonnative speakers' book, says Hansen, by changing your English to be more inclusive.That means no more confusing expressions. Small changes like this might allow native speakers to join in conversations with nonnative speakers.
Joseph Issam Harb, who was raised in the United States and Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates, said,"I am still learning about English from nonnative speakers.
"In emails, I've discovered an expression commonly used by some nonnative speakers 'please do the needful,' "Harb said."For years I have been interested in this expression and its use in formal work environment emails." Discovering it and wondering about the origins of the expression, which means "please do what needs to be done,"has been an enjoyable thing for Harb.
9．What makes communication between native and nonnative speakers less smooth according to Hansen?
A．The speed of native speakers' talk. B．Nonnative speakers' bad pronunciation.
C．The difference between speakers' cultures. D．Native speakers' use of confusing expressions.
10．Why did Gong reply that she did not have any complaint?
A．She had difficulty expressing herself in English.
B．She wanted to get treatment as soon as possible.
C．She failed to understand what the receptionist had meant.
D．She feared that the receptionist would become impatient.
11．What does Hansen suggest native English speakers do?
A．Read books by nonnative English writers.
B．Join in more nonnative speakers' conversations.
C．Make no comment about nonnative speakers' English.
D．Use expressions understandable to nonnative speakers.
12．What did Harb say about nonnative English?
A．It is very interesting. B．It should be corrected.
C．It sounds strange and funny. D．It can be used in informal situations.
【语篇解读】
本文为说明文，主要讲述了当母语为英语的人与母语为非英语的人进行对话时，理解力就会下降，以及如何改善这种现象。
【详情解析】
9．【D】细节理解题。根据第一段中“Communication specialist Heather Hansen tells us that's because the native speaker doesn't know how to do what nonnative speakers do naturally: speak in ways that are understandable to everyone, using simple words and expressions.They unconsciously use unnecessarily confusing vocabulary, which makes language less understandable（沟通专家希瑟·汉森告诉我们，这是因为母语人士不知道如何自然地做非母语人士所做的事情：用简单的词语和表达，以每个人都能理解的方式说话。他们无意识地使用不必要的混淆词汇，这使得语言难以理解）”可知，D选项“Native speakers' use of confusing expressions（母语人士使用令人困惑的表达）”与之相符，故选D项。
10．【C】推理判断题。根据第三段第一句“I only realized that‘complaints' here refers to symptoms I have after I spoke to my husband when I got home（当我回到家和丈夫交谈时才意识到这里的complaints指的是我的症状）”可知，当时Gong没有明白complaints的含义，故选C项。
11．【D】细节理解题。根据第五段中“Take a page out of nonnative speakers' book, says Hansen, by changing your English to be more inclusive.That means no more confusing expressions. Small changes like this might allow native speakers to join in conversations with nonnative speakers（汉森说，从非母语人士的书中抽出一页，把你的英语改得更具包容性。这意味着不再有令人困惑的表达。像这样的小变化可能会让母语人士加入到与非母语人士的对话中）”可知，Hansen建议使用非母语人士可以理解的表达，故选D项。
12．【A】细节理解题。根据最后一段的最后一句“Discovering it and wondering about the origins of the expression, which means "please do what needs to be done,"has been an enjoyable thing for Harb（发现它并想知道这个表达的起源，意思是“请做需要做的事”，这对哈布来说是一件令人愉快的事情）”可知，对于Harb而言，非母语人士使用的短语很有趣，故选A项。
Passage 4、（2022-2023学年度甘肃·西北师大附中高三期中测试）
If someone created a flying machine capable of tracking you down by listening for your voice, you might be terrified. But what if you were trapped in ruins after a natural disaster and first responders couldn’t locate you? Maybe then a human-seeking drone(无人机) wouldn’t be such a terrible idea. That concept is the focus for engineers at Germany’s Fraunhofer FKIE Institute, who’ve built a drone to find people by detecting(探测) human screams.
“The human-seeking drone would be ideal for post-disaster situations, such as earthquakes, hurricanes and wildfires,” said Macarena Varela, one of the lead engineers. “They could hover over an area that rescue crews have difficulty getting to and locate exactly where people may be trapped.”
Locating people by sound presents its share of challenges. An auditory(听觉的) system would need to distinguish human cries from sounds that often happen in nature, such as animal calls and wind. It might also need to recognize patterns associated with kicking, clapping or other ways people try to get the attention of rescue teams.
Engineers took those situations into account when building out their concept drone. They recorded themselves screaming, tapping and creating other noises that might be a sign of people in trouble. Then, they analyzed each sound frequency to find common signatures and used those to train artificial intelligence software. They also worked to remove the noise created by the drone and other environmental sounds.
Once the software part was complete, the team placed tiny digital microphones under the drone and used signal processing techniques that enabled them to track where human noises are coming from. The microphones also enhanced the volume and clarity of the speech. So far, they have conducted successful open field experiments, finding that the drone can estimate a victim’s location within a few seconds of picking up sound.
Next, they would like to add a higher frequency microphone to a drone to acquire more audio sound signals. The idea is to pick up noises from hundreds of meters away, Varela said. In the real world, victim’s location data might one day be sent wirelessly to emergency crews carrying a tablet.
13．What is the advantage of the human-seeking drone?
A．Its high speed of flying. B．Its long working hours.
C．Its quick response to screams. D．Its easy access to disaster scene.
14．What can the auditory system do?
A．Recognize human cries. B．Pick up sounds from far away.
C．Send victim’s location data to a tablet. D．Improve the quality of human screams.
15．What does the underlined word “signatures” in paragraph 4 refer to?
A．Effects. B．Features. C．Symbols. D．Situations.
16．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．AI Enables Drones to Give Better Performance.
B．Human-seeking Drones Replace Rescue Crews.
C．Rescuers Use Drones to Locate Disaster Survivors.
D．Engineers Teach Drones to Hunt Human Screams.

【语篇解读】
本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了一种通过探测人类的尖叫声来追踪目标的飞行器，以及这项技术在救援过程中是如何发挥作用的。
【详情解析】
13．【C】细节理解题。根据第五段“So far, they have conducted successful open field experiments, finding that the drone can estimate a victim’s location within a few seconds of picking up sound. (到目前为止，他们进行了成功的野外实验，发现无人机在捕捉到声音后几秒钟内就能估计出受害者的位置)”可知，无人机捕捉到声音后，几秒内就能估计出声音的位置，说明反应速度很快。故选C。
14．【A】细节理解题。根据第三段“An auditory(听觉的) system would need to distinguish human cries from sounds that often happen in nature, such as animal calls and wind.(听觉系统需要能区分人类呼救声和自然界里也能听到的声音，如动物叫声和风声。)”可知，这套听觉系统的功能是探测人类的尖叫声。故选A。
15．【B】词义猜测题。根据第四段“Then, they analyzed each sound frequency(然后，他们分析每个声音的频率)”以及“and used those to train artificial intelligence software.(并用这些来训练人工智能软件)”可知，研究人员通过分析声音的频率特点，然后与人类声音进行比对，最后使用机器对搜寻到的声音进行分析，最终帮助找到失踪人员。由此可知，划线单词是指“声音与声音的共同点”，即共同的特点。故选B。
16．【D】主旨大意题。根据第一段“That concept is the focus for engineers at German’s Fraunhofer FIE Institute, who’ve built a drone to find people by detecting (探测) human screams. (这一概念是德国弗劳恩霍夫五研究所中工程师们所关注的，他们建立了无人机，这种无人机可以通过探测人类的尖叫声而找到他们)”及下文对这种无人机的介绍可知，文章主要讲述了一种通过探测人类的尖叫声来追踪目标的飞行器。由此可知，Engineers Teach Drones to Hunt Human Screams(工程师教无人机捕捉人类的尖叫声)适合作本文最佳标题。故选D。
Passage 5、（广东省深圳市龙岗区2022-2023学年度高三期中质量检测）
Professional courses, such as Masters in International Business or MIB, have been taken by many students in the last two decades. They are choosing new-age non-conventional courses that guarantee a better future. MIB is a specialized course that teaches the international business. There are valid reasons for so much popularity of MIB course.
The course content and teaching methods of MIB are quite different from a normal MBA or Master of Business Administration. It has been designed with the sole objective of developing professionals with an in-depth understanding and knowledge of the international trade. The course offers various advantages over the conventional MBA degree course.
The massive increase in the international business and foreign trade gives excellent job prospects to the new generation. Acquiring a degree of MIB offers outstanding growth of job opportunities. Those who want to pursue in the field of marketing also have a good future after completing the degree from a MIB college with a good reputation. Big multinational organizations look for talented people who can handle the job of International Marketing Manage, and people with MIB degrees are preferred. The job needs an in-depth understanding of the overseas markets, because it is the strategic post from the perspective of company’s international business growth.
Since business finance and economics are covered at length in the curriculum of MIB, students have great job offers in the field of finance as well. Typically, organizations offer the position of international finance controllers to those who complete MIB with the specialization of finance. The specialization covers aspects of international taxes, accounts, budgeting and so on. People in this field are well-paid, and growth prospects are unlimited. After completing degree course from a reputed MIB college, there is a good scope in the banking and finance sector as well. International banks appoint people who have an excellent grasp over the international banking policies, currency exchange, and international policies. Thus, MIB is the golden key to success with brilliant job opportunities in national and multinational sectors.
17．How is the second paragraph mainly developed?
A．By analyzing causes. B．By listing figures.
C．By proving definition. D．By making comparisons.
18．Why do more and more people intend to acquire a degree of MIB?
A．It is a compulsory course in the colleges.
B．It helps them get good jobs in some organizations.
C．It offers them opportunities to do small businesses.
D．It offers them conventional economic knowledge.
19．What can we learn from the last paragraph?
A．MIB holders are more promising in all careers than others.
B．People get higher salary in business field than in finance field.
C．The international finance controller is a high-quality job.
D．International banks only accept employees from MIB colleges.
20．What’s the writer’s purpose of writing this article?
A．To explain why the MIB course is getting popular.
B．To analyze the disadvantages of the MIB course.
C．To sell professional MIB course worldwide.
D．To predict the development trend of the MIB course.
【语篇解读】
本文属于说明文。文章主要讲现在MIB课程越来越受欢迎，文章中对其受欢迎的具体的原因进行了分析。

【详情解析】
17．【D】推理判断题。根据第二段“The course content and teaching methods of MIB are quite different from a normal MBA or Master of Business Administration.(MIB的课程内容和教学方法与普通的MBA或工商管理硕士有很大的不同)”和“The course offers various advantages over the conventional MBA degree course.(与传统的MBA学位课程相比，该课程提供了各种优势)”可知，本段中主要通过对比MIB和MBA课程之间的区别来组织全文的。故选D项。
18．【B】细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Big multinational organizations look for talented people who can handle the job profile of International Marketing Manage, and people with MIB degrees are preferred.(大型跨国组织寻找能够处理国际营销管理工作的人才，有MIB学位的人优先考虑)”可知，很多大型国际组织更喜欢聘用有MIB学位人才，这是越来越多的人学习MIB课程的主要原因。故选B项。
19．【C】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Since business finance and economics are covered at length in the curriculum of MIB, students have great job offers in the field of finance as well. Typically, organizations offer the position of international finance controllers to those who complete MIB with the specialization of finance.(由于商业金融和经济学在MIB的课程中有很长的篇幅，学生们在金融领域也有很好的工作机会。通常情况下，组织会向那些完成金融专业化MIB的人提供国际金融控制员的职位)”可知，MIB课程中含有商业金融方面的课程，而很多机构会把国际金融控制师的工作给这些完成MIB学位的人，说明国际金融控制师是一份高质量的工作。故选C项。
20.【A】推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Professional courses, such as Masters in International Business or MIB, have been taken by many students in the last two decades. They are choosing new-age non-conventional courses that guarantee a better future. MIB is a specialized course that teaches the international business. There are valid reasons for so much popularity of MIB course.(在过去的二十年中，许多学生选修了国际商务硕士或MIB等专业课程。他们正在选择新时代的非传统课程，以保证更好的未来。MIB是一门教授国际商务的专业课程。MIB课程如此受欢迎是有充分理由的)”可知，现在MIB课程越来越受欢迎。本段最后一句提出了这一课程受欢迎有很多原因，文章接下来三段就对具体的原因进行了说明。由此推知，作者写本文的目的是解释为什么MIB课程越来越受欢迎。故选A项。
Passage 6、（辽宁省县级重点高中联合体2022-2023学年度高三期中考试）
Composer George Lam has always liked writing music inspired by places.
“There are all these places in Chinatown that are both hidden and meaningful” he says stepping out of the way of passers-by while leading a tour of the neighborhood. “To uncover some of those hidden things in a city walk that you might not ordinarily notice—l wondered. is there a piece in that?”
It turns out that there’s not just a piece but a whole app Lam interviewed five Chinese Americans from around the country; asking them about their experiences in Chinatown: plus questions about their ancestors. their families and their memories. He then set the answers to music the instruments drawing attention to each person’s distinct pattern of speech.
Lam created the app Family Association. He calls the piece—the free app—Family Association, after the important folk groups that line the streets of the neighborhood Chinese family associations have been a bridge between new immigrants and more established ones since the late 1800s. In Chinatowns across the country they’re a place to find resources or an apartment, talk business or polities, maybe get a COVID shot. But they’re also a place to socialize with people who share similar experiences.
Five of the neighborhood’s associations are anchors (锚点) for the app. Visitors use the build-in map to see locations of the associations. As they walk closer to one of the family association buildings, the focus is on one of the five oral history participants, telling their stories. These stories aren’t about the family associations instead they’re about the Chinese-American experience and how they’ve felt supported by Chinatown.
But Lam thinks of the app itself as a kind of virtual family association. connecting these Chinese-American voices with each other, even if they’ve never met. And he hopes to connect with visitors too—at the end of the soundwalk,  users are given a chance to record their own memories.
21．How did Lam deal with the interviewees’ answers?
A．By setting them apart B．By organizing them in order.
C．By adding music to them D．By spreading them nationwide
22．What can we know from paragraph 4?
A．Chinatown plays a vital role in Chinese-Americans.
B．Lam named his app after the street of the neighbourhood.
C．All Chinese Americans lived in Chinatowns when firstly reaching America.
D．Chinese family associations have been a bridge of immigrants since 1800.
23．What are the participants’ stories about?
A．When they came to Chinatowns. B．Why they chose to stay in Chinatowns.
C．How they’ve felt supported from China. D．What they experienced as Chinese Americans
24．What is Lam’s expectation?
A．To promote his new app B．To associate with visitors
C．To record his own memories D．To connect with Chinese Americans
【语篇解读】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了George Lam开发的一款名为“家庭协会”的应用程序。该程序将华裔美国人的声音联系起来。
【详情解析】
21．【C】细节理解题。根据第三段“He then set the answers to music the instruments drawing attention to each person’s distinct pattern of speech.(然后，他把答案与乐器的音乐结合起来，让人们注意到每个人独特的说话模式。)”可知，他在人们给出的答案中加上了音乐。故选C。
22．【A】推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Lam created the app Family Association. He calls the piece—the free app—Family Association, after the important folk groups that line the streets of the neighborhood Chinese family associations have been a bridge between new immigrants and more established ones since the late 1800s. In Chinatowns across the country they’re a place to find resources or an apartment, talk business or polities, maybe get a COVID shot. But they’re also a place to socialize with people who share similar experiences.(Lam创建了“家庭协会”应用程序。他把这款免费应用叫做“家庭协会”，这个名字取自社区华人家庭协会街道上的重要民间团体，自19世纪末以来，这些团体一直是新移民和更成熟的移民之间的桥梁。在全国各地的唐人街，人们可以在那里寻找资源或公寓，谈论商业或政治，也许还可以打一针新冠病毒疫苗。但它们也是一个与有相似经历的人社交的地方。)”可知，唐人街在华裔美国人的心中以及生活中占据着及其重要的作用。故选A。
23．【D】细节理解题。根据第五段“These stories aren’t about the family associations instead they’re about the Chinese-American experience and how they’ve felt supported by Chinatown.(这些故事不是关于家庭关系，而是关于华裔美国人的经历，以及他们如何感受到唐人街对他们的支持。)”可知，这些故事讲述的是华裔美国人的经历。故选D。
24．【B】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“And he hopes to connect with visitors too—at the end of the soundwalk,  users are given a chance to record their own memories.(同时，他也希望能与游客建立联系——在声音漫步的最后，用户有机会记录下自己的记忆。)”可知，Lam希望能够和游客建立联系。故选B。
Passage 7、（湖北省武汉市部分重点高中2022-2023高三第一次联考试卷）
Solar panels that grow spinach (菠菜) by pulling in steam from the air could offer a low-cost strategy to produce crops in the desert, a new study says. A new system, called WEC2P, consists of solar panels coated with hydrogel (水凝胶) , researchers in Saudi Arabia report. The hydrogel-lined solar panels are mounted (安装) on top of a large metal box that turns water vapor from the air into liquid water for growing crops. Over two weeks of hot weather last summer, the researchers were able to grow spinach with a crop survival rate of 95 percent.
According to the experts, the technology offers a “low-cost strategy” to improve food and water security. It’s described as “low cost” as the hydrogels use material as cheap as $1 per kilogram, although the combined cost of building and adopting such a system would be much more. As well as powering the growth of crops, harvesting steam from the air can also provide clean drinking water.
“Our goal is to create a system of clean energy, water, and food production, especially the water-creation part in our design,” said Wang.
“Our design makes water out of air using clean energy that would’ve been wasted and is suitable for scattered, small-scale farms in remote places like deserts and oceanic islands.” Commercial solar panels can usually transform less than a quarter of absorbed sunlight into electricity, while the remainder of the radiation is either lost as heat or heats up the panels, which in turn reduces their efficiency.
One potential issue with the system is it relies on high levels of humidity (湿度) — when there is a lot of steam in the surrounding air — and may not be quite as effective in very dry areas. “The performance and furthermore the cost of the system will have to be further and significantly improved before it can be made economically attractive,” said Wang.
25．Which best describes the researchers’ spinach planting last summer?
A．Costly. B．Demanding. C．Profitable. D．Unattractive.
26．Why is the technology described as low cost?
A．Because it’s easy to collect steam from the air.
B．Because of the low cost of building the system.
C．Because of the extensive application of the system.
D．Because the material used in hydrogels is inexpensive.
27．What can we learn about the technology in Paragraph 4?
A．It makes up for the weaknesses of commercial solar panels.
B．It will be widely used on large farms in remote desert areas.
C．Most of the sunlight absorbed is transformed into electricity.
D．Absorbed sunlight reduces the efficiency of the solar panels.
28．How may Wang’s team improve the performance of the system later?
A．By staying away from very dry areas. B．By reducing dependence on humidity.
C．By increasing research costs. D．By increasing the level of humidity in the air.
【语篇解读】
这是一篇说明文。一项新的研究表明，通过从空气中吸收蒸汽来种植菠菜的太阳能电池板可以为在沙漠中种植作物提供一种低成本的策略。据沙特阿拉伯的研究人员报道，一种名为WEC2P的新系统由涂有水凝胶的太阳能电池板组成。文章对这种新系统进行了详细介绍。
【详情解析】
25．【C】推理判断题。根据第一段第一句“Solar panels that grow spinach (菠菜) by pulling in steam from the air could offer a low-cost strategy to produce crops in the desert, a new study says.”(一项新的研究表明，通过从空气中吸入蒸汽来种植菠菜的太阳能电池板可以为在沙漠中种植作物提供一种低成本的策略)和最后一句“Over two weeks of hot weather last summer, the researchers were able to grow spinach with a crop survival rate of 95 percent.”(在去年夏天两周的炎热天气中，研究人员种植了菠菜，作物存活率达到95%)可知，研究人员去年夏天的菠菜种植是有利可图的。故选C。
26．【D】细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“It’s described as “low cost” as the hydrogels use material as cheap as $1 per kilogram, although the combined cost of building and adopting such a system would be much more.”(它被描述为“低成本”，因为水凝胶使用的材料便宜到每公斤1美元，尽管建造和采用这样一个系统的综合成本要多得多)可知，这种技术被称为低成本是因为用于水凝胶的材料很便宜。故选D。
27．【A】推理判断题。根据第四段第一句“Our design makes water out of air using clean energy that would’ve been wasted and is suitable for scattered, small-scale farms in remote places like deserts and oceanic islands.”(我们的设计利用清洁能源从空气中提取水，这种能源原本会被浪费掉，适用于偏远地区分散的小规模农场，比如沙漠和海洋岛屿)和第二句“Commercial solar panels can usually transform less than a quarter of absorbed sunlight into electricity, while the remainder of the radiation is either lost as heat or heats up the panels, which in turn reduces their efficiency.”(商业太阳能电池板通常只能将吸收的不到四分之一的阳光转化为电能，而其余的辐射要么以热量的形式损失掉，要么加热电池板，这反过来又降低了它们的效率)可知，第四段中提到的技术弥补了商业太阳能电池板能量转化率低的缺点。故选A。
28．【B】推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句“One potential issue with the system is it relies on high levels of humidity (湿度) — when there is a lot of steam in the surrounding air — and may not be quite as effective in very dry areas.”(该系统的一个潜在问题是，它依赖高湿度——当周围空气中有大量蒸汽时——在非常干燥的地区可能不太有效)可知，王的团队可能会通过减少对湿度的依赖来提高系统的性能。故选B。
Passage 8、（湖北省高中名校联盟2022-2023高三期中联考试题）
Amazon’s Alexa will be able to revive the voices of deceased relatives, allowing users to feel as if they are speaking to lost ones beyond the grave.
In a video shown on stage, Amazon demonstrated how, instead of Alexa’s signature voice reading a story toa young boy, it was his grandmother’s voice.
Rohit Prasad, an Amazon senior vice president, said the updated system will be able to collect enough voice data from less than a minute of audio to make personalization like this possible, rather than having someone spend hours in a recording studio like how it’s done in the past.
The concept starts from Amazon looking at new ways to add more “human features” to artificial intelligence, especially “in these times of the ongoing pandemic, when so many of us have lost someone we love,” Prasad said. “While AI can’t rid that pain of loss, it can definitely make their memories last. “
Amazon has long used AI recreations of people’s voices to voice Alexa. But they have also increasingly improved over the past few years, particularly with the use of AI and deepfake technology.
However, Amazon’s attempt at personalized Alexa voices may struggle most with the weird valley effect-recreating a voice that is so similar to a loved one’s but isn’t quite right, which leads to rejection by real humans. “For some, they will view this as creepy or outright terrible, but for others it could be viewed in a more profound way, perhaps for the first time and in a way that isn’t a strict recording from the past.” said Michael Inouye of ABI Research. He believes, however, the varying reactions to announcements like this speak to how society will have to adjust to the promise of innovations and their eventual reality in the years ahead.
The technology is also likely to lead to fears that it could be used to impersonate living people, which could be used to bypass security systems. In 2019, a manager at a British energy company lost almost￡200, 000 after criminals used AI to fake his boss’s voice, directing him to transfer the company’s funds to a foreign bank account.
29．What is the feature of the updated system of Amazon’s Alexa?
A．It will use AI recreations of people’s voices.
B．It will be highly efficient in collecting voice data.
C．It will free the grandmother from reading a story.
D．It will make a breakthrough in deepfake technology.
30．Why does Amazon update Alexa’s voice?
A．To make it more human-like.
B．To cure people’s pain of loss.
C．To remind people of lost good memories.
D．To demonstrate Amazon’s powerful technology.
31．What does the underlined word “impersonate” in the last paragraph mean?
A．Interact with. B．Prove to be. C．Have command of. D．Pretend to be.
32．What’s the author’s attitude towards Alexa’s personalized voices?
A．Critical. B．Objective. C．Supportive. D．Skeptical.
【语篇解读】
本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍的是亚马逊的Alexa技术。
【详情解析】
29．【B】细节理解题。由文章第三段中“the updated system will be able to collect enough voice data from less than a minute of audio(更新后的系统将能够从不到一分钟的音频中收集足够的语音数据)”可知，亚马逊Alexa更新后的系统的特点是它在收集语音数据时会非常高效。故选B。
30．【A】推理判断题。由文章第四段中“The concept starts from Amazon looking at new ways to add more “human features” to artificial intelligence(这一概念始于亚马逊寻找为人工智能添加更多“人类特征”的新方法)”可知，亚马逊要更新Alexa的语音是为了让它更像人类。故选A。
31．【D】词句猜测题。根据最后一段的“In 2019, a manager at a British energy company lost almost￡200, 000 after criminals used AI to fake his boss’s voice, directing him to transfer the company’s funds to a foreign bank account.(2019年，英国一家能源公司的一名经理损失了近20万英镑，因为犯罪分子利用人工智能伪造了他老板的声音，指示他将公司的资金转移到一个外国银行账户。)”可知，划线词所在的句子表示“这项技术还可能导致人们担心，它可能被用来冒充活人，从而绕过安全系统”，因此划线词的意思是“冒充”，和pretend to be意思相近。故选D。
32．【B】推理判断题。根据第一段的“Amazon’s Alexa will be able to revive the voices of deceased relatives, allowing users to feel as if they are speaking to lost ones beyond the grave.(亚马逊的Alexa将能够恢复已故亲人的声音，让用户感觉自己仿佛是在和坟墓之外的亲人说话。)”和最后一段的“The technology is also likely to lead to fears that it could be used to impersonate living people, which could be used to bypass security systems.(这项技术还可能导致人们担心，它可能被用来冒充活人，从而绕过安全系统。)”可知，作者在文中客观陈述这一技术的优点和缺点，因此作者对这个技术的态度是客观的，即objective。故选B。
Passage 9、（2023届四川省遂宁市高三上学期零诊考试英语试卷）
Eight months after China put a 10-year ban on fishing in the Yangtze River, a group of about 10 Yangtze finless porpoises (江豚) were seen in the river of Wuhan, Hubei Province. Their appearance was said to be a result of less interference (干涉) from human activities or an increase food availability.
“Rising water levels during the flood season and the fishing ban may both contribute to this rare animal’s appearance. Without interference from human activities, the finless porpoises might be more active,” said Zhang Xianfeng, an aquatic (水生的) wildlife researcher.
The finless porpoise is widely believed to be an important health indicator of the Yangtze River. Over the past 40 years, its population has declined dramatically due to many factors, such as climate change and habitat loss. In 2013, it was classified as “critically endangered” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. However, the population has shown some stability in recent years thanks to joint protection from government organs, research institutes and other social organizations.
Zhang believes it’s a good thing that the public has become more aware of the urgency of saving the finless porpoise and protecting the ecosystem of the Yangtze River. However, the appearance of the finless porpoises cannot necessarily be seen as a sign that the population is increasing. Its total population, around 1,000, is very limited, which makes the chances for them to have babies very slim in such a long river as the Yangtze River.
To preserve biodiversity along the Yangtze River, China imposed a 10-year fishing ban in 332 conservation areas, protecting not only the finless porpoise but also more than 4,300 kinds of aquatic life living in the Yangtze River. The fishing ban, which is crucial to ecological restoration of the whole river, will significantly expand the finless porpoise’s food supply and remove the threat from fishing tools. However, the effect will be known only after three to five years.
33．What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?
A．The effect of the 10-year fishing ban. B．The living conditions of finless porpoises.
C．The necessity of limiting human activities. D．The reasons for finless porpoises’ appearance.
34．What has directly affected the birth rate of finless porpoise?
A．The limited population. B．The human interference.
C．The lack of public awareness. D．The length of the Yangtze River.
35．What do we know about the 10-year fishing ban?
A．It was put into effect in Hubei Province.
B．It aims to protect a variety of aquatic life.
C．It increased the number of finless porpoises soon.
D．It forbids human activities along the Yangtze River.
36．What is the purpose of the text?
A．To show the effect of a 10-year fishing ban.
B．To introduce the features of finless porpoises.
C．To record the appearance of finless porpoises.
D．To advocate the protection of the Yangtze River.
【语篇解读】
这是一篇说明文。文章讲述经过人们在保护长江沿岸的生物多样性中所做的努力，一群约10头长江江豚在湖北省武汉市的河流中看到，从这可以看到长江沿岸的生物数量发生的改变。
【详情解析】
33．【D】主旨大意题。由文章第二段“‘Rising water levels during the flood season and the fishing ban may both contribute to this rare animal’s appearance. Without interference from human activities, the finless porpoises might be more active,’ said Zhang Xianfeng, an aquatic (水生的) wildlife researcher.(水生动物研究人员张先锋表示：‘汛期水位上升和禁渔令都可能导致这种罕见动物的出现。如果没有人类活动的干扰，江豚可能会更加活跃。’”可知，这段主要解释江豚出现的原因。故选D项。
34．【A】细节理解题。由文章第四段“Its total population, around 1,000, is very limited, which makes the chances for them to have babies very slim in such a long river as the Yangtze River.(它的总数量约为1000头，非常有限，这使得它们在长江这样一条漫长的河流中生孩子的机会非常渺茫。)”可知，由于江豚数量有限，这直接影响江豚的出生率。故选A项。
35．【B】细节理解题。由文章第五段“To preserve biodiversity along the Yangtze River, China imposed a 10-year fishing ban in 332 conservation areas, protecting not only the finless porpoise but also more than 4,300 kinds of aquatic life living in the Yangtze River. (为了保护长江沿岸的生物多样性，中国在332个保护区实施了为期10年的禁渔令，不仅保护了江豚，还保护了4300多种生活在长江中的水生生物。)”可知，实行10年的禁渔令是为了保护长江沿岸的生物多样性，保护各种水生生物。故选B项。
36．【A】推理判断题。由文章第一段“Eight months after China put a 10-year ban on fishing in the Yangtze River, a group of about 10 Yangtze finless porpoises (江豚) were seen in the river of Wuhan, Hubei Province. Their appearance was said to be a result of less interference (干涉) from human activities or an increase food availability.(在中国实施长江十年禁渔令八个月后，在湖北省武汉市的江中发现了一群约10头长江江豚。据说，它们的出现是人类活动干扰减少或食物供应增加的结果。)”以及后文可知，本文主要介绍中国实施了为期10年的禁渔令后，长江沿岸的生物数量发生的改变，目的在于告诉读者十年禁渔令的效果。故选A项。
Passage 10、（河北省沧州市部分学校2022-2023毕业班10月份联考英语试卷）
One of the most important factors of successful job hunting is the job interview. There are thousands of people entering new careers and searching for job placement. In order to give yourself an edge over others applying for the job you want, it is important to create a solid impression during the job interview.
Because what you say during an interview is so important, there are two rules to remember. One is to present yourself in a favorable way and stress your areas of competence. However, don’t overstate; tell the truth. Second, listen carefully and get involved in what the interviewer is saying. Notice the interviewer’s interests and relate your comments to them.
If you are not certain what the job will require of you, ask questions to see whether you do feel qualified. Do more listening than talking. Don’t be afraid to ask for a second interview if you need time to gather information that will be more useful in the second interview. Most interviewers will appreciate your questions and your ability to listen and respond.
Each of us has sensitive areas, which could refer to your lack of an academic degree, a long period of unemployment, or lack of work experience if you are entering a new field. Answer sensitive questions briefly and positively. If you believe that this area presents a real obstacle to a job offer, you could be communicating this doubt to the interviewer. Many times, however, an interviewer will override these sensitive areas if you have a confident, positive attitude.
The job interview is an important part of the job search because the attitude and impression you project can make the interviewer feel “with you” or “against you”. Remember that you have the power to create a favorable impression. Interviewers have the intelligence to recognize genuine enthusiasm and interest.
37．According to paragraph 1, what is an advantage when applying for a job?
A．Having some relevant experience. B．Showing strong interest in the job.
C．Leaving interviewers a sound impression. D．Making full preparations for the job interview.
38．What is an unfavorable response when you are not sure about the job requirement?
A．Listen to the interviewers attentively. B．Ask the interviewers related questions.
C．Ask for another interview when necessary. D．Stress your areas of competence repeatedly.
39．What does the underlined word “override” mean in paragraph 4?
A．Outweigh. B．Ignore. C．Overcome. D．Emphasize.
40．What does the text mainly tell us?
A．Listening matters more than talking.
B．Favorable impression does make a difference.
C．How do you conduct an interview for a job.
D．Showing genuine enthusiasm and interest for the job is important.
【语篇解读】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了面试时留下好的印象的重要性。并提出了一些关于面试的建议。
【详情解析】
37．【C】细节理解题。根据第一段中“In order to give yourself an edge over others applying for the job you want, it is important to create a solid impression during the job interview.(为了让自己比其他求职者更有优势，在面试时给人留下一个牢固的印象是很重要的。)”可知，给面试官留下良好的印象是一种优势。故选C。
38．【D】推理判断题。根据第二段中“One is to present yourself in a favorable way and stress your areas of competence. However, don’t overstate; tell the truth. (一是用一种有利的方式展示自己，强调自己的能力领域。然而，不要夸大：讲真话。)”可知，可以在面试中强调自己的能力领域，但是不要夸大，讲真话。因此反复强调你能胜任的领域是不利的回答。故选D。
39．【B】词义猜测题。根据划线词前面的句子“If you believe that this area presents a real obstacle to a job offer, you could be communicating this doubt to the interviewer.(如果你认为这方面是获得工作机会的真正障碍，你可以把这种怀疑传达给面试官)”；同时根据划线词后面的句子“ if you have a confident, positive attitude.(如果你有自信，积极的态度。)”可知，当你有自信或者积极的态度的时候，面试官往往会把你所遇到的障碍以及怀疑忽视掉。从而你获得工作机会。故划线词是跟“ignore”为同义词，意为“忽视”。故选B。
40．【C】主旨大意题。通读全文。文章介绍了面试时留下好的印象的重要性。并提出了一些关于面试的建议。故C选项“How do you conduct an interview for a job.(你如何进行工作面试？)”符合文章标题。故选C。