2024中考英语一轮专项复习动词时态考点精讲 练习
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2024中考英语一轮专项复习动词时态考点精讲
教学重点
一般现在时
在英语中,不同时间里以不同方式发生的动作或存在的状态,要用不同的动词形式来表示,动词的 这种不同形式称为动词的时态。
时态从时间上划分,可分为四大类:现在时;过去时;将来时;过去将来时。从行为上,每一类可 以分为四种形式:一般式;进行式;完成式;完成进行式。这样英语的动词合起来,总共有十六种时态, 初中只需掌握其中的八种时态。
1 、一般现在时
(1) 一般现在时表示现在的状态、 习惯性的动作或主语所具备的性格和能力等。
① 当动词是be 时,第一人称用 am, 第二人称用 is,其他人称用 are.
② 当动词是实义动词时,一般用动词原形,但如果主语是第三人称单数时,动词必须用第三人称单 数形式,其变化规则如下:
变化规则 | 例 词 |
一般在动词词尾加-s, | makes drives |
以 s, x, ch, sh, o 结尾的动词加-es | guesses goes |
以辅音字母加 y 结尾的,变 y 为 i ,再加-es | carries flies |
助动词do (第三人称单数用does) 构成否定句、疑问句及答语,但要注意助动词后原来的谓语动词 要恢复原形。例如:
I like music. I don’t like music.
Do you like music? Yes, I do No, I don’t
(2) 一般现在时的用法
① 表示经常、 习惯性动作,常和 often, usually, every day, sometimes, always 等时间状语连用。如: He goes to school by bus every day.
They often play football
② 表示能力、职业、特征。如:Miss Gao teaches English.
Do you speak Japanese?
③ 表示客观存在。如:The earth moves round the sun.
Time and tide wait for no man.
④ 表示已经安排好或计划好的事。如:The plane takes off at 7:30.
Classes begin at 8:00
⑤ 在时间状语和条件状语从句中,主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时。如: If I see him, I’ll tell him to give you a call.
We’ll wait until he comes back.
注意:
a. 一般现在时的一些常见的时间状语有:always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, ever, never, every day, now and then, from time to time
b. 现在进行时有时用来代替一般现在时,表示一个经常性的重复的动作或状态。这时句中常带always, forever 以表示说话人的某种感情,如赞叹、厌烦等。如:He is always thinking of others. He is always talking big.
教学重点
一般过去时
(1) 一般过去时表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态。
① 当动词为be 动词时,应该用相应的过去式: am is ---- was are ---- were
否定形式为:was not ---- wasn’t were not ---- weren’t
疑问句是将 was, were 置于主语之前。
I was in Grade Three last term.
I wasn’t in Grade Two last term.
Which grade were you in?
② 当动词为实义动词时,用动词的过去式,过去式的变化有规则和不规则变化。规则变化如下:
变化规则 | 例词 |
一般情况在词尾加-ed | worked |
以-e 结尾的在词尾加-d | used lived |
以辅音字母加 y 结尾的,变 y 为 i 再加-ed | studied carried |
重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅音字母的,双写此辅音字母再加 -ed | stopped fitted |
动词过去式的不规则变化需要逐个记忆。见初三教材后的不规则动词变化形式表。
go ---- went begin ---- began sleep ---- slept run ---- ran
I heard the good news just now.
The twins didn’t go to school last week
Did you see the film yesterday ?
(2) 一般过去时的用法
① 表示过去某一时间或一段时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常和表示过去的状语连用:yesterday, last week, a minute ago, in 1998, just now, in those days 等。例如:
They had a baby last month.
My mother was ill yesterday.
He went out just now.
② 用于 since 引导的从句,主句的谓语动词如果用现在完成时,since 引导的从句一般要用一般过去 时。如:
He has worked in the factory since it opened in 1990.
You haven’t changed much since we last met.
注意:
a. 表示过去的时间状语常见的有:yesterday, last night(week, year, month, Sunday), then, at that time, just now, a few days(weeks, months) ago. 以及由 after, before, when, while 引导的的表示过去的时间状语。
b. 一般过去时可以用来表示现在的时间, 这主要用于日常会话,使用的语气较为婉转客气。如: I wanted to ask if I could borrow your bike.、
教学重点
一般将来时 过去将来时 一般将来时
(1) 一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常与表示将来的时间状语连用:tomorrow, next week, next month, in a few days, from now on 。如
I’m going to visit the museum this Sunday.
I’ll be there in half an hour.
We’ll arrive tomorrow.
(2) 一般将来时的构成
① be going to + 动词原形。Be 随主语人称和数的变化而变化,否定句在 be 后面加 not, 疑问句是将 be 放到主语之后。例如:
It’s going to be fine tomorrow.
He isn’t going to speak at the meeting.
What are you going to do next?
② will +动词原形。Will 可以和各种人称及数的主语连用。否定句在 will 后加 not,缩写成 won’t ,疑 问句需将 will 提至主语之前。例如:
We will have a basketball match next week.
Will you come to the party?
③ shall+ 动词原形。此结构常用于主语为第人称 I / we 的句中,疑问句表示提建议或征求意见。如: When and where shall we meet ?
Shall I turn on the TV ?
(3) 一般将来时的基本用法。
① “be going to +动词原形”表示“意图”,即打算、计划要做某事。如: Are you going to post the letter ?
How long is he going to stay here ?
② “be going to + 动词原形”还可以表示“预见”,即现在已有迹象表明将要发生的事。如: There are a lot of clouds. It’s going to rain.
It’s 7:50. I’m going to be late.
③ “will+ 动词原形”表示客观上要发生的事或表示“带意愿色彩的将来”。如: He will help you if you ask him.
They will come back tomorrow.
过去将来时
过去将来时表示在过去将来的某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常用于宾语从句中。其结构与一 般将来时类似,只需将助动词改为过去式。
am/ is/ are going to + 动词原形→was/ were going to + 动词原形
will + 动词原形→ would + 动词原形
should + 动词原形 → should + 动词原形
例如:
You knew I would come.
He asked me when he would see me again.
Jim said he was going to see his friend the next day.
教学重点
现在进行时 过去进行时
1 、现在进行时
(1) 现在进行时表示现在或现阶段正在发生或进行的动作。它是由“be + 动词的现在分词”构成。 其否定句是在 be 之后加 not 。疑问句则将 be 提到主语之前。
(2) 现在分词的构成
变化规则 | 例词 |
一般情况直接加-ing | do—doing help ---- helping |
以不发音的 e 结尾的,去-e 加-ing | take---taking have ---- having |
重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅音字母的, 双写此辅音字母再加-ing | stop ---- stopping set ---- setting begin----beginning drop---dropping |
(3) 现在进行时的用法。
① 表示说话时正在进行的动作。
如:What are you doing ? Who are you waiting for ?
I’m cooking
② 表示现阶段一直在进行的动作,但说话时不一定在进行。
如: He is working in a factory. She is translating look now.
③ 表示不断重复的动作。
如:The boy is always asking some strange questions.
The children are singing and dancing.
④ 表示位置移动的动词,可以用现在进行时表示将要发生的事。如 go, come, leave, fly, start 等。
如: When are you starting ? I’m leaving tomorrow.
2 、过去进行时
过去进行时表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。
过去进行时常和表示过去的时间状语连用。如:this time yesterday, at that time, then, last night, at 9:00 yesterday, all night 等。其构成和现在进行时类似,只需将 be 变为相应的过去式:was/ were + 动词-ing。
如:What were you doing this time yesterday ?
When I was watering the garden, it began to rain.
I was watching TV.
I was writing while my mother was cooking.
教学难点:
① 过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生之后,另一个过去的动作正在进行。过去进行时也 可用来表示过去一段时间内持续发生的动作。如:When I was watering the garden, it began to rain.当我在花园浇水时,突然下雨了。
While we were having a party, the lights went out.
② 过去进行时还可以表示两个过去的动作同时进行,这时可用连接词 while 引导。如: George was reading while his wife was listening to the radio.
③ “was going + 不定式”表示过去打算。
如:He was going to be our team leader. 他原打算当我们的领队。
④ 过去进行时与一般过去的区别
过去进行时表示在过去一段时间正在进行的动作,而一般过去时表示一个完成的动作。如: I was typing letters last night.
I typed some letters last night.、
教学重点
现在完成时 ( 一)
(1) 现在完成时表示某个动作发生在过去,但对现在有影响 (或结果) ,这个动作或状态可能已经结束,也可能还要持续下去。
其构成形式是: have/ has + 动词过去分词
否定句在 have/ has 后加 not →haven’t/ hasn’t
疑问句要将 have/ has 放到主语之前。
(2) 现在完成时的用法。
① 表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响和结果。常用的时间状语有:already, yet, ever, never, just 等。如:I have already finished the work.
Have you ever been to Beijing?
He has never seen such a nice car.
② 表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。往往和表示一段时间的状语连用。如: for + 时间段;
since + 时间点 (表时间段); 时间段+ago;一般过去时态。如:
I have taught in this school for ten years.
I have taught in this school since ten years ago.
③ for 和 since 引导的短语都表示“一段时间”,所以谓语动词应该用延续性动词,不能用非延续性 动词。延续性动词表示该动词可以延续一段时间,如:live, work, study, teach, stay 等,非延续性动词是指 该动词所表示的动作不能持续,是短暂的、瞬间完成的,如:borrow, come, arrive, get, leave, die 等。
许多非延续性动词可以用意思相同或相近的延续性动词来表示:
leave ---- be away from arrive ---- be in
go ---- be away come ---- be in / at finish ---- be over
buy ---- have borrow ---- keep die ---- be dead
join ---- be in/be a member of begin ---- be on
如:He has gone He has been away for an hour
I have bought a watch I have had the watch for several days
④ have/ has been to 和 have/ has gone to
have/ has been to : 曾去过
have/ has gone to : 已去,去了 (不在说话现场,在途中或已经到达)
My mother has been to America. 我妈妈曾经去过美国
My mother has gone to America. 我妈妈已经去了美国
(3) 现在完成时与一般过去时的用法比较
① 一般过去时只单纯表示过去,和现在不发生联系,它可以和确定的表示过去的时间状语连用。
而现在完成时表示某一完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,强调的是现在的情况,所以不能和确定的过 去的时间状语连用。如:
We have visited the farm (现在对农场有所了解)
We visited the farm last week (说明上周参观农场这件事)
② 如果询问某事发生的时间、地点只能用一般过去时。如:When did you lose your cat ? I lost it last night. I found it in the garden.
教学重点
现在完成时 (二) 过去完成时
现在完成时难点:
① 由 since 引导的时间状语,它们的主句通常使用完成时态。
He has taught English since 1970.
It has been a long time since I last saw you.
② 只有在 It is …since … 这种结构中,主句的谓语才可用一般现在时,现在完成时或一般过去时。如: It’s ten years since I left school.
It’s a long time since I saw you last.
③ 表示短暂性的动词不能与表示一段时间的状语连用,这类动词有:
begin, borrow, buy, close, come, die, fall, find, finish, join, kill, lend, leave, sell, start, stop 等,如:
不能说:His father has died for three years.
只能说:His father died three years ago.
不能说:He has left home for two months.
只能说:He left home two months ago.
④ 非延续性动词的否定形式可以表示状态的延续。可与for, since 时间状语连用。如: I haven’t seen him for a long time.
I haven’t heard from him since he left.
She hasn’t left home ever since she lost her job.
⑤ have(has) been 和 have (has) gone 的区别。
Have been to a place 意思是“到过、去过”,表示曾到过某处,但现在人不在那儿;have gone to 意思 是“去了”,表示已经去了某地,现在人可能在去的途中或已在那儿。如:Has she ever been to Nanjing ?
You have never been there before, have you?
I have been to Guilin, I went there last year.
总之,have been to 讲的是过去的情况,强调去过或没有,着重于到目前为止的一个结果,而 have gone to 指现在人在不在,只用于第三人称,不用于第一、第二人称,不能用来代替have been to.
过去完成时
(1) 过去完成时表示在过去某一时间之前已经发生的动作或存在的状态。其结构是:had + 动词过 去分词。否定、疑问句同现在完成时一样。
(2) 用法
① 表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,即“过去的过去”。如: The meeting had begun when we got there.
He said he had seen the film.
② 表示某一动作在过去某一时间已经开始,一直延续到过去的另一时间,常与for 或 since 引导的 时间状语连用。如:
The film had been on for tem minutes when we got there.
She said that she had made much progress since she came here.
教学重点
时态的一致
时态的一致主要是指在主从复合句中,主句与从句之间的时态一致通常主句的时态决定从句的时态。 原则是: 当主句是现在时与将来时,从句的谓语根据具体情况可以使用任何时态。但是,当主句谓语使用 过去时,从句必须使用过去时态。如下表:
主句谓 语 | 从句谓语 | 含 义 |
一般现 在时 | 现在进行时;一般现在时 | 主、从句的动作同时发生 |
一般将来时;will,can,may+动词 | 表示从句的动作在主句的动作之后发生 | |
一般过去时 | 表示从句的动作在主句的动作之前发生 | |
现在完成时 | 表示从句的动作在主句的动作之前发生 | |
一般过 去时 | 过去进行时;一般过去时 | 表示主、从句的动作同时发生 |
would ,could ,might + 动词 | 表示从句的动作在主句之后发生 | |
过去完成时 | 表示从句的动作在主句动作之前发生 |
教学难点
1 、宾语从句和间接引语与主句的时态一致,符合上述原则。但如果宾语从句表示客观事实和真理, 即使主句谓语用过去时,从句的谓语也应该使用一般现在时:如:
Our teacher told us a little knowledge is dangerous
我们老师告诉我们一知半解是危险的。
He said that light travels faster than sound.
他说光传播速度比声音快。
2、有些形容词后可以跟从句,这种从句常看成宾语从句,它的主、从句时态也符合上述原则。这些 形容词有:afraid, glad, sure, sorry, certain, aware, confident, delighted, lucky, surprised, worried 。如:
I’m sure that he will succeed.
3 、主语从句、表语从句、 同位语从句也要与主句的时态一致。如:
That is why he was late for school.