高考英语二轮复习专题一第三讲主旨大意题——辨主干细加工课件

这是一份高考英语二轮复习专题一第三讲主旨大意题——辨主干细加工课件，共9页。PPT课件主要包含了续上表，→ 　　　　，答案　D，答案　C，常用的写作架构，答案　A，答案C，答案B，答案A，答案D等内容，欢迎下载使用。
第三讲　主旨大意题——辨主干细加工
主旨大意题是阅读理解中学生失分最多的题目，因为该类题目不仅考查略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对归纳概括能力提出了较高的要求。该类题目在文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。一、了解题型特点与设问方式[命题解读]1．主旨大意题考查的是对文章内容的深层次理解，它要求在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。主旨大意题分为标题归纳类和文章大意类。2．标题归纳类要求学生选出文章的最佳标题，文章大意类(内容)考查文章或段落的主旨大意。
[题型特点]1．把握主旨大意题常见的设问方式。The best title fr the passage is________．Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the passage?The passage is mainly abut________．What is the text mainly abut?The main idea f the secnd paragraph prbably is________．What is the first paragraph mainly abut?2．掌握主旨大意题的考查角度。(1)高频考点：标题归纳题、文章大意题。(2)低频考点：段落大意题。
二、掌握主旨大意题的解题捷径——熟知主旨大意题的解题捷径——
——明了主旨大意题的正确选项和干扰选项的特征——
——破解主旨大意题的三大类型——类型1　标题归纳题　标题归纳题要求在理解文章的基础上，结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给选项中选出适合文章的标题。注意最佳标题的特点：精准性强(不改变原文的意义和感情色彩)，覆盖性强(能概括全文并体现文章的主旨)
[典例]　(2022·全国乙卷)Can a small grup f drnes(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability f railways and，at the same time，help railway peratrs save billins f eurs each year？That is the very likely future f applying tday's “eyes in the sky”technlgy t making sure that the millins f kilmetres f rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施)wrldwide are safe fr trains n a 24/7 basis.Drnes are already being used t examine high­tensin electrical lines.They culd d precisely the same thing t inspect railway lines and ther vital aspects f rail infrastructure such as the crrect psitin f railway tracks and switching pints. The mre regularly they can be inspected，the mre railway safety，reliability and n­time perfrmance will be imprved.Csts wuld be cut and peratins wuld be mre efficient(高效)acrss the bard.
That includes huge savings in maintenance csts and better prtectin f railway persnnel safety.It is calculated that Eurpean railways alne spend apprximately 20 billin eurs a year n maintenance，including sending maintenance staff，ften at night，t inspect and repair the rail infrastructure.That can be dangerus wrk that culd be avided with drnes assisting the crews' effrts.By using the latest technlgies，drnes culd als start prviding higher­value services fr railways，detecting faults in the rail r switches，befre they can cause any safety prblems.T perfrm these tasks，drnes fr rail dn't need t be flying verhead.Engineers are nw wrking n a new cncept: the rail drnes f the future.They will be mving n the track ahead f the train，and prgrammed t run autnmusly.Very small drnes with advanced sensrs and AI
and travelling ahead f the train culd guide it like a c­pilt.With their ability t see ahead，they culd signal any prblem，s that fast­mving trains wuld be able t react in time.31．Which is the mst suitable title fr the text?A．What Faults Can Be Detected with DrnesB．Hw Prductin f Drnes Can Be ExpandedC．What Difficulty Drne Develpment Will FaceD．Hw Drnes Will Change the Future f Railways
[解题示范]第一步：读文章，理清结构
Part 1 present a prblem
Can a small grup f drnes（无人机）guarantee the safety and reliability f railways and，at the same time，help railway peratrs save billins f eurs each year？
Part 2 Slve the prblem
That includes huge savings in maintenance csts and better prtectin f railway persnnel safety.
Part 3 Evaluate the prgram
By using the latest technlgies，drnes culd als start prviding higher­value services fr railways，detecting faults in the rail r switches，befre they can cause any safety prblems.
第二步：析选项，斟酌判断
第三步：对比选项得出答案
类型2　文章大意题　文章大意是作者在文章中所要表达的主要内容，是全文的核心思想，也是作者在文章中通过行文逻辑和各种细节来阐明的中心话题。应掌握寻找文章主题的三个小窍门，快速确定文章大意
主题句法解答文章大意题，找准文章的主题句是关键。下面介绍两种快速找出主题句的方法。(1)根据文体和写作手法来定位主题句：
主题句是文章首句 →
①新闻报道类文章首句是主题句②首句语言精炼，中间段多角度说明论证，且与尾段句子相呼应，则首句是文章主题句
主题句在文末 →
主题句在段中 →
文章首段是举例子或谈论个别现象时，主题句则在后面的段落出现
最后观点为主题句 →
文章中出现两种或两种以上的不同观点时，则最后出现的观点为主题句
夹叙夹议类文章，文末的议论部分隐含主题句
(2)根据行文标志来定位主题句：
高频词法若全文无明显主题句，我们可以利用文章中的高频词找出文章的主题句。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章最明显的特点之一是文中有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住它，便容易抓住文章的中心逆向思维法在两个选项看上去都十分正确且无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有哪些内容，然后把它与文章的内容相比较，接近的即为正确选项
[典例]　（2023·浙江卷）Live with rmmates？Have friends and family arund yu？Chances are that if yu're lking t live a mre sustainable lifestyle，nt everyne arund yu will be ready t jump n that bandwagn.I experienced this when I started switching t a zer waste lifestyle five years ag，as I was living with my parents，and I cntinue t experience this with my husband，as he is nt cmpletely zer waste like me.I've learned a few things alng the way thugh，which I hpe yu'll find encuraging if yu're ding yur best t figure ut hw yu can make the change in a nt­always­supprtive husehld.
Zer waste was a radical lifestyle mvement a few years back.I remember shwing my parents a vide f Bea Jhnsn，sharing hw cl I thught it wuld be t buy grceries with jars，and have s little trash！ A few days later，I came back with my first jars f zer waste grceries，and my dad cmmented n hw silly it was fr me t carry jars everywhere.It came ff as a bit discuraging.Yet as the mnths f reducing waste cntinued，I did what I culd that was within my wn reach.I had my wn bedrm，s I wrked n remving things I didn't need.Since I had my wn tiletries（洗漱用品），I was able t start persnalising my rutine t be mre sustainable.I als ffered t ck every s ften，s I prtined ut a bit f the cupbard fr my wn zer waste grceries.Perhaps yur husehld wn't entirely make the switch，but yu may have sme cntrl ver yur wn persnal spaces t make the changes yu desire.
As yu make yur lifestyle changes，yu may find yurself wanting t speak up fr yurself if thers cmment n what yu're ding，which can turn itself int a whle husehld debate.If yu have individuals wh are nt n bard，yur wrds prbably wn't d much and can ften leave yu feeling mre discuraged.S here is my advice： Lead by is the text mainly abut？A.Hw t get n well with ther family t have ne's wn persnal space at t live a zer waste lifestyle in a t cntrl the budget when buying grceries.
[解题示范]第一步：读文章，概括文意
Part 1 Shw a talk tpic
Chances are that if yu're lking t live a mre sustainable lifestyle，nt everyne arund yu will jin it.
Part 2 Explain the tpic
I experienced this when I started switching t a zer waste lifestyle five years ag，which was a radical lifestyle mvement a few years back.
Part 3 Summarize the tpic
As the mnths f reducing waste cntinued，I did what I culd that was within my wn reach.S here is my advice：Lead by actin.
类型3　段落大意题　段落大意题主要考查段落的主要意思，是对某个段落基本内容的简缩和概括。概括、总结、归纳段落大意就是用准确的、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来
定位段落主题句，首尾兼顾定段意每一文段都要围绕一个特定的主题，按照一定的逻辑顺序展开，所以段落的结构也有一定的规律性。做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即问题所涉及段落的首句和尾句。一是因为它们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为利用这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框架，在框架下判断主旨，其准确性更高
总分式（总分/总分总）
段落首句为主题句，段落其他各句是例子或论证
分总式分总分式无主题句式
段落开头是举例子或层层推进的论述，段尾才是段落主题句
段落开头列举具体事例，通过事例得出结论，这个结论就是段落主题句，后面的内容只是继续或拓展该结论
段落虽无主题句，但可通过一些关键词或相似结构归纳出段落主题句
[典例]　（2022·新高考Ⅰ卷）The team shwed that this change in bite was cnnected with the develpment f agriculture in the Nelithic perid.Fd became easier t chew at this pint.The jawbne didn't have t d as much wrk and s didn't grw t be s large.Analyses f a language database als cnfirmed that there was a glbal change in the sund f wrld languages after the Nelithic age，with the use f“f” and “v”increasing remarkably during the last few thusand years.These sunds are still nt fund in the languages f many hunter­gatherer peple is paragraph 2 mainly abut？A.Supprting evidence fr the research applicatin f the research findings.C.A further explanatin f the research methds.D.A reasnable dubt abut the research prcess.
[解题示范]第一步：首尾兼顾定段意选文第一段提到人类语音及牙齿咬合的变化与新石器时代农业的发展有关，而第二段主要说明了一项语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，因此第二段主要是为上文的研究结果提供证据。本段第一句中的cnfirm（证实）是关键词。第二步：析选项，斟酌判断
（2023·辽宁名校联盟高三联考）When rmantic partners argue ver things like finances，jealusy，r ther interpersnal issues，they tend t emply their current feelings as fuel fr a heated argument.But thinking abut the future helps vercme relatinship cnflicts，accrding t a University f Waterl study just published nline in Scial Psychlgical and Persnality Science.Alex Huynh，a dctral candidate in psychlgy，is the lead authr f the study，which he published with Igr Grssmann frm the University f Waterl，and Daniel Yang frm Yale University.
Previus research has shwn that third­perspective reasning can be a psitive strategy fr recnciliatin（调解）f interpersnal struggles.Huynh and his cllabratrs investigated whether similar benefits can be induced by simply thinking abut the future.Study participants were instructed t reflect n a recent cnflict with a rmantic partner r a clse friend.One grup f participants were then asked t describe hw they wuld feel abut the cnflict ne year in the future，while anther grup was asked t describe hw they feel in the present.
The team examined participants' written respnses thrugh a text­analysis prgram fr their use f prnuns—such as I，me，she，he.These chices f prnuns were used t capture participants' fcus n the feelings and behaviur f
thse invlved in the cnflict.Written respnses were als examined fr frgiveness and reinterpreting the cnflict mre psitively，bth f which implied the participants' use f reasning strategies.The researchers fund that envisining（展望）future relatinship affected bth participants' fcus n their feelings and their reasning strategies.As a result，participants reprted mre psitivity abut their relatinship altgether，especially when study participants extended their thinking abut the relatinship a year int the future.
“Our study demnstrates that adpting a future­riented perspective in the cntext f a relatinship cnflict—reflecting n hw ne might feel a year frm nw—may be a valuable cping tl fr ne's psychlgical happiness and relatinship well­being，”said Huynh.
【语篇解读】　文章主要介绍了一项研究，研究结果表明，思考未来关系有助于克服人际关系冲突，保持长远的目光才是维持人际关系的好方法。1.What d rmantic partners d in the face f mst disagreements？A.They lse faith in their lk frward t a fierce fcus n their present care mre abut financial prblems.
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“When rmantic partners argue ver things like finances，jealusy，r ther interpersnal issues，they tend t emply their current feelings as fuel fr a heated argument.”可知，面对大多数分歧时，大部分恋人注重当时的感受。故选C项。
2.What des the underlined wrd “induced”in Paragraph 2 mst prbably mean？A.Explained.　　　　　　 D.Imprved.
解析：词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“Previus research has shwn that third­ perspective reasning can be a psitive strategy fr recnciliatin（调解）f interpersnal struggles.”可知，先前的研究已经表明，第三视角的理性观点是一种积极的人际矛盾调解策略；结合倒数第二段描述的研究结果“As a result，participants reprted mre psitivity abut their relatinship altgether”可推知，画线词所在句意为：Huynh和他的合作者调查了仅仅通过简单地思考未来是否就能产生类似的好处。induce意为“导致，引起”，故选B项。
3.What d we knw abut the study？A.The reasning strategies in participants' written respnses were well wrthy f participants described their recent relatinship with their rmance partners r friends.C.A text­analysis prgram was emplyed t examine participants' use f negative the study participants described hw they felt bth in the present and in the future.
解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Written respnses were als examined fr frgiveness and reinterpreting the cnflict mre psitively，bth f which implied the participants' use f reasning strategies.”可知，参与者书面回答中的宽恕度和正面重述都表明了参与者使用了推理策略，由此可以推知，参与者书面回答中的推理策略很值得注意。故选A项。
4.What can be the best title f the text？A.Yu Have a Year t Slve Yur Interpersnal Prblems！B.Beneficial Reasning Is a Psitive Strategy fr Recnciliatin！C.Yur Current Feelings Are the Real Cause f Yur Heated Arguments！D.Thinking Abut the Future Is Essential fr Relatinship Maintenance！
解析：标题归纳题。根据文章第一段中的“But thinking abut the future helps vercme relatinship cnflicts，accrding t a University f Waterl study just published nline in Scial Psychlgical and Persnality Science.”和最后一段“Our study demnstrates that adpting a future­riented perspective in the cntext f a relatinship cnflict—reflecting n hw ne might feel a year frm nw—may
be a valuable cping tl fr ne's psychlgical happiness and relatinship well­ being...”可知，文章主要介绍一项研究，研究结果表明，思考未来关系有助于解决人际关系冲突。D项“考虑未来对维持关系至关重要”最适合作为文章标题，故选D项。
B（2023·广东湛江雷州三中高三5月冲刺考试）Will skipping breakfast make me fat？The gd news fr thse wh dn't have breakfast is that putting n weight isn't inevitable—as lng as yu cntrl thse high­calrie desires and stay active.Research shws that althugh aviding breakfast will make yu hungrier and yu might make up fr that with a bigger lunch，this wn't necessarily make yu “fatter” — n average，thse wh skip breakfast dn't eat mre acrss the whle day than if they didn't skip it.Sme researchers have fund that yu may even eat fewer calries verall，and end up using yur bdy's fat reserves fr energy，which can actually help yu lse weight.
Hwever，weight isn't the nly cnsideratin： studies shw that breakfast­ skippers are likely t exercise less.This may be because they have lwer energy levels－after eight hurs r s withut fd，the bdy will have used up mst f its stres f easy­t­access energy during sleep.Mrning fasters are als mre likely t have unhealthy，but appetite­suppressing habits，such as smking r drinking a lt f cffee.If yu want t ensure that yu eat a regular，nutritius breakfast，try preparing it the night befre dn't leave it until the mrning，when yur brain struggles t make gd decisins.If yu d skip breakfast...
•Dn't make up fr it with a huge lunch，therwise yu'll suffer vereating.•Make sure yu eat smething befre yu exercise，r yu risk “hitting the wall”.•Dn't make up fr lack f energy with cffee－it can make yu lse yur appetite and make yu anxius and nervus.【语篇解读】　这是一篇说明文。文中主要就不吃早餐是否会变胖的问题展开论述，引用了各种研究结果和发现。5.What des the underlined wrd “inevitable” mean in Paragraph 2？A.Unbelievable.　　　　　 D.Unbearable.
解析：词句猜测题。根据后文“as lng as yu cntrl thse high­calrie desires and stay active.（只要你控制对高热量食物的渴望并保持活跃）”可知，只要控制对高热量食物的渴望并保持活跃，对于那些不吃早餐的人来说，好消息是体重并不是不可避免的，故画线词意思是“不可避免的”。故选B。
6.Why d sme breakfast­skippers lse weight？A.They d mre exercise.B.They stay active all reserve their bdy fat.D.They take in fewer calries.
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中“Sme researchers have fund that yu may even eat fewer calries verall，and end up using yur bdy's fat reserves fr energy，which can actually help yu lse weight.（一些研究人员发现，你甚至可以摄入更少的卡路里，最终利用身体的脂肪储备来获取能量，这实际上可以帮助你减肥）”可知，有些不吃早餐的人会减肥因为他们摄入的卡路里更少。故选D。
7.What is Paragraph 3 mainly abut？A.Aims f the f lsing f skipping fr breakfast­skippers.
解析：主旨大意题。根据第三段“Hwever，weight isn't the nly cnsideratin： studies shw that breakfast­skippers are likely t exercise less.This may be because they have lwer energy levels－after eight hurs r s withut fd，the bdy will have used up mst f its stres f easy­t­access energy during sleep.Mrning fasters are als mre likely t have unhealthy，but appetite­suppressing habits，
such as smking r drinking a lt f cffee.（然而，体重并不是唯一的考虑因素：研究表明，不吃早餐的人可能锻炼得更少。这可能是因为他们的能量水平较低——在不进食8小时左右后，身体将在睡眠中消耗掉大部分易于获取的能量。早起禁食的人也更有可能有不健康但抑制食欲的习惯，比如吸烟或喝大量咖啡）”可知，第三段主要讲了不吃早餐的影响。故选C。
8.What is the authr's attitude twards skipping breakfast？A.Objective. D.Dubtful.
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段“Research shws that althugh aviding breakfast will make yu hungrier and yu might make up fr that with a bigger lunch，this wn't necessarily make yu‘fatter’— n average，thse wh skip breakfast dn't eat mre acrss the whle day than if they didn't skip it.（研究表明，尽管不吃早餐会让你更饿，你可能会用一顿丰盛的午餐来弥补，但这并不一定会让你‘更胖’——平均而言，不吃早餐的人一整天都不会比不吃早餐的人吃得更多）”以及第三段“Hwever，weight isn't the nly cnsideratin：