十年(14-23)高考英语真题分项汇编专题 14 阅读理解说明文（含解析）

这是一份十年(14-23)高考英语真题分项汇编专题 14 阅读理解说明文（含解析），共282页。

Passage 1
【2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】The gal f this bk is t make the case fr digital minimalism, including a detailed explratin f what it asks and why it wrks, and then t teach yu hw t adpt this philsphy if yu decide it’s right fr yu.
T d s, I divided the bk int tw parts. In part ne, I describe the philsphical fundatins f digital minimalism, starting with an examinatin f the frces that are making s many peple’s digital lives increasingly intlerable, befre mving n t a detailed discussin f the digital minimalism philsphy.
Part ne cncludes by intrducing my suggested methd fr adpting this philsphy: the digital declutter. This prcess requires yu t step away frm ptinal nline activities fr thirty days. At the end f the thirty days, yu will then add back a small number f carefully chsen nline activities that yu believe will prvide massive benefits t the things yu value.
In the final chapter f part ne, I’ll guide yu thrugh carrying ut yur wn digital declutter. In ding s, I’ll draw n an experiment I ran in 2018 in which ver 1,600 peple agreed t perfrm a digital declutter. Yu’ll hear these participants’ stries and learn what strategies wrked well fr them, and what traps they encuntered that yu shuld avid.
The secnd part f this bk takes a clser lk at sme ideas that will help yu cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the imprtance f slitude (独处) and the necessity f cultivating high-quality leisure t replace the time mst nw spend n mindless device use. Each chapter cncludes with a cllectin f practices, which are designed t help yu act n the big ideas f the chapter. Yu can view these practices as a tlbx meant t aid yur effrts t build a minimalist lifestyle that wrds fr yur particular circumstances.
8. What is the bk aimed at?
A. Teaching critical thinking skills.B. Advcating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Slving philsphical prblems.D. Prmting the use f a digital device.
9. What des the underlined wrd “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Clear-up.B. Add-n.C. Check-in.D. Take-ver.
10. What is presented in the final chapter f part ne?
A. Theretical mdels.B. Statistical methds.
C. Practical examples.D. Histrical analyses.
11. What des the authr suggest readers d with the practices ffered in part tw?
A. Use them as needed.B. Recmmend them t friends.
C. Evaluate their effects.D. Identify the ideas behind them.
【答案】8. B 9. A 10. C 11. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了数字极简主义生活方式的优点，倡导简单的数字生活方式。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The gal f this bk is t make the case fr digital minimalism, including a detailed explratin f what it asks and why it wrks, and then t teach yu hw t adpt this philsphy if yu decide it’s right fr yu. (这本书的目标是为数字极简主义辩护，包括详细探索它的要求和为什么有效，然后如果你认为它适合你，教你如何采用这种哲学)”可知，这本书的目的是倡导简单的数字生活方式。故选B。
【9题详解】
词句猜测题。根据画线词下文“This prcess requires yu t step away frm ptinal nline activities fr thirty days. At the end f the thirty days, yu will then add back a small number f carefully chsen nline activities that yu believe will prvide massive benefits t the things yu value. (这个过程要求你在30天内远离可选的在线活动。在30天结束的时候，你再加上一些你认为会给你所看重的东西带来巨大好处的精心挑选的在线活动)”可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。故选A。
【10题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章第四段“In the final chapter f part ne, I’ll guide yu thrugh carrying ut yur wn digital declutter. In ding s, I’ll draw n an experiment I ran in 2018 in which ver 1,600 peple agreed t perfrm a digital declutter. (在第一部分的最后一章中，我将指导您进行自己的数字清理。在这样做的过程中，我将借鉴我在2018年进行的一项实验，在该实验中，1600多人同意进行数字清理)”可推知，第一部分的最后一章介绍了实验与数字清理的实际例子。故选C。
【11题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“Yu can view these practices as a tlbx meant t aid yur effrts t build a minimalist lifestyle that wrds fr yur particular circumstances. (你可以将这些实践视为一个工具箱，旨在帮助你建立一种适合自己特定情况的极简主义生活方式)”可推知，作者建议读者根据需要与实际情况使用第二部分中提及的实践。故选A。
Passage 2
【2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galtn published a paper which illustrated what has cme t be knwn as the “wisdm f crwds” effect. The experiment f estimatin he cnducted shwed that in sme cases, the average f a large number f independent estimates culd be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t always the same. Sme peple will tend t verestimate, and sme t underestimate. When enugh f these errrs are averaged tgether, they cancel each ther ut, resulting in a mre accurate estimate. If peple are similar and tend t make the same errrs, then their errrs wn’t cancel each ther ut. In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent. If fr whatever reasns, peple’s errrs becme crrelated r dependent, the accuracy f the estimate will g dwn.
But a new study led by Jaquin Navajas ffered an interesting twist (转折) n this classic phenmenn. The key finding f the study was that when crwds were further divided int smaller grups that were allwed t have a discussin, the averages frm these grups were mre accurate than thse frm an equal number f independent individuals. Fr instance, the average btained frm the estimates f fur discussin grups f five was significantly mre accurate than the average btained frm 20 independent individuals.
In a fllw-up study with 100 university students the researchers tried t get a better sense f what the grup members actually did in their discussin. Did they tend t g with thse mst cnfident abut their estimates? Did they fllw thse least willing t change their minds? This happened sme f the time, but it wasn’t the dminant respnse. Mst frequently, the grups reprted that they “shared arguments and reasned tgether.” Smehw, these arguments and reasning resulted in a glbal reductin in errr. Althugh the studies led by Navajas have limitatins and many questins remain the ptential implicatins fr grup discussin and decisin-making are enrmus.
12. What is paragraph 2 f the text mainly abut?
A. The methds f estimatin.B. The underlying lgic f the effect.
C. The causes f peple’s errrs.D. The design f Galtn’s experiment.
13. Navajas’ study fund that the average accuracy culd increase even if ________.
A. the crwds were relatively smallB. there were ccasinal underestimates
C. individuals did nt cmmunicateD. estimates were nt fully independent
14. What did the fllw-up study fcus n?
A. The size f the grups.B. The dminant members.
C. The discussin prcess.D. The individual estimates.
15. What is the authr’s attitude tward Navajas’ studies?
A. Unclear.B. Dismissive.C. Dubtful.D. Apprving.
【答案】12. B 13. D 14. C 15. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。
【12题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t always the same. Sme peple will tend t verestimate, and cme t underestimate. When enugh f these errrs are averaged tgether, they cancel each ther ut, resulting in a mre accurate estimate. If peple are similar and tend t make the same errrs, then their errrs wn’t cancel each ther ut. In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent. If fr whatever reasns, peple s errrs becme crrelated r dependent, the accuracy f the estimate will g dwn.(这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降。)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而导致更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。
【13题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段的“In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent.(从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。)”和第三段的“The key finding f the study was that when crwds were further divided int smaller grups that were allwed t have a discussin, the averages frm these grups were mre accurate than thse frm an equal number f independent individuals. Fr instance, the average btained frm the estimates f fur discussin grups f five was significantly mre accurate than the average btained frm 20 independent individuals.(这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如，从四个五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准确。)”可知，人们在没有独立的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D。
【14题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段的“In a fllw-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried t get a better sense f what the grup members actually did in their discussin. Did they tend t g with thse mst cnfident abut their estimates? Did they fllw thse least willing t change their minds? ( 在一项针对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对自己的估计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗？)”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Althugh the studies led by Navajas have limitatins and many questins remain, the ptential implicatins fr grup discussin and decisin-making are enrmus.(尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。)”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。
Passage 3
【2023年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】Reading Art: Art fr Bk Lvers is a celebratin f an everyday bject — the bk, represented here in almst three hundred artwrks frm museums arund the wrld. The image f the reader appears thrughut histry, in art made lng befre bks as we nw knw them came int being. In artists’ representatins f bks and reading, we see mments f shared humanity that g beynd culture and time.
In this “bk f bks,” artwrks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these cnnectins between different eras and cultures. We see scenes f children learning t read at hme r at schl, with the bk as a fcus fr relatins between the generatins. Adults are prtrayed (描绘) alne in many settings and pses —absrbed in a vlume, deep in thught r lst in a mment f leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds f years ag, but they recrd mments we can all relate t.
Bks themselves may be used symblically in paintings t demnstrate the intellect (才智), wealth r faith f the subject. Befre the wide use f the printing press, bks were treasured bjects and culd be wrks f art in their wn right. Mre recently, as bks have becme inexpensive r even thrwaway, artists have used them as the raw material fr artwrks — transfrming cvers, pages r even cmplete vlumes int paintings and sculptures.
Cntinued develpments in cmmunicatin technlgies were nce believed t make the printed page utdated. Frm a 21st-century pint f view, the printed bk is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-pwered e-reader. T serve its functin, a bk must be activated by a user: the cver pened, the pages parted, the cntents reviewed, perhaps ntes written dwn r wrds underlined. And in cntrast t ur increasingly netwrked lives where the infrmatin we cnsume is mnitred and tracked, a printed bk still ffers the chance f a whlly private, “ff-line” activity.
8. Where is the text mst prbably taken frm?
A. An intrductin t a bk.B. An essay n the art f writing.
C. A guidebk t a museum.D. A review f mdern paintings.
9. What are the selected artwrks abut?
A. Wealth and intellect.B. Hme and schl.
C. Bks and reading.D. Wrk and leisure.
10. What d the underlined wrds “relate t” in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Understand.B. Paint.
C. Seize.D. Transfrm.
11. What des the authr want t say by mentining the e-reader?
A. The printed bk is nt ttally ut f date.
B. Technlgy has changed the way we read.
C. Our lives in the 21st century are netwrked.
D. Peple nw rarely have the patience t read.
【答案】8. B 9. C 10. A 11. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了印刷书籍和阅读对人类的重要意义。
【8题详解】
推理判断题。通读全文，再根据文章第一段“Reading Art: Art fr Bk Lvers is a celebratin f an everyday bject — the bk, represented here in almst three hundred artwrks frm museums arund the wrld. (Reading Art: Art fr Bk Lvers这一活动是为书籍这一日常物品办的典礼，这里有来自世界各地博物馆的近三百件艺术品)”以及倒数第二段“Befre the wide use f the printing press, bks were treasured bjects and culd be wrks f art in their wn right. (在印刷机广泛使用之前，书籍是珍贵的物品，它们本身就可以成为艺术品)”可推知，本文最有可能出自一篇关于著作艺术的文章。故选B。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。通过文章第二段“artwrks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these cnnectins between different eras and cultures. We see scenes f children learning t read at hme r at schl, with the bk as a fcus fr relatins between the generatins. (艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系。我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间关系的焦点)”可知，选定的艺术品是关于书籍和阅读的。故选C。
【10题详解】
词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“artwrks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these cnnectins between different eras and cultures. We see scenes f children learning t read at hme r at schl, with the bk as a fcus fr relatins between the generatins. (艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系。我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间关系的焦点)”以及“These scenes may have been painted hundreds f years ag, but they recrd mments (这些场景可能是数百年前绘制的，但它们记录了一些时刻)”可推知，此处指书籍是人类之间相互联系和理解的纽带，故与画线短语“relate t”意思最相近的为A项“理解、认识到”。故选A。
【11题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“it remains as interactive as any battery-pwered e-reader (它仍然像任何电池供电的电子阅读器一样具有互动性)”以及“printed bk still ffers the chance f a whlly private, “ff-line” activity (印刷书籍仍然提供了完全私人的“离线”活动的机会)”可推知，本文作者提到电子阅读器想表达的是印刷书籍并没有完全过时。故选A。
Passage 4
【2023年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】As cities balln with grwth, access t nature fr peple living in urban areas is becming harder t find. If yu’re lucky, there might be a pcket park near where yu live, but it’s unusual t find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has fund health and wellness benefits f nature fr humans, but a new study shws that wildness in urban areas is extremely imprtant fr human well-being.
The research team fcused n a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-gers, asking them t submit a written summary nline f a meaningful interactin they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissins, cding (编码) experiences int different categries. Fr example, ne participant’s experience f “We sat and listened t the waves at the beach fr a while” was assigned the categries “sitting at beach” and “listening t waves.”
Acrss the 320 submissins, a pattern f categries the researchers call a “nature language” began t emerge. After the cding f all submissins, half a dzen categries were nted mst ften as imprtant t visitrs. These include encuntering wildlife, walking alng the edge f water, and fllwing an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps peple recgnize and take part in the activities that are mst satisfying and meaningful t them. Fr example, the experience f walking alng the edge f water might be satisfying fr a yung prfessinal n a weekend hike in the park. Back dwntwn during a wrkday, they can enjy a mre dmestic frm f this interactin by walking alng a funtain n their lunch break.
“We’re trying t generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactins back int ur daily lives. And fr that t happen, we als need t prtect nature s that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senir authr f the study.
12. What phenmenn des the authr describe at the beginning f the text?
A. Pcket parks are nw ppular.B. Wild nature is hard t find in cities.
C. Many cities are verppulated.D. Peple enjy living clse t nature.
13. Why did the researchers cde participant submissins int categries?
A. T cmpare different types f park-gers.B. T explain why the park attracts turists.
C. T analyze the main features f the park.D. T find patterns in the visitrs’ summaries.
14. What can we learn frm the example given in paragraph 5?
A. Walking is the best way t gain access t nature.
B. Yung peple are t busy t interact with nature.
C. The same nature experience takes different frms.
D. The nature language enhances wrk perfrmance.
15. What shuld be dne befre we can interact with nature accrding t Kahn?
A. Language study.B. Envirnmental cnservatin.
C. Public educatin.D. Intercultural cmmunicatin.
【答案】12. B 13. A 14. C 15. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。城市化让人们越来越难以接触到自然，但一项新研究发现城市中的野生自然对人类健康和幸福感具有重要影响。研究团队对一座大型城市公园的游客进行调查，发现与野生自然的互动可以创造出一种可用的语言，帮助人们认识和参与最令人满意和有意义的活动。该研究呼吁保护城市中的野生自然。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段内容“As cities balln with grwth, access t nature fr peple living in urban areas is becming harder t find. If yu’re lucky, there might be a pcket park near where yu live, but it’s unusual t find places in a city that are relatively wild.(随着城市的飞速发展，生活在城市地区的人们越来越难以接近大自然。如果你幸运的话，你住的地方附近可能会有一个袖珍公园，但在城市里找到相对天然的地方是罕见的)”可知，文章开头作者讲述了一种现象，在城市里，人们很难找到野生的自然。故选B。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段的“They surveyed several hundred park-gers, asking them t submit a written summary nline f a meaningful interactin they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissins, cding (编码) experiences int different categries. (他们调查了数百名公园游客，要求他们在网上提交一份书面总结，描述他们在公园里与大自然有意义的互动。然后，研究人员检查了这些提交的信息，将体验分为不同的类别)”可知，研究人员按照公园游客提交的在公园里与大自然互动的活动把游客分类，再根据第四段“Acrss the 320 submissins, a pattern f categries the researchers call a “nature language” began t emerge. After the cding f all submissins, half a dzen categries were nted mst ften as imprtant t visitrs. (在这320份提交的作品中，一种被研究人员称为“自然语言”的分类模式开始出现。在对所有提交的内容进行编码后，有六个类别被认为对游客最重要)”可推断，给游客分类是为了区分不同的游客类别。故选A。
【14题详解】
推理判断题。根据第五段内容“Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps peple recgnize and take part in the activities that are mst satisfying and meaningful t them. Fr example, the experience f walking alng the edge f water might be satisfying fr a yung prfessinal n a weekend hike in the park. Back dwntwn during a wrkday, they can enjy a mre dmestic frm f this interactin by walking alng a funtain n their lunch break. (命名每一种自然体验创造了一种可用的语言，这有助于人们认识并参与到对他们来说最满意和最有意义的活动中。例如，沿着水边散步的经历可能会让一个年轻的专业人士在周末去公园徒步旅行时感到满意。在工作日回到市中心，他们可以在午休时沿着喷泉散步，享受一种更居家的互动方式)”可知，本段讲述了自然体验创造一种可用的语言，有助于人们识别并参与对自己来说最满意最有意义的活动，接下来以一个年轻的专业人士参与自然的方式举例说明，去公园时沿着水边散步让他感到满意，回到市中心工作时他可以通过沿着喷泉散步获得满足。因此推知，从第五段的例子中我们可以知道一样的自然体验可以呈现不同的形式。故选C。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段““We’re trying t generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactins back int ur daily lives. And fr that t happen, we als need t prtect nature s that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senir authr f the study. (“我们正试图创造一种语言，帮助将人类与自然的互动带回我们的日常生活中。要做到这一点，我们还需要保护自然，这样我们才能与它互动，”该研究的资深作者彼得·卡恩说。)”可推断，彼得·卡恩认为在我们与大自然互动之前我们应该先要保护自然。故选B。
Passage 5
【2023年全国乙卷】What cmes int yur mind when yu think f British fd? Prbably fish and chips, r a Sunday dinner f meat and tw vegetables. But is British fd really s uninteresting? Even thugh Britain has a reputatin fr less-than-impressive cuisine, it is prducing mre tp class chefs wh appear frequently n ur televisin screens and whse recipe bks frequently tp the best seller lists.
It’s thanks t these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britns are turning away frm meat-and-tw-veg and ready-made meals and becming mre adventurus in their cking habits. It is recently reprted that the number f thse sticking t a traditinal diet is slwly declining and arund half f Britain’s cnsumers wuld like t change r imprve their cking in sme way. There has been a rise in the number f students applying fr fd curses at UK universities and clleges. It seems that TV prgrammes have helped change what peple think abut cking.
Accrding t a new study frm market analysts, 1 in 5 Britns say that watching ckery prgrammes n TV has encuraged them t try different fd. Almst ne third say they nw use a wider variety f ingredients (配料) than they used t, and just under 1 in 4 say they nw buy better quality ingredients than befre. One in fur adults say that TV chefs have made them much mre cnfident abut expanding their ckery knwledge and skills, and yung peple are als getting mre interested in cking. The UK’s bsessin (痴迷) with fd is reflected thrugh televisin scheduling. Ckery shws and dcumentaries abut fd are bradcast mre ften than befre. With an increasing number f male chefs n TV, it’s n lnger “uncl” fr bys t like cking.
8. What d peple usually think f British fd?
A. It is simple and plain.B. It is rich in nutritin.
C. It lacks authentic tastes.D. It deserves a high reputatin.
9. Which best describes ckery prgramme n British TV?
A. Authritative.B. Creative.C. Prfitable.D. Influential.
10. Which is the percentage f the peple using mre diverse ingredients nw?
A. 20%.B. 24%.C. 25%.D. 33%.
11. What might the authr cntinue talking abut?
A. The art f cking in ther cuntries.B. Male chefs n TV prgrammes.
C. Table manners in the UK.D. Studies f big eaters.
【答案】8. A 9. D 10. D 11. B
【解析】
【导语】本篇是一篇说明文，介绍英国人在英国烹饪节目的影响下改变对烹饪的看法，并尝试新的烹饪习惯。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段的“What cmes int yur mind when yu think f British fd? Prbably fish and chips, r a Sunday dinner f meat and tw vegetables. But is British fd really s uninteresting?”（当你想到英国食物时，你会想到什么？你可能想到的是炸鱼薯条，或是一肉两菜的周日晚餐。但是，英国食物真的如此无趣吗？）可知，提及英国食物，大家往往只是想到炸鱼薯条和周日烤肉，所以人们通常会觉得英国食物平平无奇。故选A项。
【9题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段的“It’s thanks t these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britns are turning away frm meat-and-tw-veg and ready-made meals and becming mre adventurus in their cking habits.”（正是由于电视上的这些大厨，而不是凭借广告宣传活动，英国人正在远离“一肉两菜”和速食餐，而变得更加愿意探索新的烹饪习惯。）和“It seems that TV prgrammes have helped change what peple think abut cking.”（似乎电视节目帮助改变了人们对烹饪的看法。）可知，英国的烹饪节目能够改变英国人对烹饪的看法，尝试从传统的英式饮食走出来，尝试新的烹饪习惯，由此推知英国的烹饪节目具有很大的影响力。故选D项。
【10题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段的“Almst ne third say they nw use a wider variety f ingredients (配料) than they used t, and just under 1 in 4 say they nw buy better quality ingredients than befre.”（几乎三分之一的人表示他们现在使用的配料比以前更多，将近四分之一的人表示他们现在购买的配料质量比以前更好。）可知，三分之一左右的人，也就是33%左右的人，使用的配料比以前更多。故选D项。
【11题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段的最后一句“With an increasing number f male chefs n TV, it’s n lnger “uncl” fr bys t like cking.”（随着电视上出现越来越多男性厨师，男孩子喜欢烹饪不再是一件“不酷”的事了。）可知，接下来，文章应该具体介绍电视上的男性厨师，从而与上文形成语义连贯。故选B项。
Passage 6
【2023年全国甲卷】Grizzly bears, which may grw t abut 2.5 m lng and weigh ver 400 kg, ccupy a cnflicted crner f the American psyche — we revere (敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the turists frm arund the wrld that fld int Yellwstne Natinal Park what they mst hpe t see, and their answer is ften the same: a grizzly bear.
“Grizzly bears are re-ccupying large areas f their frmer range,” says bear bilgist Chris Servheen. As grizzly bears expand their range int places where they haven’t been seen in a century r mre, they’re increasingly being sighted by humans.
The western half f the U.S. was full f grizzlies when Eurpeans came, with a rugh number f 50,000 r mre living alngside Native Americans. By the early 1970s, after centuries f cruel and cntinuus hunting by settlers, 600 t 800 grizzlies remained n a mere 2 percent f their frmer range in the Nrthern Rckies. In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act.
Tday, there are abut 2,000 r mre grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recvery has been s successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted t de-list grizzlies, which wuld lsen legal prtectins and allw them t be hunted. Bth effrts were verturned due t lawsuits frm cnservatin grups. Fr nw, grizzlies remain listed.
Obviusly, if precautins (预防) aren’t taken, grizzlies can becme trublesme, smetimes killing farm animals r walking thrugh yards in search f fd. If peple remve fd and attractants frm their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by withut truble. Putting electric fencing arund chicken huses and ther farm animal quarters is als highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hpe is t have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass thrugh withut learning bad habits,” says James Jnkel, lngtime bilgist wh manages bears in and arund Missula.
32. Hw d Americans lk at grizzlies?
A. They cause mixed feelings in peple.
B. They shuld be kept in natinal parks.
C. They are f high scientific value.
D. They are a symbl f American culture.
33. What has helped the increase f the grizzly ppulatin?
A The Eurpean settlers’ behavir.
B. The expansin f bears’ range.
C. The prtectin by law since 1975.
D. The supprt f Native Americans.
34. What has stpped the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service frm de-listing grizzlies?
A. The ppsitin f cnservatin grups.
B. The successful cmeback f grizzlies.
C. The vice f the bilgists.
D. The lcal farmers’ advcates.
35. What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A. Fd shuld be prvided fr grizzlies.
B. Peple can live in harmny with grizzlies.
C. A special path shuld be built fr grizzlies.
D. Technlgy can be intrduced t prtect grizzlies.
【答案】12. A 13. C 14. A 15. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文，讲述了美国灰熊从濒危物种恢复到2000多头，但也带来了一些问题。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中“Grizzly bears, which may grw t abut 2.5 m lng and weigh ver 400 kg, ccupy a cnflicted crner f the American psyche-we revere them even as they give us frightening dreams. (灰熊可以长到2.5米长，体重超过400公斤，在美国人的心理中占据着一个矛盾的角落——即使它们给我们带来可怕的梦，我们也敬畏它们)”可知，美国人对灰熊既有害怕，又有敬畏，他们的情感是混合的。故选A项。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act. (1975年，灰熊被列入《濒危物种法》)”以及第四段“Tday, there are abut 2, 000 r mre grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recvery has been s successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted t delist grizzlies, which wuld lsen legal prtectins and allw them t be hunted. (如今，美国大约有2,000只或更多的灰熊。它们的恢复非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，这将放松对灰熊的法律保护，允许它们被猎杀)”可推知，由于1975年起受法律保护，灰熊的数量有了增长。故选C项。
【14题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中“Tday, there are abut 2,000 r mre grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recvery has been s successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted t delist grizzlies, which wuld lsen legal prtectins and allw them t be hunted. Bth effrts were verturned due t lawsuits frm cnservatin grups. Fr nw, grizzlies remain listed. (如今，美国大约有2,000只或更多的灰熊。它们的恢复非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，这将放松对灰熊的法律保护，允许它们被猎杀。由于环保组织的诉讼，这两项努力都被推翻了。目前，灰熊仍在名单上)”可知，是环保组织的的反对阻止了美国鱼类和野生动物管理局将灰熊从濒危物种名单上除名。故选A项。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Obviusly, if precautins aren’t taken, grizzlies can becme trublesme, smetimes killing farm animals r walking thrugh yards in search f fd. If peple remve fd and attractants frm their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by withut truble. Putting electric fencing arund chicken huses and ther farm animal quarters is als highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hpe is t have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass thrugh withut learning bad habits,“ says James Jnkel, lngtime bilgist wh manages bears in and arund Missula. (显然，如果不采取预防措施，灰熊会变得很麻烦，有时会杀死农场动物，或者在院子里寻找食物。如果人们把食物和引诱剂从他们的院子和露营地移走，灰熊通常会安然通过。在鸡舍和其他农场动物生活区周围设置电动围栏也能有效地赶走灰熊。“我们希望有一个干净，没有诱饵的地方，熊可以通过，而不会养成坏习惯，”詹姆斯·琼克尔说，他是一位长期管理米苏拉及其周围熊的生物学家)”可推知，灰熊数量增长，虽然会带来一些麻烦，但是如果采取一些预防措施，人和灰熊可以和谐相处。故选B项。
Passage 7
【2023年北京卷】In recent years, researchers frm diverse fields have agreed that shrt-termism is nw a significant prblem in industrialised scieties. The inability t engage with lnger-term causes and cnsequences leads t sme f the wrld’s mst serius prblems: climate change, bidiversity cllapse, and mre. The histrian Francis Cle argues that the West has entered a perid where “nly the present exists, a present characterised at nce by the cruelty f the instant and by the bredm f an unending nw”.
It has been prved that peple have a bias (偏向) twards the present, fcusing n lud attractins in the mment at the expense f the health, well-being and financial stability f their future selves r cmmunity. In business, this bias surfaces as shrt-sighted decisins. And n slw-burning prblems like climate change, it translates int the unwillingness t make small sacrifices (牺牲) tday that culd make a majr difference tmrrw. Instead, all that matters is next quarter’s prfit, r satisfying sme ther near-term desires.
These biased perspectives cannt be blamed n ne single cause. It is fair t say, thugh, that ur psychlgical biases play a majr rle. Peple’s hesitancy t delay satisfactin is the mst bvius example, but there are thers.One f them is abut hw the mst accessible infrmatin in the present affects decisins abut the future. Fr instance, yu might hear smene say: “It’s cld this winter, s I needn’t wrry abut glbal warming.”Anther is that lud and urgent matters are given t much imprtance, making peple ignre lnger-term trends that arguably matter mre. This is when a pp star draws far mre attentin than, say, gradual bidiversity decline.
As a psychlgist nce jked, if aliens (外星人) wanted t weaken humanity, they wuldn’t send ships; they wuld invent climate change. Indeed, when it cmes t envirnmental transfrmatins, we can develp a frm f cllective “pr memry”, and each new generatin can believe the state f affairs they encunter is nthing ut f the rdinary. Older peple tday, fr example, can remember a time with insect-cvered car windscreens after lng drives. Children, n the ther hand, have n idea that insect ppulatin has drpped dramatically.
28. The authr qutes Francis Cle mainly t ________.
A. draw a cmparisn
B. intrduce a tpic
C. evaluate a statement
D. highlight a prblem
29. What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A. Climate change has been frgtten.
B. Lessns f histry are highly valued.
C. The human mind is bad at nting slw change.
D. Humans are unwilling t admit their shrtcmings.
30. What des the authr intend t tell us?
A. Far-sighted thinking matters t humans.
B. Humans tend t make lng-term sacrifices.
C. Current plicies facilitate future decisin-making.
D. Bias twards the present helps reduce near-term desires.
【答案】28. D 29. C 30. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。事实证明，人们对现在有偏见，以牺牲健康为代价，专注于当下有吸引力的事物，而牺牲了未来自己或社区的健康、幸福和财务稳定。
【28题详解】
推理判断题。第一段首句“In recent years, researchers frm diverse fields have agreed that shrt-termism is nw a significant prblem in industrialised scieties.(近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。)”提出一个问题——短期主义，接着下文“The histrian Francis Cle argues that the West has entered a perid where “nly the present exists, a present characterised at nce by the cruelty f the instant and by the bredm f an unending nw”.(历史学家弗朗西斯•科尔（Francis Cle）认为，西方已经进入了一个“只有现在存在的时代，现在的特点是瞬间的残酷和无休止的现在的无聊”。)”引用历史学家Francis Cle的话来强调只注重现在的这种短期主义的危害，由此可推知，文章引用Francis Cl的话是为了强调一个问题，故选D。
【29题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段中“As a psychlgist nce jked, if aliens (外星人) wanted t weaken humanity, they wuldn’t send ships; they wuld invent climate change. Indeed, when it cmes t envirnmental transfrmatins, we can develp a frm f cllective “pr memry”, and each new generatin can believe the state f affairs they encunter is nthing ut f the rdinary.(一位心理学家曾经开玩笑说，如果外星人想削弱人类，他们不会派出飞船；他们会发明气候变化。的确，在环境变化的问题上，我们可以形成一种集体的“记忆不良”，每一代人都会认为他们所遇到的情况并没有什么不同寻常的)”可知，一位心理学家曾经开玩笑说，如果外星人想要削弱人类，他们会发明气候变化，通过这种方式来削弱人类，因为人们对于气候变化形成一种集体的“记忆不良”，认为他们所遇到的情况没什么异常的，由此可推知人们不擅长察觉出缓慢的变化，故选C。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“In recent years, researchers frm diverse fields have agreed that shrt-termism is nw a significant prblem in industrialised scieties.(近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。)”提出一个问题——短期主义，和第二段“It has been prved that peple have a bias(偏向) twards the present, fcusing n lud attractins in the mment at the expense f the health, well-being and financial stability f their future selves r cmmunity. In business, this bias surfaces as shrt-sighted decisins. And n slw-burning prblems like climate change, it translates int the unwillingness t make small sacrifices(牺牲) tday that culd make a majr difference tmrrw.(事实证明人们对现在有偏见，以牺牲健康为代价，只专注于当下引人注目的事物，而牺牲了未来自己或社区的健康、幸福和稳定。在商业中，这种偏见表现为短视决策。在气候变化等缓慢燃烧的问题上，这意味着不愿意今天做出小的牺牲，而这些牺牲可能会在明天产生重大影响。)”可知，文章主要讲述了短视决策的危害，呼吁我们要做出有远见的思考。由此可推知，作者的写作目的是告诉我们有远见的思考对人类的重要性，故选A。
Passage 8
【2023年北京卷】What is life? Like mst great questins this ne is easy t ask but difficult t answer. The reasn is simple: we knw f just ne type f life and it’s challenging t d science with a sample size f ne. The field f artificial life-called ALife fr shrt — is the systematic attempt t spell ut life’s fundamental principles. Many f these practitiners, s-called ALifers, think that smehw making life is the surest way t really understand what life is.
S far n ne has cnvincingly made artificial life. This track recrd makes ALife a ripe target fr criticism, such as declaratins f the field’s dubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a cmplexity scientist, is tired f such cmplaints. Asking abut “the pint” f ALife might be, well, missing the pint entirely, he says. “The existence f a living system is nt abut the use f anything.” Alan says. “Sme peple ask me, ‘S what’s the wrth f artificial life?’ D yu ever think, ‘What is the wrth f yur grandmther?’”
As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applicatins, the attempts t create artificial life culd have practical payffs. Artificial intelligence may be cnsidered ALife’s cusin in that researchers in bth fields are enamred by a cncept called pen-ended evlutin (演化). This is the capacity fr a system t create essentially endless cmplexity, t be a srt f “nvelty generatr”. The nly system knwn t exhibit this is Earth’s bisphere. If the field f ALife manages t reprduce life’s endless “creativity” in sme virtual mdel, thse same principles culd give rise t truly inventive machines.
Cmpared with the develpments f Al, advances in ALife are harder t recgnize. One reasn is that ALife is a field in which the central cncept — life itself — is undefined. The lack f agreement amng ALifers desn’t help either. The result is a diverse line f prjects that each advance alng their unique paths. Fr better r wrse, ALife mirrrs the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混乱的) prgressin is a striking parallel (平行线) t the evlutinary struggles that have shaped Earth bisphere.
Undefined and uncntrlled, ALife drives its fllwers t repurpse ld ideas and generated nvelty. It may be, f curse, that these characteristics aren’t in any way surprising r singular. They may apply universally t all acts f evlutin. Ultimately ALife may be nthing special. But even this dismissal suggests smething：perhaps, just like life itself thrughut the universe, the rise f ALife will prve unavidable.
31. Regarding Alan Smith’s defence f ALife, the authr is .
A. supprtiveB. puzzledC. uncncernedD. dubtful
32. What des the wrd “enamred” underlined in Paragraph 3 mst prbably mean?
A. Shcked.B. Prtected.C. Attracted.D. Challenged.
33. What can we learn frm this passage?
A. ALife hlds the key t human future.B. ALife and AI share a cmmn feature.
C. AI mirrrs the develpments f ALife.D. AI speeds up the prcess f human evlutin.
34. Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A. Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out?
B. Life Evlves. Can AI Help ALife Evlve, T?
C. Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day?
D. Life Evlves. Can Attempts t Create ALife Evlve, T?
【答案】31. A 32. C 33. B 34. D
【解析】
【导语】本文为说明文。文章主要探讨了ALife是否也在不断地进化的问题。
【31题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applicatins, the attempts t create artificial life culd have practical payffs. (尽管许多ALifer讨厌强调他们研究的应用，但创造人工生命的尝试可能会有实际的回报)”可知，作者认为创造人工生命的尝试是会有回报的；再结合第二段“S far n ne has cnvincingly made artificial life. This track recrd makes ALife a ripe target fr criticism, such as declaratins f the field’s dubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a cmplexity scientist, is tired f such cmplaints. Asking abut “the pint” f ALife might be, well, missing the pint entirely, he says. “The existence f a living system is nt abut the use f anything.” Alan says. “Sme peple ask me, ‘S what’s the wrth f artificial life?’ D yu ever think, ‘What is the wrth f yur grandmther?’”(到目前为止，还没有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命。这一记录使生命科学成为批评的成熟目标，比如对该领域可疑科学价值的声明。复杂性科学家艾伦•史密斯厌倦了这样的抱怨。他说，询问ALife的“意义”可能完全没有抓住要点。“一个生命系统的存在与任何东西的使用无关。”Alan说。“有人问我，‘那么人工生命的价值是什么？’你有没有想过，‘你祖母的价值是多少？’”)”可推知，因为还没有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命，才导致使生命科学成为批评（认为其没有科学价值）的成熟目标，作者认为这是不合理的，所以后文引用了Alan Smith的话语对这种观点进行反驳，即关于Alan Smith对ALife的辩护，作者表示支持。故选A。
【32题详解】
词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Artificial intelligence may be cnsidered ALife’s cusin in that researchers in bth fields are enamred by a cncept called pen-ended evlutin (演化).(人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲，因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念enamred)”可知，人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲，说明人工智能和ALife二者间有共同之处，可推测是因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念所吸引，所以才有了这种观点。故划线词意为“吸引”。故选C。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“Artificial intelligence may be cnsidered ALife’s cusin in that researchers in bth fields are enamred by a cncept called pen-ended evlutin (演化).(人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲，因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念所吸引)”可知，ALife和AI有一个共同的特点。故选B。
34题详解】
主旨大意题。根据最后一段“They may apply universally t all acts f evlutin. Ultimately ALife may be nthing special. But even this dismissal suggests smething: perhaps, just like life itself thrughut the universe, the rise f ALife will prve unavidable.(它们可能普遍适用于所有进化行为。最终，ALife可能没有什么特别的。但即使是这种否定也表明了一些事情：也许，就像整个宇宙中的生命本身一样，ALife的崛起将被证明是不可避免的)”结合文章主要探讨了ALife是否也在不断地进化。D选项“生命在进化。创造ALife的尝试也能进化吗？”是最合适的标题。故选D。
2022年阅读理解说明文
Passage 1
【2022年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷】Like mst f us, I try t be mindful f fd that ges t waste. The arugula (芝麻菜)was t make a nice green salad, runding ut a rast chicken dinner. But I ended up wrking late. Then friends called with a dinner invitatin. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even wrse, I had unthinkingly bught way t much; I culd have made six salads with what I threw ut.
In a wrld where nearly 800 millin peple a year g hungry, “fd waste ges against the mral grain,” as Elizabeth Ryte writes in this mnth’s cver stry. It’s jaw-drpping hw much perfectly gd fd is thrwn away — frm “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grcers t large amunts f uneaten dishes thrwn int restaurant garbage cans.
Prducing fd that n ne eats wastes the water, fuel, and ther resurces used t grw it. That makes fd waste an envirnmental prblem. In fact, Ryte writes, “if fd waste were a cuntry, it wuld be the third largest prducer f greenhuse gases in the wrld.”
If that’s hard t understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back f my refrigeratr. Mike Curtin sees my arugula stry all the time — but fr him, it's mre like 12 bnes f dnated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO f DC Central Kitchen in Washingtn, D.C., which recvers fd and turns it int healthy meals. Last year it recvered mre than 807,500 punds f fd by taking dnatins and cllecting blemished (有瑕疵的) prduce that therwise wuld have rtted in fields. And the strawberries? Vlunteers will wash, cut, and freeze r dry them fr use in meals dwn the rad.
Such methds seem bvius yet s ften we just dn’t think. “Everyne can play a part in reducing waste, whether by nt purchasing mre fd than necessary in yur weekly shpping r by asking restaurants t nt include the side dish yu wn’t eat,” Curtin says.
4. What des the authr want t shw by telling the arugula stry?
A. We pay little attentin t fd waste.B. We waste fd unintentinally at times.
C. We waste mre vegetables than meat.D. We have gd reasns fr wasting fd.
5. What is a cnsequence f fd waste accrding t the test?
A. Mral decline.B. Envirnmental harm.
C. Energy shrtage.D. Wrldwide starvatin.
6. What des Curtin’s cmpany d?
A. It prduces kitchen equipment.B. It turns rtten arugula int clean fuel.
C. It helps lcal farmers grw fruits.D. It makes meals ut f unwanted fd.
7. What des Curtin suggest peple d?
A. Buy nly what is needed.B. Reduce fd cnsumptin.
C G shpping nce a week.D. Eat in restaurants less ften.
【答案】4. B 5. B 6. D 7. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了我们日常生活中的食物浪费现象以及华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官科廷为解决食物浪费而采取的努力。
【4题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Like mst f us, I try t be mindful f fd that ges t waste.(像我们大多数人一样，我努力关注那些被浪费的食物)”及“But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even wrse, I had unthinkingly bught way t much; culd have made six salads with what I threw ut.(但随着时间的推移，芝麻菜变坏了。更糟糕的是，我不假思索地买了太多东西；我扔掉的东西可以做六份沙拉)”可推知，作者想通过讲述芝麻菜的故事来表明我们有时会无意间浪费食物。故选B。
【5题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“Prducing fd that n ne eats wastes the water, fuel, and ther, resurces used t grw it. That makes fd waste an envirnmental prblem. In fact, Ryte writes, “if fd waste were a cuntry, it wuld be the third largest prducer f greenhuse gases in the wrld.”(生产没人吃的食物会浪费用于种植食物的水、燃料和其他资源。这使得食物浪费成为一个环境问题。事实上，罗伊特写道，“如果食物浪费是一个国家，它将是世界上第三大温室气体排放国。”)”可知，根据文中的说法，浪费食物的一个后果是对环境的危害。故选B。
【6题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Curtin is CEO f DC Central Kitchen in Washingtn. D.C., which recvers fd and turns it int healthy meals. Last year it recvered mre than 807,500 punds f fd by taking dnatins and cllecting blemished (有瑕疵的) prduce, that therwise wuld have rtted in fields. And the strawberries? Vlunteers will wash, cut, and freeze r dry them fr use in meals dwn the rad.(科廷是华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官，该公司把食物复原，变成健康的食物。去年，该组织通过接受捐赠和收集有瑕疵的农产品，收回了超过807500磅的食物，否则这些农产品就会在地里腐烂。草莓呢？志愿者们将清洗、切割、冷冻或干燥它们，以便在路上的餐食中使用)”可知，科廷的公司用人们不想要的食物重新制作食物。故选D。
【7题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段中的““Everyne can play a part in reducing waste, whether by nt purchasing mre fd than necessary in yur weekly shpping r by asking restaurants t nt include the side dish yu wn’t eat,” Curtin says.(“每个人都可以在减少浪费方面发挥作用，无论是在每周的购物中不购买不必要的食物，还是要求餐馆不包括你不吃的配菜，”科廷说)”可知，科廷建议人们只买需要的东西来避免浪费食物。故选A。
Passage 2
C
【2022年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷】The elderly residents (居民) in care hmes in Lndn are being given hens t lk after t stp them feeling lnely.
The prject was dreamed up by a lcal charity (慈善组织) t reduce lneliness and imprve elderly peple’s wellbeing, It is als being used t help patients suffering dementia, a serius illness f the mind. Staff in care hmes have reprted a reductin in the use f medicine where hens are in use.
Amng thse taking part in the prject is 80-year-ld Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used t keep hens when I was yunger and had t prepare their breakfast each mrning befre I went t schl. ”
“I like the prject a lt. I am dwn there in my wheelchair in the mrning letting the hens ut and dwn there again at night t see they’ve gne t bed.”
“It’s gd t have a different fcus. Peple have been bringing their children in t see the hens and residents cme and sit utside t watch them. I’m enjying the creative activities, and it feels great t have dne smething useful.”
There are nw 700 elderly peple lking after hens in 20 care hmes in the Nrth East, and the charity has been given financial supprt t rll it ut cuntrywide.
Wendy Wilsn, extra care manager at 60 Penfld Street, ne f the first t embark n the prject, said: “Residents really welcme the idea f the prject and the creative sessins. We are lking frward t the benefits and fun the prject can bring t peple here.”
Lynn Lewis, directr f Ntting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy t be taking part in the prject. It will really help cnnect ur residents thrugh a shared interest and creative activities.”
8. What is the purpse f the prject?
A. T ensure harmny in care hmes.B. T prvide part-time jbs fr the aged.
C. T raise mney fr medical research.D. T prmte the elderly peple’s welfare.
9. Hw has the prject affected Ruth Xavier?
A. She has learned new life skills.B. She has gained a sense f achievement.
C. She has recvered her memry.D. She has develped a strng persnality.
10. What d the underlined wrds “embark n” mean in paragraph 7?
A. Imprve.B. Oppse.C. Begin.D. Evaluate.
11. What can we learn abut the prject frm the last tw paragraphs?
A. It is well received.B. It needs t be mre creative.
C. It is highly prfitable.D. It takes ages t see the results.
【答案】8. D 9. B 10. C 11. A
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况的项目。
【8题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The prject was dreamed up by a lcal charity (慈善组织) t reduce lneliness and imprve elderly peple’s wellbeing (该项目由当地一家慈善机构构想，旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况)”可知，这个项目的目的是为了提高老年人的幸福。故选D。
【9题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第五段““It’s gd t have a different fcus. Peple have been bringing their children in t see the hens and residents cme and sit utside t watch them. I’m enjying the creative activities, and it feels great t have dne smething useful.” (有不同的关注点很好。人们把自己的孩子带进来看母鸡，居民们也来外面坐着看它们。我喜欢创造性的活动，做一些有用的事情的感觉很好)”可推知，Ruth Xavier通过该项目获得了一种成就感。故选B。
【10题详解】
词义猜测题。根据文章倒数第二段“Residents really welcme the idea f the prject and the creative sessins. We are lking frward t the benefits and fun the prject can bring t peple here. (居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣)”以及划线处前的“ne f the first (第一批人之一)”可知Wendy Wilsn是着手这项工程的人之一，划线处的含义与C项：“Begin (开始)”含义相近。故选C。
【11题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Residents really welcme the idea f the prject and the creative sessins. We are lking frward t the benefits and fun the prject can bring t peple here. (居民们非常欢迎该项目想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣)”以及最后一段“Lynn Lewis, directr f Ntting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy t be taking part in the prject. It will really help cnnect ur residents thrugh a shared interest and creative activities.” (“诺丁山路径”的负责人林恩·刘易斯说:我们很高兴能参与这个项目。它将通过共同的兴趣和创造性活动真正帮助我们的居民联系起来)”可知，该项目的反响很好。故选A。
Passage 3
【2022年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷】Human speech cntains mre than 2,000 different sunds, frm the cmmn “m” and “a” t the rare clicks f sme suthern African languages. But why are certain sunds mre cmmn than thers? A grund-breaking, five-year study shws that diet-related changes in human bite led t new speech sunds that are nw fund in half the wrld’s languages.
Mre than 30 years ag, the schlar Charles Hckett nted that speech sunds called labidentals, such as “f” and “v”, were mre cmmn in the languages f scieties that ate sfter fds. Nw a team f researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University f Zurich, Switzerland, has fund hw and why this trend arse.
They discvered that the upper and lwer frnt teeth f ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard t prduce labidentals, which are frmed by tuching the lwer lip t the upper teeth. Later, ur jaws changed t an verbite structure (结构), making it easier t prduce such sunds.
The team shwed that this change in bite was cnnected with the develpment f agriculture in the Nelithic perid. Fd became easier t chew at this pint. The jawbne didn’t have t d as much wrk and s didn’t grw t be s large.
Analyses f a language database als cnfirmed that there was a glbal change in the sund f wrld languages after the Nelithic age, with the use f “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thusand years. These sunds are still nt fund in the languages f many hunter-gatherer peple tday.
This research verturns the ppular view that all human speech sunds were present when human beings evlved arund 300,000 years ag. ”The set f speech sunds we use has nt necessarily remained stable since the appearance f human beings, but rather the huge variety f speech sunds that we find tday is the prduct f a cmplex interplay f things like bilgical change and cultural evlutin,“ said Steven Mran, a member f the research team.
12. Which aspect f the human speech sund des Damián Blasi’s research fcus n?
A. Its variety.B. Its distributin.C. Its quantity.D. Its develpment.
13. Why was it difficult fr ancient human adults t prduce labidentals?
A. They had fewer upper teeth than lwer teeth.
B. They culd nt pen and clse their lips easily.
C. Their jaws were nt cnveniently structured.
D Their lwer frnt teeth were nt large enugh.
14. What is paragraph 5 mainly abut?
A. Supprting evidence fr the research results.
B. Ptential applicatin f the research findings.
C. A further explanatin f the research methds.
D. A reasnable dubt abut the research prcess.
15. What des Steven Mran say abut the set f human speech sunds?
A. It is key t effective cmmunicatin.B. It cntributes much t cultural diversity.
C. It is a cmplex and dynamic system.D. It drives the evlutin f human beings.
【答案】12. D 13. C 14. A 15. C
【解析】
【导语】本篇是一篇说明文。主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“Mre than 30 years ag, the schlar Charles Hckett nted that speech sunds called labidentals, such as “f” and "v", were mre cmmn in the languages f scieties that ate sfter fds. Nw a team f researchers led by Damian Blasi at the University f Zurich, Switzerland, has fund hw and why this trend arse.（30多年前，学者Charles Hckett注意到，被称为唇齿音的语音，如“f”和“v”，在吃软食物的社会的语言中更常见。现在，瑞士苏黎世大学的Damian Blasi领导的一组研究人员发现了这一趋势产生的方式和原因。）”可知Damian Blasi的研究重点是在语言的演变上。故选D项。
【13题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They discvered that the upper and lwer frnt teeth f ancient human adults were aligned，making it hard t prduce labidentals，which are frmed by tuching the lwer lip t the upper teeth. Later, ur jaws changed t an verbite structure , making it easier t prduce such sunds.（他们发现，古人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，因此很难产生唇齿音，唇齿音是通过下唇接触上牙齿而形成的。后来，我们的下颚变成了覆盖咬合结构，更容易发出这样的声音）”可知，因为古代成年人的下颚结构使他们很难发出唇齿音。故选C项。
【14题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“Analyses f a language database als cnfirmed that there was a glbal change in the sund f wrld languages after the s Nelithic age, with the use f “f” and “v”increasing remarkably during the last few thusand years. These sunds are still nt fund in the languages f many hunter-gatherer peple tday.（对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，在过去几千年里，“f”和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然没有发现）”可知，第五段主要是通过列明数据分析结果来进一步证明研究结果。故选A项。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中““The set f speech sunds we use has nt necessarily remained stable since the appearance f human beings, but rather the huge variety f speech sunds that we find tday is the prduct f a cmplex interplay f things like bilgical change and cultural evlutin,” said Steven Mran, a member f the research team.（研究小组成员Steven Mran说:“自从人类出现以来，我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，我们今天发现的各种语音都是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物。”）”可知，Steven Mran认为语音是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C项。
Passage 4
【2022年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】Over the last seven years, mst states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range f methds t persuade peple t put dwn their phnes when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the prblem, by just abut any measure, appears t be getting wrse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using scial netwrks and taking phts. Rad accidents, which had fallen fr years, are nw rising sharply.
That is partly because peple are driving mre, but Mark Rsekind, the chief f the Natinal Highway Traffic Safety Administratin, said distracted（分心）driving was "nly increasing, unfrtunately. "
"Big change requires big ideas. " he said in a speech last mnth, referring bradly t the need t imprve rad safety. S t try t change a distinctly mdern behavir, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back t an ld apprach: They want t treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea frm lawmakers in New Yrk is t give plice fficers a new device called the Textalyzer. It wuld wrk like this: An fficer arriving at the scene f a crash culd ask fr the phnes f the drivers and use the Textalyzer t check in the perating system fr recent activity. The technlgy culd determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed r dne anything else that is nt allwed under New Yrk's hands-free driving laws.
"We need smething n the bks that can change peple's behavir,” said Félix W. Ortiz, wh pushed fr the state's 2001 ban n hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becmes law, he said, "peple are ging t be mre afraid t put their hands n the cell phne. "
8. Which f the fllwing best describes the ban n drivers' texting in the US?
A. Ineffective. B. Unnecessary.
C. Incnsistent. D. Unfair.
9. What can the Textalyzer help a plice fficer find ut?
A. Where a driver came frm. B. Whether a driver used their phne.
C. Hw fast a driver was ging. D. When a driver arrived at the scene.
10. What des the underlined wrd "smething" in the last paragraph refer t?
A. Advice. B. Data. C. Tests. D. Laws.
11. What is a suitable title fr the text?
A. T Drive r Nt t Drive? Think Befre Yu Start
B. Texting and Driving? Watch Out fr the Textalyzer
C. New Yrk Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers.
D. The Next Generatin Cell Phne: The Textalyzer-
【答案】8. A 9. B 10. D 11. B
【解析】
【导语】本文一篇说明文。为解决司机在开车时使用手机造成“分神”，引发交通事故的问题，纽约的一名立法者提出使用Textalyzer（短信监控器）的技术来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。
【8题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段中“Over the last seven years, mst states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range f methds t persuade peple t put dwn their phnes when they are behind the wheel. ”（在过去的七年里，大多数州都禁止司机发短信，公共服务活动也尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。）以及第二段中“Yet the prblem, by just abut any measure, appears t be getting wrse. ”（然而，无论以何种标准衡量，这个问题似乎都在恶化。）可知，大多数州使用了各种各样的方法说服司机们在开车的时候放下手机，可是情况却越来越糟糕。所以各种方法是无效的。A选项ineffective意为“无效的”，与此相符。故选A。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“The technlgy culd determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed r dne anything else that is nt allwed under New Yrk's hands-free driving laws. ”（这项技术可以确定司机是否发了短信、发了邮件，或者做了纽约免提驾驶法不允许的其他事情。）可知，Textalyzer能够确定的是司机是否使用了手机发短信、邮件以及其他驾驶法不允许的行为。B 选项意为“是否司机使用了手机。”与此相符，故选B。
10题详解】
词义猜测题。根据句中的“We need smething n the bks that can change peple's behavir. ”（我们需要一些能改变人们行为的东西，）可知，smething是能够改变人们的行为的事情。根据下文的“If the Textalyzer bill becmes law, he said, "peple are ging t be mre afraid t put their hands n the cell phne. ”（他说，如果Textalyzer法案成为法律，“人们会更害怕拿起手机。）可知，人们的行为会改变的条件是当Textalyzer法案成为法律。收到法律的约束和惩罚，司机们才不会在开车的时候使用手机。故smething指代的是法律。故选D。
【11题详解】
主旨大意题。纵观全文，第一段和第二段阐述的是“虽然大多数州已经尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。可是问题却越来越严重”。第三段中“That is partly because peple are driving mre. ”（部分原因是开车的人越来越多）可知，解释了该行为产生的部分原因。第四段至第五段讲述的是为了解决该问题是纽约立法者提出了一个新的想法即利用Textalyzer技术，来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。最后一段讲述的是：相关人士呼吁该项技术能够成为真正的法案由此才能真正的改变人们的行为。故B选项Texting and Driving? Watch Out fr the Textalyzer（发短信还是在开车？防范短信监控器。）适合文章的标题。故选B。
Passage 5
【2022年全国乙卷】Can a small grup f drnes(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability f railways and, at the same time, help railway peratrs save billins f eurs each year? That is the very likely future f applying tday’s “eyes in the sky” technlgy t making sure that the millins f kilmetres f rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施)wrldwide are safe fr trains n a 24/7 basis.
Drnes are already being used t examine high-tensin electrical lines. They culd d precisely the same thing t inspect railway lines and ther vital aspects f rail infrastructure such as the crrect psitin f railway tracks and switching pints. The mre regularly they can be inspected, the mre railway safety, reliability and n-time perfrmance will be imprved. Csts wuld be cut and peratins wuld be mre efficient(高效)acrss the bard.
That includes huge savings in maintenance csts and better prtectin f railway persnnel safety. It is calculated that Eurpean railways alne spend apprximately 20 billin eurs a year n maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, ften at night, t inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerus wrk that culd be avided with drnes assisting the crews’ effrts.
By using the latest technlgies, drnes culd als start prviding higher-value services fr railways, detecting faults in the rail r switches, befre they can cause any safety prblems. T perfrm these tasks, drnes fr rail dn’t need t be flying verhead. Engineers are nw wrking n a new cncept: the rail drnes f the future. They will be mving n the track ahead f the train, and prgrammed t run autnmusly. Very small drnes with advanced sensrs and AI and travelling ahead f the train culd guide it like a c-pilt. With their ability t see ahead, they culd signal any prblem, s that fast-mving trains wuld be able t react in time.
8. What makes the applicatin f drnes t rail lines pssible?
A. The use f drnes in checking n pwer lines.B. Drnes’ ability t wrk at high altitudes.
C. The reductin f cst in designing drnes.D. Drnes’ reliable perfrmance in remte areas.
9. What des “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer t?
A. Persnnel safety.B. Assistance frm drnes.
C. Inspectin and repair.D. Cnstructin f infrastructure.
10. What functin is expected f the rail drnes?
A T prvide early warning.B. T make trains run autmatically.
C. T earn prfits fr the crews.D. T accelerate transprtatin.
11. Which is the mst suitable title fr the text?
A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drnes
B. Hw Prductin f Drnes Can Be Expanded
C. What Difficulty Drne Develpment Will Face
D Hw Drnes Will Change the Future f Railways
【答案】8. A 9. C 10. A 11. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。应用今天的“空中之眼”的技术，无人机能在保证铁路安全可靠的同时又能帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Drnes are already being used t examine high-tensin electrical lines. They culd d precisely the same thing t inspect railway lines and ther vital aspects f rail infrastructure such as the crrect psitin f railway tracks and switching pints.(无人机已经被用于检查高压电线。他们完全可以做同样的事情来检查铁路线路和铁路基础设施的其他重要方面，如铁路轨道和换乘点的正确位置)”可知使用无人机检查电力线路使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能。故选A。
【9题详解】
词义猜测题。根据后文“It is calculated that Eurpean railways alne spend apprximately 20 billin eurs a year n maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, ften at night, t inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. (据统计，仅欧洲铁路公司每年在铁路维护上的花费就约为200亿欧元，其中包括经常在夜间派遣维修人员检查和维修铁路基础设施)”可知花在maintenance上的费用是用于“inspect and repair the rail infrastructure （检查和维修铁路基础设施”，由此可知“That includes huge savings in maintenance csts and better prtectin f railway persnnel safety”是指大幅节省检修成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全，划线词和 C项：Inspectin and repair(检修)含义相近。故选C。
【10题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段 “detecting faults in the rail r switches, befre they can cause any safety prblems. they culd signal any prblem, s that fast-mving trains wuld be able t react in time.可知，无人机在铁路出现任何安全问题之前可以检测其故障，提前预警，以便高速行驶的火车能及时做出反应。。故选A。
【11题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章主题段第一段“Can a small grup f drnes(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability f railways and, at the same time, help railway peratrs save billins f eurs each year? That is the very likely future f applying tday’s “eyes in the sky” technlgy t making sure that the millins f kilmeters f rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施)wrldwide are safe fr trains n a24/7 basis.(一小群无人机能否在保证铁路安全可靠的同时，帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元?这很可能是应用今天的“空中之眼”技术的未来，以确保全球数百万公里的铁路轨道和基础设施全天候安全运行。)”以及后文第二段讲到了使用无人机检查电力线路使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能;第三段讲到了使用无人机大幅节省维护成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全；第四段讲到了通过使用最新的技术，无人机还可以开始为铁路提供更高的价值，可知文章主要讲述了无人机将如何改变铁路的未来，所以D项“无人机将如何改变铁路的未来。”符合文章中心思想，适合作为本文的最佳标题。故选D。
Passage 6
D
【2022年全国乙卷】The Gvernment's sugar tax n sft drinks has brught in half as much mney as Ministers first predicted it wuld generate, the first fficial data n the plicy has shwn.
First annunced in April, 2016, the tax which applies t sft drinks cntaining mre than 5g f sugar per 100ml, was intrduced t help reduce childhd besity（肥胖）. It is believed that tday's children and teenagers are cnsuming three times the recmmended level f sugar, putting them at a higher risk f the disease.
Initially the sugar tax was expected t make £520m a year fr the Treasury. Hwever, data f the first six mnths shwed it wuld make less than half this amunt. At present it is expected t generate £240m fr the year ending in April 2019, which will g t schl sprts.
It cmes after mre than half f sft drinks sld in shps have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers（制造商）s they can avid paying the tax. Drinks nw cntain 45 millin fewer kils f sugar as a result f manufacturers' effrts t avid the charge, accrding t Treasury figures. Since April drinks cmpanies have been frced t pay between 18p and 24p fr every litre f sugary drink they prduce r imprt, depending n the sugar cntent.
Hwever, sme high sugar brands, like Classic Cca Cla, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing t change fr fear f upsetting cnsumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and mst alchlic drinks are free f the tax, as are small cmpanies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.
Tday's figures, accrding t ne gvernment fficial, shw the psitive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millins f punds fr sprts facilities（设施）and healthier eating in schls. Helping the next generatin t have a healthy and active childhd is f great imprtance, and the industry is playing its part.
12. Why was the sugar tax intrduced?
A. T cllect mney fr schls.B. T imprve the quality f drinks.
C. T prtect children’s health.D. T encurage research in educatin.
13. Hw did sme drinks cmpanies respnd t the sugar tax?
A. They turned t verseas markets.B. They raised the prices f their prducts.
C. They cut dwn n their prductin.D. They reduced their prducts’ sugar cntent.
14. Frm which f the fllwing is the sugar tax cllected?
A. Mst alchlic drinks.B. Milk-based drinks.C. Fruit juices.D. Classic Cke.
15. What can be inferred abut the adptin f the sugar tax plicy?
A. It is a shrt-sighted decisin.B. It is a success stry.
C. It benefits manufacturers.D. It upsets custmers.
【答案】12. C 13. D 14. D 15. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国政府对软饮料征收的糖税来解决儿童以及青少年的健康问题，同时该收入用于学校体育。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“First annunced in April, 2016, the tax which applies t sft drinks cntaining mre than 5g f sugar per 100ml, was intrduced t help reduce childhd besity .（该税于2016年4月首次宣布，适用于每100毫升含糖超过5g的软饮料，旨在帮助减少儿童肥胖。）”可知，征收糖税的目的是帮助儿童减少肥胖。故选C项。
【13题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中的“It cmes after mre than half f sft drinks sld in shps have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers s they can avid paying the tax.（此前，制造商已经降低了商店中销售的超过一半的软饮料的含糖量，以避免纳税。）”可知，一些饮料公司通过降低了产品的含糖量来避税。故选D项。
【14题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Hwever, sme high sugar brands, like Classic Cca Cla, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing t change fr fear f upsetting cnsumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and mst alchlic drinks are free f the tax, as are small cmpanies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.（然而，一些高糖品牌，如经典可口可乐，已经接受了糖税，并拒绝改变，因为担心会惹恼消费者。果汁、以牛奶为原料的饮料和大多数酒精饮料是免税的，每年生产不到100万升的小公司也是免税的。）”可知，糖税主要来自经典可口可乐这些高糖品牌。故选D项。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Tday’s figures, accrding t ne gvernment fficial, shw the psitive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millins f punds fr sprts facilities and healthier eating in schls.（根据一位政府官员的说法，今天的数据显示了糖税的积极影响，它为学校的体育设施和健康饮食筹集了数百万英镑）”可推断，糖税政策的实施是一个成功的政策。故选B项。
Passage 7
【2022年全国乙卷】Can a small grup f drnes(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability f railways and, at the same time, help railway peratrs save billins f eurs each year? That is the very likely future f applying tday’s “eyes in the sky” technlgy t making sure that the millins f kilmetres f rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施)wrldwide are safe fr trains n a 24/7 basis.
Drnes are already being used t examine high-tensin electrical lines. They culd d precisely the same thing t inspect railway lines and ther vital aspects f rail infrastructure such as the crrect psitin f railway tracks and switching pints. The mre regularly they can be inspected, the mre railway safety, reliability and n-time perfrmance will be imprved. Csts wuld be cut and peratins wuld be mre efficient(高效)acrss the bard.
That includes huge savings in maintenance csts and better prtectin f railway persnnel safety. It is calculated that Eurpean railways alne spend apprximately 20 billin eurs a year n maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, ften at night, t inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerus wrk that culd be avided with drnes assisting the crews’ effrts.
By using the latest technlgies, drnes culd als start prviding higher-value services fr railways, detecting faults in the rail r switches, befre they can cause any safety prblems. T perfrm these tasks, drnes fr rail dn’t need t be flying verhead. Engineers are nw wrking n a new cncept: the rail drnes f the future. They will be mving n the track ahead f the train, and prgrammed t run autnmusly. Very small drnes with advanced sensrs and AI and travelling ahead f the train culd guide it like a c-pilt. With their ability t see ahead, they culd signal any prblem, s that fast-mving trains wuld be able t react in time.
8. What makes the applicatin f drnes t rail lines pssible?
A. The use f drnes in checking n pwer lines.B. Drnes’ ability t wrk at high altitudes.
C. The reductin f cst in designing drnes.D. Drnes’ reliable perfrmance in remte areas.
9. What des “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer t?
A. Persnnel safety.B. Assistance frm drnes.
C. Inspectin and repair.D. Cnstructin f infrastructure.
10. What functin is expected f the rail drnes?
A T prvide early warning.B. T make trains run autmatically.
C. T earn prfits fr the crews.D. T accelerate transprtatin.
11. Which is the mst suitable title fr the text?
A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drnes
B. Hw Prductin f Drnes Can Be Expanded
C. What Difficulty Drne Develpment Will Face
D Hw Drnes Will Change the Future f Railways
【答案】8. A 9. C 10. A 11. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。应用今天的“空中之眼”的技术，无人机能在保证铁路安全可靠的同时又能帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Drnes are already being used t examine high-tensin electrical lines. They culd d precisely the same thing t inspect railway lines and ther vital aspects f rail infrastructure such as the crrect psitin f railway tracks and switching pints.(无人机已经被用于检查高压电线。他们完全可以做同样的事情来检查铁路线路和铁路基础设施的其他重要方面，如铁路轨道和换乘点的正确位置)”可知使用无人机检查电力线路使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能。故选A。
【9题详解】
词义猜测题。根据后文“It is calculated that Eurpean railways alne spend apprximately 20 billin eurs a year n maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, ften at night, t inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. (据统计，仅欧洲铁路公司每年在铁路维护上的花费就约为200亿欧元，其中包括经常在夜间派遣维修人员检查和维修铁路基础设施)”可知花在maintenance上的费用是用于“inspect and repair the rail infrastructure （检查和维修铁路基础设施”，由此可知“That includes huge savings in maintenance csts and better prtectin f railway persnnel safety”是指大幅节省检修成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全，划线词和 C项：Inspectin and repair(检修)含义相近。故选C。
【10题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段 “detecting faults in the rail r switches, befre they can cause any safety prblems. they culd signal any prblem, s that fast-mving trains wuld be able t react in time.可知，无人机在铁路出现任何安全问题之前可以检测其故障，提前预警，以便高速行驶的火车能及时做出反应。。故选A。
【11题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章主题段第一段“Can a small grup f drnes(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability f railways and, at the same time, help railway peratrs save billins f eurs each year? That is the very likely future f applying tday’s “eyes in the sky” technlgy t making sure that the millins f kilmeters f rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施)wrldwide are safe fr trains n a24/7 basis.(一小群无人机能否在保证铁路安全可靠的同时，帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元?这很可能是应用今天的“空中之眼”技术的未来，以确保全球数百万公里的铁路轨道和基础设施全天候安全运行。)”以及后文第二段讲到了使用无人机检查电力线路使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能;第三段讲到了使用无人机大幅节省维护成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全；第四段讲到了通过使用最新的技术，无人机还可以开始为铁路提供更高的价值，可知文章主要讲述了无人机将如何改变铁路的未来，所以D项“无人机将如何改变铁路的未来。”符合文章中心思想，适合作为本文的最佳标题。故选D。
Passage 8
D
【2022年全国乙卷】The Gvernment's sugar tax n sft drinks has brught in half as much mney as Ministers first predicted it wuld generate, the first fficial data n the plicy has shwn.
First annunced in April, 2016, the tax which applies t sft drinks cntaining mre than 5g f sugar per 100ml, was intrduced t help reduce childhd besity（肥胖）. It is believed that tday's children and teenagers are cnsuming three times the recmmended level f sugar, putting them at a higher risk f the disease.
Initially the sugar tax was expected t make £520m a year fr the Treasury. Hwever, data f the first six mnths shwed it wuld make less than half this amunt. At present it is expected t generate £240m fr the year ending in April 2019, which will g t schl sprts.
It cmes after mre than half f sft drinks sld in shps have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers（制造商）s they can avid paying the tax. Drinks nw cntain 45 millin fewer kils f sugar as a result f manufacturers' effrts t avid the charge, accrding t Treasury figures. Since April drinks cmpanies have been frced t pay between 18p and 24p fr every litre f sugary drink they prduce r imprt, depending n the sugar cntent.
Hwever, sme high sugar brands, like Classic Cca Cla, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing t change fr fear f upsetting cnsumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and mst alchlic drinks are free f the tax, as are small cmpanies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.
Tday's figures, accrding t ne gvernment fficial, shw the psitive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millins f punds fr sprts facilities（设施）and healthier eating in schls. Helping the next generatin t have a healthy and active childhd is f great imprtance, and the industry is playing its part.
12. Why was the sugar tax intrduced?
A. T cllect mney fr schls.B. T imprve the quality f drinks.
C. T prtect children’s health.D. T encurage research in educatin.
13. Hw did sme drinks cmpanies respnd t the sugar tax?
A. They turned t verseas markets.B. They raised the prices f their prducts.
C. They cut dwn n their prductin.D. They reduced their prducts’ sugar cntent.
14. Frm which f the fllwing is the sugar tax cllected?
A. Mst alchlic drinks.B. Milk-based drinks.C. Fruit juices.D. Classic Cke.
15. What can be inferred abut the adptin f the sugar tax plicy?
A. It is a shrt-sighted decisin.B. It is a success stry.
C. It benefits manufacturers.D. It upsets custmers.
【答案】12. C 13. D 14. D 15. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国政府对软饮料征收的糖税来解决儿童以及青少年的健康问题，同时该收入用于学校体育。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“First annunced in April, 2016, the tax which applies t sft drinks cntaining mre than 5g f sugar per 100ml, was intrduced t help reduce childhd besity .（该税于2016年4月首次宣布，适用于每100毫升含糖超过5g的软饮料，旨在帮助减少儿童肥胖。）”可知，征收糖税的目的是帮助儿童减少肥胖。故选C项。
【13题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中的“It cmes after mre than half f sft drinks sld in shps have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers s they can avid paying the tax.（此前，制造商已经降低了商店中销售的超过一半的软饮料的含糖量，以避免纳税。）”可知，一些饮料公司通过降低了产品的含糖量来避税。故选D项。
【14题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Hwever, sme high sugar brands, like Classic Cca Cla, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing t change fr fear f upsetting cnsumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and mst alchlic drinks are free f the tax, as are small cmpanies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.（然而，一些高糖品牌，如经典可口可乐，已经接受了糖税，并拒绝改变，因为担心会惹恼消费者。果汁、以牛奶为原料的饮料和大多数酒精饮料是免税的，每年生产不到100万升的小公司也是免税的。）”可知，糖税主要来自经典可口可乐这些高糖品牌。故选D项。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Tday’s figures, accrding t ne gvernment fficial, shw the psitive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millins f punds fr sprts facilities and healthier eating in schls.（根据一位政府官员的说法，今天的数据显示了糖税的积极影响，它为学校的体育设施和健康饮食筹集了数百万英镑）”可推断，糖税政策的实施是一个成功的政策。故选B项。
Passage 9
【2022年全国甲卷】Gffin’s cckats, a kind f small parrt native t Australasia, have been shwn t have similar shape-recgnitin abilities t a human tw-year-ld. Thugh nt knwn t use tls in the wild, the birds have prved skilful at tl use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cckats were presented with a bx with a nut inside it. The clear frnt f the bx had a “keyhle” in a gemetric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” t chse frm. Inserting the crrect “key” wuld let ut the nut.
In humans, babies can put a rund shape in a rund hle frm arund ne year f age, but it will be anther year befre they are able t d the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability t recgnize that a shape will need t be turned in a specific directin befre it will fit is called an “allcentric frame f reference”. In the experiment, Gffin’s cckats were able t select the right tl fr the jb, in mst cases, by visual recgnitin alne. Where trial-and-errr was used, the cckats did better than mnkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Gffin’s cckats d indeed pssess an allcentric frame f reference when mving bjects in space, similar t tw-year-ld babies.
The next step, accrding t the researchers, is t try and wrk ut whether the cckats rely entirely n visual clues (线索), r als use a sense f tuch in making their shape selectins.
4. Hw did the cckats get the nut frm the bx in the experiment?
A. By fllwing instructins.B. By using a tl.
C. By turning the bx arund.D. By remving the lid.
5. Which task can human ne-year-lds mst likely cmplete accrding t the text?
A. Using a key t unlck a dr.B. Telling parrts frm ther birds.
C. Putting a ball int a rund hle.D. Gruping tys f different shapes.
6. What des the fllw-up test aim t find ut abut the cckats?
A. Hw far they are able t see.B. Hw they track mving bjects.
C. Whether they are smarter than mnkeys.D. Whether they use a sense f tuch in the test.
7. Which can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Cckats: Quick Errr CheckersB. Cckats: Independent Learners
C. Cckats: Clever Signal-ReadersD. Cckats: Skilful Shape-Srters
【答案】4. B 5. C 6. D 7. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。
【4题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Thugh nt knwn t use tls in the wild, the birds have prved skilful at tl use while kept in the cage. (虽然人们不知道这些鸟在野外会使用工具，但事实证明，它们在关在笼子里时就能熟练地使用工具)”以及“the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” t chse frm. Inserting, the crrect “keys” wuld let ut the nut. (研究人员给了这些鸟5把形状各异的“钥匙”供它们选择。插入，正确的“钥匙”会让坚果出来)”可知，在实验中，凤头鹦鹉是通过使用工具从盒子里取出坚果的。故选B。
【5题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段“In humans, babies can put a rund shape in a rund hle frm arund ne year f age (在人类身上，婴儿从一岁左右就可以把一个圆形的物品放进一个圆形的洞里)”结合选项，可知，一岁儿童最有可能完成“将一个球放进一个圆形的洞里”的任务。故选C。
【6题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“The next step, accrding t the researchers, is t try and wrk ut whether the cckats rely entirely n visual clues, r als use a sense f tuch in making their shape selectins. (根据研究人员的说法，下一步是尝试弄清楚凤头鹦鹉是完全依靠视觉线索，还是也使用触觉来选择它们的形状)”可推知，后续测试的目的是了解凤头鹦鹉在测试中是否使用触觉。故选D。
【7题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文，再结合文章第一段“Cffin’s cckats, a kind f small parrt native t Australasia, have been shwn t have similar shape-recgnitin abilities t a human tw-year-ld. (科芬的凤头鹦鹉是一种原产于大洋洲的小鹦鹉，它的形状识别能力与两岁的人类相似)”可推知，本文主要介绍了会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。D项“Cckats: Skilful Shape-Srters (凤头鹦鹉：识别形状的熟练工)”符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。故选D。
Passage 10
C
【2022年全国甲卷】As Ginni Bazlintn reached Antarctica, she fund herself greeted by a grup f little Gent penguins(企鹅) lnging t say hell. These gentle, lvely gatekeepers welcmed her and kick-started what was t be a trip Ginni wuld never frget.
Ever since her childhd, Ginni, nw 71, has had a deep lve fr travel. Thrughut her career(职业) as a prfessinal dancer, she tured in the UK, but always lnged t explre further When she retired frm dancing and her sns eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time t take the plunge.
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began t travel the wrld, eventually getting wrk teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discvered she culd get last-minute cheap deals n ships ging t Antarctica frm the islands ff Tierra del Fueg, the suthernmst tip f the Suth American mainland. “I just decided wanted t g,” she says. “I had n idea abut what I’d find there and I wasn’t nervus, I just wanted t d it. And I wanted t d it alne as I always prefer it that way.”
In March 2008, Ginni barded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met befre, t begin the jurney twards Antarctica. “Frm seeing the wildlife t witnessing sunrises, the whle experience was amazing. Antarctica left an impressin n me that n ther place has,” Ginni says. “I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rse ut f the water like sme prehistric creature and I thught it was smiling at us. Yu culd still hear the peratic sunds it was making underwater.”
The realizatin that this is a precius land, t be respected by humans, was ne f the biggest things that hit hme t Ginni.
8. Which f the fllwing best explains “take the plunge” underlined in paragraph 2?
A. Try challenging things.B. Take a degree.
C. Bring back lst memries.D. Stick t a prmise.
9. What made Ginni decide n the trip t Antarctica?
A. Lvely penguins.B. Beautiful scenery.
C. A discunt fare.D. A friend’s invitatin.
10. What des Ginni think abut Antarctica after the jurney?
A. It culd be a hme fr her.B. It shuld be easily accessible.
C. It shuld be well preserved.D. It needs t be fully intrduced.
11 What is the text mainly abut?
A. A childhd dream.B. An unfrgettable experience.
C. Sailing arund the wrld.D. Meeting animals in Antarctica.
【答案】8. A 9. C 10. C 11. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了71岁的Ginni Balintn从小就对旅行有着深深的热爱，渴望探险，不再跳舞和孩子们成家立业之后，她开始周游世界，并在2008年开始了前往南极洲的旅程。
【8题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第二段划线词前文“Thrughut her career(职业) as a prfessinal dancer, she tured in the UK, but always lnged t explre further. (在她的职业舞蹈演员生涯中，她曾在英国巡演，但一直渴望进一步探索)”和“When she retired frm dancing and her sns eventually flew the nest,(当她不再跳舞，她的儿子们最终独立生活)”可知，Ginni在退休和儿子们成家立业之后，她决定尝试有挑战性的事情。由此推知，划线词组take the plunge与try challenging things“尝试有挑战性的事情”意思接近。故选A。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中的“And it was in Chile she discvered she culd get last-minute cheap deals n ships ging t Antarctica frm the islands ff Tiera del Fueg.(正是在智利，她发现自己可以在最后一刻买到从火地岛附近岛屿前往南极洲的廉价船只)”可知，是一张折扣票价让Ginni决定去南极洲旅行的。故选C。
【10题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段“The realizatin that this is a precius land, t be respected by humans, was ne f the biggest things that hit hme t Ginni.(意识到这是一块宝贵的土地，应该受到人类的尊重，这是Ginni最深刻的感受之一。)”可知，旅行结束后，Ginni认为南极洲应该得到很好的保护。故选C。
【11题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第二段“Ever since her childhd, Ginni, nw 71 has had a deep lve fr travel.(今年71岁的吉妮从小就对旅行有着深深的热爱)”及全文可知，文章主要介绍了71岁的Ginni Balintn从小就对旅行有着深深的热爱，渴望探险，不再跳舞和孩子们成家立业之后，她开始周游世界，并在2008年开始了前往南极洲的旅程。由此可知，A childhd dream.(童年的梦想)能够概括文章主旨。故选A。
Passage 11
【2022年北京卷】“What wuld the wrld be if there were n hunger?” It’s a questin that Prfessr Crystal wuld ask her students. They fund it hard t answer, she wrte later, because imagining smething that isn’t part f real life—and learning hw t make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught t artists and engineers, but much less ften t scientists. Crystal set ut t change that, and helped t create a glbal mvement. The result—an apprach knwn as systems thinking—is nw seen as essential in meeting glbal challenges.
Systems thinking is crucial t achieving targets such as zer hunger and better nutritin because it requires cnsidering the way in which fd is prduced, prcessed, delivered and cnsumed, and lking at hw thse things intersect (交叉 ) with human health, the envirnment, ecnmics and sciety. Accrding t systems thinking, changing the fd system—r any ther netwrk—requires three things t happen. First, researchers need t identify all the players in that system; secnd, they must wrk ut hw they relate t each ther; and third, they need t understand and quantify the impact f thse relatinships n each ther and n thse utside the system.
Take nutritin. In the latest UN reprt n glbal fd security, the number f undernurished (营养不良 )peple in the wrld has been rising, despite great advances in nutritin science. Tracking f 150 bichemicals in fd has been imprtant in revealing the relatinships between calries, sugar, fat and the ccurrence f cmmn diseases. But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, sme scientists prpse that human diets cnsist f at least 26,000 bichemicals—and that the vast majrity are nt knwn.This shws that we have sme way t travel befre achieving the first bjective f systems t hinking - which,in this example, is t identify mre cnstituent parts f the nutritin system.
A systems apprach t creating change is als built n the assumptin that everyne in the system has equal pwer. But as sme researchers find, the fd system is nt an equal ne. A gd way t redress (修正 ) such pwer imbalance is fr mre universities t d what Crystal did and teach students hw t think using a systems apprach.
Mre researchers, plicymakers and representatives frm the fd industry must learn t lk beynd their direct lines f respnsibility and adpt a systems apprach. Crystal knew that visins alne dn’t prduce results, but cncluded that “we’ll never prduce results that we can’t envisin”.
28. The authr uses the questin underlined in Paragraph 1 t ________.
A. illustrate an argumentB. highlight an pinin
C. intrduce the tpicD. predict the ending
29. What can be inferred abut the field f nutritin?
A. The first bjective f systems thinking hasn’t been achieved.
B. The relatinships amng players have been clarified.
C. Machine learning can slve the nutritin prblem.
D. The impact f nutritin cannt be quantified.
30. As fr systems thinking, which wuld the authr agree with?
A. It may be used t justify pwer imbalance.
B. It can be applied t tackle challenges.
C. It helps t prve why hunger exists.
D. It ges beynd human imaginatin.
【答案】28. C 29. A 30. B
【解题导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了解决全球挑战的重要方法——系统思维。
28.【解析】
推理判断题。由文章第一段““What wuld the wrld be if there were n hunger?” It’s a questin that Prfessr Crystal wuld ask her students. They fund it hard t answer, she wrte later, because imagining smething that isn’t part f real life—and learning hw t make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught t artists and engineers, but much less ften t scientists. Crystal set ut t change that, and helped t create a glbal mvement. The result—an apprach knwn as systems thinking—is nw seen as essential in meeting glbal challenges. (“如果没有饥饿，世界会是什么样子？”这是 Crystal教授会问学生的问题。她后来写道，他们发现很难回答这个问题，因为想象一些不属于现实生活的东西，并学习如何将其变成现实是一项罕见的技能。它被教授给艺术家和工程师，但很少教授给科学家。Crystal着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，文章开头提出问题是为了引出话题-系统思维的方法被视为应对全球挑战的关键。故选C项。
29.【解析】
细节理解题。由文章第三段“This shws that we have sme way t travel befre achieving the first bjective f systems t hinking - which,in this example, is t identify mre cnstituent parts f the nutritin system.(这表明，在实现系统思考的第一个目标之前，我们还有一段路要走——在本例中，这是为了确定营养系统的更多组成部分。)”可知，实现系统思维的第一个目标还有一段路需要走，现尚未实现。故选A项。
30.【解析】
推理判断题。由文章第一段“Crystal set ut t change that, and helped t create a glbal mvement. The result—an apprach knwn as systems thinking—is nw seen as essential in meeting glbal challenges.(Crystal着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，作者认为该系统能应用于解决挑战。故选B项。
Passage 12
【2022年浙江卷6月】All arund the wrld, there are small changes taking place. At the side f rads, behind schl playgrunds and n all kinds f unlved pieces f land acrss twns and cities, tiny frests barely the size f tennis curts are appearing, making a great place fr bth wildlife and lcal peple wh may nt nrmally have easy access t nature. This is the Tiny Frest mvement, which aims t prve that the best things in life really d cme in small packages.
Tiny frests were first pineered as a cncept in the 1970s by Dr Miyawaki, a Japanese btanist. As he went n t share his cncept with thers, the idea sn tk ff in India and ther cuntries befre eventually reaching Eurpe, where it became ppular in places like France, Belgium and the Netherlands.
S hw des it wrk? Luise Hartley, wh is leading the Tiny Frest prject in the UK, explains that the prcess begins by identifying areas in which a tiny frest culd have the biggest influence. “We fcus n urban areas where access t nature is ften nt that easy”, says Hartley. “We see it as a chance t try t break the grwing discnnect between peple and nature.”
In a Tiny Frest, there must be a minimum f 600 trees, and the trees are planted much clser tgether and withut chemicals r fertilisers (肥料). There are usually arund 30 different kinds f all-native tree species (物种). This variety, cupled with the fact that tiny frests grw up t ten times faster than standard frests, means they attract a rich abundance f wildlife. It’s als thught that these places culd help reduce the risk f flding, remve carbn frm the atmsphere and fight climate change, as well as imprving the mental health f thse living lcally.
4. What d we knw abut the Tiny Frest mvement?
A. It has achieved ntable success.B. It is led by number f schls.
C. It began in Eurpe in the 1970s.D. It will spread t the cuntryside.
5. What is the purpse f the prject led by Hartley in the UK?
A. T prmte ec-turism.B. T imprve frestry research.
C. T ppularise gardening.D. T get peple clse t nature.
6. What is special abut the trees in a Tiny Frest?
A. They are small in size.B. They are thickly planted.
C. They are freign species.D. They are heavily fertilised.
【答案】4. A 5.D6.B
【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍的是世界各地的“小森林”的兴起。
4.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段的“As he went n t share his cncept with thers, the idea sn tk ff in India and ther cuntries befre eventually reaching Eurpe, where it became ppular in places like France, Belgium and the Netherlands.(随着他继续与他人分享他的概念，这个想法很快在印度和其他国家流行起来，最终传到了欧洲，在法国、比利时和荷兰等地流行起来。)”可知，“小森林”运动取得了显著的成功。故选A。
5.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段的““We fcus n urban areas where access t nature is ften nt that easy”, says Hartley. “We see it as a chance t try t break the grwing discnnect between peple and nature.”(哈特利说:“我们关注的是城市地区，在那里接触自然往往不那么容易。我们认为这是一个尝试打破人与自然之间日益疏远的机会。”)”可知，Hartley在英国领导的这个项目的目的是让人们接近自然，故选D。
6.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段的“In a Tiny Frest, there must be a minimum f 600 trees, and the trees are planted much clser tgether and withut chemicals r fertilisers (肥料).(在一个小森林里，必须有至少600棵树，树木种植得更紧密，没有化学品或化肥。)”可知，“小森林”里的树的特别之处在于它们种得很密。故选B。
Passage 13
C
【2022年浙江卷6月】Many peple believe that wrking t the maximum is the secret t success, but research has fund that mderatin(适度) als gets results n the jb.
In a study led by Ellen Langer f Harvard University, researchers asked peple t translate sentences int a new a made-up language. Subjects wh practiced the language mderately befrehand made fewer errrs than thse wh practiced extensively r nt at all. High levels f knwledge can make peple t attached t traditinal ways f viewing prblems acrss fields the arts, sciences, and plitics. High cnscientiusness is related t lwer jb perfrmance, especially in simple jbs where it desn’t pay t be a perfectinist.
Hw lng we stay n the clck and hw we spend that time are under careful examinatin in many wrkplaces. The yung banker wh eats lunch at his desk is prbably seen as a g-getter, while his clleagues wh chat ver a relaxed cnference-rm meal get dirty lks frm the crner ffice. “Peple frm cultures that value relatinships mre than urs des are shcked by the thught f eating alne in frnt f a cmputer”, says Art Markman, a prfessr f psychlgy at the University f Texas, Austin. Scial interactin has been shwn t lift md(情绪) and get peple thinking in new directins and in ways that culd help imprve any pst-lunch effrt.
Markman als prmtes ff-task time. “Part f being a gd thinker is experiencing things that are seemingly unrelated t what yu are wrking n at the mment but give yu fresh ideas abut yur wrk,” he says. “Als, there is a lt f research shwing that a psitive md leads t higher levels f prductivity and creativity. S, when peple d things t increase their life satisfactin, they als make themselves mre effective at wrk.”
7. What des Ellen Langer’s study shw?
A. It is wrthwhile t be a perfectinistB. Translatin makes peple knwledgeable.
C. Simpler jbs require greater cautin.D. Mderate effrt prduces the best result.
8. The underlined wrd “g-getter” in paragraph 3 refers t smene Wh_______.
A. is gd at handling pressureB. wrks hard t becme successful
C. a has a natural talent fr his jb.D. gets n well with his c-wrkers
9. What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A. A gd thinker is able t inspire ther peple.
B. Experience unrelated t yur jb is useless.
C. A cheerful md helps make a creative mind.
D. Fcusing n what yu d raises prductivity.
10. What des the text seem t advcate?
A. Middle-f-the-rad wrk habits.B. Balance between wrk and family.
C. Lng-standing cultural traditins.D. Harmny in the wrk envirnment.
【答案】7. D 8.B9.C 10.A
【解题导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了许多人认为工作到最大限度是成功的秘诀，但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果。所以要适度工作，工作时要有积极的情绪，这会让自己在工作中更有效率。
7.D【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段“Many peple believe that wrking t the maximum is the secret t success, but research has fund that mderatin(适度) als gets results n the jb.(许多人认为工作到最大限度是成功的秘诀，但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果。)”和第二段中“In a study led by Ellen Langer f Harvard University, researchers asked peple t translate sentences int a new a made-up language. Subjects wh practiced the language mderately befrehand made fewer errrs than thse wh practiced extensively r nt at all.(在哈佛大学Ellen Langer领导的一项研究中，研究人员要求人们将句子翻译成一种新的虚构的语言。那些事先适度练习这门语言的受试者比那些全力练习或根本不练习的受试者犯的错误要少。)”可知，第一段提出主题，即适度的工作也会带来成果，接着第二段作者用Ellen Langer的研究来证明这一点，由此可推知，Ellen Langer的研究表明适度的努力会产生最好的结果。故选D。
8.B【解析】词句猜测题。根据划线单词下文“while his clleagues wh chat ver a relaxed cnference-rm meal get dirty lks frm the crner ffice.(而他那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事们则在角落办公室里得到不屑的目光。)”可知，while前后是对比关系，那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事会得到别人不屑的目光，即被认为不努力工作，相反，那些在办公桌前吃午饭的年轻银行家可能被视为是一个努力工作以求成功的人，由此可知，划线单词g-getter，指的是那些努力工作以求成功的人，故选B。
9.C【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Als, there is a lt f research shwing that a psitive md leads t higher levels f prductivity and creativity.(此外，许多研究表明，积极的情绪能够提高生产力和创造力。 )”可知，积极的情绪能够提高生产力和创造力，由此可推知，愉快的心情有助于创造性思维。故选C。
10.A【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段中“but research has fund that mderatin(适度) als gets results n the jb.(但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果)”和第二段中“High cnscientiusness is related t lwer jb perfrmance, especially in simple jbs where it desn’t pay t be a perfectinist.(高尽责性与低工作表现有关，尤其是在简单的工作中，追求完美并不值得。)”可知，文章主要介绍研究表明适度的工作也会带来成果，所以文章提倡适度工作，即中庸的工作习惯。故选A。
Passage 14
【2022年浙江卷1月】 The United States rse t glbal pwer n the strength f its technlgy, and the lifebld that technlgy has lng been electricity. By prviding lng-distance cmmunicatin and energy, electricity created the mdem wrld. Yet prperly understd, the age f electricity is merely the secnd stage in the age f steam, which began a century earlier.
"It is curius that n ne has put tgether a histry f bth the steam and electric revlutins.*' writes Maury Klein in his bk The Pwer Makers, Steam, Electricity, and the Men Invented Mdem America. Klein, a nted histrian f technlgy, spins a narrative s lively that at times it reads like a nvel.
The stry begins in the last years f the 18th century in Sctland, where Watt perfected "the machine that changed the wrld*'. Klein writes, "America did nt invent the steam engine, but nce they grasped its passwrds they put it t mre uses than anyne else."
Meanwhile, ver the curse f 19th century, electricity went frm mere curisity t a basic necessity. Mrse invented a cde fr sending messages ver an electrmagnetic circuit. Bell then gave the telegraph a vice. Edisn perfected an incandescent bulls that brught electric light int the American hme.
Mst imprtantly, Edisn realized that success depended n mass electrificatin, which he shwed in New Yrk City. With help frm Tesla, Westinghuse's firm develped a system using alternating current, which sn became the majr frms f pwer delivery.
T frame his stry, Klein creates the character f Ned, a fictinal witness t the prgress brught abut by the steams and electric revlutins in America during ne man's lifetime. It's a technique that helps turn a lng narrative int an interesting ne.
What is Klein's understanding f the age f electricity?
It is clsely linked t the steam age.
It began earlier than prper thught.
It is a little-studied perid f histry.
It will cme t an end sner r later.
What can be inferred abut Ned?
B. He wrte many increasing stries,
D. He lived mainly in the 19th century.
A. He was brn in New Yrk City.
C. He created an electricity cmpany.
What is the text?
A. A bigraphy.
B. A bk review.
C. A shrt stry.
D. A science reprt.
【答案】4. A 5.D6.B
【解析】
【分析】本文是说明文。文章按照时间顺序讲述了蒸汽时代和电力时代的联系。
【4题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段 “It is curius that n ne has put tgether a histry f bth the steam and electric revlutins."（我很好奇，竟然没有人把蒸汽和电力革命的历史放在一起。）可知，在Klein看来，电力时代 和蒸汽时代是有很紧密的联系的。故选A。
【5题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段 “T frame his stry, Klein creates the character f Ned, a fictinal witness t the prgress brught abut by the steams and electric revlutins in America during ne man's lifetime. ’’（为了 编织他 的故事，Klein创造了一个人物Ned,它是对美国蒸汽和电力革命在一个人的整个人生中的进程的神奇的见 证。）矛卩第四段 “Meanwhile, ver the curse f 19th century, electricity went frm mere curisity t a basic necessity.（同时，在19世纪，电力从好奇变成了根需。）可知，Ned见证了蒸汽时代和电力革命，所以他 应该是生活在19世纪。故选D。
【6题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段 “T frame his stry, Klein creates the character f Ned, a fictinal witness t the prgress brught abut by the steams and electric revlutins in America during ne man's lifetime. It’s a technique that helps turn a lng narrative int an interesting ne.”（为了构建他的故事，克莱因创造了奈德这个角色，一 个虚构的人物，在一个人的一生中见证了蒸汽和电力革命给美国带来的进步。这是一种有助于将长篇故事 变得有趣的技巧。）可知，这篇文章是一篇书评。故选B。
Passage 15
C
【2022年浙江卷1月】 The benefits f regular exercise are well dcumented but there ?s a new bnus t add t the ever-grwing list. New researchers fund that middle-aged wmen wh were physically fit culd be nearly 90 percent less likely t develp dementia in later life, and as they did, it came n a decade later than less sprty wmen.
Lead researcher Dr. Helena Hrder, f the University f Gthenburg in Sweden, said : "These findings are exciting because ifs pssible that imprving peple's cardivascular （'ll、血管 ）fitness in middle age culd delay r even prevent them frm develping dementia. ”
Fr the study, 191 wmen with an average age f 50 tk a bicycle exercise test until they were exhausted t
measure their peak （最大值的） cardivascular capacity. The average peak wrklad was measured at 103 watts.
A ttal f 40 wmen met the criteria fr a high fitness level, r 120 watts r higher. A ttal f 92 wmen were in the medium fitness categry; and 59 wmen were in the lw fitness categry, defined as a peak wrklad f 80 watts r less, r having their exercise tests stpped because f high bld pressure, chest pain r ther cardivascular prblems.
These wmen were then tested fr dementia six times ver the fllwing fur decades. During that time, 44 f the wmen develped dementia. Five percent f the highly fit wmen develped dementia, cmpared t 25 percent f the wmen with medium fitness and 32 percent f the wmen with lw fitness.
"Hwever, this study des nt shw cause and effect between cardivascular fitness and dementia, it nly shws an assciatin. Mre research is needed t see if imprved fitness culd have a psitive effect n the risk f dementia and als t lk at when during a lifetime a high fitness level is mst imprtant. " She als admitted that a relatively small number f wmen were studied, all f whm were frm Sweden, s the results might nt be applicable t ther grups.
What is n the ever-grwing list mentined in the first paragraph?
Psitive effects f ding exercises.
Exercises suitable fr the middle-aged.
Experimental studies n diseases.
Advantages f sprty wman ver man
Why did the researchers ask the wman t d bicycle exercise?
T predict their maximum heart rate.
T assess their cardivascular capacity
T change their habits f wrking ut
T detect their ptential health prblems
What d we knw abut Dr Hrder's study?
It aimed t find a cure fr dementia.
Data cllectin was a lengthy prcess.
Sme participants withdrew frm it.
The results were far frm satisfactry.
Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
Mre Wmen Are Exercising t Prevent Dementia
Middle-Aged Wmen Need t D Mre Exercise
Fit Wmen Are Less Likely t Develp Dementia
Biking Imprves Wmen*s Cardivascular Fitness
【答案】7. A8. B 9. B 10. C
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了经常锻炼的中年女性在老年时罹患失智症的几率会大大降低。 【7题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第一段 “New researchers fund that middle-aged wmen wh were physically fit culd be nearly 90 percent less likely t develp dementia （失智症）in later life, and as they did, it came n a decade later than less sprty wmen."（新的研究人员发现，身体健康的中年女性在晚年患痴呆症的可能性要低近90%, 而且确实如此，与不太喜欢运动的女性相比，她们患痴呆症的时间要晚十年。）可知，第一段提到了健身锻 炼的好处。故选A项。
【8题详解】
会田节理解题。t艮据上文 “These findings are exciting because it’s pssible that imprving peple's cardivascular fitness in middle age culd delay r even prevent them frm develping dementia.r （这些发现令人兴奋，因为在 中年时改善人们的心血管健康可能会延缓甚至防止他们患上痴呆症。）以及本段“Fr the study, 191 wmen with an average age f 50 tk a bicycle exercise test until they were exhausted t measure their peak cardivascular capacity.”（在这项研究中，191名平均年龄为50岁的女性进行了自行车运动测试，直到她们精疲力竭，以 测量她们的心血管峰值能力。）可知，做这项实验的目的是为了测试女性的心血管峰值能力。故选B项。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第五段 “These wmen were then tested fr dementia six times ver the fllwing fur decades."（这些女性在随后的四十年里测试了六次失智症状况。）可知，此次实验的数据收集是一个长期的 过程。故选B项。
【10题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第一段 “New researchers fund that middle-aged wmen wh were physically fit culd be nearly 90 percent less likely t develp dementia （失智症）in later life, and as they did, it came n a decade later than less sprty wmen."（新的研宄人员发现，身体健康的中年女性在晚年患痴呆症的可能性要低近90%, 而且确实如此，与不太喜欢运动的女性相比，她们患痴呆症的时间要晚十年。）以及文章后面几段通过列举 实验目的、过程、方式、结果等，说明了身体健康的中年女性在老年时患失智症的几率会大大降低。故选C 项。
Passage 16
【2022年浙江卷6月】All arund the wrld, there are small changes taking place. At the side f rads, behind schl playgrunds and n all kinds f unlved pieces f land acrss twns and cities, tiny frests barely the size f tennis curts are appearing, making a great place fr bth wildlife and lcal peple wh may nt nrmally have easy access t nature. This is the Tiny Frest mvement, which aims t prve that the best things in life really d cme in small packages.
Tiny frests were first pineered as a cncept in the 1970s by Dr Miyawaki, a Japanese btanist. As he went n t share his cncept with thers, the idea sn tk ff in India and ther cuntries befre eventually reaching Eurpe, where it became ppular in places like France, Belgium and the Netherlands.
S hw des it wrk? Luise Hartley, wh is leading the Tiny Frest prject in the UK, explains that the prcess begins by identifying areas in which a tiny frest culd have the biggest influence. “We fcus n urban areas where access t nature is ften nt that easy”, says Hartley. “We see it as a chance t try t break the grwing discnnect between peple and nature.”
In a Tiny Frest, there must be a minimum f 600 trees, and the trees are planted much clser tgether and withut chemicals r fertilisers (肥料). There are usually arund 30 different kinds f all-native tree species (物种). This variety, cupled with the fact that tiny frests grw up t ten times faster than standard frests, means they attract a rich abundance f wildlife. It’s als thught that these places culd help reduce the risk f flding, remve carbn frm the atmsphere and fight climate change, as well as imprving the mental health f thse living lcally.
4. What d we knw abut the Tiny Frest mvement?
A. It has achieved ntable success.B. It is led by number f schls.
C. It began in Eurpe in the 1970s.D. It will spread t the cuntryside.
5. What is the purpse f the prject led by Hartley in the UK?
A. T prmte ec-turism.B. T imprve frestry research.
C. T ppularise gardening.D. T get peple clse t nature.
6. What is special abut the trees in a Tiny Frest?
A. They are small in size.B. They are thickly planted.
C. They are freign species.D. They are heavily fertilised.
【答案】4. A 5.D6.B
【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍的是世界各地的“小森林”的兴起。
4.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段的“As he went n t share his cncept with thers, the idea sn tk ff in India and ther cuntries befre eventually reaching Eurpe, where it became ppular in places like France, Belgium and the Netherlands.(随着他继续与他人分享他的概念，这个想法很快在印度和其他国家流行起来，最终传到了欧洲，在法国、比利时和荷兰等地流行起来。)”可知，“小森林”运动取得了显著的成功。故选A。
5.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段的““We fcus n urban areas where access t nature is ften nt that easy”, says Hartley. “We see it as a chance t try t break the grwing discnnect between peple and nature.”(哈特利说:“我们关注的是城市地区，在那里接触自然往往不那么容易。我们认为这是一个尝试打破人与自然之间日益疏远的机会。”)”可知，Hartley在英国领导的这个项目的目的是让人们接近自然，故选D。
6.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段的“In a Tiny Frest, there must be a minimum f 600 trees, and the trees are planted much clser tgether and withut chemicals r fertilisers (肥料).(在一个小森林里，必须有至少600棵树，树木种植得更紧密，没有化学品或化肥。)”可知，“小森林”里的树的特别之处在于它们种得很密。故选B。
Passage 17
C
【2022年浙江卷6月】Many peple believe that wrking t the maximum is the secret t success, but research has fund that mderatin(适度) als gets results n the jb.
In a study led by Ellen Langer f Harvard University, researchers asked peple t translate sentences int a new a made-up language. Subjects wh practiced the language mderately befrehand made fewer errrs than thse wh practiced extensively r nt at all. High levels f knwledge can make peple t attached t traditinal ways f viewing prblems acrss fields the arts, sciences, and plitics. High cnscientiusness is related t lwer jb perfrmance, especially in simple jbs where it desn’t pay t be a perfectinist.
Hw lng we stay n the clck and hw we spend that time are under careful examinatin in many wrkplaces. The yung banker wh eats lunch at his desk is prbably seen as a g-getter, while his clleagues wh chat ver a relaxed cnference-rm meal get dirty lks frm the crner ffice. “Peple frm cultures that value relatinships mre than urs des are shcked by the thught f eating alne in frnt f a cmputer”, says Art Markman, a prfessr f psychlgy at the University f Texas, Austin. Scial interactin has been shwn t lift md(情绪) and get peple thinking in new directins and in ways that culd help imprve any pst-lunch effrt.
Markman als prmtes ff-task time. “Part f being a gd thinker is experiencing things that are seemingly unrelated t what yu are wrking n at the mment but give yu fresh ideas abut yur wrk,” he says. “Als, there is a lt f research shwing that a psitive md leads t higher levels f prductivity and creativity. S, when peple d things t increase their life satisfactin, they als make themselves mre effective at wrk.”
7. What des Ellen Langer’s study shw?
A. It is wrthwhile t be a perfectinistB. Translatin makes peple knwledgeable.
C. Simpler jbs require greater cautin.D. Mderate effrt prduces the best result.
8. The underlined wrd “g-getter” in paragraph 3 refers t smene Wh_______.
A. is gd at handling pressureB. wrks hard t becme successful
C. a has a natural talent fr his jb.D. gets n well with his c-wrkers
9. What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A. A gd thinker is able t inspire ther peple.
B. Experience unrelated t yur jb is useless.
C. A cheerful md helps make a creative mind.
D. Fcusing n what yu d raises prductivity.
10. What des the text seem t advcate?
A. Middle-f-the-rad wrk habits.B. Balance between wrk and family.
C. Lng-standing cultural traditins.D. Harmny in the wrk envirnment.
【答案】7.D8. B 9. C 10. A
【解题导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了许多人认为工作到最大限度是成功的秘诀，但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果。所以要适度工作，工作时要有积极的情绪，这会让自己在工作中更有效率。
7.D【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段“Many peple believe that wrking t the maximum is the secret t success, but research has fund that mderatin(适度) als gets results n the jb.(许多人认为工作到最大限度是成功的秘诀，但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果。)”和第二段中“In a study led by Ellen Langer f Harvard University, researchers asked peple t translate sentences int a new a made-up language. Subjects wh practiced the language mderately befrehand made fewer errrs than thse wh practiced extensively r nt at all.(在哈佛大学Ellen Langer领导的一项研究中，研究人员要求人们将句子翻译成一种新的虚构的语言。那些事先适度练习这门语言的受试者比那些全力练习或根本不练习的受试者犯的错误要少。)”可知，第一段提出主题，即适度的工作也会带来成果，接着第二段作者用Ellen Langer的研究来证明这一点，由此可推知，Ellen Langer的研究表明适度的努力会产生最好的结果。故选D。
8.B【解析】词句猜测题。根据划线单词下文“while his clleagues wh chat ver a relaxed cnference-rm meal get dirty lks frm the crner ffice.(而他那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事们则在角落办公室里得到不屑的目光。)”可知，while前后是对比关系，那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事会得到别人不屑的目光，即被认为不努力工作，相反，那些在办公桌前吃午饭的年轻银行家可能被视为是一个努力工作以求成功的人，由此可知，划线单词g-getter，指的是那些努力工作以求成功的人，故选B。
9.C【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Als, there is a lt f research shwing that a psitive md leads t higher levels f prductivity and creativity.(此外，许多研究表明，积极的情绪能够提高生产力和创造力。 )”可知，积极的情绪能够提高生产力和创造力，由此可推知，愉快的心情有助于创造性思维。故选C。
10.A【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段中“but research has fund that mderatin(适度) als gets results n the jb.(但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果)”和第二段中“High cnscientiusness is related t lwer jb perfrmance, especially in simple jbs where it desn’t pay t be a perfectinist.(高尽责性与低工作表现有关，尤其是在简单的工作中，追求完美并不值得。)”可知，文章主要介绍研究表明适度的工作也会带来成果，所以文章提倡适度工作，即中庸的工作习惯。故选A。
Passage 18
【2022年天津卷第二次】Is it true that ur brain alne is respnsible f human cgnitin(认知)? What abut ur bdy? Is it pssible fr thught and behavir t riginate frm smewhere ther than ur brain? Psychlgists wh study Embdied Cgnitin(EC) ask similar questins. The EC thery suggests ur bdy is als respnsible fr thinking r prblem-slving. Mre precisely, the mind shapes the bdy and the bdy shapes the mind in equal measure.
If yu think abut it fr a mment, it makes ttal sense. When yu smell smething gd r hear amusing sunds, certain emtins are awakened. Think abut hw newbrns use their senses t understand the wrld arund them. They dn’t have emtins s much as needs—they dn’t feel sad, they’re just hungry and need fd. Even unbrn babies can feel their mthers’ heartbeats and this has a calming effect. In the real wrld，they cry when they’re cld and then get hugged. That way, they start t as-sciate being warm with being lved.
Understandably, therists have been arguing fr years and still disagree n whether the brain is the nerve centre that perates the rest f the bdy. Older Western philsphers and mainstream language researchers believe this is fact, while EC therises that the brain and bdy are wrking tgether as an rganic supercmputer, prcessing everything and frming yur reactins.
Further studies have backed up the mind-bdy interactin. In ne ex-periment, test subjects(实验对象) were asked t judge peple after being handed a ht r a cld drink. They all made warm evaluatins when their fingertips perceived warmth rather than clness. And it wrks the ther way t; in anther study, subjects’ fingertip temperatures were measured after being“included” in r “rejected” frm a grup task. Thse wh were included felt physically warmer.
Fr further prf, we can lk at the metaphrs(比喻说法) that we use withut even thinking. A kind and sympathetic persn is frequently referred t as ne with a sft heart and smene wh is very strng and calm in difficult situatins is ften described as slid as a rck. And this kind f metaphrical use is cmmn acrss languages.
Nw that yu have the knwledge f mind-bdy interactin, why nt use it? If yu’re having a bad day,a warm cup f tea will give yu a flash f pleasure. If yu knw yu’re physically cld, warm up befre making any interpersnal decisins.
46. Accrding t the authr, the significance f the EC thery lies in ________.
A. facilitating ur understanding f the rigin f psychlgy
B. revealing the majr rle f the mind in human cgnitin
C. ffering a clearer picture f the shape f human brain
D. bringing us clser t the truth in human cgnitin
47. Where des the new brns’ understanding f their surrundings start frm?
A. Their persnal lks.
B. Their mental needs.
C. Their inner emtins.
D. Their physical feelings.
48. The experiments mentined in Paragraph 4 further prve________.
A. envirnment impacts hw we judge thers
B. hw bdy temperature is related t health
C. the mind and the bdy influence each ther
D. hw humans interact with their surrundings
49. What des the authr intend t prve by citing the metaphrs in Paragraph 5?
A. Human speech is alive with metaphrs.
B. Human senses have effects n thinking.
C. Human language is shaped by visual images.
D. Human emtins are ften cmpared t natural materials.
50. What is the authr’s purpse in writing the last paragraph?
A. T share with the reader ways t release their emtins.
B. T guide the reader nt the path t career success.
C. T encurage the reader t put EC int practice.
D. T deepen the reader’s understanding f EC.
【答案】46. D 47. D 48. C 49. B 50. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了心理学家的一项EC理论表明，我们不是只有大脑负责人类的认知，我们的身体也负责思考或者解决问题。更准确的说思想塑造身体，身体同等程度地塑造思想。
【46题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The EC thery suggests ur bdy is als respnsible fr thinking r prblem-slving. Mre precisely, the mind shapes the bdy and the bdy shapes the mind in equal measure.(EC 理论表明，我们的身体也负责思考或解决问题。更准确地说，思维塑造身体，身体同等程度地塑造思维。)”可知，EC理论认为我们身体就像大脑一样塑造我们的认知，因此推断EC理论的意义在于让我们更接近人类认知的真理。故选D项。
【47题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第二段“They dn’t have emtins s much as needs—they dn’t feel sad, they’re just hungry and need fd. Even unbrn babies can feel their mthers’ heartbeats and this has a calming effect. In the real wrld，they cry when they’re cld and then get hugged. That way, they start t as-sciate being warm with being lved.(他们没有如同需要那么多的情感——他们不会感到悲伤，他们只是饿，需要食物。即使是未出生的婴儿也能感觉到母亲的心跳，这具有镇静作用。在现实世界中，他们冷了就哭，然后被拥抱。这样，他们开始将温暖与被爱联系起来。)”可知，新生儿对周围环境的理解依靠的是身体感觉。故选D项。
【48题详解】
推理判断题。文章首句“Further studies have backed up the mind-bdy interactin.(进一步的研究支持了思想与身体的相互作用。)”接下来列举了两个实验“In ne experiment, test subjects(实验对象) were asked t judge peple after being handed a ht r a cld drink. They all made warm evaluatins when their fingertips perceived warmth rather than clness. (在一项实验中，测试对象被要求在递给热饮或冷饮后判断人。当他们的指尖感知到温暖而不是凉爽时，他们都做出了温暖的评价。)”表明，身体会影响到思想，以及“And it wrks the ther way t;in anther study, subjects’ fingertip temperatures were measured after being “included” in r “rejected” frm a grup task. Thse wh were included felt physically warmer.(相反，也是如此；在另一项研究中，受试者的指尖温度是在被“纳入”或“拒绝”小组任务后测量的。那些被纳入在内的人感到身体温暖。)”表明身体会受到思想的影响，因此推断实验进一步证明了身体与思想间的相互作用。故选C项。
【49题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第五段中的主题句“Fr further prf, we can lk at the metaphrs(比喻说法) that we use withut even thinking.(为了进一步证明，我们可以看看我们不假思索就使用的比喻说法）。)”以及下文的陈述“A kind and sympathetic persn is frequently referred t as ne with a sft heart and smene wh is very strng and calm in difficult situatins is ften described as slid as a rck.(一个善良和富有同情心的人经常被称为心软的人，而在困难的情况下非常坚强和冷静的人通常被描述为坚如磐石。)”说明人们使用身体触感比喻人可推断，作者通过陈述比喻手法是为了进一步证明我们人类的感觉对思维有影响。故选B项。
【50题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Nw that yu have the knwledge f mind-bdy interactin, why nt use it?(既然您已经掌握了身心互动的知识，为什么不使用它呢？)”以及下文中列举的两种现实生活中的情况“If yu’re having a bad day, a warm cup f tea will give yu a flash f pleasure. If yu knw yu’re physically cld, warm up befre making any interpersnal decisins.(如果你今天过得很糟糕，一杯温暖的茶会给你带来一瞬间的快乐。如果你知道自己身体很冷，在做出任何人际关系决定之前先热身。)”可知，理论知识已经知道，且在现实生活中有一定的运用价值，所以作者最后一段是在鼓励读者把EC理论运用于现实生活中。故选C项。
2021年阅读理解说明文
Passage1
【2021年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷】When the explrers first set ft upn the cntinent f Nrth America, the skies and lands were alive with an astnishing variety f wildlife. Native Americans had taken care f these precius natural resurces wisely. Unfrtunately, it tk the explrers and the settlers wh fllwed nly a few decades t decimate a large part f these resurces. Millins f waterfwl ( 水 禽 ) were killed at the hands f market hunters and a handful f verly ambitius sprtsmen. Millins f acres f wetlands were dried t feed and huse the ever-increasing ppulatins, greatly reducing waterfwl habitat.
In 1934, with the passage f the Migratry Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly cncerned natin tk firm actin t stp the destructin f migratry ( 迁徙的) waterfwl and the wetlands s vital t their survival. Under this Act, all waterfwl hunters 16 years f age and ver must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling, a plitical cartnist frm Des Mines, lwa, wh at that time was appinted by President Franklin Rsevelt as Directr f the Bureau f Bilgical Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price t ensure the survival f ur natural resurces.
Abut 98 cents f every duck stamp dllar ges directly int the Migratry Bird Cnservatin Fund t purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat fr inclusin int the Natinal Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be prtected and available fr all generatins t cme. Since 1934 better than half a billin dllars has gne int that Fund t purchase mre than 5 millin acres f habitat. Little wnder the Federal Duck Stamp Prgram has been called ne f the mst successful cnservatin prgrams ever initiated.
28. What was a cause f the waterfwl ppulatin decline in Nrth America?
A. Lss f wetlands.B. Ppularity f water sprts.
C. Pllutin f rivers.D. Arrival f ther wild animals.
29. What des the underlined wrd “decimate” mean in the first paragraph?
A. Acquire.B. Exprt.
C. Destry.D. Distribute.
30. What is a direct result f the Act passed in 1934?
A. The stamp price has gne dwn.B. The migratry birds have flwn away.
C. The hunters have stpped hunting.D. The gvernment has cllected mney.
31. Which f the fllwing is a suitable title fr the text?
A. The Federal Duck Stamp StryB. The Natinal Wildlife Refuge System
C. The Benefits f Saving WaterfwlD. The Histry f Migratry Bird Hunting
【答案】28. A 29. C 30. D 31. A
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。本文讲述了美国鸭票的故事，由于美国移民的大量流入，对于农地和住房的急需大量的水禽栖息地被破坏导致美国水禽骤减，因此美国发行了鸭票，狩猎者只有购买了鸭票才能狩猎，而鸭票的部分收入进入到了用于购买水禽栖息地的基金，从而保护了水禽。
【28题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“Millins f acres f wetlands were dried t feed and huse the ever-increasing ppulatins, greatly reducing waterfwl habitat.”可知，上百万公顷的湿地被抽干用作农地或者修建住房，极大地减少了水禽的栖息地，故可知，栖息地的减少导致了水禽数量的下降，故选A。
【29题详解】
词义猜测题。根据前一句“Native Americans had taken care f these precius natural resurces wisely.”可知，北美的土著人把这些珍贵的自然资源保护的很合理，本句中的“Unfrtunately”可知，本句与上一句形成了转折，前一句陈述北美土著人做的好的地方，故可知，本句阐述移民者做的不好的地方，即移民者破坏了这些自然资源，故画线词意思是“破坏”。A. Acquire获得；B. Exprt出口；C. Destry破坏；D. Distribute分配。故选C。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Since 1934, better than half a billin dllars has gne int that Fund t purchase mre than 5 millin acres f habitat.”可知，自1934年起，超过5亿美元进入到了这个基金会，购买了超过500万公顷的水禽栖息地，故可以推出，通过发行鸭票，美国政府获得了大量的资金，故选D。
【31题详解】
主旨大意题。根据全文可知，由于之前不恰当的发展导致美国水禽骤减，因此美国发行了鸭票，狩猎者只有购买了鸭票才能狩猎，而鸭票的部分收入进入到了用于购买水禽栖息地的基金，从而保护了水禽，故可知，本文讲述美国鸭票的故事，故选A。
Passage2
D
【2021年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷】 Ppularizatin has in sme cases changed the riginal meaning f emtinal (情感的) intellingence. Many peple nw misunderstand emtinal intelligence as almst everything desirable in a persn's makeup that cannt be measured by an IQ test, such as character, mtivatin, cnfidence, mental stability, ptimism and “peple skills.” Research has shwn that emtinal skills may cntribute t sme f these qualities, but mst f them mve far beynd skill-based emtinal intelligence.
We prefer t describe emtinal intelligence as a specific set f skills that can be used fr either gd r bad purpses. The ability t accurately understand hw thers are feeling may be used by a dctr t find hw best t help her patients, while a cheater might use it t cntrl ptential victims. Being emtinally intelligent des nt necessarily make ne a mral persn.
Althugh ppular beliefs regarding emtinal intelligence run far ahead f what research can reasnably supprt, the verall effects f the publicity have been mre beneficial than harmful. The mst psitive aspect f this ppularizatin is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) n emtin by emplyers, educatrs and thers interested in prmting scial well-being. The ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence has helped bth the public and researchers re-evaluate the functinality f emtins and hw they serve peple adaptively in everyday life.
Althugh the cntinuing ppular appeal f emtinal intelligence is desirable, we hpe that such attentin will excite a greater interest in the scientific and schlarly study f emtin. It is ur hpe that in cming decades, advances in science will ffer new perspectives (视角) frm which t study hw peple manage their lives. Emtinal intelligence, with its fcus n bth head and heart, may serve t pint us in the right directin.
32. What is a cmmn misunderstanding f emtinal intelligence?
A. It can be measured by an IQ test.B. It helps t exercise a persn’s mind.
C. It includes a set f emtinal skills.D. It refers t a persn’s psitive qualities.
33. Why des the authr mentin “dctr” and “cheater” in paragraph 2?
A. T explain a rule.B. T clarify a cncept.
C. T present a fact.D. T make a predictin.
34. What is the authr’s attitude t the ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence?
A. Favrable.B. Intlerant.
C. Dubtful.D. Unclear.
35. What des the last paragraph mainly talk abut cncerning emtinal intelligence?
A. Its appeal t the public.B. Expectatins fr future studies.
C. Its practical applicatin.D. Scientists with new perspectives.
【答案】32. D 33. B 34. A 35. B
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了情商的定义以及对有关于情商未来研究的期望。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。通过文章第一段“Research has shwn that emtinal skills may cntribute t sme f these qualities (研究表明，情商技巧可能有助于这些品质的形成)”可知，情商指的并不是一个人的积极品质。故选D项。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章第二段“The ability t accurately understand hw thers are feeling may be used by a dctr t find hw best t help her patients, while a cheater might use it t cntrl ptential victims. (医生可能利用这种准确理解他人感受的能力来找到最好的帮助病人的方法，而骗子可能利用这种能力来控制潜在的受害者)”可推知，作者在文章第二段中提到“医生”和“骗子”是举例子来阐明下文的观点——情商高并不一定能使一个人成为有道德的人。故选B项。
【34题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章第三段“the verall effects f the publicity have been mre beneficial than harmful. …The ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence has helped bth the public and researchers (宣传的总体效果一直是利大于弊。这种普及最积极的方面是雇主、教育者和其他对促进社会福利感兴趣的人对情感进行了新的、迫切需要的强调。情商的普及帮助了公众和研究人员)”可推知，作者认为情商普及是对人们有利的。故选A项。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“we hpe that such attentin will excite a greater interest in the scientific and schlarly study f emtin. It is ur hpe that in cming decades, advances in science will ffer new perspectives frm which t study hw peple manage their lives. (我们希望这种关注将激发人们对情感科学和学术研究的更大兴趣。我们希望在未来的几十年里，科学的进步将为研究人们如何管理自己的生活提供新的视角)”可推知，本段主要谈了对未来关于情商研究的期望。故选B项。
Passage3
【2021年新高考全国Ⅱ 卷】An Australian prfessr is develping a rbt t mnitr the health f grazing cattle, a develpment that culd bring big changes t a prfessin that's relied largely n a lw-tech apprach fr decades but is facing a labr shrtage.
Salah Sukkarieh, a prfessr at the University f Sydney, sees rbts as necessary given hw cattlemen are aging. He is building a fur-wheeled rbt that will run n slar and electric pwer. It will use cameras and sensrs t mnitr the animals. A cmputer system will analyze the vide t determine whether a cw is sick. Radi tags (标签) n the animals will measure temperature changes. The quality f grassland will be tracked by mnitring the shape, clr and texture (质地) f grass. That way, cattlemen will knw whether they need t mve their cattle t anther field fr nutritin purpses.
Machines have largely taken ver planting, watering and harvesting crps such as cm and wheat, but the mnitring f cattle has gne thrugh fewer changes.
Fr Texas cattleman Pete Bnds, it's increasingly difficult t find wrkers interested in watching cattle. But Bnds desn't believe a rbt is right fr the jb. Years f experience in the industry - and failed attempts t use technlgy - have cnvinced him that the best way t check cattle is with a man n a hrse. Bnds, wh bught his first cattle almst 50 years ag, still has each f his cwbys inspect 300 r 400 cattle daily and lk fr signs that an animal is getting sick.
Other cattlemen see mre prmise in rbts. Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president f the Oklahma Cattlemen's Assciatin, said a rbt culd be extremely useful given rising cncerns abut cattle theft. Cattle tend t be kept in remte places and their value has risen, making them appealing targets.
12. What is a prblem with the cattle-raising industry?
A. Sil pllutin.B. Lack f wrkers.
C. Aging machines.D. Lw prfitability.
13. What will Sukkarieh's rbt be able t d?
A. Mnitr the quality f grass.B. Cure the diseased cattle.
C. Mve cattle t anther field.D. Predict weather changes.
14. Why des Pete Bnds still hire cwbys t watch cattle?
A. He wants t help them earn a living.B. He thinks men can d the jb better.
C. He is inexperienced in using rbts.D. He enjys the traditinal way f life.
15. Hw may rbts help with cattle watching accrding t Michael Kelsey?
A. Increase the value f cattle.B. Bring dwn the cst f labr.
C. Make the jb mre appealing.D. Keep cattle frm being stlen.
【答案】12. B 13. A 14. B 15. D
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测放牧牛健康状况。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“An Australian prfessr is develping a rbt t mnitr the health f grazing cattle, a develpment that culd bring big changes t a prfessin that's relied largely n a lw-tech apprach fr decades but is facing a labr shrtage.（澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测放牧牛的健康状况，这一开发可能会给畜牧业带来重大变化。几十年来，畜牧业主要依靠低技术手段，但目前正面临劳动力短缺的问题。）”可知，畜牧产业面临劳动力短缺的问题。故选B。
【13题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The quality f grassland will be tracked by mnitring the shape, clr and texture (质地) f grass.（通过监测草的形状、颜色和质地来跟踪草地的质量。）”可知，Sukkarieh的机器人可以监测草的质量。故选A。
【14题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第四段“But Bnds desn't believe a rbt is right fr the jb. Years f experience in the industry - and failed attempts t use technlgy - have cnvinced him that the best way t check cattle is with a man n a hrse.（但邦兹认为机器人并不适合这份工作。多年的行业经验——以及使用技术的失败尝试——使他确信，检查牛的最好方法是让一名男子骑在马上。）”可知，皮特·邦兹仍然雇佣牛仔看牛是因为他认为人能做得更好。故选B。
【15题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president f the Oklahma Cattlemen's Assciatin, said a rbt culd be extremely useful given rising cncerns abut cattle theft.（俄克拉荷马州养牛人协会副会长迈克尔·凯尔西·帕里斯说，鉴于人们对偷牛的担忧不断上升，机器人可能会非常有用。）”可知，机器人帮助照看牛，可以防止牛被偷。故选D。
Passage4
【2021年全国甲卷】Prt Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding (繁育) prgramme, has welcmed the arrival f a rare black rhin calf (犀牛幼崽). When the tiny creature arrived n January 31, she became the 40th black rhin t be brn at the reserve. And fficials at Prt Lympne were delighted with the new arrival, especially as black rhins are knwn fr being difficult t breed in captivity (圈养).
Paul Beer, head f rhin sectin at Prt Lympne, said: “Obviusly we're all abslutely delighted t welcme anther calf t ur black rhin family. She's healthy, strng and already eager t play and explre. Her mther, Sli, is a first-time mum and she is ding a fantastic jb. It's still a little t cld fr them t g ut int the pen, but as sn as the weather warms up, I have n dubt that the little ne will be ut and abut explring and playing every day.”
The adrable female calf is the secnd black rhin brn this year at the reserve, but it is t early t tell if the calves will make gd candidates t be returned t prtected areas f the wild. The first rhin t be brn at Prt Lympne arrived n January 5 t first-time mther Kisima and weighed abut 32kg. His mther, grandmther and great grandmther were all brn at the reserve and still live there.
Accrding t the Wrld Wildlife Fund, the glbal black rhin ppulatin has drpped as lw as 5500, giving the rhins a “critically endangered” status.
4. Which f the fllwing best describes the breeding prgramme?
A. Cstly.B. Cntrversial.C. Ambitius.D. Successful.
5. What des Paul Beer say abut the new-brn rhin?
A. She lves staying with her mther.B. She dislikes utdr activities.
C. She is in gd cnditinD. She is sensitive t heat.
6. What similar experience d Sli and Kisima have?
A. They had their first brn in January.B. They enjyed explring new places
C. They lived with their grandmthers.D. They were brught t the reserve yung
7. What can be inferred abut Prn Lympne Reserve?
A. The rhin sectin will be pen t the public.
B. It aims t cntrl the number f the animals.
C. It will cntinue t wrk with the Wrld Wildlife Fund.
D. Sme f its rhins may be sent t the prtected wild areas.
【答案】4. D 5. C 6. A 7. D
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在Prt Lympne保护区的部分黑犀牛现状。
【4题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章第一段“she became the 40th black rhin t be brn at the reserve (她成为该保护区出生的第40头黑犀牛)”以及文章倒数第二段“His mther, grandmther and great grandmther were all brn at the reserve and still live there. (他的母亲、祖母和曾祖母都出生在保护区，至今仍住在那里)”可知，保护区的繁育计划使很多黑犀牛成功存活，可推知，这计划是成功的。故选D项。
【5题详解】
细节理解题。通过文章第二段“She's healthy, strng and already eager t play and explre. (她很健康，很强壮，已经渴望玩耍和探索了)”可知，Paul Beer认为新生的犀牛身体状况很好。故选C项。
【6题详解】
细节理解题。通过文章第一段“When the tinv creature arrived n January 31, she became the 40th black rhin t be brn at the reserve. (1月31日，当这头小犀牛来到保护区时，她成为了第40头在保护区出生的黑犀牛)”以及文章倒数第二段“The first rhin t be brn at Prt Lympne arrived n January 5 t first-time mther Kisima and weighed abut 32kg. (1月5日，犀牛妈妈Kisima分娩的第一头小犀牛，同时也是第一个出生在Prt Lympne，体重约为32公斤)”可知，Sli和Kisima的第一个孩子都是在一月份出生的。故选A项。
【7题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章倒数第二段“it is t early t tell if the calves will make gd candidates t be returned t prtected areas f the wild (要判断这些小犀牛是否会成为返回野生保护区的好的候选者还为时过早)”可推知，Pn Lympne保护区的一些犀牛可能会被送到野生保护区。故选D项。
Passage5
【2021年全国乙卷】Yu’ve heard that plastic is plluting the ceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 millin tnnes enter cean ecsystems every year. But des ne plastic straw r cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Vn Wng wants yu t knw that it des. He builds massive sculptures ut f plastic garbage, frcing viewers t re-examine their relatinship t single-use plastic prducts.
At the beginning f the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpcalypse,” a pair f 10-ft-tall plastic waves, frzen mid-crash. Made f 168,000 plastic straws cllected frm several vlunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shpping center in H Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Just 9% f glbal plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by n means the biggest surce（来源）f plastic pllutin, but they’ve recently cme under fire because mst peple dn’t need them t drink with and, because f their small size and weight, they cannt be recycled. Every straw that’s part f Vn Wng’s artwrk likely came frm a drink that smene used fr nly a few minutes. Once the drink is gne, the straw will take centuries t disappear.
In a piece frm 2018, Vn Wng wanted t illustrate（说明） a specific statistic: Every 60 secnds, a trucklad’s wrth f plastic enters the cean. Fr this wrk, titled “Trucklad f Plastic,” Vn Wng and a grup f vlunteers cllected mre than 10,000 pieces f plastic, which were then tied tgether t lk like they’d been dumped（倾倒） frm a truck all at nce.
Vn Wng hpes that his wrk will als help pressure big cmpanies t reduce their plastic ftprint.
28. What are Vn Wng’s artwrks intended fr?
A. Beautifying the city he lives in.B. Intrducing ec-friendly prducts.
C. Drawing public attentin t plastic waste.D. Reducing garbage n the beach.
29. Why des the authr discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3?
A. T shw the difficulty f their recycling.
B. T explain why they are useful.
C. T vice his views n mdern art.
D. T find a substitute fr them.
30. What effect wuld “Trucklad f Plastic” have n viewers?
A. Calming.B. Disturbing.
C. Refreshing.D. Challenging.
31 Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A. Artists’ Opinins n Plastic Safety
B. Media Interest in Cntemprary Art
C. Respnsibility Demanded f Big Cmpanies
D. Ocean Plastics Transfrmed int Sculptures
【答案】28. C 29. A 30. B 31. D
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了艺术家Benjamin Vn Wng用塑料垃圾制作了一个巨大的雕塑作品，让人们通过这个雕塑重新审视自己与一次性塑料制品的关系。此外他在2018的一件作品“Trucklad f Plastic”说明了每60秒，就有一卡车塑料进入海洋。Vn Wng通过用塑料垃圾制造巨型雕塑来唤醒和提高人们的环保意识。
【28题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“But des ne plastic straw r cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Vn Wng wants yu t knw that it des. He builds massive sculptures ut f plastic garbage, frcing viewers t re-examine their relatinship t single-use plastic prducts.(但一根塑料吸管或一个塑料杯真有什么区别吗？艺术家本杰明·冯·王（Benjamin Vn Wng）想让你知道，它确实如此。他用塑料垃圾建造巨大的雕塑，迫使观众重新审视他们与一次性塑料产品的关系。)”可知，Vn Wng用塑料垃圾制作的雕塑想让人们重新审视与一次性塑料制品的关系，由此可知他做这个雕塑的目的是为了引起公众对塑料垃圾的关注。故选C项。
【29题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“Just 9% f glbal plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by n means the biggest surce(来源) f plastic pllutin, but they’ve recently cme under fire because mst peple dn’t need them t drink with and, because f their small size and weight, they cannt be recycled. Every straw that’s part f Vn Wng’s artwrk likely came frm a drink that smene used fr nly a few minutes. Once the drink is gne, the straw will take centuries t disappear.(全球只有9%的塑料垃圾被回收。塑料吸管绝不是最大的塑料污染源，但它们最近却受到了抨击，因为大多数人不需要吸管喝饮料，而且由于它们体积小、重量轻，无法回收利用。冯·王作品中的每一根吸管都很可能来自只喝了几分钟的饮料。一旦饮料消失了，吸管也要几个世纪才能消失。)”可知，吸管由于体积小，重量轻，无法回收利用，由此可推知，作者在第三段讨论吸管是为了展示它们回收的困难。故选A项。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“In a piece frm 2018, Vn Wng wanted t illustrate(说明) a specific statistic: Every 60 secnds, a trucklad’s wrth f plastic enters the cean. Fr this wrk, titled “Trucklad f Plastic,” Vn Wng and a grup f vlunteers cllected mre than 10,000 pieces f plastic, which were then tied tgether t lk like they’d been dumped(倾倒) frm a truck all at nce.(在2018年的一个作品中，冯·王(Vn Wng)想要说明一个具体的统计数字：每60秒，就有一卡车塑料进入海洋。这项名为“一卡车塑料”的作品，冯·王和一组志愿者收集了一万多块塑料，然后把它们绑在一起，让它们看起来像是同时从卡车上倾倒下来的。)”可知，这个作品以创新的方式让人们了解到塑料垃圾以很快的速度和很大的量倾入海洋，刷新了观众对海洋塑料污染的认知，由此可推断，这个作品会让观众对塑料垃圾进入海洋造成污染这件事感到不安。故选B项。
【31题详解】
标题判断题。通读全文，结合第一段“But des ne plastic straw r cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Vn Wng wants yu t knw that it des. He builds massive sculptures ut f plastic garbage, frcing viewers t re-examine their relatinship t single-use plastic prducts.(但一根塑料吸管或一个塑料杯真的有什么区别吗？艺术家本杰明·冯·王(Benjamin Vn Wng)想让你知道，它确实如此。他用塑料垃圾建造巨大的雕塑，迫使观众重新审视他们与一次性塑料产品的关系。)”和倒数第二段“In a piece frm 2018, Vn Wng wanted t illustrate(说明) a specific statistic: Every 60 secnds, a trucklad’s wrth f plastic enters the cean. Fr this wrk, titled “Trucklad f Plastic,” Vn Wng and a grup f vlunteers cllected mre than 10,000 pieces f plastic, which were then tied tgether t lk like they’d been dumped(倾倒) frm a truck all at nce.(在2018年的一个作品中，冯·王(Vn Wng)想要说明一个具体的统计数字：每60秒，就有一卡车塑料进入海洋。这项名为“一卡车塑料”的作品，冯·王和一组志愿者收集了一万多块塑料，然后把它们绑在一起，让它们看起来像是同时从卡车上倾倒下来的。)”可知艺术家本杰明·冯·王(Benjamin Vn Wng)通过利用塑料垃圾制作巨型雕塑的方法来提示人们重新思考与一次性塑料的关系，唤醒和提高人们循环利用的意识，促进环保的发展。由此可知，D项“海洋塑料变成雕塑”符合文章主旨，适合作为标题。故选D项。
Passage6
【2021年全国乙卷】During an interview fr ne f my bks, my interviewer said smething I still think abut ften. Annyed by the level f distractin（干扰）in his pen ffice, he said, “That’s why I have a membership at the cwrking space acrss the street — s I can fcus”. His cmment struck me as strange. After all, cwrking spaces als typically use an pen ffice layut（布局）. But I recently came acrss a study that shws why his apprach wrks.
The researchers examined varius levels f nise n participants as they cmpleted tests f creative thinking. They were randmly divided int fur grups and expsed t varius nise levels in the backgrund, frm ttal silence t 50 decibels（分贝）, 70 decibels, and 85 decibels. The differences between mst f the grups were statistically insignificant; hwever, the participants in the 70 decibels grup — thse expsed t a level f nise similar t backgrund chatter in a cffee shp — significantly utperfrmed the ther grups. Since the effects were small, this may suggest that ur creative thinking des nt differ that much in respnse t ttal silence and 85 decibels f backgrund nise.
But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study als suggests that the right level f backgrund nise — nt t lud and nt ttal silence — may actually imprve ne’s creative thinking ability. The right level f backgrund nise may interrupt ur nrmal patterns f thinking just enugh t allw ur imaginatins t wander, withut making it impssible t fcus. This kind f “distracted fcus” appears t be the best state fr wrking n creative tasks.
S why d s many f us hate ur pen ffices? The prblem may be that, in ur ffices, we can’t stp urselves frm getting drawn int thers’ cnversatins while we’re trying t fcus. Indeed, the researchers fund that face-t-face interactins and cnversatins affect the creative prcess, and yet a cwrking space r a cffee shp prvides a certain level f nise while als prviding freedm frm interruptins.
32. Why des the interviewer prefer a cwrking space?
A. It helps him cncentrate.B. It blcks ut backgrund nise.
C. It has a pleasant atmsphere.D. It encurages face-t-face interactins.
33. Which level f backgrund nise may prmte creative thinking ability?
A. Ttal silence.B. 50 decibelsC. 70 decibels.D. 8 5 decibels.
34. What makes an pen ffice unwelcme t many peple?
A. Persnal privacy unprtected.B. Limited wrking space.
C. Restrictins n grup discussin.D. Cnstant interruptins.
35. What can we infer abut the authr frm the text?
A. He’s a news reprter.
B. He’s an ffice manager.
C. He’s a prfessinal designer.
D. He’s a published writer.
【答案】32. A 33. C 34. D 35. D
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。作者通过自身经历讲述人们为什么不喜欢开放性办公室以及有关多少分贝的噪音最有利于人们的创造性思维的研究。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“That’s why I have a membership at the cwrking space acrss the street - s I can fcus.（这就是为什么我在街对面的公用办公空间有会员资格——这样我就可以集中精力了。）”可知，采访者喜欢共享办公空间的原因是那里可以帮助他集中精力。故选A项。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“The differences between mst f the grups were statistically insignificant; hwever, the participants in the 70 decibels grup - thse expsed t a level f nise similar t backgrund chatter in a cffee shp - significantly utperfrmed the ther grups.（大多数组之间的差异在统计学上是不显著的；然而，音量为70分贝的那组参与者（置身于类似于咖啡店背景噪音的环境中）的表现明显好于其他组。）”和第三段“But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study als suggests that the right level f backgrund nise - nt t lud and nt ttal silence - may actually imprve ne's creative thinking ability.（但由于70分贝的结果很显著，该研究还表明，适当的背景噪音——不要太大声，也不要完全安静——实际上可能会提高一个人的创造性思维能力。）”可知，70分贝的那组参与者表现好于其他组，所以70分贝的噪音背景环境更有可能促进创造性思维能力。故选C项。
【34题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段“S why d s many f us hate ur pen ffices? The prblem may be that, in ur ffices, we can't stp urselves frm getting drawn int thers' cnversatins while we're trying t fcus. Indeed, the researchers fund that face-t-face interactins and cnversatins affect the creative prcess, and yet a cwrking space r a cffee shp prvides a certain level f nise while als prviding freedm frm interruptins.（那么，为什么我们中有那么多人讨厌开放式办公室呢？问题可能是，在我们的办公室里，当我们试图集中注意力时，我们无法阻止自己卷入别人的谈话中。的确，研究人员发现，面对面的互动和对话会影响创作过程，然而，共同工作空间或咖啡馆在提供一定程度的噪音的同时，也提供不受干扰的自由。）”可知，开放式办公室不受人们欢迎的原因是让我们不断地卷入别人的谈话中，受到很多干扰。故选D 项。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“During an interview fr ne f my bks, my interviewer said smething I still think abut ften.（在一次采访我的一本书时，我的采访者说了一些我至今还经常想起的话。）”可知，作者提到有人采访自己的书，所以可以推断，作者是一位作家。故选D项。
Passage7
【2021年北京卷】Hundreds f scientists, writers and academics sunded a warning t humanity in an pen letter published last December: Plicymakers and the rest f us must engage penly with the risk f glbal cllapse. Researchers in many areas have prjected the widespread cllapse as “a credible scenari(情景) this century”.
A survey f scientists fund that extreme weather events, fd insecurity, and freshwater shrtages might create glbal cllapse. Of curse, if yu are a nn-human species, cllapse is well underway.
The call fr public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this mment f still-uncntrlled pandemic and ecnmic crises in the wrld's mst technlgically advanced natins. Nt very lng ag, it was als unthinkable that a virus wuld shut dwn natins and that safety nets wuld be prven s disastrusly lacking in flexibility.
The internatinal schlars’ warning letter desn't say exactly what cllapse will lk like r when it might happen. Cllapselgy, the study f cllapse, is mre cncerned with identifying trends and with them the dangers f everyday civilizatin. Amng the signatries(签署者) f the warning was Bb Jhnsn, the riginatr f the “eclgical ftprint” cncept, which measures the ttal amunt f envirnmental input needed t maintain a given lifestyle. With the current ftprint f humanity, “it seems that glbal cllapse is certain t happen in sme frm, pssibly within a decade, certainly within this century,” Jhnsn said in an email.
“Only if we discuss the cnsequences f ur biphysical limits,” the December warning letter says, “can we have the hpe t reduce their speed, severity and harm”. And yet messengers f the cming disturbance are likely t be ignred. We all want t hpe things will turn ut fine. As a pet wrte,
Man is a victim f dpe(麻醉品)
In the incurable frm f hpe.
The hundreds f schlars wh signed the letter are intent(执着) n quieting hpe that ignres preparedness. “Let's lk directly int the issue f cllapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible pssibilities f what we see there t make the best f a trubling future.”
28. What des the underlined wrd “germane” in Paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A. Scientific.B. Credible.
C. Original.D. Relevant.
29. As fr the public awareness f glbal cllapse, the authr is________.
A. wrriedB. puzzled
C. surprisedD. scared
30. What can we learn frm this passage?
A. The signatries may change the biphysical limits.
B. The authr agrees with the message f the pem.
C. The issue f cllapse is being priritized.
D. The glbal cllapse is well underway.
【答案】28. D 29. A 30. B
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文，文章阐述了全球崩塌（glbal cllapse）的概念。数百名科学家、作家和学者在去年12月发表的一封公开信中向全人类发出了警告：政策制定者和我们每个人必须直面“全球崩塌”的风险。文章具体阐释了学者们对这一概念的定义、理解和它的现实意义。
【28题详解】
词义猜测题。根据该词所在的具体语境，第三段第一句“The call fr public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this mment f still-uncntrlled pandemic and ecnmic crises in the wrld's mst technlgically advanced natins.”（呼吁公众对世界不确定性的关注，尤其与此时此刻的情况密切相关：此时此刻，在世界上技术最先进的国家，仍处于无法控制流行病和经济危机的泥潭中），下文也提到，一场病毒肆虐，一个国家社会停止了运转，大流行无法控制，经济下行，这样的事情在不久之前都是无法想象，不可思议（unthinkable）的，即世界充满了不确定性。而此时此刻呼吁人们对这种unthinkable加以关注，正是和此时此刻的世界实况密切相关。A. Scientific科学的；B. Credible可信的，可靠的；C. Original原来的，原创的；D. Relevant相关的，有重大关系的。根据上面的分析，仅有D符合语境，故选D。
【29题详解】
推理判断题。本题要求判断作者的情感态度，根据原文第五段“yet messengers f the cming disturbance are likely t be ignred. We all want t hpe things will turn ut fine.”（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略，我们都希望事情在未来会变好）和倒数最后一段的呼吁，例如“Let's lk directly int the issue f cllapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible pssibilities f what we see there t make the best f a trubling future.”（他们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么糟。”）可知，作者认为公众对“全球崩塌”的重视意识不够，比较担心，A. wrried担忧的；B. puzzled困惑的，茫然的；C. surprised惊讶的；D. scared害怕的，综合以上的分析，可见作者对此是“担忧的”，故选A。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。原文诗歌“Man is a victim f dpe; In the incurable frm f hpe.”（人类是麻醉品的受害者；沉迷于无可救药的幻想中）表达的是，人类无视未来全球崩塌的巨大危险，把头埋进沙子里，假装不知道，充满不切实际的幻想和希望。而诗歌前面的段落就提到“yet messengers f the cming disturbance are likely t be ignred. We all want t hpe things will turn ut fine.”（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略，我们都希望事情在未来会变好），结合上下文，这里指的是人们都幻想着未来就会变好。诗歌之后的最后一段则提到执着于“quieting hpe that ignres preparedness.”（掐灭不做准备的空有幻想），接着又借学者之口，提到“Let's lk directly int the issue f cllapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible pssibilities f what we see there t make the best f a trubling future.”（他们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么糟。”）可见，上下文一脉相承，表达相同的一方观点，未对另一方的观点有任何呈现，理解文章后可知，作者有明显的态度倾向，作者对于这首诗表达的信息是赞同的，故选B。
Passage8
【2021年浙江卷6月】If yu ever get the impressin that yur dg can "tell" whether yu lk cntent r annyed, yu may be nt smething. Dgs may indeed be able t distinguish between happy and angry human faces, accrding t a new study
Researchers trained a grup f 11 dgs t distinguish between images(图像)f the same persn making either a happy r an angry face. During the training stage, each dg was shwn nly the upper half r the lwer half f the persn's face. The researchers then tested the dgs' ability t distinguish between human facial expressins by shwing them the ther half f the persn's face n images ttally different frm the nes used in training. The researchers fund that the dgs were able t pick the angry r happy face by tuching a picture f it with their nses mre ften than ne wuld expect by randm chance.
The study shwed the animals had figured ut hw t apply what they learned abut human faces during training t new faces in the testing stage. "We can rule ut that the dgs simply distinguish between the pictures based n a simple cue, such as the sight f teeth," said study authr Crsin Muller. "Instead, ur results suggest that the successful dgs realized that a smiling muth means the same thing as smiling eyes, and the same rule applies t an angry muth having the same meaning as angry eyes."
"With ur study, we think we can nw cnfidently cnclude that at least sme dgs can distinguish human facial expressins," Muller tld Live Science.
At this pint, it is nt clear why dgs seem t be equipped with the ability t recgnize different facial expressins in humans. "T us, the mst likely explanatin appears t be that the basis lies in their living with humans, which gives them a lt f expsure t human facial expressins," and this expsure has prvided them with many chances t learn t distinguish between them, Muller said.
8. The new study fcused n whether dgs can_________.
A. distinguish shapesB. make sense f human faces
C. feel happy r angryD. cmmunicate with each ther
9. What can we learn abut the study frm paragraph 2?
A. Researchers tested the dgs in randm rder.
B. Diverse methds were adpted during training.
C. Pictures used in the tw stages were different
D. The dgs were phtgraphed befre the lest.
10. What is the last paragraph mainly abut?
A. A suggestin fr future studies.B. A pssible reasn fr the study findings.
C. A majr limitatin f the studyD. An explanatin f the research methd.
【答案】8. B 9. C 10. B
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。一项研究证明狗能够识别人类面部表情，但目前还不清楚它们为什么有这种能力，可能的原因是它们长时间与人类共同生活。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段的“Researchers trained a grup f 11 dgs t distinguish between images f the same persn making either a happy r an angry face.(研究人员训练了11只狗来区分同一个人脸上的表情是高兴还是愤怒)”可知，该新研究的关注点是狗是否能够区分人的面部表情。故选B。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段的“During the training stage, each dg was shwn nly the upper half r the lwer half f the persn’s face. The researchers then tested the dgs’ ability t distinguish between human facial expressins by shwing them the ther half f the persn’s face r images ttally different frm the nes used in training.(在训练阶段，每只狗只看到人脸的上半部分或下半部分。研究人员随后测试了狗辨别人类面部表情的能力，向狗展示了人的另一半面部或与训练中使用的完全不同的图像)”可知，在训练和测试阶段，狗看的照片是不一样的。故选C。
【10题详解】
主旨大意题。根据最后一段的““T us, the mst likely explanatin appears t be that the basis lies in their living with humans, which gives them a lt f expsure t human facial expressins, and this expsure has prvided them with many chances t learn t distinguish between them” Muller said.(Muller说：“对我们来说，最可能的解释似乎是，基于他们与人类生活在一起，这让他们有很多机会接触人类的面部表情，而这种接触为他们提供了很多机会，让他们学会区分他们。”)”可知，最后一段主要讲述了狗能够辨别人类面部表情的可能原因。故选B。
Passage9
【2021年浙江卷1月】 At the start f the 20th century, an American engineer named Jhn Elfreth Watkins made predictins abut life tday. His predictins abut slwing ppulatin grwth, mbile phnes and increasing height were clse t the mark. But he was wrng in ne predictin: that everybdy wuld walk 10 miles a day.
Tday, in Australia, mst children n average fall 2, 000 steps shrt f the physical activity they need t avid being verweight. In the early 1970s, 40 per cent f children walked t schl, while in 2010, it was as lw as 15 per cent.
The decline is nt because we have all becme lazy. Families are pressed fr time, many with bth parents wrking t pay fr their huse, ften wrking hurs nt f their chsing, living in car-dependent neighbrhds with limited public transprt.
The ther side f the cin is equally a deprivatin: fr health and well-being, as well as lst pprtunities（机会）fr children t get t knw their lcal surrundings. And fr parents there are lst pprtunities t walk and talk with their yung schlar abut their day.
Mst parents will have eagerly asked their child abut their day, nly t meet with a “gd”, quickly fllwed by "I'm hungry". This is als my experience as a mther. But smewhere ver the daily walk mre abut my sn's day cmes ut. I hear him making sense f friendship and its limits. This is the unexpected and rare parental pprtunity t hear mre.
Many primary schls supprt walking schl-bus rutes（路线）, with days f regular, parent-accmpanied walks. Ding just ne f these a few times a week is better than nthing. It can be tugh t begin and takes a little planning-running shes by the frnt dr, lunches made the night befre, umbrellas n rainy days and hats n ht nes-but it's certainly wrth trying.
4．Why des the authr mentin Watkins' predictins in the first paragraph?
A．T make cmparisns.B．T intrduce the tpic.
C．T supprt her argument.D．T prvide examples.
5．What has caused the decrease in Australian children's physical activity?
A．Plain laziness.B．Health prblems.
C．Lack f time.D．Security cncerns.
6．Why des the authr find walking with her sn wrthwhile?
A．She can get relaxed after wrk.B．She can keep physically fit.
C．She can help with her sn's study.D．She can knw her sn better.
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章通过否定沃特金斯的预言，进而提出现在人们时间的紧缺和陪伴的重要性。
4．B推理判断题。通过文章第二段“Tday: in Australia: mst children n average fall 2: 000 steps shrt f the physical activity they need t avid being verweight. In the early 1970s, 40 percent f children walked t schl while in 2010, it was as lw as15 percent.(今天：在澳大利亚：大多数孩子平均比避免超重所需的体力活动少了2000步。在上世纪70年代初，40%的孩子步行上学，而在2010年，这一比例降至15%)”说明作者根据沃特金斯的预言做了相关调查，并且写下了这篇文章。通读全文得知作者在第一段提到沃特金斯的预言，是为了介绍文章主题。故选B项。
5．C细节理解题。通过文章第三段中“Families are pressed fr time: many with bth parents wrking t pay fr their huse, ften wrking hurs nt f their chsing, living in car-dependent neighbrhds with limited public transprt.(家庭时间紧迫：许多家庭的父母都在为房子买单而工作，工作时间往往不是他们自己选择的，他们住在公共交通有限的依赖汽车的社区)”可知，导致澳大利亚儿童体育活动的减少的原因是时间不够。故选C项。
6．D细节理解题。通过文章倒数第二段中“But smewhere ver the daily walk mre abut my sn’s day cmes ut. I hear him making sense f friendship and its limits. This is the unexpected and rare parental pprtunity t hear mre.(但是，在每天散步的某个地方，更多关于我儿子日常的事情出现了。我听到他在理解友谊及其局限性。这是一个意想不到的难得的机会，家长听到更多)”说明作者觉得和儿子一起散步能让她更了解她的儿子。故选D项。
Passage10
【2021年浙江卷1月】 Researchers say they have translated the meaning f gestures that wild chimpanzees (黑猩猩) use t cmmunicate. They say wild chimps cmmunicate 19 specific messages t ne anther with a "vcabulary" f 66 gestures. The scientists discvered this by fllwing and filming grups f chimps in Uganda, and examining mre than 5,000 incidents f these meaningful exchanges.
Dr Catherine Hbaiter, wh led the research, said that this was the nly frm f intentinal cmmunicatin t be recrded in the animal kingdm. Only humans and chimps, she said, had a system f cmmunicatin where they deliberately sent a message t anther grup member.
"That's what's s amazing abut chimp gestures," she said. "They're the nly thing that lks like human language in that respect. ”
Althugh previus research has shwn that apes and mnkeys can understand cmplex infrmatin frm anther animal's call, the animals d nt appear t use their vices intentinally t cmmunicate messages. This was a significant difference between calls and gestures, Dr Hbaiter said.
Chimps will check t see if they have the attentin f the animal with which they wish t cmmunicate. In ne case, a mther presents her ft t her crying baby, signaling:" Climb n me. " The yungster immediately jumps n t its mthers back and they travel ff tgether. "The big message frm this study is that there is anther species (物种) ut there. that is meaningful in its cmmunicatin, s that's nt unique t humans," said Dr Hbaiter.
Dr Susanne Shultz, an evlutinary bilgist frm the University f Manchester, said the study was praisewrthy in seeking t enrich ur knwledge f the evlutin f human language. But, she added, the results were "a little disappinting".
"The vagueness f the gesture meanings suggests either that the chimps have little t cmmunicate, r we are still missing a lt f the infrmatin cntained in their gestures and actins," she said. "Mrever, the meanings seem t nt g beynd what ther animal cnvey with nn-verbal cmmunicatin. S, it seems the gulf remains. "
7．What d chimps and humans have in cmmn accrding t Dr Hbaiter?
A．Memrizing specific wrds.B．Understanding cmplex infrmatin.
C．Using vices t cmmunicate.D．Cmmunicating messages n purpse.
8．What did Dr Shultz think f the study?
A．It was well designed but prly cnducted.
B．It was a gd try but the findings were limited.
C．It was inspiring but the evidence was unreliable.
D．It was a failure but the methds deserved praise.
9．What des the underlined wrd "gulf" in the last paragraph mean?
A．Difference.B．Cnflict.C．Balance.D．Cnnectin.
10．Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A．Chimpanzee behaviur study achieved a breakthrugh
B．Chimpanzees develped specific cmmunicatin skills
C．Chimpanzees: the smartest species in the animal kingdm
D．Chimpanzee language: cmmunicatin gestures translated
【分析】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了科学家们通过跟踪和拍摄乌干达的黑猩猩群，翻译出了黑猩猩用来交流的手势含义。
7．D细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Only humans and chimps, she said, had a system f cmmunicatin where they deliberately sent a message t anther grup member.（她说，只有人类和黑猩猩有一个交流系统，他们故意向其他成员发送信息）”可知，根据Dr Hbaiter，黑猩猩和人类的共同点在于故意传递信息，故选D。
8．B推理判断题。根据第六段中的“Dr Susanne Shultz, an evlutinary bilgist frm the University f Manchester, said the study was praisewrthy in seeking t enrich ur knwledge f the evlutin f human language. But, she added, the results were“a little disappinting”（曼彻斯特大学的进化生物学家苏珊娜·舒尔茨博士说，这项研究是值得称赞的，它试图丰富我们对人类语言进化的知识。但是，她补充说，结果“有点令人失望”）”可知，这项研究是一个好的尝试，但是发现的结果是有限的。故选B。
9．A词义猜测题。首先根据第三段中的“They’re the nly thing that lks like human language in that respect.（在这方面，它们是唯一看起来像人类语言的东西）”可知，黑猩猩的手势交流很像我们人类语言的交流方式。但是根据最后一段中的“Mrever, the meanings seem t nt g beynd what ther animals cnvey with nn-verbal cmmunicatins.（此外，这些含义似乎并不超越其他动物通过非语言交流所传达的信息）”可知，黑猩猩手势的交流方式还是和我们语言的交流方式存在不同的，也就是“S, it seems the gulf remains.（所以，看来差异依然存在）”，故gulf的意思是difference，故选A。
10．D主旨大意题。根据第一段的“Researchers say they have translated the meaning f gestures that wild chimpanzees use t cmmunicate.（研究人员表示，他们已经翻译出了野生黑猩猩用来交流的手势的含义）”以及文章对这方面的讨论可知，文章主要讲科学家们对黑猩猩手势的研究及一些成果，所以D项：黑猩猩语言：翻译出来的交流手势，这一题目涵盖文章的内容。故选D。
Passage11
【2021年天津卷第二次】In the fictinal wrlds f film and TV, artificial intelligence （Al） has been described as s advanced that it is indistinguishable frm humans. But what if we're actually getting clser t a wrld where Al is capable f thinking and feeling?
Tech cmpany UneeQ is heading fr its "digital humans", which appear life like n the screen nt nly in terms f language, but als because f facial mvements: raised eyebrws, a smile, even a nd. They lk clse t a human, but nt quite.
What lies beneath UneeQ9 s digital humans? Their 3D faces are mdeled n actual human features. Speech recgnitin enables them t understand what a persn is saying, and natural language prcessing is used t wrk ut a respnse. Meanwhile, anther Al cmpany, Sul Machines, is taking a mre bilgical apprach, with a "digital brain", that imitates aspects f the human brain t adjust the emtins "fblt" and "expressed" by its "digital peple".
Shiwali Mhan, an Al scientist at the Pal Research Center, is skeptical f these digital beings. "They're humanlike in their lks and the way they sund, but that in itself is nt being human," she says. "Human qualities als invlve hw yu think, hw yu apprach prblems, and hw yu break them dwn; and that takes a lt f algrithmic (算 法)design. Designing fr human-level intelligence is a different attempt than designing images that behave like humans." She then cntinues, “If smething lks like a human, we have high expectatins f them, but they might behave differently in ways that humans just instinctively (直觉地)knw hw ther humans react.
Yet the demand is there, with UneeQ seeing high adptin f its digital emplyees acrss the financial, health care, and cmmercial sectrs （行业）. "Unless these sectrs make their business mdels much mre efficient digitally, they might be left behind," says Chetan Dube, UneeQ9s CEO.
Sme ther cmpanies are taking their digital beings a step further, enabling rganizatins and individuals t create digital humans themselves using free-access platfrms they prvide. "The biggest mtivatin fr such platfrms is t ppularize Al," Dube says.
Mhan is cautius abut this apprach, yet she supprts the purpse behind these digital beings and is ptimistic abut where they are headed. "As we develp mre advanced Al technlgy, we wuld then have t use new ways f cmmunicating with that technlgy,she says. "'Hpefully, all f that is designed t supprt humans in their gals."
46. Accrding t Para. 2, in what respect（s） d UneeQ9s "digital humans" resemble human beings?
A. In the way they mve arund.
B. In the way they act and react.
C. In bservatin and analysis.
D. In speech and facial expressins.
47. Sul Machines’digital brain is a technlgical breakthrugh because it .
A. leams t make prper emtinal respnses
B. tends t imitate human beings' tne vividly
C. recgnizes the speech sunds it receives
D. prcesses the natural language it hears
48. In Mhan's pinin, what human quality is lacking in digital beings?
A. Calculating brain.
B Language skills.
C. Instinctive judgements.
D. Prblem-slving ability.
49. What makes many sectrs emply digital humans?
A. The fear f falling behind in efficiency.
B. The urgency t prmte e-cmmerce.
C. The wish t spread digital technlgy.
D. The need t upgrade the health care system.
50. What des Mhan think f the future f digital beings?
A. It's well planned.
B. It is prmising.
C. It is uncertain.
D. It's quite hpeless.
【答案】46. D 47. A 48. C 49. A 50. B
【分析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍许多科技公司正在推进、研发“数字人类”，并被很多部门使用。但一些科学家对此表示怀疑，并指出了“数字人类”并不是真正的人类，有很多缺陷。但前景还是很有希望的。
【46题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“Tech cmpany UneeQ is heading fr its "digital humans", which appear life like n the screen nt nly in terms f language, but als because f facial mvements: raised eyebrws, a smile, even a nd.”（科技公司UneeQ正在研发一种“数字人”，这种人在屏幕上看起来栩栩如生，不仅因为语言，还因为面部动作:眉毛扬起、微笑，甚至点头。）由此可知，根据第2段，UneeQ9s的“数字人”在言语和面部表情上方面与人类相似。故选D项。
【47题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“Meanwhile, anther Al cmpany, Sul Machines, is taking a mre bilgical apprach, with a "digital brain", that imitates aspects f the human brain t adjust the emtins "fblt" and "expressed" by its “digital peple”.”（与此同时，另一家Al公司，灵魂机器公司，正在采取一种更具生物性的方法，拥有一个“数字大脑”，它模仿人脑的各个方面来调节其“数字人”的“fblt”和“表达”的情绪。）由此可知，灵魂机器的数字大脑是一项技术突破，因为它倾向于做出适当的情绪反应。故选A项。
【48题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“"They're humanlike in their lks and the way they sund, but that in itself is nt being human," she says. "Human qualities als invlve hw yu think, hw yu apprach prblems, and hw yu break them dwn; and that takes a lt f algrithmic (算 法)design, but they might behave differently in ways that humans just instinctively (直觉地)knw hw ther humans react.”（“他们的外表和声音都像人类，但这本身不是人类，”她说。“人类的品质还包括你如何思考、如何处理问题以及如何分解问题；这需要大量的算法设计。但他们的行为方式可能不同，人类只是本能地知道其他人的反应。”）由此判断出，在Mhan看来，数字人缺少本能的判断。故选C项。
【49题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段“Yet the demand is there, with UneeQ seeing high adptin f its digital emplyees acrss the financial, health care, and cmmercial sectrs （行业）.Unless these sectrs make their business mdels much mre efficient digitally, they might be left behind”（但需求依然存在，UneeQ的数字员工在金融、医疗和商业行业的使用率很高。除非这些行业将它们的商业模式数字化得更高效，否则它们可能会被甩在后面）由此可知，害怕效率落后让许多行业使用“数字人类”。故选A项。
【50题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Mhan is cautius abut this apprach, yet she supprts the purpse behind these digital beings and is ptimistic abut where they are headed.”（ Mhan对这种方法持谨慎态度，但她支持这些数字生物背后的目的，并对他们的未来持乐观态度）由此判断出，Mhan数字人的未来是有希望的。故选B项。
Passage12
D
【2021年天津卷第二次】Art is everywhere. Any public space has been carefully designed by an artistic mind t be bth functinal and beautiful. Why, then, is art still s widely cnsidered t be "the easy subject" at schl, insignificant t wider sciety, a waste f time and effrt?
Art can cnnect culture with cmmercial prducts in a way that nt many ther things can; art generates mney and hlds significant emtinal and cultural value within cmmunities. When peple attend a cncert, they are paying fr music, sure, maybe even htel rms, meals, and transprt, but they als gain an incredible experience, a unique atmsphere and a memry that will g thrugh the rest f their lives. Peple dn't just want material things anymre, they want t experience life一the arts are a perfect crssver （交迭）between culture and cmmerce.
Furthermre, the arts can bring cmmunities tgether, reducing lneliness and making peple feel safer. Scial bnds are created amng individuals when they share their arts experiences thrugh reflectin and discussin, and their expressin f cmmn values thrugh artwrks in hnur f events significant t a natin's experience.
The arts clearly have a pretty psitive impact n physical and psychlgical health. It is fund that peple wh frequent cultural places r participate in artistic events are mre likely t gain gd health cmpared t thse wh d nt; mre engagement with the arts is linked t a higher level f peple's wellbeing. The Ryal Sciety f Public Health discvered that music and art, when used in hspitals, help t imprve the cnditins f patients by reducing stress, anxiety and bld pressure.
Children wh are invlved with the arts make greater achievements in their educatin: thse engaged with drama have greater literary ability while thers taking part in musical practice exhibit greater skills in math and languages. Kids with preference fbr the arts have a greater chance f finding emplyment in the future. Participating in the arts is essential fbr child develpment; encuraging children t express themselves in cnstructive ways culd help t frm healthy emtinal respnses in later life.
Vital t human life, art is celebrated and used by natins acrss the wrld fr varius purpses. Life withut art wuld be bring and dead still, fbr art is a part f what makes us human.
51. Art prducts differ frm mst ther cmmercial prducts because .
A. mst peple purchase them fr cllectin
B. they are mre expensive and less accessible
C. they have bth cmmercial and cultural values
D. their prices may climb up as time passes
52. By sharing their arts experiences, cmmunity members can .
A. keep the cmmunity safe frm illnesses
B. develp a strnger tie between them
C. learn t appreciate their wn wrks f art
D. ffer hnurable slutins t their prblems
53. What can we learn abut peple wh are invlved in artistic activities?
A. They enjy better living cnditins.
B. They like t cmpare themselves with thers.
C. They are particularly gd at bth music and art.
D. They tend t be healthier physically and mentally.
54. Hw des kids' engagement with the arts benefit them?
A. It prmtes their academic perfrmance and emtinal grwth.
B. It gives them mre cnfidence in exhibiting their learning skills.
C. It inspires their creativity in designing their future career.
D. It helps t make respnsible peple ut f them.
55. What is the best title fr this passage?
A. Hw Art Cures Our Hearts
B. Art: A Blessing t Humankind
C. Hw Art Benefits Cmmunities
D. Art: A Bridge Between Cultures
【答案】51. C 52. B 53. D 54. A 55. B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。讲述了艺术这一活动对人类的重要意义，是我们不可或缺的社会生活之一。从赋予商品的商业价值，人类的身心健康和青少年的学术和情感发展等方面论述了艺术的重要意义。
【51题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“Any public space has been carefully designed by an artistic mind t be bth functinal and beautiful.”（任何公共空间都是由艺术家精心设计的，既实用又美观。）以及“Art can cnnect culture with cmmercial prducts in a way that nt many ther things can”（艺术可以将文化与商业产品联系起来，这是其他很多东西都做不到的。）可以看出，可见艺术参与的作品兼具文化价值和商业价值。故选择C。
【52题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“Scial bnds are created amng individuals when they share their arts experiences thrugh reflectin and discussin,, and their expressin f cmmn values thrugh artwrks in hnr f events significant t a natin's experience.”（当个人通过反思和讨论分享他们的艺术经验，并通过艺术作品表达共同的价值观，以纪念对一个国家的经验有重要意义的事件时，社会纽带就在他们之间建立起来。），可见通过分享经历，可以建立一种特殊的联系和纽带。故选择B。
【53题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段“It is fund that peple wh frequent cultural places r participate in artistic events are mre likely t gain gd health cmpared t thse wh d nt”（研究发现，经常出入文化场所或参加艺术活动的人比不经常出入文化场所或参加艺术活动的人更容易获得健康;），可见参加艺术活动的人们在身心上都相对更加健康。故选择D。
【54题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段“Children wh are invlved with the arts make greater achievements in their educatin”（参与艺术的孩子在他们的教育中取得更大的成就）以及“encuraging children t express themselves in cnstructive ways culd help t frm healthy emtinal respnses in later life.”（有助于在以后的生活中形成健康的情感反应。）可见艺术活动促进了孩子们的学业表现和情感成长。故选择A。
【55题详解】
主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Vital t human life, art is celebrated and used by natins acrss the wrld fr varius purpses. Life withut art wuld be bring and dead still, fbr art is a part f what makes us human.”（艺术对人类的生命至关重要，世界各国为各种目的庆祝和使用艺术。没有艺术的生活将是无聊和死气沉沉的，因为艺术是我们人类的一部分。）可见艺术是人类重要的部分，文章中也详细描述了艺术对不同人群的好处。所以短文的最佳标题为“艺术:人类的福祉”。故选择B。
Passage13
【2021年天津卷第一次】 A trial prject by the Mntreal Children's Hspital suggested that the use f medical hypnsis(催眠)can reduce pain and anxiety in patients. The prject als resulted in a reductin in the amunt f medicines used t perfrm medical-imaging imaging(医学影像) prcedures.
“During the examinatin children dn't mve. It wrks perfectly. It's amazing,“ said Jhanne L'Ecuyer, a medical-imaging technlgist at the hspital.
The prject was inspired by a French team frm Ruen University Hspital Centre where examinatins are dne under hypnsis instead f general anesthesia(麻醉）.
A French medical-imaging technlgist-als a hypntist — was invited t train a few members in the medical-imaging department f the children's hspital. In all, 80 examinatins were cnducted fr the prject between January and September, 2019, fcusing n the imaging prcedures that wuld cause anxiety.
Hypnsis is nt a state f sleep: It is rather a mdified(改变的)state f cnsciusness. The technlgist will guide the patient t this mdified state—an imaginary wrld that will disassciate itself mre and mre frm the prcedure that fllws.
“The technlgist must build up a stry with the patient," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. "The patient is left with the pwer t chse what he wants t talk abut. D yu play sprts? D yu like ging t the beach? We establish a subject that we will discuss thrughut the prcedure."
Everything that happens next during the prcedure must be related t this stry — an injectin （注射）becmes the bite f an insect; the heat n the skin becmes the sensatin f the sun and a machine that rings becmes a plice car passing nearby.
“The imprtant thing is that the technlgist assciates what is happening utside the patient's bdy with what the patient sees in his head," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. "It requires creativity n the part f the technlgist, imaginatin, a lt f patience and kindness."
The prcedure appealed t the staff a lt when it was intrduced in January. It spread like wildfire that smene frm France was here t train the technlgists," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. She added that she had a line f staff at her dr wanting t take the training.
45．One f the results prduced by the trial prject is ________ .
A．a better understanding f children
B．less use f certain medicines
C．new medical-imaging technlgy
D．an imprved reputatin f the hspital
46．The French technlgist came t the children's hspital t ________.
A．assist in treating a patient
B．carry ut hypnsis training
C．start up a new department
D．learn abut the prcedure
47．Accrding t Paragraph 5, hypnsis wrks by ________.
A．creating a perfect wrld fr patients
B．frcing patients int a state f deep sleep
C．putting patients int an uncnscius state
D．leading patients' cnsciusness away frm reality
48．What can we learn abut the stry used in the prcedure?
A．It shuld keep pace with the prcedure.
B．It reflects the patient's creativity.
C．It is selected by the technlgist.
D．It tells what dctrs are ding t the patient.
49．The prcedure was received amng the staff with ________.
A．uncertainty
B．enthusiasm
C．wrry
D．criticism
50．What is the passage mainly abut?
A．An easy way t cmmunicate with patients.
B．The standard methd f cnducting hypnsis.
C．An intrductin f medical-imaging technlgy.
D．The use f hypnsis in medical-imaging prcedures.
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了蒙特利尔儿童医院的一个试验项目表明催眠技术的使用可以减轻病人的痛苦和焦虑。一位法国医学影像技术专家——也是一位催眠师被邀请到儿童医院的医学影像部门培训几位员工。
45．细节理解题。根据第一段“The prject als resulted in a reductin in the amunt f medicines used t perfrm medical-imaging(医学影像)prcedures.”（该项目还导致用于医学影像程序的药品数量减少。）可知，实验的结果之一就是减少某些药物的使用。故选B。
46．细节理解题。根据第三段“A French medical-imaging technlgist--als a hypntist -- was invited t train a few members in the medical-imaging department f the children's hspital.”（一位法国医学影像技术专家——也是一位催眠师被邀请到儿童医院的医学影像部门培训几位员工）可知，法国技术专家来儿童医院是做催眠培训来的。故选B。
47．细节理解题。根据第五段第一句“Hypnsis is nt a state f sleep: It is rather a mdified （改变的）state f cnsciusness. The technlgist will guide the patient t this mdified state—an imaginary wrld that will disassciate itself mre and mre frm the prcedure that fllws.”（催眠状态不是一种睡眠的状态：而是一种被改变的意识状态。技术专家会引导病人进入这种改变的状态——一个想象中的世界，它会越来越脱离接下来的程序）可知，催眠是引导病人的意识远离现实，进入一个想象中的世界。故选D。
48．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Everything that happens next during the prcedure must be related t this stry”（催眠过程中接下来发生的一切都必须和这个故事有关）以及倒数第二段“The imprtant thing is that the technlgist assciates what is happening utside the patient's bdy with what the patient sees in his head”（重要的是技术专家把病人身体外发生的事情和他在大脑里看到的联系起来）可知，故事必须跟整个催眠过程同步。故选A。
49．细节理解题。根据倒数第一段“The prcedure appealed t the staff a lt when it was intrduced in January.”（这个程序在一月份开始引进的时候，吸引了很多员工）以及最后一句“She added that she had a line f staff at her dr wanting t take the training.”（她补充说，有一队员工在她门口等着接受培训）可知，这个催眠程序受到了员工的欢迎。A. uncertainty 不确定；B. enthusiasm 热情；C. wrry 担心；D. criticism 批评。故选B。
50．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“A trial prject by the Mntreal Children's Hspital suggested that the use f medical hypnsis(催眠)can reduce pain and anxiety in patients. The prject als resulted in a reductin in the amunt f medicines used t perfrm medical-imaging imaging(医学影像) prcedures.”（蒙特利尔儿童医院的一个试验项目表明催眠技术的使用可以减轻病人的痛苦和焦虑。一位法国医学影像技术专家——也是一位催眠师被邀请到儿童医院的医学影像部门培训几位员工）可知，全文主要讲述催眠技术在医学影像程序中的应用。故选D。
2020年阅读理解说明文
Passage1
【2020年新课标Ⅰ】 Returning t a bk yu’ve read many times can feel like drinks with an ld friend. There’s a welcme familiarity - but als smetimes a slight suspicin that time has changed yu bth, and thus the relatinship. But bks dn’t change, peple d. And that’s what makes the act f rereading s rich and transfrmative.
The beauty f rereading lies in the idea that ur bnd with the wrk is based n ur present mental register. It’s true, the lder I get, the mre I feel time has wings. But with reading, it’s all abut the present. It’s abut the nw and what ne cntributes t the nw, because reading is a give and take between authr and reader. Each has t pull their wn weight.
There are three bks I reread annually .The first, which I take t reading every spring is Emest Hemningway’s A Mveable Feast. Published in 1964, it’s his classic memir f 1920s Paris. The language is almst intxicating (令人陶醉的)，an aging writer lking back n an ambitius yet simpler time. Anther is Annie Dillard’s Hly the Firm, her petic 1975 ramble (随笔) abut everything and nthing. The third bk is Juli Crtazar’s Save Twilight: Selected Pems, because petry. And because Crtazar.
While I tend t buy a lt f bks, these three were given t me as gifs, which might add t the meaning I attach t them. But I imagine that, while mney is indeed wnderful and necessary, rereading an authr’s wrk is the highest currency a reader can pay them. The best bks are the nes that pen further as time passes. But remember, it’s yu that has t grw and read and reread in rder t better understand yur friends.
24. Why des the authr like rereading?
A. It evaluates the writer-reader relatinship.
B. It’s a windw t a whle new wrld.
C. It’s a substitute fr drinking with a friend.
D. It extends the understanding f neself.
25. What d we knw abut the bk A Mveable Feast?
A. It’s a brief accunt f a trip.
B. It’s abut Hemingway’s life as a yung man.
C. It’s a recrd f a histric event.
D. It’s abut Hemingway’s friends in Paris.
26. What des the underlined wrd ＂currency＂ in paragraph 4 refer t?
A. Debt
B. Reward.
C. Allwance.
D. Face value.
27. What can we infer abut the authr frm the text?
A. He lves petry.
B. He’s an editr.
C. He’s very ambitius.
D. He teaches reading.
【解析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了重新阅读的意义和益处并向读者介绍了作者每年重读的三本书。作者鼓励读者去重新阅读书籍。
24. 推理判断题。根据第一段最后两句“But bks dn’t change, peple d. And that’s what makes the act f rereading s rich and transfrmative.(但是书没变，人变了。那就是使重新阅读行为如此丰富和富于变化之处)”和第二段“The beauty f rereading lies in that ur bnd with the wrk is based n ur present register. It is true, the lder I get, the mre I feel time has wings.(重新阅读的美妙之处在于我们与作品的联系是基于我们现在的心理状态。真的，我年纪越大，就越觉得时光飞逝。)”可推知，作者喜欢重新阅读是因为重新阅读可以扩展对自己的理解。故选D项。
25. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Published in 1964, it’s his classic memir f 1920s Paris.”及“an aging writer lking back n an ambitius yet simpler time”可知，这本书出版于1964年，这是他关于20世纪20年代在巴黎的经典回忆录，是他老年时对那些野心勃勃却更简单的日子的回顾。由此可判断出A Mvable Feast是关于海明威年轻时的生活。故选B项。
26. 词义猜测题。根据最后一段中“while mney is indeed wnderful and necessary,(虽然金钱确实是美妙而必要的)”可知，前后句为转折关系，根据上下文的语境可推知，“rereading an authr’s wrk is the highest currency a reader can pay them.”意为“但是但重新阅读作品是读者能支付给他们的最高回报”，由此判断出划线词的意思是“回报”。故选B项。
27. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The third bk is Juli Crtázar’s Save Twilight: selected pems, because petry.(第三本书是胡里奥·科塔扎的《拯救暮光之城: 诗歌精选》，因为诗歌)”可知，作者是由于喜欢诗歌而喜欢这本书。故选A项。
Passage2
【2020年新课标Ⅰ】Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shws, while mst likely cntributing t fewer injuries. It des, hwever, have its wn prblem.
Race walkers are cnditined athletes. The lngest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilmeter race walk, which is abut five miles lnger than the marathn. But the sprt’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight thrugh mst f the leg swing and ne ft remain in cntact (接触) with the grund at all times. It’s this strange frm that makes race walking such an attractive activity, hwever, says Jaclyn Nrberg, an assistant prfessr f exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says, Accrding t mst calculatins, race walkers mving at a pace f six miles per hur wuld burn abut 800 calries(卡路里) per hur, which is apprximately twice as many as they wuld burn walking, althugh fewer than running, which wuld prbably burn abut 1,000 r mre calries per hur.
Hwever, race walking des nt pund the bdy as much as running des, Dr. Nrberg says. Accrding t her research, runners hit the grund with as much as fur times their bdy weight per step, while race walkers, wh d nt leave the grund, create nly abut 1.4 times their bdy weight with each step.
As a result, she says, sme f the injuries assciated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncmmn amng race walkers. But the sprt’s strange frm des place cnsiderable stress n the ankles and hips, s peple with a histry f such injuries might want t be cautius in adpting the sprt. In fact, anyne wishing t try race walking shuld prbably first cnsult a cach r experienced racer t learn prper technique, she says. It takes sme practice.
28. Why are race walkers cnditined athletes?
A. They must run lng distances.
B. They are qualified fr the marathn.
C. They have t fllw special rules.
D. They are gd at swinging their legs.
29. What advantage des race walking have ver running?
A. It’s mre ppular at the Olympics.
B. It’s less challenging physically.
C. It’s mre effective in bdy building.
D. It’s less likely t cause knee injuries.
30. What is Dr. Nrberg’s suggestin fr smene trying race walking?
A. Getting experts’ pinins.
B. Having a medical checkup.
C. Hiring an experienced cach.
D. Ding regular exercises.
31. Which wrd best describes the authr’s attitude t race walking?
A. Skeptical.B. Objective.
C. Tlerant.D. Cnservative.
【解析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了竞走相比跑步有诸多的优势，但是之前受过伤的人，要想从事这样运动要谨慎，最好咨询专家的建议。
28. 细节理解题。根据第二段“But the sprt’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight thrugh mst f the leg swing and ne ft remain in cntact with the grund at all times.”可知，但这项运动的规则要求竞走者的膝盖在摆动腿的大部分时间保持伸直，一只脚始终与地面接触。由此可知，竞走运动员是需要具备某些条件的运动员是因为运动员需要遵守特殊的规则。故选C项。
29. 细节理解题。根据最后一段“As a result, she says, sme f the injuries assciated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncmmn amng race walkers.”可知，一些与跑步有关的损伤，比如跑步者的膝盖，在竞走者中并不常见。由此可知，竞走与跑步相比的优势是不太可能导致膝盖受伤。故选D项。
30. 细节理解题。根据最后一段Dr. Nrberg说的话“In fact, anyne wishing t try race walking shuld prbably first cnsult a cach r experienced racer t learn prper technique(事实上，任何想尝试竞走的人都应该首先咨询教练或有经验的竞走运动员，学习适当的技巧。)”可知，Dr. Nrberg建议想尝试竞走的人征询专家的建议。故选A项。
31. 推理判断题。根据第一段“Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shws, while mst likely cntributing t fewer injuries. It des, hwever, have its wn prblem.”可知，研究表明，竞走和跑步一样有很多健身益处，而且它还很少导致受伤。不过，它也有自己的问题。由此判断出作者对于竞走的态度是客观的。故选B项。
Passage3
D
【2020年新课标Ⅰ】 The cnnectin between peple and plants has lng been the subject f scientific research. Recent studies have fund psitive effects. A study cnducted in Yungstwn，Ohi，fr example, discvered that greener areas f the city experienced less crime. In anther，emplyees were shwn t be 15% mre prductive when their wrkplaces were decrated with huseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute f Technlgy(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual cmpsitin f plants in rder t get them t perfrm diverse，even unusual functins. These include plants that have sensrs printed nt their leaves t shw when they’re shrt f water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in grundwater. ＂We’re thinking abut hw we can engineer plants t replace functins f the things that we use every day,＂explained Michael Stran, a prfessr f chemical engineering at MIT.
One f his latest prjects has been t make plants glw(发光)in experiments using sme cmmn vegetables. Stran’s team fund that they culd create a faint light fr three-and-a-half hurs. The light，abut ne-thusandth f the amunt needed t read by，is just a start. The technlgy, Stran said, culd ne day be used t light the rms r even t turn trees int self-pwered street lamps.
In the future，the team hpes t develp a versin f the technlgy that can be sprayed nt plant leaves in a ne-ff treatment that wuld last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are als trying t develp an n and ff＂switch＂where the glw wuld fade when expsed t daylight.
Lighting accunts fr abut 7% f the ttal electricity cnsumed in the US. Since lighting is ften far remved frm the pwer surce(电源)-such as the distance frm a pwer plant t street lamps n a remte highway-a lt f energy is lst during transmissin(传输).Glwing plants culd reduce this distance and therefre help save energy.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. A new study f different plants.
B. A big fall in crime rates.
C. Emplyees frm varius wrkplaces.
D. Benefits frm green plants.
33. What is the functin f the sensrs printed n plant leaves by MIT engineer?
A. T detect plants’ lack f water
B. T change cmpsitins f plants
C. T make the life f plants lnger.
D. T test chemicals in plants.
34. What can we expect f the glwing plants in the future?
A. They will speed up energy prductin.
B. They may transmit electricity t the hme.
C. They might help reduce energy cnsumptin.
D. They culd take the place f pwer plants.
35. Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A. Can we grw mre glwing plants?
B. Hw d we live with glwing plants?
C. Culd glwing plants replace lamps?
D. Hw are glwing plants made pllutin-free?
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物。文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。
32. 主旨大意题。根据第一段中A study cnducted in Yungstwn, Ohi, fr example ,discvered that greener areas f the city experienced less crime. In anther, emplyees were shwn t be 15% mre prductive when their wrkplaces were decrated with huseplants.可知例如，在俄亥俄州扬斯敦进行的一项研究发现，城市绿化较好的地区犯罪率较低。在另一项研究中，当员工的工作场所被室内植物装饰时，他们的工作效率会提高15%。由此可知，第一段的主旨是关于绿色植物的益处。故选D。
33. 细节理解题。根据第二段中These include plants that have sensrs printed n their leaves t shw when they're shrt f water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in grundwater.可知这就包括叶子上印有传感器来显示植物缺水的情况的植物，还有一种植物可以检测到地下水中的有害化学物质。由此可知，麻省理工学院工程师植物叶片上印上传感器的作用是检测植物缺水的情况。故选A。
34. 细节理解题。根据最后一段中Glwing plants culd reduce this distance and therefre help save energy.可知发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。由此可知，这种发光的植物在未来可能有助于减少能源消耗。故选C。
35. 主旨大意题。根据最后一段中Lighting accunts fr abut 7%f the ttal electricity cnsumed in the US. Since lighting is ften far remved frm the pwer surce-such as the distance frm a pwer plant t street lamps n a remte highway-a lt f energy is lst during transmissin. Glwing plants culd reduce this distance and therefre help save energy.可知照明约占美国总耗电量的7%。由于照明通常远离电源，例如从发电厂到偏僻公路上路灯的距离，在传输过程中会损失大量能源。发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。结合文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物，文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。由此可知，C选项“发光的植物能取代路灯吗？”最符合文章标题。故选C。
Passage4
【2020年新课标Ⅱ】 Sme parents will buy any high-tech ty if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.
Psychlgist Susan Levine, an expert n mathematics develpment in yung children the University f Chicag, fund children wh play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develp better spatial skills. Puzzle play was fund t be a significant predictr f cgnitin(认知) after cntrlling fr differences in parents’ incme, educatin and the amunt f parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed vide recrdings f 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at hme and fund children wh play with puzzles between 26 and 46 mnths f age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 mnths f age.
“The children wh played with puzzles perfrmed better than thse wh did nt, n tasks that assessed their ability t rtate(旋转)and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked t interact with their children as they nrmally wuld, and abut half f children in the study played with puzzles at ne time. Higher-incme parents tended t have children play with puzzles mre frequently, and bth bys and girls wh played with puzzles had better spatial skills. Hwever, bys tended t play with mre cmplex puzzles than girls, and the parents f bys prvided mre spatial language and were mre active during puzzle play than parents f girls.
The findings were published in the jurnal Develpmental Science.
24. In which aspect d children benefit frm puzzle play?
A. Building cnfidence.B. Develping spatial skills.
C. Learning self-cntrl.D. Gaining high-tech knwledge.
25. What did Levine take int cnsideratin when designing her experiment？
A. Parents’ age.B. Children’s imaginatin.
C. Parents’ educatin.D. Child-parent relatinship.
26. Hw d by differ frm girls in puzzle play?
A. They play with puzzles mre ften.
B. They tend t talk less during the game.
C. They prefer t use mre spatial language.
D. They are likely t play with tugher puzzles.
27. What is the text mainly abut?
A. A mathematical methd.B. A scientific study.
C. A wman psychlgistD. A teaching prgram.
【解析】本文是说明文。是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。
24. 细节理解题。根据第二段中…fund children wh play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 develp better spatial skill(在2岁到4岁之间玩智力游戏的儿童在空间能力方面更好)可知，孩子们可以从智力游戏中发展更好的空间技能。B. Develping spatial skills(发展空间能力)符合以上说法，故选B项。
25. 细节理解题。根据第二段中Puzzle play was fund t be a significant predictr f cgnitin after cntrlling fr difference in parents' incme, educatin and the amunt f parent talk, Levine said.( Levine说，在父母的收入、教育和父母谈话次数方面控制差异性之后，拼图游戏被发现是一个重要的认知预测)可知Levine在设计这个试验时考虑了父母的收入、教育程度和父母谈话的次数。C. Parents' educatin.(父母的教育)符合以上说法，故选C项。
26. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中Hwever, bys tended t play with mre cmplex puzzles than girls,可知男孩比女孩更喜欢玩复杂的谜题，即他们可能会玩难度更大的谜题。D. They are likely t play with tugher puzzles.(他们有可能玩更复杂的谜题)符合以上说法，故选D项。
27. 主旨大意题。本文是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。所以是关于科学研究的。B. A scientific study(一项科学研究)符合以上说法，故选B项。
Passage5
【2020年新课标Ⅱ】When yu were trying t figure ut what t buy fr the envirnmentalist n yur hliday list, fur prbably didn’t crss yur mind. But sme eclgists and fashin (时装)enthusiasts are trying t bring back the market fr fur made frm nutria(海狸鼠).
Unusual fashin shws in New Orleans and Brklyn have(shwcased)nutria fur made int clthes in different styles. “It sunds crazy t talk abut guilt-free fur-unless yu understand that the nutria are destrying vast wetlands every year”, says Cree McCree, prject directr f Righteus Fur.
Scientists in Luisiana were s cncerned that they decided t pay hunters $5 a tail. Sme f the fur ends up in the fashin shws like the ne in Brklyn last mnth.
Nutria were brught there frm Argentina by fur farmers and let g int the wild. “The ecsystem dwn there can’t handle this nn-native species(物种).It’s destrying the envirnment. It’s them r us.” says Michael Massimi, an expert in this field.
The fur trade kept nutria check fr decades，but when the market fr nutria cllapsed in the late 1980s，the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.
Bilgist Edmnd Mutn runs the nutria cntrl prgram fr Luisiana. He says it’s nt easy t cnvince peple that nutria fur is green, but he has n dubt abut it. Hunters bring in mre than 300,000 nutria tails a year, s part f Mutn’s jb these days is trying t prmte fur.
Then there’s Righteus Fur and its unusual fashin. Mdel Paige Mrgan says，”T give peple a guilt-free ptin that they can wear withut smene thrwing paint n them-1 think that’s ging t be a massive thing, at least here in New Yrk.” Designer Jennifer Andersn admits it tk her a while t cme arund t the pinin that using nutria fur fr her creatins is mrally acceptable. She trying t cme up with a lable t attach t nutria fashins t shw it is ec-friendly.
28. What is the purpse f the fashin shws in New Orleans and Brklyn?
A. T prmte guilt-free fur.
B. T expand the fashin market.
C. T intrduce a new brand.
D. T celebrate a winter hliday.
29. Why are scientists cncerned abut nutria?
A. Nutria damage the ecsystem seriusly.
B. Nutria are an endangered species.
C. Nutria hurt lcal cat-sized animals.
D. Nutria are illegally hunted.
30. What des the underlined wrd “cllapsed” in paragraph 5 prbably mean?
A. Bmed.B. Became mature.C. Remained stable.D. Crashed.
31. What can we infer abuf wearing fur in New Yrk accrding t Mrgan?
A. It’s frmal.B. It’s risky.C. It’s harmful.D. It’s traditinal.
【解析】本文是说明文。介绍了美国新奥良和布鲁克林举办了不同寻常的时装秀。展出海狸鼠制成的皮衣。海狸鼠们每年都在破坏大片的湿地，因此设计师称这是一种环保的举措，科学家们也对海狸鼠损坏生态平衡表示了担忧。
28. 推理判断题。根据第二段Unusual fashin shws in New Orleans and Brklyn have shwcased nutria fur made int clthes in different styles. “It sunds crazy t talk abut guilt-free fur-unless yu understand that the nutria are destrying vast wetlands every year,”says Cree McCree, prject directr f Righteus Fur.得知，美国新奥尔良和布鲁克林举办了不同寻常的时装秀，时装秀上展出海狸鼠皮制成的不同风格的衣服，项目总监Cree McCree说：“除非了解海狸鼠正每年破坏大片湿地，否则谈论无罪感皮衣是很疯狂的事情”，可以判断出由于海狸鼠对生态造成了巨大的破坏，这场海狸鼠皮衣时装秀销售的是无罪恶感皮衣。故选A。
29. 推理判断题。根据第三段Scientists in Luisiana were s cncerned that they decided t pay hunters $5 a tail.得知，科学家们如此担心以至于他们决定按照一条海狸鼠尾巴付给猎人们5美元，可以推断出科学家们担忧海狸鼠们严重破坏生态平衡，。故选A。
30. 词义猜测题。根据第五段The fur trade kept nutria in check fr decades, but when the market fr nutria cllapsed in the late 1980s,the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy. 得知，毛皮贸易使海狸鼠受到了几十年的控制，但是当海狸鼠市场在20世纪80年代末崩溃时，这种猫大小的动物数量疯长，根据but判断，这是转折关系，以前由于皮毛交易，海狸鼠处于控制，现在这种海狸鼠之所以能够数量激增，是由于市场不再销售海狸鼠皮毛导致的，可以推断出划线词cllapsed 是和D.crashed倒闭的意思最相近。故选D。
31. 推理判断题。根据第二段Mdel Paige Mrgan says, “T give peple a guilt –free ptin that they can wear withut smene thrwing paint n them-I think that’s ging t be a massive thing, at least in New Yrk. ” 得知，为了给人们一种无罪的选择，人们可以穿皮衣而不被人们泼油漆，我认为在纽约将是一件巨大的事情，根据模特摩根所说得知，在纽约穿皮质衣服是有风险的。故选B。
Passage6
【2020年新课标Ⅲ】We are the prducts f evlutin, and nt just evlutin that ccurred billins f years ag. As scientists lk deeper int ur genes (基因), they are finding examples f human evlutin in just the past few thusand years. Peple in Ethipian highlands have adapted t living at high altitudes. Cattle -raising peple in East Africa and nrthern Eurpe have gained a mutatin (突变) that helps them digest milk as adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team f researchers reprted a new kind f adaptatin - nt t air r t fd, but t the cean. A grup f sea-dwelling peple in Sutheast Asia have evlved int better divers. The Bajau, as these peple are knwn, number in the hundreds f thusands in Indnesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditinally lived n husebats; in recent times, they’ve als built huses n stilts (支柱) in castal waters. “They are simply a stranger t the land,” said Redney C. Jubilad, a University f Hawaii researcher wh studies the Bajau.
Dr. Jubilad first met the Bajau while grwing up n Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing r harvesting shellfish. “We were s amazed that they culd stay underwater much lnger than us lcal islanders,” Dr. Jubilad said. “I culd see them actually walking under the sea.”
In2015, Melissa Ilard, then a graduate student in genetics at the University f Cpenhagen, heard abut the Bajau. She wndered if centuries f diving culd have led t the evlutin f physical characteristics that made the task easier fr them. “it seemed like the perfect chance fr natural selectin t act n a ppulatin,” said Dr. Ilard. She als said there were likely a number f ther genes that help the Bajau dive.
32. What des the authr want t tell us by the examples in paragraph 1?
A. Envirnmental adaptatin f cattle raisers.B. New knwledge f human evlutin.
C. Recent findings f human rigin.D. Significance f fd selectin.
33. Where d the Bajau build their huses?
A. In valleys.B. Near rivers.C. On the beach.D. Off the cast.
34. Why was the yung Jubilad astnished at the Bajau?
A. They culd walk n stilts all day.B. They had a superb way f fishing.
C. They culd stay lng underwater.D. They lived n bth land and water.
35. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Bdies Remdeled fr a Life at SeaB. Highlanders’ Survival Skills
C. Basic Methds f Genetic ResearchD. The Wrld’s Best Divers
【解析】这是一篇说明文。最近一项对人类基因的研究发现，人类的进化不仅仅发生在数十亿年前，而且最近几千年也有。Bajau人因为靠海为生，他们的身体已经进化成更能适应海洋生活。
32. 推理判断题。根据第一段的we are the prducts f evlutin, and nt just evlutin that ccurred billins f years ag. As scientists lk deeper int ur genes, they are finding examples f human evlutin in just the past few thusand years.(我们是进化的产物，而且不仅仅是数十亿年前的产物。当科学家更深入的研究我们的基因时，他们发现了人类在过去几千年进化的例子)可知，作者列举第一段的例子是为了告诉我们关于人类进化的一个新信息，那就是人类在最近几千年也在进化。B. New knwledge f human evlutin.(人类进化的新知识)符合以上说法，故选B项。
33. 细节理解题。根据第二段的The Bajau, as these peple are knwn, number in hundreds f thusands in Indnesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditinally live n husebats; in recent times, they've als built huses n stilts in castal waters.(这些人被称为Bajau，在印度尼西亚、马来西亚和菲律宾有数十万人。他们一直住在船屋上；最近他们也把房子建在沿海水域的吊脚楼上)可知，Bajau把房子建在沿海区域。D. Off the cast.(沿海)符合以上说法，故选D项。
34. 细节理解题。根据第三段的we were s amazed that they culd stay underwater much lnger than us lcal islanders.(我们很惊讶，他们在水下待的时间比我们当地的岛民要长的多)可知，让Jubilad感到吃惊的是Bajau人能在水下待更长的时间。C. They culd stay lng underwater. (他们能在水下待很长时间)符合以上说法，故选C项。
35. 主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，尤其是第二段的On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team f researchers reprted a new kind f adaptin-nt t air r t fd, but t the cean.(周四，在《细胞》杂志上发表的一篇文章中，一群研究人员报道了一种新的适应——不是空气也不是食物，而是海洋)可知，本文主要讲述了一种新的进化，即长期生活在海边，靠海为生的生活方式，让Bajau人的身体进化成更适应海洋生活。A. Bdies Remdeled fr a Life at Sea.(身体为适应海洋生活而重塑)可以作为本文标题，故选A项。
Passage7
【2020年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷（山东卷）】Accrding t a recent study in the Jurnal f Cnsumer Research, bth the size and cnsumptin habits f ur eating cmpanins can influence ur fd intake. And cntrary t existing research that says yu shuld avid eating with heavier peple wh rder large prtins(份), it's the beanples with big appetites yu really need t avid.
T test the effect f scial influence n eating habits, the researchers cnducted tw experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate wmen were individually invited int a lab t stensibly(表面上)participate in a study abut mvie viewership. Befre the film began, each wman was asked t help herself t a snack. An actr hired by the researchers grabbed her fd first. In her natural state, the actr weighed 105 punds. But in half the cases she wre a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight t 180 punds.
Bth the fat and thin versins f the actr tk a large amunt f fd. The participants fllwed suit, taking mre fd than they nrmally wuld have. Hwever, they tk significantly mre when the actr was thin.
Fr the secnd test, in ne case the thin actr tk tw pieces f candy frm the snack bwls. In the ther case, she tk 30 pieces. The results were similar t the first test: the participants fllwed suit but tk significantly mre candy when the thin actr tk 30 pieces.
The tests shw that the scial envirnment is extremely influential when we're making decisins. If this fellw participant is ging t eat mre, s will I. Call it the “I’ll have what she's having” effect. Hwever, we'll adjust the influence. If an verweight persn is having a large prtin, I'll hld back a bit because I see the results f his eating habits. But if a thin persn eats a lt, I'll fllw suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I?
12. What is the recent study mainly abut?
A. Fd safety.B. Mvie viewership.
C. Cnsumer demand.D. Eating behavir.
13. What des the underlined wrd “beanples” in paragraph 1 refer t?
A. Big eaters.B. Overweight persns.
C. Picky eaters.D. Tall thin persns.
14. Why did the researchers hire the actr?
A. T see hw she wuld affect the participants.
B. T test if the participants culd recgnize her.
C. T find ut what she wuld d in the tw tests.
D. T study why she culd keep her weight dwn.
15. On what basis d we “adjust the influence” accrding t the last paragraph?
A. Hw hungry we are.B. Hw slim we want t be.
C. Hw we perceive thers.D. Hw we feel abut the fd.
【解析】本文是说明文。最近的研究表明：我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。文章详述了这个实验的过程。
12. 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Accrding t a recent study in the Jurnal f Cnsumer Research, bth the size and cnsumptin habits f ur eating cmpanins can influence ur fd intake”可知，根据消费者研究杂志最近的一项研究，我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。因此这项研究是关于饮食行为的。故选D。
13. 词义猜测题。根据前半句“And cntrary t existing research that says yu shuld avid eating with heavier peple wh rder large prtins（份）”可知，现有的研究认为：你应该避免和体重较重、点大份饭菜的人一起吃饭。后半句认为，你真正应该避免的是the beanples with big appetites。由cntrary t可推断出，画线词和heavier peple（超重的人）相反，结合选项，D选项（瘦瘦高高的人）正好和heavier peple正好相反。故选D。
14. 推理判断题。根据第二段的“T test the effect f scial influence n eating habits, the researchers cnducted tw experiments”可知， 为了测试社会影响对饮食习惯的影响，研究人员进行了两个实验。根据倒数第三段的内容可知，在两个实验中，胖的和瘦的演员都吃了大量的食物。参与者也照做，吃的食物比平常多。 然而，当演员是瘦的时候，参与者们服用的食物更多。由此推断，研究人员雇用演员是为了看看她如何影响参与者。故选A。
15. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“If an verweight persn is having a large prtin, I’ll hld back a bit because I see the results f his eating habits. But if a thin persn eats a lt, I’ll fllw suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can’t I? ”可知，如果一个超重的人吃很大一份，我会忍住一点，因为我看到了他饮食习惯的结果。但如果一个瘦的人吃很多，我会跟着做。如果他吃得多保持苗条，为什么我不能呢？ 因此推断我们是根据我们对他人的看法（即：如何看待他人）来调整影响的。故选C。
Passage8
【2020年新高考全国Ⅱ 卷（海南卷）】Rainfrests are hme t a rich variety f medicinal plants, fd, birds and animals. Can yu believe that a single bush（灌木丛）in the Amazn may have mre species f ants than the whle f Britain! Abut 480 varieties f trees may be fund in just ne hectare f rainfrest.
Rainfrests are the lungs f the planet-string vast quantities f carbn dixide and prducing a significant amunt f the wrld's xygen. Rainfrests have their wn perfect system fr ensuring their wn survival; the tall trees make a canpy（树冠层）f branches and leaves which prtect themselves, smaller plants, and the frest animals frm heavy rain, intense dry heat frm the sun and strng winds.
Amazingly, the trees grw in such a way that their leaves and branches, althugh clse tgether, never actually tuch thse f anther tree. Scientists think this is the plants' way t prevent the spread f any tree diseases and make life mre difficult fr leaf-eating insects like caterpillars. T survive in the frest, animals must climb, jump r fly acrss the gaps. The grund flr f the frest is nt all tangled leaves and bushes, like in films, but is actually fairly clear. It is where dead leaves turn int fd fr the trees and ther frest life.
They are nt called rainfrests fr nthing! Rainfrests can generate 75%f their wn rain. At least 80 inches f rain a year is nrmal-and in sme areas there may be as much as 430 inches f rain annually. This is real rain-yur umbrella may prtect yu in a shwer, but it wn't keep yu dry if there is a full rainstrm. In just tw hurs, streams can rise ten t twenty feet. The humidity（湿气）f large rainfrests cntributes t the frmatin f raincluds that may travel t ther cuntries in need f rain.
12. What can we learn abut rainfrests frm the first paragraph?
A. They prduce xygen.B. They cver a vast area.
C. They are well managed.D. They are rich in wildlife.
13. Which f the fllwing cntributes mst t the survival f rainfrests?
A. Heavy rainsB. Big trees.
C. Small plants.D. Frest animals.
14. Why d the leaves and branches f different trees avid tuching each ther?
A. Fr mre sunlight.B. Fr mre grwing space.
C. Fr self-prtectin.D. Fr the detectin f insects.
15. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Life-Giving RainfrestsB. The Law f the Jungle
C. Animals in the AmaznD. Weather in Rainfrests
【答案】12. D 13. B 14. C 15. A
【解析】
【分析】本文是说明文。热带雨林被称为“世界上最大的药房”，因为超过25%的现代药物是由其植物提炼。热带雨林也享有“地球之肺”的美誉，因其植物的光合作用净化地球空气的能力尤为强大。仅亚马逊热带雨林产生的氧气就占全球氧气总量的1/3。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段Rainfrests are hme t a rich variety f medicinal plants, fd, birds and animals.得知，热带雨林蕴藏了丰富多彩的药用植物、食物以及鸟禽猛兽。可知，热带雨林有丰富的野生动物，故选D。
【13题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段Rainfrests have their wn perfect system fr ensuring their wn survival; the tall trees make a canpy（树冠层）f branches and leaves which prtect themselves, smaller plants, and the frest animals frm heavy rain, intense dry heat frm the sun and strng winds.得知，热带雨林有自己完美的生存体系，高大的树木有枝干，树叶的树冠层保护树木本身、小植物、动物们免受大雨和太阳强风带来的干燥热浪的伤害。可知，大树有助于热带雨林生存，故选B。
【14题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段Scientists think this is the plants' way t prevent the spread f any tree diseases and make life mre difficult fr leaf-eating insects like caterpillars.得知，科学家们认为这是植物阻止任何树木疾病扩散和让比如毛毛虫这种食用树叶的昆虫难以生存。可以判断出不同树木的树叶和树枝避免彼此触碰是为了自我保护，故选C。
【15题详解】
主旨大意题。本文首先讲述了热带雨林蕴藏了丰富多彩的药用植物、食物以及鸟禽猛兽。其次，热带雨林就是地球的肺——它吸纳了大量的二氧化碳，并制造了全球氧气的很大部分。然后，雨林可以自我形成所需降雨的75%，而庞大的热带雨林湿气则可以形成雨云，这些雨云则可以飘往那些缺雨水的国家。可以判断出本文最佳标题是“给予生命的热带雨林”，故选A。
Passage9
【2020年北京卷】Baggy has becme the first dg in the UK—and ptentially the wrld—t jin the fight against air pllutin by recrding pllutant levels near the grund.
Baggy wears a pllutin mnitr n her cllar s she can take data measurements clse t the grund. Her mnitr has shwn that air pllutin levels are higher clser t grund level, which has helped highlight cncerns that babies and yung kids may be at higher risk f develping lung prblems.
Cnventinal air pllutin mnitrs are nrmally fixed n lamppsts at abut nine feet in the air. Hwever, since Baggy stands at abut the same height as a child in a pushchair（婴儿车）, she frequently recrds pllutin levels which are much higher than the data gathered by the Envirnment A gency.
The dggy data research was the idea f Baggy's 13-year-ld wner Tm Hunt and his dad Matt. The English yungster nticed that pllutin levels are arund tw-thirds higher clse t the grund than they are in the air at the height where they are recrded by the agency. Tm has since reprted the shcking findings t the gvernment in an attempt t emphasise that babies are at higher risk f develping asthma（哮喘）.
Matt Hunt said he was "very prud" f his sn because “when the by gets an idea, he keeps his head dwn and gets n with it, and he really des want t d sme gd and stp yung kids frm getting asthma."
“Tm built up a passin fr envirnmental prtectin at a very early age," Matt added. “He became very interested in gadgets（小装置）. Abut ne year ag, he gt this new piece f tech which is like a test tube. One Sunday afternn, we went ut t d sme mnitring, and he said, why dn't we put it n Baggy's cllar and let her mnitr the pllutin？'S we did it."
Tm said, "Mst f the time, Baggy is just like any ther dg. But fr the rest f the time she is a super dg, and we are all really prud f her."
34. With a mnitr n her cllar, Baggy can ____________.
A. take pllutant readingsB. recrd pllutant levels
C. prcess cllected dataD. reduce air pllutin
35. What can we learn frm the Baggy data?
A. High places are free f air pllutin.
B. Higher pushchairs are mre risky fr kids.
C. Cnventinal mnitrs are mre reliable.
D. Air is mre plluted clser t the grund.
36. What is Tm's purpse f ding the research?
A. T warn f a health risk.B. T find ut pllutin surces.
C. T test his new mnitr.D. T prve Baggy's abilities.
37. Accrding t the passage, which wrd can best describe Tm Hunt?
A. Mdest.B. Generus.C. Creative.D. Outging.
【答案】34. B 35. D 36. A 37. C
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了13岁的孩子Tm Hunt和他的爸爸通过在自己的宠物狗的脖子上戴污染监测器来记录地面附近的污染物水平；监测仪显示，接近地面的空气污染水平更高，这有助于强调婴儿和幼儿可能面临更高风险发展肺部问题的担忧。
【34题详解】
细节理解题。本题题干意为：她的衣领上戴着监视器，Baggy 可以…。根据文章第二段Baggy wears a pllutin mnitr n her cllar s she can take data measurements clse t the grund. Baggy在她的衣领上戴着污染监测器，这样她就可以在接近地面的地方进行数据测量。可知戴着污染监测器可以记录污染物的水平。故答案为B项。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。本题题干意为：我们从Baggy收集到的数据中可以了解到什么？根据文章第二段 Her mnitr has shwn that air pllutin levels are higher clser t grund level, which has helped highlight cncerns that babies and yung kids may be at higher risk f develping lung prblems.她的监测仪显示，接近地面的空气污染水平更高，这有助于突显婴儿和幼童罹患肺部疾病的风险更高的担忧。可知接近地面的空气污染水平更高。故答案为D项。
【36题详解】
推理判断题。本题题干意为：进行这项研究Tm的意图是？根据文章第四段Tm has since reprted the shcking findings t the gvernment in an attempt t emphasize that babies are at higher risk f develping asthma（哮喘）.汤姆已经令人震惊的发现报告给政府,试图强调,婴儿患哮喘的风险更高。可知Tm研究的目的是对健康风险提出警告。故答案为A项。
【37题详解】
推理判断题。本题题干意为：根据文章，哪个词最能描述汤姆·亨特?根据文章倒数第二段“Tm built up a passin fr envirnmental prtectin at a very early age," Matt added. “He became very interested in gadgets（小装置）.Abut ne year ag, he gt this new piece f tech which is like a test tube. One Sunday afternn, we went ut t d sme mnitring, and he said, why dn't we put it n Baggy's cllar and let her mnitr the pllutin？'S we did it."汤姆在很小的时候就对环境保护产生了热情，马特补充说。他非常感兴趣的产品(小装置)。大约一年前，他得到了一个类似试管的新技术。一个星期天的下午，我们出去做一些监测，他说，为什么我们不把它戴在Baggy的衣领上，让她监测污染?于是我们就这么做了。可知Tm是非常的有创造力的。故答案为C项。
Passage10
【2020年浙江卷1月】Milwaukee, Wiscnsin, is rad testing a new way t keep winter rads ice-free – by spreading n them cheese brine, the salty liquid used t make sft cheese, like mzzarella.
Wiscnsin, als called "America's Dairyland," is famus fr its cheese. The state prduced 2.8 billin punds f cheese last year! a result, there was a lt f leftver cheese brine. Dispsing f(处置)the brine can be expensive. S what shuld cheese makers d with the waste?
Nrmally, twns use rck salt t de-ice streets. The salt lwers waters' freezing pint, causing ice t melt(融化). But using cheese brine culd help bth cheese prducers and cities save mney, while keeping rads safe. Cheese brine has salt in it, which, like the rck salt, helps lwer water's freezing pint.
In additin t saving mney, cheese brine culd als be a mre envirnment-friendly ptin. Many peple suspect that all the rck salt used every winter is harming the envirnment.
Rck salt is made f sdium chlride, the sane cn-pund (化合物)in rdinary table salt. Sunds harmless, right? But while yu prbably add nly a small amunt f salt t yur fd, rad crews spread abut 20 millin tns f salt n U.S. Rads every year!
The chemical washes ff rads and ges int the grund. There it can pllute drinking water, harm plants. and eat away sil. By spreading cheese brine n streets befre adding a layer f rck salt, Milwaukee may be able t cut its rck salt use by 30 percent.
Cheese brine has a dwnside t – a shell similar t that f bad milk. "I dn't really mind it," Emil Nrby tld Mdern Farmer magazine. He wrks fr ne f Wiscnsin's cunty highway cmmissins and came up with the idea f using cheese brine. "Our rads smell like Wiscnsin!" he said.
24. Why can cheese brine help keep winter rads ice-free?
A. It is sft.B. It cntains salt.C. It is warm.D. It has milk in it.
25. What is a benefit f using cheese urine n rads?
A. Imprving air quality.B. Increasing sales f rck salt.
C. Reducing water pllutin.D. Saving the cheese industry.
26. Milwaukee's new way t de-ice streets may be an example f_______________.
A. barking up the wrng treeB. putting the cart befre the hrse
C. rbbing Peter t pay PaulD. killing tw birds with ne stne
【答案】24. B 25. C 26. D
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。主要说明了威斯康辛州的密尔沃基市正在试验一种新的路面防冻方法——在路面上涂上奶酪盐水。文章说明了这种新方法的好处是，相比于常用的岩盐，奶酪盐水既可以帮助道路不结冰，同时又很省钱环保。
【24题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句Cheese brine has salt in it, which, like the rck salt, helps lwer water's freezing pint.（奶酪盐水中含有盐，就像岩盐一样，有助于降低水的冰点）可知因为奶酪盐水含有盐，所以能帮助冬季道路不结冰。故选B。
【25题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中There it can pllute drinking water, harm plants. and eat away sil. By spreading cheese brine n streets befre adding a layer f rck salt, Milwaukee may be able t cut its rck salt use by 30 percent.（在那里它可以污染饮用水，伤害植物，侵蚀土壤。通过在街道上撒上奶酪盐水，然后再撒上一层岩盐，密尔沃基或许可以将岩盐的使用量减少30%）可知岩盐会污染饮用水，而在道路上使用奶酪盐水可以减少水污染。故选C。
【26题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句Cheese brine has salt in it, which, like the rck salt, helps lwer water's freezing pint.（奶酪盐水中含有盐，就像岩盐一样，有助于降低水的冰点）以及第四段第一句In additin t saving mney, cheese brine culd als be a mre envirnment-friendly ptin.（除了省钱，奶酪盐水也是一个更环保的选择）可知相比于常用的岩盐，奶酪盐水既可以帮助道路不结冰，同时又很省钱环保，可知密尔沃基市的街道除冰新方法是一个“一石二鸟”的成功例子。故选D。
Passage11
C
【2020年浙江卷1月】Tday's wrld is nt an easy adjustment fr yung adults. Key skill set fr success is persistence (毅力), a characteristic that researchers say is heavily influenced by fathers. Researchers frm Brigham Yung University discvered that fathers are in a unique psitin t help their adlescent children learn persistence.
BYU prfessrs Laura Padilla-Walker and Randal Day arrived at these findings after fllwing 325 American families ver several years. And ver time，the persistence gained thrugh fathers led t higher achievement in schl.
"There are relatively few studies that stress the unique rle f fathers，"Padilla-Walker said. "This research als helps t prve that characteristics such as persistence-which can be taught-are key t a child's life success.”
Researchers determined that dads need t practice an "authritative" parenting style. Authritative parenting is nt authritarian:rigid，demanding r cntrlling. Rather，an authritative parenting style includes sme f the fllwing characteristics:children feel warmth and lve frm their father；respnsibility and the reasns behind rules are stressed children are given an apprpriate level f autnmy(自主权).
In the study，abut 52 percent f the dads exhibited abve-average levels f authritative parenting. A key finding is that ver time，children raised by an authritative father were significantly mre likely t develp persistence，which leads t better utcmes in schl.
This particular study examined 11 t 14-year-lds living in tw-parent hmes. Yet the researchers suggest that single parents still may play a rle in teaching the benefits f persistence，which is an avenue f future research.
27. What is special abut the BYU prfessrs' study?
A. It centered n fathers' rle in parenting.
B. It was based n a number f large families.
C. It analyzed different kinds f parenting styles.
D. It aimed t imprve kids' achievement in schl.
28. What wuld an authritative father d when raising his children?
A. Ignre their demands.B. Make decisins fr them.
C. Cntrl their behavirs.D. Explain the rules t them.
29. Which grup can be a fcus f future studies accrding t the researchers?
A. Single parents.
B. Children aged frm 11 t 14.
C. Authritarian fathers.
D. Mthers in tw-parent hmes.
30. Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A. Three Characteristics f Authritative Fathers.
B. Key Skills fr Yung Adults t Succeed in Future.
C. Children Tend t Learn Determinatin frm Father.
D. Family Relatinship Influences Schl Perfrmance.
【答案】27. A 28. D 29. A 30. C
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。研究人员发现，父亲在帮助青春期的孩子学习毅力方面具有独特的地位。研究人员认为，父亲们需要采用一种“权威”的养育方式，且一项重要的发现是，随着时间的推移，由权威父亲抚养长大的孩子更有可能培养出坚持不懈的精神，从而在学校取得更好的成绩。
【27题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句Researchers frm Brigham Yung University discvered that fathers are in a unique psitin t help their adlescent children learn persistence.（杨百翰大学的研究人员发现，父亲在帮助青春期的孩子学习毅力方面具有独特的地位）可知杨百翰大学研究的特别之处在于，它关注的是父亲在养育子女中的角色。故选A。
【28题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段中Rather，an authritative parenting style includes sme f the fllwing characteristics: children feel warmth and lve frm their father；respnsibility and the reasns behind rules are stressed children are given an apprpriate level f autnmy.（相反，权威的养育方式包括以下一些特征:孩子们感受到来自父亲的温暖和爱；强调责任和规则背后的原因；孩子们被给予适当的自主权）可知一个有权威的父亲在抚养孩子时会向他们解释规则。故选D。
【29题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句Yet the researchers suggest that single parents still may play a rle in teaching the benefits f persistence，which is an avenue f future research.（然而，研究人员认为，单亲父母仍然可能在教授坚持不懈的好处方面发挥作用，这是未来研究的一个方向）可知根据研究人员的说法，单亲父母是未来研究的重点。故选A。
【30题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章倒数第二段中A key finding is that ver time，children raised by an authritative father were significantly mre likely t develp persistence，which leads t better utcmes in schl.（一项重要的发现是，随着时间的推移，由权威父亲抚养长大的孩子更有可能培养出坚持不懈的精神，从而在学校取得更好的成绩）和文章主要内容为说明父亲在养育子女中的角色，故选C选项“孩子们倾向于向父亲学习决心”最符合文章标题。故选C。
Passage12
【2020年江苏卷】 Smetimes it’s hard t let g. Fr many British peple, that can apply t institutins and bjects that represent their cuntry’s past-age-ld castles, splendid hmes… and red phne bxes.
Beaten first by the march f technlgy and lately by the terrible weather in junkyards (废品场), the phne bxes representative f an age are nw making smething f a cmeback. Adapted in imaginative ways, many have reappeared n city streets and village greens husing tiny cafes, cellphne repair shps r even defibrillatr machines (除颤器).
The riginal irn bxes with the rund rfs first appeared in 1926. They were designed by Giles Gilbert Sctt, the architect f the Battersea Pwer Statin in Lndn. After becming an imprtant part f many British streets, the phne bxes began disappearing in the 1980s, with the rise f the mbile phne sending mst f them away t the junkyards.
Abut that time, Tny Inglis’ engineering and transprt cmpany gt the jb t remve phne bxes frm the streets and sell them ut. But Inglis ended up buying hundreds f them himself, with the idea f repairing and selling them. He said that he had heard the calls t preserve the bxes and had seen hw sme f them were listed as histric buildings.
As Inglis and, later ther businessmen, gt t wrk, repurpsed phne bxes began reappearing in cities and villages as peple fund new uses fr them. Tday, they are nce again a familiar sight, playing rles that are ften just as imprtant fr the cmmunity as their riginal purpse.
In rural areas, where ambulances can take a relatively lng time t arrive, the phne bxes have taken n a lifesaving rle. Lcal rganizatins can adpt them fr l pund, and install defibrillatrs t help in emergencies.
Others als lked at the phne bxes and saw business pprtunities. LveFne, a cmpany that advcates repairing cellphnes rather than abandning them, pened a mini wrkshp in a Lndn phne bx in 2016.
The tiny shps made ecnmic sense, accrding t Rbert Kerr, a funder f LveFne. He said that ne f the bxes generated arund $13,500 in revenue a mnth and cst nly abut $400 t rent.
Inglis said phne bxes called t mind an age when things were built t last. I “like what they are t peple, and I enjy bringing things back,” he said.
58. The phne bxes are making a cmeback ______.
A. t frm a beautiful sight f the city
B. t imprve telecmmunicatins services
C. t remind peple f a histrical perid
D. t meet the requirement f green ecnmy
59. Why did the phne bxes begin t g ut f service in the 1980s?
A. They were nt well-designed.B. They prvided bad services.
C. They had t shrt a histry.D. They lst t new technlgies.
60. The phne bxes are becming ppular mainly because f ______.
A. their new appearance and lwer pricesB. the push f the lcal rganizatins
C. their changed rles and functinsD. the big funding f the businessmen
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了在英国，电话亭在20世纪80年代开始停止使用。后来，一些商人使电话亭的角色和功能发生了变化，电话亭又变得流行起来。
58. 细节理解题。根据第一段Smetimes it’s hard t let g. Fr many British peple, that can apply t institutins and bjects that represent their cuntry’s past-age-ld castles, splendid hmes.. and red phne bxes.(有时候真的很难放手。对许多英国人来说，这可以适用于代表他们国家过去历史的机构和物品--古老的城堡、辉煌的住宅……还有红色的电话亭)和最后一段Inglis said phne bxes called t mind an age when things were built t last.(英格利斯说，电话亭让人想起了一个东西经久耐用的时代)可知，电话亭正在卷土重来，以提醒人们一个历史时期。故选C。
59. 细节理解题。根据第三段After becming an imprtant part f many British streets, the phne bxes began disappearing in the 1980s, with the rise f the mbile phne sending mst f them away t the junkyards.(在成为英国许多街道的重要组成部分后，电话亭在20世纪80年代开始消失，随着移动电话的兴起，大部分电话亭被扔到了垃圾场)可知，电话亭在20世纪80年代开始停止使用是因为它们输给了新技术。故选D。
60. 推理判断题。根据第五段As Inglis and, later ther businessmen, gt t wrk, repurpsed phne bxes began reappearing in cities and villages as peple fund new uses fr them. Tday, they are nce again a familiar sight, playing rles that are ften just as imprtant fr the cmmunity as their riginal purpse.(随着英格利斯和后来的其他商人开始工作，改装后的电话亭开始在城市和乡村重新出现，人们发现了它们的新用途。今天，它们再次成为人们熟悉的景象，扮演着与它们最初的目的同样重要的角色)和第六段In rural areas, where ambulances can take a relatively lng time t arrive, the phne bxes have taken n a lifesaving rle.(在农村地区，救护车要花相当长的时间才能到达，电话亭就起到了拯救生命的作用)以及第七段Others als lked at the phne bxes and saw business pprtunities.(其他人也在电话亭寻找商机)可推断出，电话亭之所以变得流行，主要是因为它们的角色和功能发生了变化。故选C。
Passage13
C
【2020年江苏卷】 Fr thse wh can stmach it, wrking ut befre breakfast may be mre beneficial fr health than eating first, accrding t a study f meal timing and physical activity.
Athletes and scientists have lng knwn that meal timing affects perfrmance. Hwever, far less has been knwn abut hw meal timing and exercise might affect general health.
T find ut, British scientists cnducted a study. They first fund 10 verweight and inactive but therwise healthy yung men, whse lifestyles are, fr better and wrse, representative f thse f mst f us. They tested the men’s fitness and resting metablic (新陈代谢的) rates and tk samples (样品) f their bld and fat tissue.
Then, n tw separate mrning visits t the scientists’ lab, each man walked fr an hur at an average speed that, in thery shuld allw his bdy t rely mainly n fat fr fuel. Befre ne f these wrkuts, the men skipped breakfast, meaning that they exercised n a cmpletely empty stmach after a lng vernight fast (禁食). On the ther ccasin, they ate a rich mrning meal abut tw hurs befre they started walking.
Just befre and an hur after each wrkut, the scientists tk additinal samples f the men’s bld and fat tissue.
Then they cmpared the samples. There were cnsiderable differences. Mst bviusly, the men displayed lwer bld sugar levels at the start f their wrkuts when they had skipped breakfast than when they had eaten. As a result, they burned mre fat during walks n an empty stmach than when they had eaten first. On the ther hand, they burned slightly mre calries (卡路里), n average, during the wrkut after breakfast than after fasting.
But it was the effects deep within the fat cells that may have been the mst significant, the researchers fund. Multiple genes behaved differently, depending n whether smene had eaten r nt befre walking. Many f these genes prduce prteins (蛋白质) that can imprve bld sugar regulatin and insulin (胰岛素) levels thrughut the bdy and s are assciated with imprved metablic health. These genes were much mre active when the men had fasted befre exercise than when they had breakfasted.
The implicatin f these results is that t gain the greatest health benefits frm exercise, it may be wise t skip eating first.
61. The underlined expressin “stmach it” in Paragraph 1 mst prbably means “______”.
A. digest the meal easilyB. manage withut breakfast
C. decide wisely what t eatD. eat whatever is ffered
62. Why were the 10 peple chsen fr the experiment?
A. Their lifestyles were typical f rdinary peple.
B. Their lack f exercise led t verweight.
C. They culd walk at an average speed.
D. They had slw metablic rates.
63. What happened t thse wh ate breakfast befre exercise?
A. They successfully lst weight.B. They cnsumed a bit mre calries.
C. They burned mre fat n average.D. They displayed higher insulin levels.
64. What culd be learned frm the research?
A. A wrkut after breakfast imprves gene perfrmances.
B. T much wrkut ften slws metablic rates.
C. Lifestyle is nt as imprtant as mrning exercise.
D. Physical exercise befre breakfast is better fr health.
【文章大意】本文是说明文。文章介绍了一项研究，结果表明对于那些能忍受的人来说，不吃早餐锻炼可能对健康更有益。
61. 词句猜测题。根据下文wrking ut befre breakfast may be mre beneficial fr health than eating first可知，早餐前锻炼可能比先吃饭再锻炼对健康更有益，因此推断这里说的是那些不吃早饭先锻炼的人，因此推断划线词与B项“不吃早饭能应付”意思相近。故选B。
62. 细节理解题。根据第三段的They first fund 10 verweight and inactive but therwise healthy yung men, whse lifestyles are far better and wrse, representative f thse f mst f us.可知，他们首先找到了10个超重的，不活跃但健康的年轻人，他们的生活方式可以说更好，也可以说更糟，代表了我们大多数人。因此可知，实验时选择的10个人的生活方式代表了普通人。故选A。
63. 细节理解题。根据第六段的As a result, they burned mre fat during walks n an empty stmach than when they had eaten first. On the ther hand. they burned slightly mre calries(卡路里), n average, during the wrkut after breakfast than after fasting.可知，结果，他们空腹散步时燃烧的脂肪比他们首先吃东西时所燃烧的脂肪要多。 另一方面。平均而言，他们在早餐后锻炼时燃烧的卡路里略多于禁食后。因此可知，锻炼前吃早饭消耗更多一点的热量。故选B。
64. 推理判断题。根据最后一段The implicatin f these results is that t gain the greatest health benefits frm exercise, it may be wise t skip eating first.可知，这些结果的暗示，为了从运动中获得最大的健康益处，先不吃东西可能更明智。因此推断早饭前的体育锻炼对健康更有益。故选D。
2019年阅读理解说明文
Passage1
【2019年全国卷 Ⅰ】As data and identity theft becmes mre and mre cmmn, the market is grwing fr bimetric(生物测量)technlgies—like fingerprint scans—t keep thers ut f private e-spaces. At present, these technlgies are still expensive, thugh.
Researchers frm Gergia Tech say that they have cme up with a lw-cst device(装置)that gets arund this prblem: a smart keybard. This smart keybard precisely measures the cadence(节奏)with which ne types and the pressure fingers apply t each key. The keybard culd ffer a strng layer f security by analyzing things like the frce f a user's typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique t each persn. Thus, the keybard can determine peple's identities, and by extensin, whether they shuld be given access t the cmputer it's cnnected t—regardless f whether smene gets the passwrd right.
It als desn't require a new type f technlgy that peple aren't already familiar with. Everybdy uses a keybard and everybdy types differently.
In a study describing the technlgy, the researchers had 100 vlunteers type the wrd “tuch”fur times using the smart keybard. Data cllected frm the device culd be used t recgnize different participants based n hw they typed, with very lw errr rates. The researchers say that the keybard shuld be pretty straightfrward t cmmercialize and is mstly made f inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hpes t make it t market in the near future.
28. Why d the researchers develp the smart keybard?
A. T reduce pressure n keys.B. T imprve accuracy in typing
C. T replace the passwrd system.D. T cut the cst f e-space prtectin.
29. What makes the inventin f the smart keybard pssible？
A. Cmputers are much easier t perate.
B. Fingerprint scanning techniques develp fast.
C. Typing patterns vary frm persn t persn.
D. Data security measures are guaranteed.
30. What d the researchers expect f the smart keybard？all 1 sisgitiec ll.
A. It'll be envirnment-friendly.B. It'll reach cnsumers sn.
C. It'll be made f plastics.D. It'll help speed up typing.
31. Where is this text mst likely frm?
A. A diary.B. A guidebkC. A nvel.D. A magazine.
【答案】28. D 29. C 30. B 31. D
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。数据和身份盗窃变得越来越普遍，目前，向指纹扫描等这些技术仍然是昂贵的。本文介绍了一种新的科技——智能键盘，它能给e-space用户带来安全，而且这项技术也不贵。
28. 细节理解题。根据第一段的At present, these technlgies are still expensive, thugh.和第二段的Researchers frm Gergia Tech say that they have cme up with a lw-cst device that gets arund this prblem: a smart key bard.可知，研究者们开发智能键盘是为了降低e-space保护的成本。故选D。
29. 细节理解题。根据第二段的The key bard culd ffer a strng layer f security by analyzing things like the frce f a user’s typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique t each persn. Thus，the keybard can determine peple’s identities可知，因为每个人的打字方式不同，使智能键盘能够识别人的身份。故选C。
30. 细节理解题。根据最后一段的The team hpes t make it t market in the near future.可知，研究者们希望智能键盘能早日面世。故选B。
31. 推理判断题。本文介绍了一种新的科技——智能键盘，它能给e-space用户带来安全，由此可知，本文是关于科技，结合所给选项可知，本文可能来自于一本杂志。故选D。
Passage 2
【2019年全国卷 Ⅰ】During the rsy years f elementary schl(小学), I enjyed sharing my dlls and jkes, which allwed me t keep my high scial status. I was the queen f the playgrund. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cl kids. They rse in the ranks nt by being friendly but by smking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jkes n thers, amng whm I sn fund myself.
Ppularity is a well-explred subject in scial psychlgy. Mitch Prinstein, a prfessr f clinical psychlgy srts the ppular int tw categries: the likable and the status seekers. The likables’ plays-well-with-thers qualities strengthen schlyard friendships, jump-start interpersnal skills and, when tapped early, are emplyed ever after in life and wrk. Then there’s the kind f ppularity that appears in adlescence: status brn f pwer and even dishnrable behavir.
Enviable as the cl kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein’s studies shw unpleasant cnsequences. Thse wh were highest in status in high schl, as well as thse least liked in elementary schl, are “mst likely t engage(从事)in dangerus and risky behavir.”
In ne study, Dr. Prinstein examined the tw types f ppularity in 235 adlescents, scring the least liked, the mst liked and the highest in status based n student surveys(调查研究). “We fund that the least well-liked teens had becme mre aggressive ver time tward their classmates. But s had thse wh were high in status. It clearly shwed that while likability can lead t healthy adjustment, high status has just the ppsite effect n us."
Dr. Prinstein has als fund that the qualities that made the neighbrs want yu n a play date-sharing, kindness, penness — carry ver t later years and make yu better able t relate and cnnect with thers.
In analyzing his and ther research，Dr. Prinstein came t anther cnclusin: Nt nly is likability related t psitive life utcmes, but it is als respnsible fr thse utcmes, t. "Being liked creates pprtunities fr learning and fr new kinds f life experiences that help smebdy gain an advantage, ” he said.
32. What srt f girl was the authr in her early years f elementary schl?
A. Unkind.B. Lnely.C. Generus.D. Cl.
33. What is the secnd paragraph mainly abut？
A. The classificatin f the ppular.
B. The characteristics f adlescents.
C. The imprtance f interpersnal skills.
D. The causes f dishnrable behavir
34. What did Dr. Prinstein’s study find abut the mst liked kids?
A. They appeared t be aggressive.
B. They tended t be mre adaptable.
C. They enjyed the highest status.
D. They perfrmed well academically.
35. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Be Nice-Yu Wn’t Finish Last
B. The Higher the Status, the Beer
C. Be the Best-Yu Can Make It
D. Mre Self-Cntrl, Less Aggressiveness
【答案】32. C 33. A 34. B 35. A
【语篇解读】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲到研究表明，对别人好，讨人喜欢对人生活的各个方面有深远的有益影响。
32. 推理判断题。根据第一段During the rsy years f elementary schl, I enjyed sharing my dlls and jkes, which allwed me t keep my high scial status（在美好的小学时光里，我喜欢分享我的娃娃和笑话，这让我保持了高高的社会地位。）由此推断出，作者在小学早期时，是一个慷慨的女孩。unkind不友善的；lnely寂寞的；generus慷慨的；cl冷静的，故选C。
33. 主旨大意题。第二段Mitch Prinstein, a prfessr f clinical psychlgy srts the ppular int tw categries: the likable and the status seekers.（临床心理学教授Mitch Prinstein将受欢迎的人分为两类:讨人喜欢的人和追求地位的人。）是段落主题句，本段内容分别对the likable 和the status seekers 做了解释，所以本段主要介绍了两种受欢迎的分类，故选A。
34. 推理判断题。根据第四段It clearly shwed that while likability can lead t healthy adjustment （它清楚地表明，可爱可以促使健全的调整），由此推断出，心理学教授Mitch Prinstein的研究表明，最有人望的孩子适应性更强，故选B。
35. 主旨大意题。通过阅读全文内容，尤其是最后一段，可知这篇文章主要讲了受欢迎，讨人喜欢对人生活的各个方面有深远的有益影响。与选项A“对别人好——最终，你的收获无穷无尽”一致，故选A。
Passage 3
【2019年全国卷Ⅱ】Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach’s Bar Luie cunter by herself, quietly reading her e-bk as she waits fr her salad. What is she reading? Nne f yur business! Lunch is Bechtel’s “me” time. And like mre Americans, she’s nt alne.
A new reprt fund 46 percent f meals are eaten alne in America. Mre than half(53 percent)have breakfast alne and nearly half(46 percent)have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are we eating tgether anymre，74 percent，accrding t statistics frm the reprt.
“I prefer t g ut and be ut. Alne，but tgether，yu knw？”Bechtel said，lking up frm her bk. Bechtel，wh wrks in dwntwn West Palm Beach，has lunch with cwrkers smetimes，but like many f us，t ften wrks thrugh lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allws her t keep a bss frm tapping her n the shulder. She returns t wrk feeling energized. “Tday，I just wanted sme time t myself，”she said.
Just tw seats ver，Andrew Mazleny，a lcal videgrapher，is finishing his lunch at the bar. He likes that he can sit and check his phne in peace r chat up the barkeeper with whm he's n a first-name basis if he wants t have a little interactin(交流). “I reflect n hw my day's gne and think abut the rest f the week,” he said. “It's a chance fr self-reflectin, Yu return t wrk recharged and with a plan.”
That freedm t chse is ne reasn mre peple like t eat alne. There was a time when peple may have felt awkward abut asking fr a table fr ne，but thse days are ver. Nw，we have ur smartphnes t keep us cmpany at the table. “It desn't feel as alne as it may have befre al the advances in technlgy,” said Laurie Demerit， whse cmpany prvided the statistics fr the reprt.
28. What are the statistics in paragraph 2 abut?
A. Fd varietyB. Eating habits.
C. Table manners.D. Restaurant service.
29. Why des Bechtel prefer t g ut fr lunch?
A. T meet with her cwrkers.
B. T catch up with her wrk.
C. T have sme time n her wn.
D. T cllect data fr her reprt.
30. What d we knw abut Mazleny?
A. He makes vides fr the bar.
B. He’s fnd f the fd at the bar.
C. He interviews custmers at the bar.
D. He’s familiar with the barkeeper.
31. What is the text mainly abut?
A. The trend f having meals alne.
B. The imprtance f self-reflectin.
C. The stress frm wrking vertime.
D. The advantage f wireless technlgy.
【答案】28. B 29. C 30. D 31. A
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。通过一份调查结果显示，很大比例的人选择独自用餐，原因很多，比如逃离工作氛围，或者反思自己，但是独自用餐正慢慢成为一种趋势。
28.B【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段可知，在美国，约有46%的人们独自用餐，53%的人们独自吃早餐，46%的人们独自吃午餐，只有74%的人们晚餐不是独自享用，故可知本段的数据是关于用餐习惯，故选B。
29.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段A lunchtime escape allws her t keep a bss frm tapping her n the shulder. Tday, I just wanted sme time t myself.可知，Bechtel一个人吃午饭可以让她逃离老板的关注，给自己留一些自由时间，故选C。
30.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段he likes that he can sit and check his phne in peace r chat up the barkeeper with whm he’s n a first-name basis if he wants t have a little interactin.可知Mazleny喜欢这样的气氛，因为可以坐在那里，查看手机信息，或者想聊天了，可以直呼吧台服务员名字和他聊天，故可知，他与服务员很熟悉，可以直呼对方名字，故选D。
31.A 【解析】主旨大意题。本文通过一份调查结果显示，很大比例的人选择独自用餐，原因很多，比如逃离工作氛围，或者反思自己，但是独自用餐正慢慢成为一种趋势，故选A。
Passage 4
【2019年全国卷Ⅱ】Bacteria are an annying prblem fr astrnauts. The micrrganisms(微生物) frm ur bdies grw uncntrllably n surfaces f the Internatinal Space Statin, s astrnauts spend hurs cleaning them up each week. Hw is NASA vercming this very tiny big prblem? It’s turning t a bunch f high schl kids. But nt just any kids. It depending n NASA HUNCH high schl class, like the ne science teachers Gene Grdn and Dnna Himmelberg lead at Fairprt High Schl in Fairprt, New Yrk.
HUNCH is designed t cnnect high schl classrms with NASA engineers. Fr the past tw years, Grdn’s students have been studying ways t kill bacteria in zer gravity, and they think they’re clse t a slutin(解决方案). “We dn’t give the students any breaks. They have t d it just like NASA engineers,” says Flrence Gld, a prject manager.
“There are n tests,” Grdn says. “There is n graded hmewrk. There almst are n grades, ther than‘Are yu wrking twards yur gal?’ Basically, it’s ‘I’ve gt t prduce this prduct and then, at the end f year, present it t NASA.’ Engineers cme and really d an in-persn review, and…it’s nt a very nice thing at time. It’s a hard business review f yur prduct.”
Grdn says the HUNCH prgram has an impact(影响) n cllege admissins and practical life skills. “These kids are s absrbed in their studies that I just sit back. I dn’t teach.” And that annying bacteria? Grdn says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers abut the prblem, readying a wrkable slutin t test in space.
32. What d we knw abut the bacteria in the Internatinal Space Statin?
A. They are hard t get rid f.B. They lead t air pllutin.
C. They appear different frms.D. They damage the instruments.
33. What is the purpse f the HUNCH prgram?
A. T strengthen teacher-student relatinships.B. T sharpen students’ cmmunicatin skills.
C. T allw students t experience zer gravity.D. T link space technlgy with schl educatin
34. What d the NASA engineers d fr the students in the prgram?
A. Check their prduct.B. Guide prject designs
C. Adjust wrk schedules.D. Grade their hmewrk.
35. What is the best title fr the text?
A. NASA: The Hme f Astrnauts.
B. Space: The Final Hmewrk Frntier.
C. Nature: An Outdr Classrm.
D. HUNCH:A Cllege Admissin Refrm.
【答案】32. A 33. D 34. A 35. B
【语篇解读】本文为说明文。本文介绍了HUNCH项目就是通过Grdn的学生找到如何杀死空间站的细菌这一技术，把空间技术与带进课堂，与学校教育相结合，从而最终影响到大学入学。
32.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Bacteria are annying prblem fr astrnauts. The micrrganisms frm ur bdies grw uncntrllably n surfaces f the Internatinal Space Statin, s astrnauts spend hurs cleaning them up each week.”可知，细菌对宇航员来说是个令人讨厌的问题。这种来自我们身体的微生物在国际空间站的表面不受控制地生长，宇航员每周要花几个小时来清理它们。也就是说它们很难去掉。其中的“the micrrganisms”包括“bacteria”。由此可知， A项符合题意。
33.D【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段的 “HUNCH is designed t cnnect high schl classrms with NASA engineers. Grdn’s students have been studying ways t kill bacteria in zer gravity,...”可知，Hunch旨在把高中教室和NASA的工程师联系起来。Grdn的学生一直在研究如何在零重力下杀死细菌, ...”。结合最后一段中的“Grdn students are emailing daily with NASA engineers abut the prblem,...”可知，学生每天都给NASA的工程师发邮件一起探讨（如何杀死空间站的细菌这一空间技术）这个问题。由此可推断出HUNCH prgram的目的把空间技术与学校教育相结合。分析选项可知D项符合题意。
34.A【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“I’ve gt t prduce this prduct and then, at the end f the year ,present it t NASA, ”“Engineers cme and really d an in-persn review，and ’s nt a very nice thing at times. It’s a hard business review f yur prduct.”可知，NASA的工程师要检查学生所做的产品。分析选项可知A项符合题意，故选A。
35.B【解析】标题归纳题。根据全文内容以及最后一段中的Grdn says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers abut the prblem，readying a wrkable slutin t test in space可知课文的最佳标题是空间站：前沿的终极作业；故选B。
Passage 5
【2019年全国卷III】Fr Western designers, China and its rich culture have lng been an inspiratin fr Western creative.
"It's n secret that China has always been a surce(来源)f inspiratin fr designers," says Amanda Hill, chief creative fficer at A+E Netwrks, a glbal media cmpany and hme t sme f the biggest fashin(时尚)shws.
Earlier this year, the China Thrugh A Lking Glass exhibitin in New Yrk exhibited 140 pieces f China-inspired fashinable clthing alngside Chinese wrks f art, with the aim f explring the influence f Chinese aesthetics(美学)n Western fashin and hw China has fueled the fashinable imaginatin fr centuries. The exhibitin had recrd attendance, shwing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.
"China is impssible t verlk," says Hill. "Chinese mdels are the faces f beauty and fashin campaigns that sell dreams t wmen all ver the wrld, which means Chinese wmen are nt just cnsumers f fashin — they are central t its mvement. "Of curse, nly are tday's tp Western designers being influenced by China-sme f the best designers f cntemprary fashin are themselves Chinese." Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jasn Wu are taking n Galian, Albaz, Marc Jacbs-and beating them hands dwn in design and sales," adds Hil.
Fr Hill, it is impssible nt t talk abut China as the leading player when discussing fashin. "The mst famus designers are Chinese, s are the mdels, and s are the cnsumers," she says. "China is n lnger just anther market; in many senses it has becme the market. If yu talk abut fashin tday, yu are talking abut China-its influences, its directin, its breathtaking clthes, and hw yung designers and mdels are finally acknwledging that in many ways."
24. What can we learn abut the exhibitin in New Yrk?
A. It prmted the sales f artwrks.B. It attracted a large number f visitrs.
C. It shwed ancient Chinese clthes.D. It aimed t intrduce Chinese mdels.
25. What des Hill say abut Chinese wmen?
A. They are setting the fashin.B. They start many fashin campaigns.
C. They admire super mdels.D. They d business all ver the wrld.
26. What d the underlined wrds "taking n" in paragraph 4 mean?
A. learning frmB. lking dwn nC. wrking withD. cmpeting against
27. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Yung Mdels Selling Dreams t the Wrld
B. A Chinese Art Exhibitin Held in New Yrk
C. Differences Between Eastern and Western Aesthetics
D. Chinese Culture Fueling Internatinal Fashin Trends
【答案】24. B 25. A 26. D 27. D
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲了中国文化对世界时尚届的影响，中国年轻的设计师和模特如何最终在许多方面被认可。中国成了世界时尚的风向标。
24.B【解析】细节理解题。答案定位在第三段The exhibitin had recrd attendance, shwing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.（此次展览吸引的参观者人数创下了记录，显示出人们对中国影响的浓厚兴趣。）由此可知，纽约的展览吸引了许多参观者，故选B。
25.A【解析】细节理解题。答案定位在第四段Chinese mdels are the faces f beauty and fashin campaigns that sell dreams t wmen all ver the wrld, which means Chinese wmen are nt just cnsumers f fashin-they are central t its mvement . （中国模特是向全世界女性推销梦想的美和时尚活动的代言人，这意味着中国女性不仅仅是时尚的消费者——她们是这场运动的核心。）由此可知，Hill说中国女性开创了新时尚，故选A。
26.D【解析】词义猜测题。下文and beating them hands dwn in design and sales说并在设计和销售上击败他们。由此推断出上文Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jasn Wu are taking n Gallian, Albaz, Mare Jacbs的意思是Vera Wang、Alexander Wang和Jasn Wu正在与Gallian、Albaz和 Mare Jacbs竞争。taking n意思是“竞争”，故选D。
27.D【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段china and its culture have lng been an inspiratin fr western creatins.以及最后一段If yu talk abut fashin tday , yu are talking abut China - its influences , its directin, its breathtaking clthes, and hw yung designers and mdels are finally acknwledging that in many ways."（如果你今天谈论时尚，你谈论的是中国——它的影响，它的方向，它令人惊叹的服装，以及年轻的设计师和模特如何最终在许多方面被认可。），结合全文内容，可知这篇文章最恰当的题目是“中国文化助力国际时尚潮流”，故选D。
Passage 6
【2019年全国卷III】Befre the 1830smst newspapers were sld thrugh annual subscriptins in America, usually $8 t $10 a year. Tday $8 r $10 seems a small amunt f mney, but at that time these amunts were frbidding t mst citizens. Accrdingly, newspapers were read almst nly by rich peple in plitics r the trades. In additin, mst newspapers had little in them that wuld appeal t a mass audience. They were dull and visually frbidding. But the revlutin that was taking place in the 1830s wuld change all that.
The trend, then, was tward the "penny paper"-a term referring t papers made widely available t the public. It meant any inexpensive newspaper; perhaps mre imprtantly it meant newspapers that culd be bught in single cpies n the street.
This develpment did nt take place vernight. It had been pssible(but nt easy)t buy single cpies f newspapers befre 1830,but this usually meant the reader had t g dwn t the printer's ffice t purchase a cpy. Street sales were almst unknwn. Hwever, within a few years, street sales f newspapers wuld be cmmnplace in eastern cities. At first the price f single cpies was seldm a penny-usually tw r three cents was charged-and sme f the lder well-knwn papers charged five r six cents. But the phrase "penny paper " caught the public's fancy, and sn there wuld be papers that did indeed sell fr nly a penny.
This new trend f newspapers fr "the man n the street" did nt begin well. Sme f the early ventures(企业)were immediate failures. Publishers already in business, peple wh were wners f successful papers, had little desire t change the traditin. It tk a few yuthful and daring businessmen t get the ball rlling.
28. Which f the fllwing best describes newspapers in America befre the 1830s?
A. Academic.B. Unattractive.C. Inexpensive.D. Cnfidential.
29. What did street sales mean t newspapers?
A. They wuld be priced higher.B. They wuld disappear frm cities.
C. They culd have mre readers.D. They culd regain public trust.
30. Wh were the newspapers f the new trend targeted at?
A. Lcal pliticians.B. Cmmn peple.
C. Yung publishers.D. Rich businessmen.
31. What can we say abut the birth f the penny paper?
A. It was a difficult prcess.B. It was a temprary success.
C. It was a rbbery f the pr.D. It was a disaster fr printers.
【答案】28. B 29. C 30. B 31. A
【语篇解读】本文属于说明文阅读，作者通过这篇文章主要向我们描述了19世纪报纸的改革发展之路。
28.细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Befre1830s，... Accrdingly newspapers were read almst nly by rich peple. In additin ,mst newspapers had little in them that wuld appeal t mass audience. They were dull and visually frbidding.”可知，在19世纪30年代之前,只有富人才能读报纸，而且大多数报纸中几乎没有能吸引大众的内容，让人感觉无聊，，视觉上令人望而却步。由此可得出那时的报纸没有什么吸引力。分析选项，A . Academic学术的；B. Unattractive没有吸引力， 无魅力的； C. Inexpensive廉价的，不贵的； D. Cnfidential机密的，保密的。可知 A、C和D是错误的，只有B符合题意，故选B。
29.推理判断题。根据第二段提到“便士报纸”针对大众，很便宜的。更重要的是，在街上可以买的到报纸。 结合第三段中间的“streets sales f newspapers wuld be cmmnplaced in eastern cities”可知，报纸的街头销售随处可见。由此可推断出，街头销售意味读报纸的多了。分析选项可知C符合题，故选C。
30.细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The trend, then, was ‘penny paper’—a term referring t papers made widely available t the public. perhaps mre imprtantly it meant newspapers that culd be bught in single cpies n the street.”可知，这种“便士报纸”针对大众的，在街上可以买的到报纸。分析选项可知，选项B符合题意，故选B。
31.推理判断题。第二段“The trend, then, was ‘penny paper’”及最后一段“The new trend f newspapers fr ‘the man n the street’ did nt begin well. Sme f the early ventures were immediately failures. Publishers already in business, peple wh wners f successful papers, had little desires t change the traditin. It tk a few yuthful and daring businessmen t get the ball rlling.”可知，“便士报纸”新趋势一开始并不好，一些早期的尝试立即失败了。已经进入商业领域的成功的出版商，并不想改变这一传统。后来一些年轻而大胆的商人才推动了这件事。由此可推断出“便士报纸”的诞生是一个困难而曲折的过程。分析选项可知，A项符合题意，故选A。
Passage 7
【2019年全国卷III】Mnkeys seem t have a way with numbers.
A team f researchers trained three Rhesus mnkeys t assciate 26 clearly different symbls cnsisting f numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drps f water r juice as a reward. The researchers then tested hw the mnkeys cmbined—r added—the symbls t get the reward.
Here's hw Harvard Medical Schl scientist Margaret Livingstne, wh led the team, described the experiment: In their cages the mnkeys were prvided with tuch screens. On ne part f the screen, a symbl wuld appear, and n the ther side tw symbls inside a circle were shwn. Fr example, the number 7 wuld flash n ne side f the screen and the ther end wuld have 9 and 8. If the mnkeys tuched the left side f the screen they wuld be rewarded with seven drps f water r juice; if they went fr the circle, they wuld be rewarded with the sum f the numbers—17 in this example.
After running hundreds f tests, the researchers nted that the mnkeys wuld g fr the higher values mre than half the time, indicating that they were perfrming a calculatin, nt just memrizing the value f each cmbinatin.
When the team examined the results f the experiment mre clsely, they nticed that the mnkeys tended t underestimate(低估)a sum cmpared with a single symbl when the tw were clse in value—smetimes chsing, fr example, a 13 ver the sum f 8 and 6. The underestimatin was systematic: When adding tw numbers, the mnkeys always paid attentin t the larger f the tw, and then added nly a fractin(小部分)f the smaller number t it.
"This indicates that there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains, "Dr. Livingstne says. “But in this experiment what they're ding is paying mre attentin t the big number than the little ne.”
32. What did the researchers d t the mnkeys befre testing them?
A. They fed them.B. They named them.
C. They trained them.D. They measured them.
33. Hw did the mnkeys get their reward in the experiment?
A. By drawing a circle.B. By tuching a screen.
C. By watching vides.D. By mixing tw drinks.
34. What did Livingstne's team find abut the mnkeys?
A. They culd perfrm basic additin.B. They culd understand simple wrds.
C. They culd memrize numbers easily.D. They culd hld their attentin fr lng.
35. In which sectin f a newspaper may this text appear?
A. Entertainment.B. Health.C. Educatin.D. Science.
【答案】32. C 33. B 34. A 35. D
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。研究发现：猴子可以进行基本的加法运算。文章对研究的经过和结论做了介绍和分析。
32.细节理解题。根据第二段中的“A team f researchers trained three Rhesus mnkeys…The researches then tested hw…”可知，在对这些猴子进行测试之前，研究者们对它们进行了培训。故C选项正确。
33.细节理解题。根据第三段中的“In their cages the mnkeys were prvided with tuch screen…If the mnkeys tuched the left side f the screen, they wuld be rewarded with seven drps…; if they went fr the circle, they wuld be rewarded with…”可知，当猴子触摸屏幕左边时，它们会得到7滴水或者果汁的奖励；当它们触摸屏幕的另一端（即画着圆圈的部分）时，它们会得到17滴水或果汁的奖励。由此可知，猴子是通过触摸屏幕得到奖励的。B选项正确。
34.细节理解题。根据第四段“The mnkeys wuld g fr the higher values mre than half the time, indicating that they were perfrming a calculatin, nt just memrizing the value f each cmbinatin”和第五段中的“When adding tw numbers…”可知，猴子会在超过一半的时间内选择更高的值，这意味着它们在进行计算，而不仅仅是记住每一个组合的值。由此可知，A选项正确：猴子能够进行基本的加法计算。由此亦可以排除C选项。
35.推理判断题。通读整篇文章可知，该文介绍的是哈佛医学院的科学家Margaret Livingstne领导的一个研究团队对猴子进行实验得出的研究结果。这属于“科学研究”范畴，故该文应出现在报纸的“科学”板块。故D选项正确。
Passage 8
【2019年浙江卷6月】Califrnia has lst half its big trees since the 1930s, accrding t a study t be published Tuesday and climate change seems t be a majr factr(因素).
The number f trees larger than tw feet acrss has declined by 50 percent n mre than 46, 000 square miles f Califrnia frests, the new study finds. N area was spared r unaffected, frm the fggy nrthern cast t the Sierra Nevada Muntains t the San Gabriels abve Ls Angeles. In the Sierra high cuntry, the number f big trees has fallen by mre than 55 percent; in parts f suthern Califrnia the decline was nearly 75 percent.
Many factrs cntributed t the decline, said Patrick Mclntyre, an eclgist wh was the lead authr f the study. Wdcutters targeted big trees. Husing develpment pushed int the wds. Aggressive wildfire cntrl has left Califrnia frests crwded with small trees that cmpete with big trees fr resurces(资源).
But in cmparing a study f Califrnia frests dne in the 1920s and 1930s with anther ne between 2001 and 2010, Mclntyre and his clleagues dcumented a widespread death f big trees that was evident even in wildlands prtected frm wdcutting r develpment.
The lss f big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shrtage. The researchers figured ut water stress with a cmputer mdel that calculated hw much water trees were getting in cmparisn with hw much they needed, taking int accunt such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness f sil, and the timing f snwmelt(融雪).
Since the 1930s, Mclntyre said, the biggest factrs driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees t lse mre water t the air, and earlier snwmelt, which reduces the water supply available t trees during the dry seasn.
27. What is the secnd paragraph mainly abut?
A. The seriusness f big-tree lss in Califrnia.
B. The increasing variety f Califrnia big trees.
C. The distributin f big trees in Califrnia frests.
D. The influence f farming n big trees in Califrnia.
28. Which f the fllwing is well-intentined but may be bad fr big trees?
A. Eclgical studies f frests.
B. Banning wdcutting.
C. Limiting husing develpment.
D. Fire cntrl measures.
29. What is a majr cause f the water shrtage accrding t Mclntyre?
A. Inadequate snwmelt.B. A lnger dry seasn.
C. A warmer climate.D. Dampness f the air.
30. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Califrnia's Frests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gne?
B. Cutting f Big Trees t Be Prhibited in Califrnia Sn
C. Why Are the Big Trees Imprtant t Califrnia Frests?
D. Patrick Mclntyre: Grw Mre Big Trees in Califrnia
【语篇解读】本文为说明文，根据一项研究表明，自20世纪30年代以来，加州已经失去了一半的大树，气候变化似乎是其主要因素。
27.A 主旨大意题。在第二段中，作者用具体数据说明了大树损失在各个地区的严重程度，没有任何地区幸免或不受影响，故选A。
28. D【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句Aggressive wildfire cntrl has left Califrnia frests crwded with small trees that cmpete with big trees fr resurces（资源）.可知，野火控制在控制了森林大火的同时，使得加利福尼亚的森林里挤满了小树，它们与大树争夺资源，这对大树产生了不利的影响，故选D。
29.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段the biggest factrs driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, …, and earlier snwmelt, …可知，造成加州水资源短缺的最大因素是气温的上升，以及较早的融雪，故选C。
30.A 【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文可知，自20世纪30年代以来，加州已经失去了一半的大树，文章分析了引起该现象的几个主要因素。全文围绕“加州森林的大树都去哪儿了”话题展开，故选项A符合题意。
Passage 9
【2019年北京卷】The prblem f rbcalls has gtten s bad that many peple nw refuse t pick up calls frm numbers they dn't knw. By next year，half f the calls we receive will be scams(欺诈).We are finally waking up t the severity f the prblem by supprting and develping a grup f tls，apps and appraches intended t prevent scammers frm getting thrugh. Unfrtunately，it's t little，t late. By the time these “slutins"(解决方案)becme widely available，scammers will have mved nt cleverer means. In the near future，it's nt just ging t be the number yu see n yur screen that will be in dubt. Sn yu will als questin whether the vice yu're hearing is actually real.
That's because there are a number f pwerful vice manipulatin ( 处理 ) and autmatin technlgies that are abut t becme widely available fr anyne t use .At this year's I/O Cnference ,a cmpany shwed a new vice technlgy able t prduce such a cnvincing human –sunding vice that it was able t speak t a receptinist and bk a reservatin withut detectin.
These develpments are likely t make ur current prblems with rbcalls much wrse. The reasn that rbcalls are a headache has less t d with amunt than precisin A decade f data breaches(数据侵入)f persnal infrmatin has led t a situatin where scammers can easily learn yur mther 's name ，and far mre. Armed with this knwledge. they're able t carry ut individually targeted campaigns t cheat peple. This means. fr example，that a scammer culd call yu frm what lks t be a familiar number and talk t yu using a vice that sunds exactly like yur bank teller 's，ricking yu int "cnfirming " yur address，mther's name，and card number. Scammers fllw mney，s cmpanies will be the wrst hit. A lt f business is still dne ver the phne，and much f it is based n trust and existing relatinships. Vice manipulatin technlgies may weaken that gradually.
We need t deal with the insecure nature f ur telecm netwrks. Phne carriers and cnsumers need t wrk tgether t find ways f determining and cmmunicating what is real. That might mean either develping a unifrm way t mark vides and images, shwing when and wh they were made by. r abandning phne calls altgether and mving twards data-based cmmunicatins—using apps like Face Time r WhatsApp, which can be tied t yur identity.
Credibility is hard t earn but easy t lse, and the prblem is nly ging t harder frm here n ut.
38. Hw des the authr feel abut the slutins t prblem f rbecalls?
A. Panicked.B. Cnfused.C. Embarrassed.D. Disappinted.
39. taking advantage f the new technlgies，scammer can______.
A. aim at victims preciselyB. damage databases easily
C. start campaigns rapidlyD. spread infrmatin widely
40. What des the passage imply?
A. Hnesty is the best plicy.
B. Technlgies can be duble-edited.
C. There are mre slutins than prblems.
D. Credibility hlds the key t develpment.
41. Which f the fllwing wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A. Where the Prblem f Rbcalls Is Rted
B. Wh Is t Blame fr the Prblem f Rbealls
C. Why Rbcalls Are Abut t Get Mre Dangerus
D. Hw Rbcalls Are Affecting the Wrld f Technlgy
【答案】38. D 39. A 40. B 41. C
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了自助语音电话给人们带来的危险的状况.。
38. D 【解析】观点态度题。根据第一段中的“We are finally waking up t the severity f the prblem by supprting and develping a grup f tls, apps and appraches intended t prevent scammers frm getting thrugh. Unfrtunately, it’s t little, t late. By the time these “slutins” becme widely available, scammers will have mved nt clever means”可知，最后，我们通过支持和开发一组旨在防止欺诈者通过的工具、应用程序和方法，认识到了问题的严重性。不幸的是，我们的努力太少了，也太晚了。在这些“解决方案”被广泛使用的时候，骗子将转移到更巧妙的手段上。由此推知，作者认为这些“解决办法”对于解决问题起不了什么作用，因此作者感到很“失望”。故D选项正确。
39.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The reasn that rbcalls are a headache has less t d with amunt than precisin. A decade f data breaches f persnal infrmatin has led t a situatin where scammers can easily learn yur mther’s name, and far mre. Armed with this knwledge, they’re able t carry ut individually targeted campaigns t cheat peple. This means, fr example, that a scammer culd call yu frm what lks t be a familiar number and talk t yu using a vice that sunds exactly like yur bank teller’s, tricking yu int “cnfirming” yur address, mther’s name, and card number”可知，机器人通话之所以令人头痛，与其说与数量有关，不如说与精确度有关。长达十年的个人信息泄露已经导致了这样一种情况：骗子可以轻易地知道你母亲的名字，甚至更多。有了这些知识，他们就能够开展有针对性的运动来欺骗人们。根据这些可知，利用这种新的技术，欺诈者们可以精确的确定他们行骗的目标。故A选项正确。
40.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句可知，这项语音技术可以产生一个听起来和人类非常相似的声音，它可以和接待员进行交谈，进行预订。由此可知，这项新技术有其好的方面。根据第三段的叙述可知，欺诈者们可以利用这项新技术来进行欺诈行为。由此推知，这项新技术既可以发挥好的作用，也可能为坏人所利用，产生不好的作用，因此可以说它是一把双刃剑。故B选项正确。
41.C 【解析】主旨大意题。第一段提到：rbcalls（机器人电话: 自动拨号播放录音信息的推销电话）在未来变得会越来越严重，不仅仅是出现在你的手机屏幕上的电话号码令人怀疑，而且你会质疑听到的声音是否是真的。第二段介绍原因：语音操作与自动化技术的出现使得机器人电话可以以假乱真。第三段介绍了语音操作和自动化技术发展会使得机器人电话产生的问题更加严重。最后两段提出我们该如何应对这些问题。综上，文章第一段点明文章中心：机器人电话问题在未来会变得越来越严重。下文都是围绕这一话题展开的。故C选项适合作标题。
Passage 10
【2019年北京卷】By the end f the century，if nt sner，the wrld's ceans will be bluer and greener thanks t a warming climate，accrding t a new study.
At the heart f the phenmenn lie tiny marine micrrganisms(海洋微生物)called phytplanktn. Because f the way light reflects ff the rganisms，these phytplanktn create clurful patterns at the cean surface. Ocean clur varies frm green t blue，depending n the type and cncentratin f phytplanktn. Climate change will fuel the grwth f phytplanktn in sme areas，while reducing it in ther spts，leading t changes in the cean's appearance.
Phytplanktn live at the cean surface，where they pull carbn dixide(二氧化碳)int the cean while giving ff xygen. When these rganisms die，they bury carbn in the deep cean，an imprtant prcess that helps t regulate the glbal climate. But phytplanktn are vulnerable t the cean's warming trend. Warming changes key characteristics f the cean and can affect phytplanktn grwth，since they need nt nly sunlight and carbn dixide t grw，but als nutrients.
Stephanie Dutkiewicz，a scientist in MIT's Center fr Glbal Change Science，built a climate mdel that prjects changes t the ceans thrughut the century. In a wrld that warms up by 3℃，it fund that multiple changes t the clur f the ceans wuld ccur. The mdel prjects that currently blue areas with little phytplanktn culd becme even bluer. But in sme waters，such as thse f the Arctic，a warming will make cnditins riper fr phytplanktn，and these areas will turn greener. “Nt nly are the quantities f phytplanktn in the cean changing. ”she said，“but the type f phytplanktn is changing. ”
42. What are the first tw paragraphs mainly abut?
A. The varius patterns at the cean surface.
B. The cause f the changes in cean clur.
C. The way light reflects ff marine rganisms.
D. The effrts t fuel the grwth f phytplanktn.
43. What des the underlined wrd“vulnerable”in Paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A. Sensitive.B. BeneficialC. SignificantD. Unnticeable
44. What can we learn frm the passage?
A. Phytplanktn play a declining rle in the marine ecsystem.
B. Dutkiewicz's mdel aims t prject phytplanktn changes
C. Phytplanktn have been used t cntrl glbal climate
D. Oceans with mre phytplanktn may appear greener.
45. What is the main purpse f the passage？
A. T assess the cnsequences f cean clur changes
B. T analyse the cmpsitin f the cean fd chain
C. T explain the effects f climate change n ceans
D. T intrduce a new methd t study phytplanktn
【答案】42. B 43. A 44. D 45. C
【语篇解读】本文为说明文。一项最新研究表明，由于气候变暖，世界海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。这一现象是因为一种叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，因为光线反射的作用，它们在海洋表面形成了五颜六色的图案。但是浮游植物很容易受到海洋变暖趋势的影响。气候变暖会改变海洋的主要特征，并影响浮游植物的生长。
42. B 【解析】段落大意题。第一段“By the end f the century. If nt sner, the wrld's ceans will be bluer and greener thanks t a warming climate, accrding t a new study.”可知，到本世纪末，一项新的研究表明，由于气候变暖，如果不尽快的话，世界上的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。结合第二段“At the heart phenmenn lie tiny marine micrrganisms called phytplanktn. Becaust f the way light reflects ff the rganisms ,these phytplanktns create clurful patterns at the cean surface. Ocean clur varies frm green t blue, depending n the type and cncentratin”可知，这种现象的核心是一种叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，在光线的作用下在海洋表面形成了五颜六色的图案。海洋的颜色从绿色到蓝色不等，这取决于海洋的类型和浮游植物浓度。由此可推断出这两段主要叙述了海洋生物是海洋颜色变化的原因。分析选项可知B符合题意，故选B。
43. A【解析】词义猜测题。根据划线词后的“Warming changes key characteristics f the cean and can affect phytplanktn grwth, since they need nt nly sunshine and carbn dixide t grw, but als nutrients.”可知，气候变暖会改变海洋的主要特征，并会影响浮游植物的生长。由此可判断“But phytplanktn are vulnerable t the cean’s wamning trend”可知，浮游植物很容易受到海洋变暖趋势的影响。可知A项正确。
44. D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段“The mdel prjects that currently blue areas with little phytplanktn culd becme even bluer. But in sme waters ,such as thse f the Arctic, a warming will make cnditins riper fr phytplanktn, and these areas will turn greener”,可知Dutkiewicz的模型预测，目前只有少量浮游植物的蓝色区域可能会变得更蓝。但是在一些水域，比如北极，气候变暖会使浮游植物的生长条件更加成熟，而这些水域会变得更绿了”。由此可推断，浮游植物的生长条件更加成熟，浮游动植物就更多了，这些水域会变得更绿了。分析选项可知D项符合题意。
45. C【解析】目的意图题。第一段提出文章的主旨“By the end f the century. If nt sner, the wrld's ceans will be bluer and greener thanks t a warming climate, accrding t a new study.”可知到本世纪末。一项新的研究表明，由于气候变暖，如果不尽快的话，世界上的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。再结合第三段“But phytplanktn are vulnerable t the cean’s warning trendWarming changes key characteristics f the cean and can affect phytplanktn grwth, …”可知，“浮游植物很容易受到海洋警告趋势的影响，变暖改变了海洋的关键特征，并能影响浮游植物的生长”。可知本文主要解释气候变化对海洋的影响。故选C。
Passage 11
【2019年江苏卷】In the 1960s，while studying the vlcanic histry f Yellwstne Natinal Park，Bb Christiansen became puzzled abut smething that，ddly，had nt trubled anyne befre:he culdn't find the park's vlcan. It had been knwn fr a lng time that Yellwstne was vlcanic in nature — that's what accunted fr all its ht springs and ther steamy features. But Christiansen culdn't find the Yellwstne vlcan anywhere.
Mst f us，when we talk abut vlcanes，think f the classic cne(圆锥体)shapes f a Fuji r Kilimanjar，which are created when erupting magma(岩浆)piles up. These can frm remarkably quickly. In 1943，a Mexican farmer was surprised t see smke rising frm a small part f his land. In ne week he was the cnfused wner f a cne five hundred feet high. Within tw years it had tpped ut at almst furteen hundred feet and was mre than half a mile acrss. Altgether there are sme ten thusand f these vlcanes n Earth，all but a few hundred f them extinct. There is，hwever，a secnd les knwn type f vlcan that desn't invlve muntain building. These are vlcanes s explsive that they burst pen in a single big crack，leaving behind a vast hle，the caldera. Yellwstne bviusly was f this secnd type，but Christiansen culdn't find the caldera anywhere.
Just at this time NASA decided t test sme new high-altitude cameras by taking phtgraphs f Yellwstne. A thughtful fficial passed n sme f the cpies t the park authrities n the assumptin that they might make a nice blw-up fr ne f the visitrs' centers. As sn as Christiansen saw the phts，he realized why he had failed t spt the caldera; almst the whle park-2.2 millin acres—was caldera. The explsin had left a hle mre than frty miles acrss—much t huge t be seen frm anywhere at grund level. At sme time in the past Yellwstne must have blwn up with a vilence far beynd the scale f anything knwn t humans.
58. What puzzled Christiansen when he was studying Yellwstne？
A. Its cmplicated gegraphical features.
B. Its ever-lasting influence n turism.
C. The mysterius histry f the park.
D. The exact lcatin f the vlcan.
59. What des the secnd-paragraph mainly talk abut？
A. The shapes f vlcanes.
B. The impacts f vlcanes.
C. The activities f vlcanes.
D. The heights f vlcanes.
60. What des the underlined wrd "blw-up" in the last paragraph mst prbably mean？
A. Ht-air balln.B. Digital camera.
C. Big phtgraph.D. Bird's view.
[答案】58. D 59. A 60. C
【语篇解读】本文为说明文。讲述了二十世纪六十年代Bb Christiansen在研究黄石公园的火山历史时，奇怪地发现到处看不到火山的影子，原来，这儿的火山并不是像我们大部分人想象的那种圆锥体形状的高耸的样子，而是一个巨大的洞，这个洞太大了以至于从地面上的任何地方都看不见。
58.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句But Christiansen culdn’t find the Yellwstne vlcan anywhere.可知，他困惑的是到处看不到火山。故选D。
59.A 【解析】主旨大意题。本段讲述了两种形状的火山，一种是通常人们所理解的由火山岩浆堆积形成的圆锥体，还有一种极具爆发力的火山，它们会在一个大裂缝中爆裂，留下一个巨大的洞，故选A。
60.C 【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三段第一句Just at this time NASA decided t test sme new high-altitude cameras by taking phtgraphs f Yellwstne. A thughtful fficial passed n sme f the cpies t the park authrities n the assumptin that they might make a nice blw-up fr ne f the visitrs’ centers.可知，美国国家航空和宇宙航行局为测试一些新的高海拔照相机而拍摄了黄石公园的照片。一位深思熟虑的官员把其中的一些照片副本转交给了公园管理部门，认为他们可能会将其放大以供一个游客中心展示。故可知，此处意为将照片放大，选C。
Passage 12
【2018年浙江卷11月】The mst welcme sight n a cld, wet winter night in Lndn is the familiar shape f a Lndn taxi cab appraching with its yellw “fr hire” sign shining brightly. That shws it is ready t pick yu up. Travelling by taxi in Lndn is nt just a way f ging frm ne place t anther. It is an experience t be enjyed and remembered.
The main reasn fr this is the drivers, wh are called "cabbies." Many f them are true Cckneys. This means they were brn in the heart f Lndn and speak their wn special dialect(方言) f English. All f them knw every street and famus building in the city, and all f them lve t talk. A simple twenty-minute Jurney acrss twn can becme very interesting. Yu may have a discussin abut the gvernment and its leaders r a friendly talk abut the driver’s Aunty Nellie! One thing is fr sure, it will never be bring. Cabbies knw all the latest news abut film stars, the Ryal Family, gvernment leaders, and ppular singers r actrs and actresses.
They als knw the best places t eat, shp and relax. And they can take yu straight t any large htel, department stre, theatre r museum. They knw the shrtest way pssible withut even lking at a map, because everyne wh wants t becme a taxi driver must pass a very difficult examinatin in rder t get a license t drive a taxi. The exam is called “The Knwledge.” It is a written test, and in it drivers are asked the shrtest way frm ne place t anther. They must take int accunt the time f day—in rush hur, a lnger rute(路线) may be quicker—and describe the best way. Mrever they must never frget the ne-way streets!
21．Frm what can we tell that smene is a Cckney?
A．Their interest.B．Their manners.C．Their speech.D．Their appearance.
22．What des the authr suggest by mentining "Aunty Nellie" in paragraph 2?
A．Passengers are full f curisity.
B．Cabbies’ tpics are wide-ranging.
C．Aunty Nellie is ppular in Lndn.
D．Lndners are friendly t each ther.
23．What is the purpse f "The Knwledge"?
A．T qualify ne t drive a taxi.B．T assess ne’s driving skills.
C．T test drivers’ ability t write.D．T check taxi drivers memry.
【答案】21．C 22．B 23．A
【分析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了在伦敦坐出租车是一种值得享受和铭记的经历，伦敦出租车司机们友好健谈，对伦敦非常熟悉，都是通过考试的合格司机。
21．推理判断题。根据第二段Many f them are true Cckneys. This means they were brn in the heart f Lndn and speak their wn special dialect(方言) f English. All f them knw every street and famus building in the city, and all f them lve t talk.可知，真正的Cckneys出生在伦敦，说伦敦特殊的方言，对伦敦地理熟悉且喜欢交谈。所以通过一个人的说话就能判断是不是Cckney。故选C。
22．推理判断题。根据第二段中A simple twenty-minute Jurney acrss twn can becme very interesting. Yu may have a discussin abut the gvernment and its leaders r a friendly talk abut the driver’s Aunty Nellie!可知，伦敦出租车司机能够让乘客旅途很有趣，可能会谈论政府和领导，也可能会谈论司机的家人。作者提到"Aunty Nellie"是为了说明出租车司机的话题很广泛，他们很健谈。故选B。
23．推理判断题。根据第三段everyne wh wants t becme a taxi driver must pass a very difficult examinatin in rder t get a license t drive a taxi. The exam is called “The Knwledge.” It is a written test, and in it drivers are asked the shrtest way frm ne place t anther.可知，The Knwledge是出租车司机的资格考试，通过笔试测试司机对路线的熟悉程度，应变能力等。故选A。
Passage 13
【2018年浙江卷11月】This mnth millins f American kids can frget abut classrm bells and set ff fr grandparents’ hmes, sleep-away camps and life guard stands. But summer vacatin hasn’t always been a birth right f U.S. schl children. Befre the Civil War, schls perated n ne f tw calendars(日历), neither f which included a summer vacatin. Rural(农村的) schling was divided int summer and winter terms, leaving kids free t help with the farm wrk in the spring planting and fall harvest seasns. Urban students, meanwhile, regularly had as many as 48 weeks f study a year, with ne break per quarter.
In the 1840s, hwever, educatinal refrmers like Hrace Mann mved t cmbine the tw calendars ut f cncern that rural schling was nt enugh and that verusing f yung minds culd lead t nervus disrders. Summer appeared as the bvius time fr a break：it ffered a rest fr teachers, fit in the farming calendar and reduced dctrs’ cncern that packing students int ht classrms wuld prmte the spread f disease.
But peple’s pinin abut the mdern U.S. schl year, which averages 180 days, is still divided. Sme experts say its pleasant but lazy summer break, which tk hld in the early 20th century, is ne f the reasns math skills and graduatin rates f U.S. high schlers ranked well belw average in tw internatinal educatin reprts published in 2007. Others insist that with children under increasing pressure t devte their dwntime t internships(实习) r study, there’s still rm fr an institutin that prtects the lazy days f childhd.
24．What did the rural schl calendar befre the Civil War allw children t d?
A．Enjy a summer vacatin.
B．Take a break each quarter.
C．Have 48 weeks f study a year.
D．Assist their parents with farm wrk.
25．What did the educatinal refrmers d in the 1840s?
A．They intrduced summer vacatin.
B．They shrtened rural schl terms.
C．They prmted the study f farming.
D．They advcated higher pay fr teachers.
26．Why are sme peple unhappy abut the mdern U.S. schl year?
A．It pushes the teachers t hard.B．It reduces the quality f educatin.
C．It ignres science instructin.D．It includes n time fr internships.
【答案】24．D 25．A 26．B
【分析】本文是说明文，介绍了美国学校假期的设置，变化，暑假的设立过程及优缺点。
24．细节理解题。根据第一段Rural(农村的) schling was divided int summer and winter terms, leaving kids free t help with the farm wrk in the spring planting and fall harvest seasns.可知，内战前的农村校历包括夏季学期和冬季学期，让孩子们在春天播种和秋天收获时过假期帮助父母干农活。故选D。
25．细节理解题。根据第二段In the 1840s, hwever, educatinal refrmers like Hrace Mann mved t cmbine the tw calendars ut f cncern……Summer appeared as the bvius time fr a break.可知，1840年代的教育改革提出了暑假休息的说法及各方面的原因，故选A。
26．推理判断题。根据第三段Sme experts say its pleasant but lazy summer break, which tk hld in the early 20th century, is ne f the reasns math skills and graduatin rates f U.S. high schlers ranked well belw average in tw internatinal educatin reprts published in 2007.可知，针对现在的美国学年，根据2007年发表的两份国际教育报告，美国高中学生的数学能力和毕业率远低于平均水平的现状，一些专家认为慵懒的暑假降低了教育质量。故选B。
Passage 14
【2019年天津卷】Hw des an ecsystem（生态系统）wrk？What makes the ppulatins f different species the way they are？Why are there s many flies and s few wlves？T find an answer，scientists have built mathematical mdels f fd webs，nting wh eats whm and hw much each ne eats.
With such mdels，scientists have fund ut sme key principles perating in fd webs. Mst fd webs，fr instance，cnsist f many weak links rather than a few strng nes. When a predatr（掠食动物）always eats huge numbers f a single prey（猎物），the tw species are strngly linked；when a predatr lives n varius species，they are weakly linked. Fd webs may be dminated by many weak links because that arrangement is mre stable ver the lng term. If a predatr can eat several species，it can survive the extinctin（灭绝）f ne f them. And if a predatr can mve n t anther species that is easier t find when a prey species becmes rare，the switch allws the riginal prey t recver. The weak links may thus keep species frm driving ne anther t extinctin.
Mathematical mdels have als revealed that fd webs may be unstable，where small changes f tp predatrs can lead t big effects thrughut entire ecsystems. In the 1960s，scientists prpsed that predatrs at the tp f a fd web had a surprising amunt f cntrl ver the size f ppulatins f ther species---including species they did nt directly attack.
And unplanned human activities have prved the idea f tp-dwn cntrl by tp predatrs t be true. In the cean，we fished fr tp predatrs such as cd n an industrial scale，while n land，we killed ff large predatrs such as wlves. These actins have greatly affected the eclgical balance.
Scientists have built an early-warning system based n mathematical mdels. Ideally，the system wuld tell us when t adapt human activities that are pushing an ecsystem tward a breakdwn r wuld even allw us t pull an ecsystem back frm the brderline. Preventin is key，scientists says because nce ecsystems pass their tipping pint（临界点），it is remarkably difficult fr them t return.
46. What have scientists discvered with the help f mathematical mdels f fd webs？
A. The living habits f species in fd webs.
B. The rules gverning fd webs f the ecsystems.
C. The appraches t studying the species in the ecsystems.
D. The differences between weak and strng links in fd webs.
47. A strng link is fund between tw species when a predatr______
A. has a wide fd chice
B. can easily find new prey
C. sticks t ne prey species
D. can quickly mve t anther place
48. What will happen if the ppulatins f tp predatrs in a fd web greatly decline？
A. The prey species they directly attack will die ut.
B. The species they indirectly attack will turn int tp predatrs.
C. The living envirnment f ther species will remain unchanged.
D. The ppulatins f ther species will experience unexpected changes.
49. What cnclusin can be drawn frm the examples in Paragraph 4？
A. Uncntrlled human activities greatly upset ecsystems.
B. Rapid ecnmic develpment threatens animal habitats.
C. Species f cmmercial value dminate ther species.
D. Industrial activities help keep fd webs stable.
50. Hw des an early-warning system help us maintain the eclgical balance？
A. By getting illegal practices under cntrl.
B. By stpping us frm killing large predatrs.
C. By bringing the brken-dwn ecsystems back t nrmal.
D. By signaling the urgent need fr taking preventive actin.
【答案】46. B 47. C 48. D 49. A 50. D
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了借助食物网的数学模型，科学家们发现了一些在食物网运营的关键原则。科学家们说;因为一个生态系统越过了它的临界点，它们很难再回来。该系统将告诉我们何时适应人类活动，这些活动正将生态系统推向崩溃，或者甚至允许我们将生态系统从边缘拉回来，预防是关键。
46.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段的With such mdels, scientists have fund ut sme key principles perating in fd webs.可知，借助食物网的数学模型，科学家们发现了食物网中的一些关键原则。故选B。
47. C【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段的When a predatr(掠食动物) always eats huge numbers f a single prey(猎物)，the tw species are strngly linked可知，当捕食者总是吃大量的单一猎物，这两个物种是紧密相连的。故选C。
48. D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段的In the 1960s, scientists prpsed that predatrs at the tp f a fd web had, a surprising amunt f cntrl ver the size f ppulatins f ther species they did nt directly attack可知，处于食物网顶端的食肉动物对它们没有直接攻击的其他物种的种群数量有着惊人的控制，由此可推断出，如果食物链顶级食肉动物的数量大大下降，其他物种的种群将经历意想不到的变化。故选D。
49.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段的Ideally the system wuld tell us when t adapt human activities that are pushing an ecsystem tward a breakdwn r wuld even allw us t pull an ecsystem back frm the brderline可知，人类过度的活动会将生态系统推向崩溃，由此可推断出，不受控制的人类活动极大地破坏了生态系统。故选A。
50. D 【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段的Scientists have built an early-warming system based n mathematical mdels. Ideally the system wuld tell us when t adapt human activities that are pushing an ecsystem tward a breakdwn r wuld even allw us t pull an ecsystem back frm the brderline.可知，早期变暖系统发出紧急需要采取预防行动的信号帮助我们维持生态平衡。故选D。
2018年阅读理解说明文
Passage1
【2018年全国Ⅰ卷】Gd Mrning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used t grilling guests n the sfa every mrning, but she is cking up a strm in her latest rle – shwing families hw t prepare delicius and nutritius meals n a tight budget.
In Save Mney: Gd Fd, she visits a different hme each week and with the help f chef Matt Tebbutt ffers tp tips n hw t reduce fd waste, while preparing recipes fr under £5 per family a day. And the Gd Mrning Britain presenter says she’s been able t put a lt f what she’s learnt int practice in her wn hme, preparing meals fr sns, Sam, 14, Finn, 13, and Jack, 11.
“We lve Mexican churrs, s I buy them n my phne frm my lcal Mexican takeaway restaurant,” she explains. “I pay £5 fr a prtin (一份), but Matt makes them fr 26p a prtin, because they are flur, water, sugar and il. Everybdy can buy takeaway fd, but smetimes we’re nt aware hw cheaply we can make this fd urselves.”
The eight-part series (系列节目), Save Mney: Gd Fd, fllws in the ftsteps f ITV’s Save Mney: Gd Health, which gave viewers advice n hw t get value frm the vast range f health prducts n the market.
With fd ur biggest weekly husehld expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tnight’s Easter special they cme t the aid f a family in need f sme delicius inspiratin n a budget. The team transfrms the family’s lng weekend f celebratin with less expensive but still tasty recipes.
24. What d we knw abut Susanna Reid?
A. She enjys embarrassing her guests.B. She has started a new prgramme.
C. She dislikes wrking early in the mrning.D. She has had a tight budget fr her family.
25. Hw des Matt Tebbutt help Susanna?
A. He buys cking materials fr her.B. He prepares fd fr her kids.
C. He assists her in cking matters.D. He invites guest families fr her.
26. What des the authr intend t d in paragraph 4?
A. Summarize the previus paragraphs.B. Prvide sme advice fr the readers.
C. Add sme backgrund infrmatin.D. Intrduce a new tpic fr discussin.
27. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Keeping Fit by Eating SmartB. Balancing Our Daily Diet
C. Making Yurself a Perfect ChefD. Cking Well fr Less
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一档英国系列电视节目，给观众介绍如何减少食物浪费以及如何以较少的预算做出美味佳肴。
24. B细节理解题。根据文章第一段知道Gd Mrning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used t grilling guests n the sfa every mrning, but she is cking up a strm in her latest rle可知，她开辟了一个新的节目。故选B。
25. C 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的In Save Mney: Gd Fd, she visits a different hme each week and with the help f chef Matt Tebbutt ffers tp tips n hw t reduce fd waste, while preparing recipes fr under £5 per family a day.可知， Susanna 在Matt Tebbutt的帮助下，提供如何减少食物浪费同时给每日生活费低于5英镑的每个家庭准备食谱。故选C。解题关键词：同义词表达with the help f和help。
26. C写作意图题。根据文章第四段中的which gave viewers advice n hw t get value frm the vast range f health prducts n the market.可知，Save Mney: Gd Fd节目是Save Mney: Gd Health节目之后，给观众一些建议：如何从众多的市场上的健康产品中获取价值。故选C。
27. D标题归纳题。根据文章的整体内容可知，文章作者一直在讲如何用较少的钱做出好的食物。根据文章中的prepare delicius and nutritius meals n a tight budget. 在资金紧张的情况下，准备可口且有营养的饭菜； hw t reduce fd waste, while preparing recipes fr under £5 per family a day. 如何减少食物浪费同时给每日生活费低于5英镑的每个家庭准备食谱； hw cheaply we can make this fd urselves. 我们自己做这种食物有多便宜； less expensive but still tasty recipes.不贵可仍然可口的食谱。可以推知D正确。
【点睛】本篇文章学生感到比较难的是26题，很多学生不知道作者在说什么，不明白作者的意图，感到很茫然。根据文章中的Save Mney: Gd Fd, fllws in the ftsteps f ITV's Save Mney: Gd Health,…可知作者是为读者介绍了Save Mney这个节目是怎么来的，即是背景信息。
Passage 2
【2018年全国Ⅰ卷】Languages have been cming and ging fr thusands f years, but in recent times there has been less cming and a lt mre ging. When the wrld was still ppulated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit (联系) grups develped their wn patterns f speech independent f each ther. Sme language experts believe that 10,000 years ag, when the wrld had just five t ten millin peple, they spke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
Sn afterwards, many f thse peple started settling dwn t becme farmers, and their languages t became mre settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisatin, the develpment f the natin-state and the spread f universal cmpulsry educatin, especially glbalisatin and better cmmunicatins in the past few decades, all have caused many languages t disappear, and dminant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking ver.
At present, the wrld has abut 6,800 languages. The distributin f these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild znes have relatively few languages, ften spken by many peple, while ht, wet znes have lts, ften spken by small numbers. Eurpe has nly arund 200 languages; the Americas abut 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, f which Papua New Guinea alne accunts fr well ver 800. The median number (中位数) f speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the wrld’s languages are spken by fewer peple than that.
Already well ver 400 f the ttal f 6,800 languages are clse t extinctin (消亡), with nly a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at randm, Busuu in Camern (eight remaining speakers), Chiapanec in Mexic (150), Lipan Apache in the United States (tw r three) r Wadjigu in Australia (ne, with a questin-mark): nne f these seems t have much chance f survival.
28. What can we infer abut languages in hunter-gatherer times?
A. They develped very fast.B. They were large in number.
C. They had similar patterns.D. They were clsely cnnected.
29. Which f the fllwing best explains “dminant” underlined in paragraph 2?
A. Cmplex.B. Advanced.
C. Pwerful.D. Mdern.
30. Hw many languages are spken by less than 6,000 peple at present?
A. Abut 6,800.B. Abut 3,400.
C. Abut 2,400.D. Abut 1,200.
31. What is the main idea f the text?
A. New languages will be created.
B. Peple’s lifestyles are reflected in languages.
C. Human develpment results in fewer languages.
D. Gegraphy determines language evlutin.
【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了随着社会的发展人类语言越来越少及其原因。
28. B推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的When the wrld was still ppulated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit (联系) grups develped their wn patterns f speech independent f each ther... when the wrld had just five t ten millin peple, they spke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.可知，当世界以依靠狩猎为生的人居住的时候，小而联系紧密的群落形成了他们彼此之间独立的讲话模式。当世界上的人口数量不到一千万时，语言种类达到了12000种。由此推知，当时的语言种类很多。故选B。
29. C猜测词义题。根据文章第二段中的dminant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking ver.可知，英语、西班牙语和汉语正在替代其他语言。由此推知dminant languages意为：强有力的语言。故选C。
30. B细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的At present, the wrld has abut 6,800 languages.和The median number (中位数) f speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the wrld’s languages are spken by fewer peple than that. 可知，目前世界上大约有6800种语言，但是讲的人数少于6000人的占一半即3400.故选B。
31. C主旨要义题。根据文章第一段中的主题句Languages have been cming and ging fr thusands f years, but in recent times there has been less cming and a lt mre ging.可知，语言的产生和消失进行了几千年，但最近时代语言产生的少，消失的太多。故选C。
Passage 3
【2018年全国Ⅰ卷】We may think we’re a culture that gets rid f ur wrn technlgy at the first sight f smething shiny and new, but a new study shws that we keep using ur ld devices (装置) well after they g ut f style. That’s bad news fr the envirnment – and ur wallets – as these utdated devices cnsume much mre energy than the newer nes that d the same things.
T figure ut hw much pwer these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her clleagues at the Rchester Institute f Technlgy in New Yrk tracked the envirnmental csts fr each prduct thrughut its life – frm when its minerals are mined t when we stp using the device. This methd prvided a readut fr hw hme energy use has evlved since the early 1990s. Devices were gruped by generatin. Desktp cmputers, basic mbile phnes, and bx-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived n the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phnes, and LCD TVs entered hmes in 2002, befre tablets and e-readers shwed up in 2007.
As we accumulated mre devices, hwever, we didn’t thrw ut ur ld nes. “The living-rm televisin is replaced and gets planted in the kids’ rm, and suddenly ne day, yu have a TV in every rm f the huse,” said ne researcher. The average number f electrnic devices rse frm fur per husehld in 1992 t 13 in 2007. We’re nt just keeping these ld devices – we cntinue t use them. Accrding t the analysis f Babbitt’s team, ld desktp mnitrs and bx TVs with cathde ray tubes are the wrst devices with their energy cnsumptin and cntributin t greenhuse gas emissins (排放) mre than dubling during the 1992 t 2007 windw.
S what’s the slutin (解决方案)? The team’s data nly went up t 2007, but the researchers als explred what wuld happen if cnsumers replaced ld prducts with new electrnics that serve mre than ne functin, such as a tablet fr wrd prcessing and TV viewing. They fund that mre n-demand entertainment viewing n tablets instead f TVs and desktp cmputers culd cut energy cnsumptin by 44%.
32. What des the authr think f new devices?
A. They are envirnment-friendly.B. They are n better than the ld.
C. They cst mre t use at hme.D. They g ut f style quickly.
33. Why did Babbitt’s team cnduct the research?
A. T reduce the cst f minerals.
B. T test the life cycle f a prduct.
C. T update cnsumers n new technlgy.
D. T find ut electricity cnsumptin f the devices.
34. Which f the fllwing uses the least energy?
A. The bx-set TV.B. The tablet.C. The LCD TV.D. The desktp cmputer.
35. What des the text suggest peple d abut ld electrnic devices?
A. Stp using them.B. Take them apart.
C. Upgrade them.D. Recycle them.
【文章大意】本文是一篇科普说明文。文章讲述了新旧电子设备的差别，旧电子设备耗能高、不环保。所以作者主张使用新电子设备。
32. A观点态度题。根据文章第一段中的That’s bad news fr the envirnment – and ur wallets – as these utdated devices cnsume much mre energy than the newer nes that d the same things.可知，使用旧的电子设备对环境和我们的钱包都是坏消息。这些过时的设备做相同的事情要消耗比新设备更多的能量。由此推知作者认为新电子设备环保、节能。故选A。
33. D细节理解题。 根据文章第二段中的T figure ut hw much pwer these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her clleagues at the Rchester Institute f Technlgy in New Yrk tracked the envirnmental csts fr each prduct thrughut its life可知，Babbitt’s team研究的目的是弄清楚这些设备用了多少电。故选D。
34. B细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中的They fund that mre n-demand entertainment viewing n tablets instead f TVs and desktp cmputers culd cut energy cnsumptin by 44%.可知，平板电脑是耗能最少的电子设备，可以降低44%的耗能。故选B。
35. A推理判断题。根据文章的整体内容可知，因为旧的电子设备耗能高，不环保。所以作者建议停止使用旧的电子设备。故选A。
Passage 4
【2018年全国Ⅱ卷】Many f us lve July because it’s the mnth when nature’s berries and stne fruits are in abundance. These clurful and sweet jewels frm British Clumbia’s fields are little pwerhuses f nutritinal prtectin.
Of the cmmn berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, althugh, because f their seeds, raspberries cntain a little mre prtein (蛋白质), irn and zinc (nt that fruits have much prtein). Blueberries are particularly high in antixidants (抗氧化物质). The yellw and range stne fruits such as peaches are high in the cartenids we turn int vitamin A and which are antixidants. As fr cherries (樱桃), they are s delicius wh cares? Hwever, they are rich in vitamin C.
When cmbined with berries f slices f ther fruits, frzen bananas make an excellent base fr thick, cling fruit shakes and lw fat “ice cream”. Fr this purpse, select ripe bananas fr freezing as they are much sweeter. Remve the skin and place them in plastic bags r cntainers and freeze. If yu like, a squeeze f fresh lemn juice n the bananas will prevent them turning brwn. Frzen bananas will last several weeks, depending n their ripeness and the temperature f the
If yu have a juicer, yu can simply feed in frzen bananas and sme berries r sliced fruit. Out cmes a “sft-serve” creamy dessert, t be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity fr a children’s party; they lve feeding the fruit and frzen bananas int the tp f the machine and watching the ice cream cme ut belw.
24. What des the authr seem t like abut cherries?
A. They cntain prtein. B. They are high in vitamin A.
C. They have a pleasant taste. D. They are rich in antixidants.
25. Why is fresh lemn juice used in freezing bananas?
A. T make them smell better. B. T keep their clur.
C. T speed up their ripening. D. T imprve their nutritin.
26. What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph?
A. A dessert. B. A drink.
C. A cntainer. D. A machine.
27. Frm which is the text prbably taken?
A. A bilgy textbk. B. A health magazine.
C. A research paper. D. A travel brchure.
【答案】24. C 25. B 26. D 27. B
【解析】本文是一篇日常生活类说明文。文中讲述了人们热爱水果丰盛的7月，这时候各种水果营养丰富且含有对人体有益的微量元素，尤其是香蕉。我们可以利用它做一些孩子喜欢的甜点或冰淇淋。
24. 细节理解题。题干问的是，作者喜欢樱桃什么。根据第二段中As fr cherries (樱桃), they are s delicius wh cares?（至于樱桃，因为它们很好吃谁在乎呢?）可知，作者在乎的是它的美味。故选C。
25. 细节理解题。根据第三段中的If yu like, a squeeze f fresh lemn juice n the bananas will prevent them turning brwn.可知，往香蕉上滴新鲜的柠檬汁是为了防止香蕉变成褐色，故新鲜的柠檬汁是被用来保持香蕉的颜色的。故选B。
26. 词义猜测题。根据最后一段中they lve feeding the fruit and frzen bananas int the tp f the machine and watching the ice cream cme ut belw可知，孩子们喜欢把一些水果和冷冻的香蕉放入到这台机器的上部，然后看到冰激凌从下面出来。故可以推出a juicer就是一台机器。故选D。
27. 文章出处题。文章首先指出七月是水果盛产的季节，并指出各种水果富含的营养，最后一段指出我们可以用a juicer为孩子们做一些甜点和冰激凌，故最可能是从健康杂志上摘取的文章。A项意为：生物教科书；B项意为：一本健康杂志；C项意为：一篇研究论文；D项意为：一本旅游手册。故选B。
Passage 5
【2018年全国Ⅱ卷】Teens and yunger children are reading a lt less fr fun, accrding t a Cmmn Sense Media reprt published Mnday.
While the decline ver the past decade is steep fr teen readers, sme data in the reprt shws that reading remains a big part f many children’s lives, and indicates hw parents might help encurage mre reading.
Accrding t the reprt’s key findings, “the prprtin (比例) wh say they ‘hardly ever’ read fr fun has gne frm 8 percent f 13-year-lds and 9 percent f 17-year-lds in 1984 t 22 percent and 27 percent respectively tday.”
The reprt data shws that pleasure reading levels fr yunger children, ages 2—8, remain largely the same. But the amunt f time spent in reading each sessin has declined, frm clser t an hur r mre t clser t a half hur per sessin.
When it cmes t technlgy and reading, the reprt des little t cunsel(建议) parents lking fr data abut the effect f e-readers and tablets n reading. It des pint ut that many parents still limit electrnic reading, mainly due t cncerns abut increased screen time.
The mst hpeful data shared in the reprt shws clear evidence f parents serving as examples and imprtant guides fr their kids when it cmes t reading. Data shws that kids and teens wh d read frequently, cmpared t infrequent readers, have mre bks in the hme, mre bks purchased fr them, parents wh read mre ften, and parents wh set aside time fr them t read.
As the end f schl appraches, and schl vacatin reading lists lm(逼近) ahead, parents might take this chance t step in and make their wn summer reading list and plan a family trip t the library r bkstre.
28. What is the Cmmn Sense Media reprt prbably abut?
A. Children’s reading habits.
B. Quality f children’s bks.
C. Children’s after-class activities.
D. Parent-child relatinships.
29. Where can yu find the data that best supprts "children are reading a lt less fr fun"?
A. In paragraph 2. B. In paragraph 3.
C. In paragraph 4. D. In paragraph 5.
30. Why d many parents limit electrnic reading?
A. E-bks are f pr quality.
B. It culd be a waste f time.
C. It may harm children’s health.
D. E-readers are expensive.
31. Hw shuld parents encurage their children t read mre?
A. Act as rle mdels fr them.
B. Ask then t write bk reprts.
C. Set up reading grups fr them.
D. Talk with their reading class teachers.
【答案】28. A 29. B 30. C 31. A
【文章大意】据本周一公布的a Cmmn Sense Media reprt报告显示，青少年和年幼的孩子们读书的乐趣大大减少。文中从阅读的乐趣，阅读的时间，阅读方式和父母对孩子阅读的影响等角度展示了该报告的内容。
28.A 【解析】推理判断题。题干问的是这篇报道可能是关于什么内容。根据整篇文章，我们可以看出这篇报道讲述了孩子们阅读的乐趣，孩子们阅读的时间，孩子们阅读方式和父母对孩子阅读的影响。A项意为：孩子们的阅读习惯；B项意为：孩子们所读书籍的质量；C项意为：孩子们的课后活动；D项意为：父母与孩子的关系。故选A。
29.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段中的the prprtin (比例) wh say they ‘hardly ever’ read fr fun has gne frm 8 percent f 13-year-lds and 9 percent f 17-year-lds in 1984 t 22 percent and 27 percent respectively tday.可知，很少为乐趣而阅读的人的比例已经分别从1984年的13岁的8%和17岁的9%上升到现在的22%和27%。也就是说，为乐趣而读书的人越来越少了。故选B。
30.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第三段最后一句many parents still limit electrnic reading, mainly due t cncerns abut increased screen time可知，许多家长仍然限制电子阅读，主要是由于担心看一些电子屏幕的时间越来越多，也即是担心会伤害孩子们的健康。故选C。
31.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段The mst hpeful data shared in the reprt shws clear evidence f parents serving as examples and imprtant guides fr their kids when it cmes t reading.可知，有明显的证据表明，父母为孩子们做榜样并为孩子们作重要指导能培养孩子的阅读习惯。也即是说，父母可以通过给孩子们作榜样来鼓励孩子们阅读的。故选A。
Passage 6
【2018年全国Ⅲ卷】Cities usually have a gd reasn fr being where they are, like a nearby prt r river. Peple settle in these places because they are easy t get t and naturally suited t cmmunicatins and trade. New Yrk City, fr example, is near a large harbur at the muth f the Hudsn River. Over 300 years its ppulatin grew gradually frm 800 peple t 8 millin. But nt all cities develp slwly ver a lng perid f time. Bm twns grw frm nthing almst vernight. In 1896, Dawsn, Canada, was unmapped wilderness(荒野). But gld was discvered there in 1897, and tw years later, it was ne f the largest cities in the West, with a ppulatin f 30,000.
Dawsn did nt have any f the natural cnveniences f cities like Lndn r Paris. Peple went there fr gld. They travelled ver snw-cvered muntains and sailed hundreds f miles up icy rivers. The path t Dawsn was cvered with thirty feet f wet snw that culd fall withut warming. An avalanche(雪崩) nce clsed the path, killing 63 peple. Fr many wh made it t Dawsn, hwever, the rewards were wrth the difficult trip. Of the first 20,000 peple wh dug fr gld, 4,000 gt rich. Abut 100 f these stayed rich men fr the rest f their lives.
But n matter hw rich they were, Dawsn was never cmfrtable. Necessities like fd and wd were very expensive. But sn, the gld that Dawsn depended n had all been fund. The city was crwded with disappinted peple with n interest in settling dwn, and when they heard there were new gld discveries in Alaska, they left Dawsn City as quickly as they had cme. Tday, peple still cme and g — t see where the Canadian gld rush happened. Turism is nw the chief industry f Dawsn City — its present ppulatin is 762.
24. What attracted the early settlers t New Yrk City?
A. Its business culture.
B. Its small ppulatin.
C. Its gegraphical psitin.
D. Its favurable climate.
25. What d we knw abut thse wh first dug fr gld in Dawsn?
A. Tw-thirds f them stayed there.
B. One ut f five peple gt rich.
C. Almst everyne gave up.
D. Half f them died.
26. What was the main reasn fr many peple t leave Dawsn?
A. They fund the city t crwded.
B. They wanted t try their luck elsewhere.
C. They were unable t stand the winter.
D. They were shrt f fd.
27. What is the text mainly abut?
A. The rise and fall f a city.
B. The gld rush in Canada.
C. Jurneys int the wilderness.
D. Turism in Dawsn.
【答案】24. C 25. B 26. B 27. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Dawsn这座城市的发展原因、过程与现状。
24. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段中Cities usually have a gd reasn fr being where they are, like a nearby prt r river. Peple settle in these places because they are easy t get t and naturally suited t cmmunicatins and trade. New Yrk City, fr example, is near a large harbur at the muth f the Hudsn River.可知，人们选择在河边或港口设城是因为交通方便，便于做生意。而纽约就是在哈德森河口附近的一个大港口，故纽约吸引早期移民的原因是它的地理位置，故C正确。
25. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段最后一句Of the first 20,000 peple wh dug fr gld, 4,000 gt rich. Abut 100 f these stayed rich men fr the rest f their lives.可知，在最初挖黄金的两万人中有4000人变富有，所以是五分之一的人变富了，故B正确。
26. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中and when they heard there were new gld discveries in Alaska, they left Dawsn City as quickly as they had cme.可知，人们离开Dawsn的主要原因是听说在Alaska发现了黄金，也就是他们要去别的地方寻找发财的机会。故B正确。
27. 主旨大意题。第一段简要介绍城市发展的原因，引出Dawsn这一城市的兴起，第二段介绍了该城市兴起的原因，第三段介绍人们选择离开该城市的原因及现在的状况，所以全文围绕Dawsn这个城市的发展起伏。故A正确。
Passage 7
【2018年浙江卷6月】Steven Stein likes t fllw garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense when yu cnsider that he’s an envirnmental scientist wh studies hw t reduce litter, including things that fall ff garbage trucks as they drive dwn the rad. What is even mre interesting is that ne f Stein's jbs is defending an industry behind the plastic shpping bags.
Americans use mre than 100 billin thin film plastic bags every year. S many end up in tree branches r alng highways that a grwing number f cities d nt allw them at checkuts(收银台) . The bags are prhibited in sme 90 cities in Califrnia, including Ls Angeles. Eyeing these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein t make the case that their prducts are nt as bad fr the planet as mst peple assume.
Amng the bag makers' argument: many cities with bans still allw shppers t purchase paper bags, which are easily recycled but require mre energy t prduce and transprt. And while plastic bags may be ugly t lk at, they represent a small percentage f all garbage n the grund tday.
The industry has als taken aim at the prduct that has appeared as its replacement: reusable shpping bags. The strnger a reusable bag is, the lnger its life and the mre plastic-bag use it cancels ut. Hwever, lnger-lasting reusable bags ften require mre energy t make. One study fund that a cttn bag must be used at least 131 times t be better fr the planet than plastic.
Envirnmentalists dn't dispute（质疑） these pints. They hpe paper bags will be banned smeday t and want shppers t use the same reusable bags fr years.
24. What has Steven Stein been hired t d?
A. Help increase grcery sales.B. Recycle the waste material.
C. Stp things falling ff trucks.D. Argue fr the use f plastic bags.
25. What des the wrd “headwinds”in paragraph 2 refer t?
A. Bans n plastic bags.B. Effects f city develpment.
C. Headaches caused by garbage.D. Plastic bags hung in trees.
26. What is a disadvantage f reusable bags accrding t plastic-bag makers?
A. They are quite expensive.B. Replacing them can be difficult.
C. They are less strng than plastic bags.D. Prducing them requires mre energy.
27. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Plastic, Paper r NeitherB. Industry, Pllutin and Envirnment
C. Recycle r Thrw AwayD. Garbage Cllectin and Waste Cntrl
【答案】24.D 25.A 26.D 27.A
【文章大意】文章分析了几种购物袋的使用情况，塑料袋造成了环境问题，尽管纸袋容易回收，但生产和运输需要更多的能源，希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。
24.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段ne f Stein's jbs is defending an industry behind the plastic shpping bags.和第二段plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein t make the case that their prducts are nt as bad fr the planet as mst peple assume.可知塑料袋生产商雇用Steven Stein是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害，是对塑料袋被禁用的解释和争论。故选D。
25.A 【解析】词义猜测题。上文介绍在许多美国大城市塑料袋被禁用，看到这种现状，塑料袋生产商雇用Steven Stein等科学家是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害。headwinds“逆风”，此处指塑料袋被禁用的现状，即Bans n plastic bags，故选A。
26.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段Hwever, lnger-lasting reusable bags ften require mre energy t make.可知塑料袋生产商认为生产耐用且能重复使用的袋子需要更多的能量，故选D。
27.A 【解析】标题归纳题。文章讲述了使用塑料袋造成的环境问题，纸袋容易回收，但生产和运输需要更多的能源，希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。对这三种方式进行了对比，Plastic, Paper r Neither既能概括全文，又能吸引读者，最适合作为标题。故选A。
Passage 8
【2018年浙江卷6月】As cultural symbls g, the American car is quite yung. The Mdel T Frd was built at the Piquette Plant in Michigan a century ag, with the first rlling ff the assembly line（装配线）n September 27, 1908. Only eleven cars were prduced the next mnth. But eventually Henry Frd wuld build fifteen millin f them.
Mdern America was brn n the rad, behind a wheel. The car shaped sme f the mst lasting aspects f American culture: the radside diner, the billbard, the mtel, even the hamburger. Fr mst f the last century, the car represented what it meant t be American—ging frward at high speed t find new wrlds. The rad nvel, the rad mvie, these are the mst typical American ideas, brn f abundant petrl, cheap cars and a never-ending interstate highway system, the largest public wrks prject in histry.
In 1928 Herbert Hver imagined an America with “a chicken in every pt and a car in every garage.” Since then, this sciety has mved nward, never lking back, as the car transfrmed America frm a farm-based sciety int an industrial pwer.
The cars that drve the American Dream have helped t create a glbal eclgical disaster. In America the demand fr il has grwn by 22 percent since 1990.
The prblems f excessive（过度的）energy cnsumptin, climate change and ppulatin grwth have been described in a bk by the American writer Thmas L. Friedman. He fears the wrst, but hpes fr the best.
Friedman pints ut that the green ecnmy（经济）is a chance t keep American strength. “The ability t design, build and exprt green technlgies fr prducing clean water, clean air and healthy and abundant fd is ging t be the currency f pwer in the new century.”
28. Why is hamburger mentined in paragraph 2?
A. T explain Americans’ lve fr travelling by car.
B. T shw the influence f cars n American culture.
C. T stress the ppularity f fast fd with Americans.
D. T praise the effectiveness f America’s rad system.
29. What has the use f cars in America led t?
A. Decline f ecnmy. B. Envirnmental prblems.
C. A shrtage f il supply. D. A farm-based sciety.
30. What is Friedman’s attitude twards America’s future?
A. Ambiguus. B. Dubtful. C. Hpeful. D. Tlerant.
【解析】28.B 29.B 30.C
【文章大意】文章讲述了汽车在美国经济和文化上的重要作用，也指出了汽车带来的环境问题。
28.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段Mdern America was brn n the rad, behind a wheel. The car shaped sme f the mst lasting aspects f American culture: the radside diner, the billbard, the mtel, even the hamburger.可知现代美国诞生于公路和汽车，汽车塑造了美国文化最持久的一些方面。Hamburger就是汽车塑造的美国文化的一个方面。用这个例子是在说明汽车对美国文化的影响，故选B。
29.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段The cars that drve the American Dream have helped t create a glbal eclgical disaster.可知美国汽车的迅速发展，导致生态灾难。故选B。
30.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的He fears the wrst, but hpes fr the best. 和最后一段中的Friedman pints ut that the green ecnmy（经济）is a chance t keep American strength.可见Friedman虽然对未来担心，但抱有最好的希望，他指出了发展绿色积极的想法。可见Friedman对未来是充满希望的，故选C。
Passage 9
【2018年北京卷】 Find Yur Adventure at the Space and Aviatin(航空) Center
If yu’re lking fr a unique adventure, the Space and Aviatin Center (SAC) is the place t be. The Center ffers prgrams designed t challenge and inspire with hands-n tasks and lts f fun.
Mre than 750,000 have graduated frm SAC, with many seeking emplyment in engineering, aviatin, educatin, medicine and a wide variety f ther prfessins. They cme t camp, wanting t knw what it is like t be an astrnaut r a pilt, and they leave with real-wrld applicatins fr what they’re studying in the classrm.
Fr the trainees, the prgrams als ffer a great way t earn merit badges(荣誉徽章). At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Explratin badge as they build and fire mdel rckets, learn abut space tasks and try simulated(模拟) flying t space with the crew frm all ver the wrld. The Aviatin Challenge prgram gives trainees the chance t earn their Aviatin badge. They learn the principles f flight and test their perating skills in the cckpit(驾驶舱) f a variety f flight simulatrs. Trainees als get a gd start n their Wilderness Survival badge as they learn abut water- and land-survival thrugh designed tasks and their search and rescue f ＂dwned＂ pilt.
With all the prgrams, teamwrk is key as trainees learn the imprtance f leadership and being part f a bigger task. zxx. k
All this fun is available fr ages 9 t 18. Families can enjy the experience tgether, t, with Family Camp prgrams fr families with children as yung as 7.
Stay an hur r stay a week — there is smething here fr everyne!
Fr mre details, please visit us nline at www. ursac. cm.
40. Why d peple cme t SAC?
A. T experience adventures.
B. T lk fr jbs in aviatin.
C. T get a degree in engineering.
D. T learn mre abut medicine.
41. T earn a Space Explratin badge, a trainee needs t .
A. fly t space
B. get an Aviatin badge first
C. study the principles f flight
D. build and fire mdel rckets
42. What is the mst imprtant fr trainees?
A. Leadership. B. Team spirit.
C. Task planning. D. Survival skills.
【答案】40. A 41. D 42. B
【解析】本文为说明文。文章主要介绍了宇航中心培训项目简介，命题时从读者的真实需求出发，着重考查培训项目的相关内容和特点。激发考生的航天梦想，探险精神和团队合作精神。。
40. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段第一句If yu’re lking fr a unique adventure, the Space and Aviatin Center (SAC) is the place t be. 可知，人们来SAC是为了寻找与众不同的冒险体验，故选A。
41. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Explratin badge as they build and fire mdel rckets, learn abut space tasks and try simulated(模拟) flying t space with the crew frm all ver the wrld. 可知，要想获得太空探险徽章需要建造和发射火箭模型，学习空间任务，尝试与飞行员模拟太空飞行等，故选D。
42. 细节理解题。根据文章第四段With all the prgrams, teamwrk is key as trainees learn the imprtance f leadership and being part f a bigger task. 可知，对于受训者来说，团队合作是关键，故团队精神是最重要的，故选B。
Passage 10
【2018年北京卷】 Plastic-Eating Wrms
Humans prduce mre than 300 millin tns f plastic every year. Almst half f that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), and up t 12 millin tns pllute the ceans. S far there is n effective way t get rid f it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stmachs f sme hungry wrms.
Researchers in Spain and England recently fund that the wrms f the greater wax mth can break dwn plyethylene, which accunts fr 40% f plastics. The team left 100 wax wrms n a cmmercial plyethylene shpping bag fr 12 hurs, and the wrms cnsumed and brke dwn abut 92 milligrams, r almst 3% f it. T cnfirm that the wrms’ chewing alne was nt respnsible fr the plyethylene breakdwn, the researchers made sme wrms int paste(糊状物) and applied it t plastic films. 14 hurs later the films had lst 13% f their mass — apparently brken dwn by enzymes (酶) frm the wrms’ stmachs. Their findings were published in Current Bilgy in 2017.
Federica Bertcchini, c-authr f the study, says the wrms’ ability t break dwn their everyday fd — beeswax — als allws them t break dwn plastic. ＂Wax is a cmplex mixture, but the basic bnd in plyethylene, the carbn-carbn bnd, is there as well, ＂she explains, ＂The wax wrm evlved a methd r system t break this bnd. ＂
Jennifer DeBruyn, a micrbilgist at the University f Tennessee, wh was nt invlved in the study, says it is nt surprising that such wrms can break dwn plyethylene. But cmpared with previus studies, she finds the speed f breaking dwn in this ne exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be t identify the cause f the breakdwn. Is it an enzyme prduced by the wrm itself r by its gut micrbes(肠道微生物)?
Bertcchini agrees and hpes her team’s findings might ne day help emply the enzyme t break dwn plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in sme kind f industrial prcess — nt simply ＂millins f wrms thrwn n tp f the plastic.＂
43. What can we learn abut the wrms in the study?
A. They take plastics as their everyday fd.
B. They are newly evlved creatures.
C. They can cnsume plastics.
D. They wind up in landfills.
44. Accrding t Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step f the study is t .
A. identify ther means f the breakdwn
B. find ut the surce f the enzyme
C. cnfirm the research findings
D. increase the breakdwn speed
45. It can be inferred frm the last paragraph that the chemical might .
A. help t raise wrms
B. help make plastic bags
C. be used t clean the ceans
D. be prduced in factries in future
46. What is the main purpse f the passage?
A. T explain a study methd n wrms.
B. T intrduce the diet f a special wrm.
C. T present a way t break dwn plastics.
D. T prpse new means t keep ec-balance.
【答案】43. C 44. B 45. D 46. C
【解析】本文为说明文。文章介绍了一种吃塑料的虫子大蜡螟，它胃中的酶能够降解塑料，这为解决塑料污染提供了新的途径。
43.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第三段Federica Bertcchini, c-authr f the study, says the wrms’ ability t break dwn their everyday fd — beeswax — als allws them t break dwn plastic. 可知，研究结果发现，蠕虫分解日常食物的能力让它们可以分解塑料，也就是说它们可以消费塑料。故选C。
44.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第四段The next step, DeBruyn says, will be t identify the cause f the breakdwn. Is it an enzyme prduced by the wrm itself r by its gut micrbes(肠道微生物)?可知，下一步研究是辨清分解的原因，查明这种酶来源于哪里，是虫子自己产生的还是它肠道里的微生物产生的。故选B。
45.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段But she expects using the chemical in sme kind f industrial prcess — nt simply ＂millins f wrms thrwn n tp f the plastic. ＂可以推断出，Bertcchini希望这种化学物质将来能在工业生产中使用，而不是仅仅依靠蠕虫来分解塑料。故选D。
46.C 【解析】写作意图题。根据文章第一段最后一句S far there is n effective way t get rid f it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stmachs f sme hungry wrms. 可知，有一种新的方法被用于分解塑料。再根据最后一段最后一句But she expects using the chemical in sme kind f industrial prcess — nt simply ＂millins f wrms thrwn n tp f the plastic. ＂可知，Bertcchini希望将这种方法推广到工业中。由此可以推知写作意图为介绍一种分解塑料的方法。故选C。
Passage 11
【2018年江苏卷】If yu want t disturb the car industry, yu'd better have a few billin dllars: Mm-and-pp carmakers are unlikely t beat the biggest car cmpanies. But in agriculture, small farmers can get the best f the majr players. By cnnecting directly with custmers, and by respnding quickly t changes in the markets as well as in the ecsystems(生态系统), small farmers can keep ne step ahead f the big guys. As the c-funder f the Natinal Yung Farmers Calitin (NYFC, 美国青年农会) and a family farmer myself. I have a frnt-rw seat t the innvatins amng small farmers that are transfrming the industry.
Fr example, take the Quick Cut Greens Harvester, a tl develped just a cuple f years ag by a yung farmer, Jnathan Dysinger, in Tennessee, with a small lan frm a lcal Slw Mney grup. It enables small-scale farmers t harvest 175 punds f green vegetables per hur—a huge imprvement ver harvesting just a few dzen punds by hand—suddenly making it pssible fr the little guys t cmpete with large farms f Califrnia. Befre the tl came ut, small farmers culdn't tuch the price per pund ffered by Califrnia farms. But nw, with the cmbinatin f a better price pint and a generally fresher prduct, they can stay in business.
The sustainable success f small farmers, thugh, wn't happen withut fundamental changes t the industry. One crucial factr is secure access t land. Cmpetitin frm investrs, develpers, and established large farmers makes wning ne's wn land unattainable fr many new farmers.
Frm 2004 t 2013, agricultural land values dubled, and they cntinue t rise in many regins.
Anther challenge fr mre than a millin f the mst qualified farm wrkers and managers is a nn-existent path t citizenship — the greatest barrier t building a farm f their wn. With farmers ver the age f 65 utnumbering(多于）farmers yunger than 35 by six t ne, and with tw-thirds f the natin's farmland in need f a new farmer, we must clear the path fr talented peple willing t grw the natin's fd.
There are slutins that culd light a path tward a mre sustainable and fair farm ecnmy, but farmers can't clumsily put them tgether befre us. We at the NYFC need brad supprt as we urge Cngress t increase farmland cnservatin, as we push fr immigratin refrm, and as we seek plicies that will ensure the success f a diverse and ambitius next generatin f farms frm all backgrunds. With a new farm bill t be debated in Cngress, cnsumers must take a stand with yung farmers.
61. The authr mentins car industry at the beginning f the passage t intrduce .
A. the prgress made in car industry
B. a special feature f agriculture
C. a trend f develpment in agriculture
D. the imprtance f investing in car industry
62. What des the authr want t illustrate with the example in paragraph 2?
A. Lans t small lcal farmers are necessary.
B. Technlgy is vital fr agricultural develpment.
C. Cmpetitin between small and big farms is fierce
D. Small farmers may gain sme advantages ver big nes.
63. What is the difficulty fr thse new famers?
A. T gain mre financial aid.
B. T hire gd farm managers.
C. T have farms f their wn.
D. T win ld farmers’ supprt.
64. What shuld farmers d fr a mre sustainable and fair farm ecnmy?
A. Seek supprt beynd NYFC.
B. Expand farmland cnservatin.
C. Becme members f NYFC.
D. Invest mre t imprve technlgy.
【答案】61. B 62. D 63. C 64. A
【解析】本文为说明文，文章主要分析了美国小农场的特点及目前美国农业所面临的问题。
61. 推理判断题。根据文章第一句话If yu want t disturb the car industry, yu'd better have a few billin dllars: Mm-and-pp carmakers are unlikely t beat the biggest car cmpanies.可知一般人不可能影响到汽车工业，而根据第二句话的but 可知农业和工业是不同的，接下来就介绍了农业不同于工业的地方，故B正确。
62. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段第三句It enables small-scale farmers t harvest 175 punds f green vegetables per hur—a huge imprvement ver harvesting just a few dzen punds by hand—suddenly making it pssible fr the little guys t cmpete with large farms f Califrnia.可以看出新农具的发明使得工作效率提高，使得小农民可以跟大农场竞争，再根据第二段最后一句可知他们的价格更优惠，产品更新鲜使得农民更有优势，故选D。
63. 细节理解题。根据文章第四段第一句话Anther challenge fr mre than a millin f the mst qualified farm wrkers and managers is a nn-existent path t citizenship — the greatest barrier t building a farm f their wn.可知，新农民面临的最大挑战是无法获得公民身份，因此不能建设自己的农场，故选C。
64. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段第二句We at the NYFC need brad supprt as we urge Cngress t increase farmland cnservatin, as we push fr immigratin refrm, and as we seek plicies that will ensure the success f a diverse and ambitius next generatin f farms frm all backgrunds.可知NYFC需要广泛的支持，包括要求议会增加农田保护，推动移民改革，探寻政策确保不同背景的新农民的成功等，所以为了保证农业经济的可持续发展农民需要寻求NYFC 以外的很多方面的支持。故选A。
Passage 12
【2018年天津卷】There’s a new frntier in 3D printing that’s beginning t cme int fcus: fd. Recent develpment has made pssible machines that print, ck, and serve fds n a mass scale. And the industry isn’t stpping there.
Fd prductin
With a 3D printer, a ck can print cmplicated chclate sculptures and beautiful pieces fr decratin n a wedding cake. Nt everybdy can d that — it takes years f experience, but a printer makes it easy. A restaurant in Spain uses a Fdini t “re-create frms and pieces” f fd that are “exactly the same,” freeing cks t cmplete ther tasks. In anther restaurant, all f the dishes and desserts it serves are 3D-printed,rather than farm t table.
Sustainability(可持续性）
The glbal ppulatin is expected t grw t 9.6 billin by 2050, and sme analysts estimate that fd prductin will need t be raised by 50 percent t maintain current levels. Sustainability is becming a necessity. 3D fd printing culd prbably cntribute t the slutin. Sme experts believe printers culd use hydrcllids (水解胶体) frm plentiful renewables like algae(藻类) and grass t replace the familiar ingredients(烹饪原料). 3D printing can reduce fuel use and emissins. Grcery stres f the future might stck "fd" that lasts years n end, freeing up shelf space and reducing transprtatin and strage requirements.
Nutritin
Future 3D fd printers culd make prcessed fd healthier. Hd Lipsn, a prfessr at Clumbia University, said, “Fd printing culd allw cnsumers t print fd with custmized nutritinal cntent, like vitamins. S instead f eating a piece f yesterday’s bread frm the supermarket, yu’d eat smething baked just fr yu n demand.”
Challenges
Despite recent advancements in 3D fd printing, the industry has many challenges t vercme. Currently, mst ingredients must be changed t a paste(糊状物) befre a printer can use them, and the printing prcess is quite time-cnsuming, because ingredients interact with each ther in very cmplex ways. On tp f that, mst f the 3D fd printers nw are restricted t dry ingredients, because meat and milk prducts may easily g bad. Sme experts are skeptical abut 3D fd printers, believing they are better suited fr fast fd restaurants than hmes and high-end restaurants.
46. What benefit des 3D printing bring t fd prductin?
A. It helps cks t create new dishes.
B. It saves time and effrt in cking.
C. It imprves the cking cnditins.
D. It cntributes t restaurant decratins.
47. What can we learn abut 3D fd printing frm Paragraphs 3?
A. It slves fd shrtages easily.
B. It quickens the transprtatin f fd.
C. It needs n space fr the strage f fd.
D. It uses renewable materials as surces f fd.
48. Accrding t Paragraph 4, 3D-printed fd ________.
A. is mre available t cnsumers
B. can meet individual nutritinal needs
C. is mre tasty than fd in supermarkets
D. can keep all the nutritin in raw materials
49. What is the main factr that prevents 3D fd printing frm spreading widely?
A. The printing prcess is cmplicated.
B. 3D fd printers are t expensive.
C. Fd materials have t be dry.
D. Sme experts dubt 3D fd printing.
50. What culd be the best title f the passage?
A. 3D Fd Printing: Delicius New Technlgy
B. A New Way t Imprve 3D Fd Printing
C. The Challenges fr 3D Fd Prductin
D. 3D Fd Printing: Frm Farm t Table
【答案】46. B 47. D 48. B 49. C 50. A
【解析】本文是一篇科普类短文阅读。文章主要介绍了3D打印技术在食物上的应用取得了进展，但目前仍面临着许多方面的挑战。
46. 推理判断题。根据文章Fd prductin中叙述了没有经验的人可以用3D打印机做出复杂的巧克力雕塑和美丽的婚礼蛋糕，以及餐厅能够用3D打印出所有的菜肴和甜点，从而可以推断出3D打印的优势是节省了做饭的时间和精力。故选B。
47. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段Sme experts believe printers culd use hydrcllids (水解胶体) frm plentiful renewables like algae(藻类) and grass t replace the familiar ingredients(烹饪原料).可知，3D打印机可以使用可再生材料作为食物来源。故选D。
48. 推理判断题。根据文章第四段Fd printing culd allw cnsumers t print fd with custmized nutritinal cntent, like vitamins.（食品打印可以让消费者打印定制营养的食物），从而可以推断出3D打印出来的食物可以满足个人营养需求。故选B。
49. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段mst f the 3D fd printers nw are restricted t dry ingredients, because meat and milk prducts may easily g bad.可知，阻止3D打印食物进一步广泛使用的原因是原料必须是干的，含水多的肉和牛奶不能应用于3D打印因为很容易坏。故选C。
50. 主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了3D打印技术在食物上的应用取得了进展，但目前仍面临着许多方面的挑战。所以用标题3D Fd Printing: Delicius New Technlgy，故选A。
2017年阅读理解说明文
Passage1
【2017年新课标Ⅰ卷】A build-it-yurself slar still（蒸馏器） is ne f the best ways t btain drinking water in areas where the liquid is nt readily available. Develped by tw dctrs in the U.S. Department f Agriculture, it’s an excellent water cllectr. Unfrtunately, yu must carry the necessary equipment with yu, since it’s all but impssible t find natural substitutes. The nly cmpnents required, thugh, are a 5＇ SKIPIF 1 < 0 5＇ sheet f clear r slightly milky plastic, six feet f plastic tube, and a cntainer — perhaps just a drinking cup — t catch the water. These pieces can be flded int a neat little pack and fastened n yur belt.
T cnstruct a wrking still, use a sharp stick r rck t dig a hle fur feet acrss and three feet deep. Try t make the hle in a damp area t increase the water catcher’s prductivity. Place yur cup in the deepest part f the hle. Then lay the tube in place s that ne end rests all the way in the cup and the rest f the line runs up — and ut — the side f the hle.
Next, cver the hle with the plastic sheet, securing the edges f the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center dwn with a rck. The plastic shuld nw frm a cne(圆锥体) with 45-degree-angled sides. The lw pint f the sheet must be centered directly ver, and n mre than three inches abve, the cup.
The slar still wrks by creating a greenhuse under the plastic. Grund water evaprates(蒸发) and cllects n the sheet until small drps f water frm, run dwn the material and fall ff int the cup. When the cntainer is full, yu can suck the refreshment ut thrugh the tube, and wn’t have t break dwn the still every time yu need a drink.
32. What d we knw abut the slar still equipment frm the first paragraph?
A. It’s delicate. B. It’s expensive.
C. It’s cmplex. D. It’s prtable.
33. What des the underlined phrase ＂the water catcher＂ in paragraph 2 refer t?
A. The tube. B. The still.
C. The hle. D. The cup.
34. What is the last step f cnstructing a wrking slar still?
A. Dig a hle f a certain size. B. Put the cup in place.
C. Weight the sheet’s center dwn. D. Cver the hle with the plastic sheet.
35. When a slar still wrks, drps f water cme int the cup frm .
A. the plastic tube B. utside the hle
C. the pen air D. beneath the sheet
【文章大意】本文主要介绍了一种自己可以亲手制作的简单易行的太阳能蒸馏器的方法，并介绍了它的工作原理。这种蒸馏器所需的材料简单，适用于任何缺水的地方。
32. D
【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句话These pieces can be flded int a neat little pack and fastened n yur belt.可知制作蒸馏器的东西可以叠放在一个小包里，系在腰间，这说明制作蒸馏器的设备很轻便，prtable表示＂轻便的；手提的＂，故选D。
33. B
【解析】词义猜测题。根据Try t make the hle in a damp area t increase the water catcher’s prductivity可知最好在潮湿的地方挖洞，以提高接水器的工作效率。＂接水器＂指的是在潮湿的地方挖洞，在洞的底部放一个杯子，杯子上方用膜覆盖，整个装置构成接水器，而不是某个部分。这一题很容易错选D，但是就算在干燥的地方挖洞，杯子也可以接水，杯子接水的事实并不会因为周围环境的变化而变化，杯子的工作效率是不变的。故选B。
34. C
【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段Next, cver the hle with the plastic sheet, securing the edges f the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center dwn with a rck.可知最后一步是weighting the sheet’s center dwn with a rck(放一块石头在覆盖膜的中间，把它压下去)，故选C。
35. D
【解析】推理判断题。结合第四段中的Grund water evaprates(蒸发) and cllects n the sheet until small drps f water frm, run dwn the material and fall ff int the cup可知地下水蒸发，在覆盖膜上聚集起来，直到形成小水滴落在杯子里，覆盖膜是在杯子上面的，水滴落入杯子里，所以水滴是聚在覆盖膜的下面。故选D。
Passage 2
【2017年新课标Ⅱ卷】Terrafugia Inc. said Mnday that its new flying car has cmpleted its first flight, bringing the cmpany clser t its gal f selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle — named the Transitin — has tw seats, fur wheels and wings that fld up s it can be driven like a car. The Transitin, which flew at 1,400 feet fr eight minutes last mnth, can reach arund 70 miles per hur n the rad and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-galln tank f gas and burns 5 gallns per hur in the air. On the grund, it gets 35 miles per galln.
Arund 100 peple have already put dwn a $10,000 depsit t get a Transitin when they g n sale, and thse numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia intrduces the Transitin t the public later this week at the New Yrk Aut Shw. But dn’t expect it t shw up in t many driveways. It’s expected t cst $279,000. And it wn’t help if yu’re stuck in traffic. The car needs a runway.
Inventrs have been trying t make flying cars since the 1930s, accrding t Rbert Mann, an airline industry expert. But Mann thinks Terrafugia has cme clser than anyne t making the flying car a reality. The gvernment has already permitted the cmpany t use special materials t make it easier fr the vehicle t fly. The Transitin is nw ging thrugh crash tests t make sure it meets federal safety standards.
Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviatin Administratin’s decisin five years ag t create a separate set f standards fr light sprt aircraft, which are lwer than thse fr pilts f larger planes. Terrafugia says an wner wuld need t pass a test and cmplete 20 hurs f flying time t be able t fly the Transitin, a requirement pilts wuld find relatively easy t meet.
28. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. The basic data f the Transitin.
B. The advantages f flying cars.
C. The ptential market fr flying cars.
D. The designers f the Transitin.
29. Why is the Transitin unlikely t shw up in t many driveways?
A. It causes traffic jams.
B. It is difficult t perate.
C. It is very expensive.
D. It burns t much fuel.
30. What is the gvernment’s attitude t the develpment f the flying car?
A. Cautius.B. Favrable.
C. Ambiguus.D. Disapprving.
31. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Flying Car at Aut ShwB. The Transitin’s First Flight
C. Pilts’ Dream Cming TrueD. Flying Car Clser t Reality
【语篇解读】本文是一篇科普说明文。Terrafugia 公司研制出飞行汽车并成功进行了第一次飞行,使飞行汽车成为现实更进一步。
28. A【解析】考查段落大意。第一段的第二句"The a car"介绍了飞行汽车Transitin的构造,第一段的后半部分介绍了它的空中飞行速度、陆地行驶速度和油耗情况,这些都是飞行汽车的基本数据。故选A项。
29. C【解析】考查细节理解。根据第二段中的"But dn’t expect it t shw up in t many driveways. It’s expected t cst $ 279,000"可知,该飞行汽车是非常贵的,所以不太可能大量出现在车道上。故选C项。
30. B【解析】考查推理判断。根据第三段中的"The gvernment has already permitted the cmpany t use special materials t make it easier fr the vehicle t fly"可推知,政府对该项目是支持的。故选B项。
31. D【解析】考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的"Terrafugia Inc. said Mnday that its new flying car has cmpleted its first flight, bringing the cmpany clser t its gal f selling the flying car within the next year"可知,Terrafugia公司的飞行汽车成功进行了第一次飞行,从而使飞行汽车更加接近现实。所以选D项。主旨大意题的解答要注意文章的首段和尾段,同时要结合文章中大部分内容所讲述的观点。文章中只提及Transitin会出现在New Yrk Aut Shw,但这不是文章主要内容,故排除A项;B项只是飞行汽车的第一次飞行,过于片面;C项中的"Pilts’ Dream"未在文中提及。
Passage 3
【2017年新课标Ⅱ卷】When a leafy plant is under attack, it desn’t sit quietly. Back in 1983, tw scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reprted that yung maple trees getting bitten by insects send ut a particular smell that neighbring plants can get. These chemicals cme frm the injured parts f the plant and seem t be an alarm. What the plants pump thrugh the air is a mixture f chemicals knwn as vlatile rganic cmpunds, VOCs fr shrt.
Scientists have fund that all kinds f plants give ut VOCs when being attacked. It’s a plant’s way f crying ut. But is anyne listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbrs react.
Sme plants pump ut smelly chemicals t keep insects away. But thers d duble duty. They pump ut perfumes designed t attract different insects wh are natural enemies t the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker wh was lunching nw becmes lunch.
In study after study, it appears that these chemical cnversatins help the neighbrs. The damage is usually mre serius n the first plant, but the neighbrs, relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what t d.
Des this mean that plants talk t each ther? Scientists dn’t knw. Maybe the first plant just made a cry f pain r was sending a message t its wn branches, and s, in effect, was talking t itself. Perhaps the neighbrs just happened t "verhear" the cry. S infrmatin was exchanged, but it wasn’t a true, intentinal back and frth.
Charles Darwin, ver 150 years ag, imagined a wrld far busier, nisier and mre intimate(亲密的) than the wrld we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whle lt ging n.
32. What des a plant d when it is under attack?
A. It makes nises.B. It gets help frm ther plants.
C. It stands quietly.D. It sends ut certain chemicals.
33. What des the authr mean by "the tables are turned" in paragraph 3?
A. The attackers get attacked.B. The insects gather under the table.
C. The plants get ready t fight back.D. The perfumes attract natural enemies.
34. Scientists find frm their studies that plants can .
A. predict natural disastersB. prtect themselves against insects
C. talk t ne anther intentinallyD. help their neighbrs when necessary
35. What can we infer frm the last paragraph?
A. The wrld is changing faster than ever.B. Peple have strnger senses than befre.
C. The wrld is mre cmplex than it seems.D. Peple in Darwin’s time were mre imaginative.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文,介绍了植物在受到昆虫的攻击时是如何进行自我保护的,同时引出世界比我们人类想象的要复杂得多这一观点。
32. D【解析】考查细节理解。根据第一段的"yung maple trees getting bitten by insects send ut a particular smell that neighbring plants can get. These chemicals cme frm the injured parts f the plant"可知,当植物受到攻击时,它会产生一些化学物质。故选D项。
33. A【解析】考查句意理解。根据第三段中的"The attacker wh was lunching nw becmes lunch"可知,正吃午餐的袭击者变成了午餐,也就是袭击者被攻击了。故选A项。
34. B【解析】考查推理判断。根据第三段中的"Sme plants pump ut smelly chemicals t keep insects away. But thers d duble duty"可知,植物能保护自己抵抗昆虫。故选B项。
35. C【解析】考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的"imagined a wrld far busier, nisier and mre intimate(亲密的) than the wrld we can see and hear. Our senses are weak"可推知,世界比它显现出来的更加复杂。故选C项。
Passage 4
【2017年新课标Ⅲ卷】After years f heated debate, gray wlves were reintrduced t Yellwstne Natinal Park. Furteen wlves were caught in Canada and transprted t the park. By last year, the Yellwstne wlf ppulatin had grwn t mre than 170 wlves.
Gray wlves nce were seen here and there in the Yellwstne area and much f the cntinental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human develpment. By the 1920s, wlves had practically disappeared frm the Yellwstne area. They went farther nrth int the deep frests f Canada, where there were fewer humans arund.
The disappearance f the wlves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk ppulatins — majr fd surces (来源) fr the wlf — grew rapidly. These animals cnsumed large amunts f vegetatin (植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence f wlves, cyte ppulatins als grew quickly. The cytes killed a large percentage f the park’s red fxes, and cmpletely drve away the park’s beavers.
As early as 1966, bilgists asked the gvernment t cnsider reintrducing wlves t Yellwstne Park. They hped that wlves wuld be able t cntrl the elk and cyte prblems. Many farmers ppsed the plan because they feared that wlves wuld kill their farm animals r pets.
The gvernment spent nearly 30 years cming up with a plan t reintrduce the wlvers. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully mnitrs and manages the wlf packs in Yellwstne. Tday, the debate cntinues ver hw well the gray wlf is fitting in at Yellwstne. Elk, deer, and cyte ppulatins are dwn, while beavers and red fxes have made a cmeback. The Yellwstne wlf prject has been a valuable experiment t help bilgists decide whether t reintrduce wlves t ther parts f the cuntry as well.
28. What is the text mainly abut?
A. Wildlife research in the United States.
B. Plant diversity in the Yellwstne area.
C. The cnflict between farmers and gray wlves.
D. The reintrductin f wlves t Yellwstne Park.
29. What des the underlined wrd ＂displaced＂ in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Tested.B. Separated.C. Frced ut.D. Tracked dwn.
30. What did the disappearance f gray wlves bring abut?
A. Damage t lcal eclgy. B. A decline in the park’s incme.
C. Preservatin f vegetatin. D. An increase in the variety f animals.
31. What is the authr’s attitude twards the Yellwstne wlf prject?
A. Dubtful. B. Psitive. C. Disapprving. D. Uncaring.
【答案】
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了美国黄石公园重新引进灰狼的故事。
28. D 【解析】主旨大意题。文章开门见山地提出黄石公园引进灰狼的举措，然后在下文中详细介绍其原因以及带来的良好的转机，由此判断本文的中心话题是美国黄石公园重新引进灰狼。
29. C 【解析】词义猜测题。根据本段后两句可知，因为人类的发展，侵占了灰狼的领域，灰狼逐渐向北迁徙，由此推断灰狼被人类排挤走了。
30. A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段的内容可知，灰狼的减少造成了鹿群的增多，从而植被遭到了破坏；土狼的数量快速增加，它们猎杀了大量的赤狐，赶走了海狸，由此可推断出灰狼的消失导致了当地生态平衡被破坏。
31. B 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章末段的最后一句可知，作者认为引进灰狼的项目是很有价值的实验，因此可推知作者对这一举措持肯定的态度。
Passage 5
【2017年新课标Ⅲ卷】The Intelligent Transprt team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car int a mbile labratry named ＂DriveLAB＂ in rder t understand the challenges faced by lder drivers and t discver where the key stress pints are.
Research shws that giving up driving is ne f the key reasns fr a fall in health and well-being amng lder peple, leading t them becming mre islated(隔绝) and inactive.
Led by Prfessr Phil Blythe, the Newcastle team are develping in-vehicle technlgies fr lder drivers which they hpe culd help them t cntinue driving int later life.
These include custm-made navigatin(导航) tls, night visin systems and intelligent speed adaptatins. Phil Blythe explains: ＂Fr many lder peple, particularly thse living alne r in the cuntry, driving is imprtant fr preserving their independence, giving them the freedm t get ut and abut withut having t rely n thers.＂
＂But we all have t accept that as we get lder ur reactins slw dwn and this ften results in peple aviding any ptentially challenging driving cnditins and lsing cnfidence in their driving skills. The result is that peple stp driving befre they really need t.＂
Dr Amy Gu, the leading researcher n the lder driver study, explains: ＂The DriveLAB is helping us t understand what the key pints and difficulties are fr lder drivers and hw we might use technlgy t address these prblems.
＂Fr example, mst f us wuld expect lder drivers always g slwer than everyne else but surprisingly, we fund that in 30mph znes they struggled t keep at a cnstant speed and s were mre likely t break the speed limit and be at risk f getting fined. We’re lking at the benefits f systems which cntrl their speed as a way f preventing that.
＂We hpe that ur wrk will help with technlgical slutins(解决方案) t ensure that lder drivers stay safer behind the wheel.＂
32. What is the purpse f the DriveLAB?
A. T explre new means f transprt.
B. T design new types f cars.
C. T find ut lder driver’s prblems.
D. T teach peple traffic rules.
33. Why is driving imprtant fr lder peple accrding t Phil Blythe?
A. It keeps them independent.
B. It helps them save time.
C. It builds up their strength.
D. It cures their mental illnesses.
34. What d researchers hpe t d fr lder drivers?
A. Imprve their driving skills.
B. Develp driver-assist technlgies.
C. Prvide tips n repairing their cars.
D. Organize regular physical checkups.
35. What is the best title fr the text?
A. A new Mdel Electric Car
B. A Slutin t Traffic Prblems
C. Driving Services fr Elders
D. Keeping Older Drivers n the Rad
【答案】
【文章大意】为了了解老年司机所面临的问题，科研人员研制出DriveLAB，目的是能够帮助他们延长驾龄，从而保持积极、健康的生活方式。
32. C 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章首段的内容可知，研制DriveLAB的目的是为了更好地了解老年司机所面临的挑战。
33. A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段中 Phil Blythe所说的＂ is imprtant fr preserving their independence, giving them the freedm t get ut and abut withut having t rely n thers＂可知，在Phil Blythe看来，能够开车是老年人能够保持独立生活和自由外出的重要条件。
34. B 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后三段的内容可知，研究人员希望能够通过研制一些司机辅助技术来帮助老年司机延长驾龄、享受更多的独立生活。
35. D 【解析】主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了科研人员通过把电动车改装成一款＂DriveLAB＂来研究如何帮助解决老年司机在开车时遇到的问题，以便延长他们独立生活的时间，提高他们的生活质量。
Passage 6
【2017年北京卷】Inspiring yung minds!
TOKNOW Magazine is a big hit in the wrld f children’s publishing, bringing a unique cmbinatin f challenging ideas and gd fun t yung fans every mnth.
What’s inside?
Every mnth the magazine intrduces a
fresh new tpic with articles, experiments
and creative things t make — the magazine
als explres philsphy and wellbeing t make sure yung readers have a balanced take n life.
What is s special abut TOKNOW magazine?
Well, it has n ads r prmtins inside—
instead it is jam-packed with serius ideas.
TOKNOW makes cmplex ideas attractive and
accessible t children, wh can becme invlved in advanced cncepts and even philsphy（哲学）—and they will sn discver that TOKNOW feels mre like a club than just a magazine.
Sunds t gd t be true?
Take a lk nline—evidence shws that thusands f teachers and parents knw a gd thing when they see it and recmmend TOKNOW t their friends.
Happy Birthday All Year!
What culd be mre fun than a gift that keeps cming thrugh the letterbx every mnth? The first magazine with yur gift message will arrive in time fr the special day.
SUBSCRIBE NOW
□Annual Subscriptin
Eurpe £55 Rest f Wrld £65
□Annual Subscriptin with Gift Pack
Includes a Mammth Map, a Passprt Puzzle Bklet, and Subscriptin
Eurpe £60 Rest f Wrld £70
Refund Plicy—the subscriptin can be cancelled within 28 days and yu can get yur mney back.
59. Why is TOKNOW a special magazine?
A. It entertains yung parents.
B. It prvides serius advertisements.
C. It publishes ppular science fictins.
D. It cmbines fun with cmplex cncepts.
60. What des TOKNOW ffer its readers?
A. Online curses.
B. Articles n new tpics.
C. Lectures n a balanced life.
D. Reprts n scientific discveries.
61. Hw much shuld yu pay if yu make a 12-muth subscriptin t TOKNOW with gift pack frm China?
A. £55. B. £60. C. £65. D. £70.
62. Subscribers f TOKNOW wuld get .
A. free birthday presents
B. full refund within 28 days
C. membership f the TOKNOW club
D. chances t meet the experts in persn
【文章大意】文章介绍了一本杂志TOKNOW Magazine。
59.D 【解析】数字计算题。根据第一个方框内TOKNOW makes cmplex ideas attractive and accessible t children可知TOKNOW杂志让那些复杂的观点变得非常的有吸引力并且孩子们可以接受，有吸引力的东西肯定有趣，故可知答案为D。
60.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二个方框内Every mnth the magazine intrduces a fresh new tpic with articles, experiments and creative things t make可知杂志每个月都会引入一个新观点，并配有文章、实验等，所以答案为B。
61.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据Annual Subscriptin with Gift Pack中的Includes a Mammth Map, a passprt Puzzle Bklet, and Subscriptin Eurpe £60 Rest f Wrld £70，中国属于Rest f Wrld，故答案为D。
62.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一句话Refund Plicy—the subscriptin can be cancelled within 28 days and yu can get yur mney back.可知订阅可在28天内取消，且全额退款，故答案为B。
Passage 7
【2017年北京卷】Measles(麻疹), which nce killed 450 children each year and disabled even mre, was nearly wiped ut in the United States 14 years ag by the universal use f the MMR vaccine(疫苗). But the disease is making a cmeback, caused by a grwing anti-vaccine mvement and misinfrmatin that is spreading quickly. Already this year, 115 measles cases have been reprted in the USA, cmpared with 189 fr all f last year.
The numbers might sund small, but they are the leading edge f a dangerus trend. When vaccinatin rates are very high, as they still are in the natin as a whle, everyne is prtected. This is called ＂herd immunity＂, which prtects the peple wh get hurt easily, including thse wh can’t be vaccinated fr medical reasns, babies t yung t get vaccinated and peple n whm the vaccine desn’t wrk.
But herd immunity wrks nly when nearly the whle herd jins in. When sme refuse vaccinatin and seek a free ride, immunity breaks dwn and everyne is in even bigger danger.
That’s exactly what is happening in small neighbrhds arund the cuntry frm Orange Cunty, Califrnia, where 22 measles cases were reprted this mnth, t Brklyn, N.Y., where a 17-year-ld caused an utbreak last year.
The resistance t vaccine has cntinued fr decades, and it is driven by a real but very small risk. Thse wh refuse t take that risk selfishly make thers suffer.
Making things wrse are state laws that make it t easy t pt ut(决定不参加) f what are suppsed t be required vaccines fr all children entering kindergarten. Seventeen states allw parents t get an exemptin（豁免）, smetimes just by signing a paper saying they persnally bject t a vaccine.
Nw, several states are mving t tighten laws by adding new regulatins fr pting ut. But n ne des enugh t limit exemptins.
Parents ught t be able t pt ut nly fr limited medical r religius reasns. But persnal pinins? Nt gd enugh. Everyne enjys the life-saving benefits vaccines prvide, but they’ll exist nly as lng as everyne shares in the risks.
63. The first tw paragraphs suggest that ____________.
A. a small number f measles cases can start a dangerus trend
B. the utbreak f measles attracts the public attentin
C. anti-vaccine mvement has its medical reasns
D. infrmatin abut measles spreads quickly
64. Herd immunity wrks well when ____________.
A. exemptins are allwed
B. several vaccines are used tgether
C. the whle neighbrhd is invlved in
D. new regulatins are added t the state laws
65. What is the main reasn fr the cmeback f measles?
A. The veruse f vaccine.
B. The lack f medical care.
C. The features f measles itself.
D. The vaccine pt-uts f sme peple.
66. What is the purpse f the passage?
A. T intrduce the idea f exemptin.
B. T discuss methds t cure measles.
C. T stress the imprtance f vaccinatin.
D. T appeal fr equal rights in medical treatment.
【答案】63 A 64 C 65 D 66 C
【文章大意】本文主要是介绍了麻疹在历史上带来的危害，以及为什么会发生这样的情况。
63.A 【解析】文章第二段的首句既是对第一段的总结，又是第二段的中心句，由此可知答案为A。
64.C 【解析】根据第三段But herd immunity wrks nly when nearly the whle herd jins in.可知只有所有人都参与了才会有用，故选C。
65.D 【解析】根据第一段But the disease is making a cmeback, caused by a grwing anti-vaccine mvement and
misinfrmatin that is spreading quickly.可知，那些反对疫苗的人导致的麻疹的复发，故选D。
66.C 【解析】本文主要是介绍了麻疹在历史上带来的危害，以及为什么会有这样的情况，最根本原因还是那些不注射疫苗的人导致的，故本文的目的是强调疫苗的作用，故选C。
Passage 8
【2017年江苏卷】Befre birth, babies can tell the difference between lud sunds and vices. They can even distinguish their mther’s vice frm that f a female stranger. But when it cmes t embrynic learning(胎教),birds culd rule the rst. As recently reprted in The Auk: Ornithlgical Advances, sme mther birds may teach their yung t sing even befre they hatch(孵化). New-brn chicks can then imitate their mm’s call within a few days f entering the wrld.
This educatinal methd was first bserved in 2012 by Snia Kleindrfer, a bilgist at Flinders University in Suth Australia, and her clleagues. Female Australian superb fairy wrens were fund t repeat ne sund ver and ver again while hatching their eggs. When the eggs were hatched, the baby birds made the similar chirp t their mthers — a sund that served as their regular "feed me!" call.
T find ut if the special quality was mre widespread in birds, the researchers sught the red-backed fairy wren, anther species f Australian sngbird. First they cllected sund data frm 67 nests in fur sites in Queensland befre and after hatching. Then they identified begging calls by analyzing the rder and number f ntes. A cmputer analysis blindly cmpared calls prduced by mthers and chicks, ranking them by similarity.
It turns ut that baby red-backed fairy wrens als emerge chirping like their mms. And the mre frequently mthers had called t their eggs, the mre similar were the babies’ begging calls. In additin, the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that mst clsely imitated their mm’s vice were rewarded with the mst fd.
This bservatin hints that effective embrynic learning culd signal neurlgical(神经系统的) strengths f children t parents. An evlutinary inference can then be drawn. "As a parent, d yu invest in quality children, r d yu invest in children that are in need?"Kleindrfer asks. "Our results suggest that they might be ging fr quality."
58. The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means " ".
A.be the wrstB.be the best
C.be just as badD.be just as gd
59. What are Kleindrfer’s findings based n?
A. Similarities between the calls f mms and chicks.
B. The bservatin f fairy wrens acrss Australia.
C. The data cllected frm Queensland’s lcals.
D. Cntrlled experiments n wrens and ther birds.
60. Embrynic learning helps mther birds t identify the baby birds which .
A. can receive quality signalsB. are in need f training
C. fit the envirnment betterD. make the ludest call
【答案】58. B 59. A 60. C
【解析】文章大意：文章介绍了鸟类在胎教方面的超凡本领。实验发现鸟儿在孵化时不停地鸣叫是为了教会以后出生的雏鸟歌唱的本领，从而挑选出能够适应环境的雏鸟。
58. B【解析】根据第二段＂when the errs were hatched, the baby birds made the similar chirp t their mthers＂可知，鸟儿在孵化小鸟的时候，鸣叫对未出生的小鸟有很大影响，它们被孵化后也能发出类似的声音，说明鸟儿很擅长胎教。
59. A【解析】根据第三段＂the researchers sught the red-backed fairy wren, anther species f Australian sngbird.＂可知，研究人员并未在全澳洲范围展开调查，排除B项；未对其它鸟类进行记录研究，排除D项。根据倒数第三段中的＂A cmputer analysis blindly cmpared calls prduced by mthers and chicks, ranking them by similarity.＂可知，A项正确。
60. C【解析】根据倒数第二段中的＂the baby birds that mst clsely imitated their mm’s vice were rewarded with the mst fd＂和最后一段＂Our results suggest that they might be ging fr quality.＂可知，模仿母鸟模仿得最好的雏鸟得到最多的食物，研究结果表明，母亲会选择质量好的雏鸟。由此可知，胎教帮助母鸟辨别出那些适应环境较好的孩子。
Passage 9
【2017年江苏卷】A new cmmdity brings abut a highly prfitable, fast-grwing industry, urging antitrust(反垄断) regulatrs t step in t check thse wh cntrl its flw. A century ag, the resurce in questin was il. Nw similar cncerns are being raised by the giants(巨头) that deal in data, the il f the digital age. The mst valuable firms are Ggle, Amazn, Facebk and Micrsft. All lk unstppable.
Such situatins have led t calls fr the tech giants t be brken up. But size alne is nt a crime. The giants’ success has benefited cnsumers. Few want t live withut search engines r a quick delivery. Far frm charging cnsumers high prices, many f these services are free (users pay, in effect, by handing ver yet mre data). And the appearance f new-brn giants suggests that newcmers can make waves, t.
But there is cause fr cncern. The internet has made data abundant, all-present and far mre valuable, changing the nature f data and cmpetitin. Ggle initially used the data cllected frm users t target advertising better. But recently it has discvered that data can be turned int new services: translatin and visual recgnitin, t be sld t ther cmpanies. Internet cmpanies’ cntrl f data gives them enrmus pwer. S they have a "Gd’s eye view" f activities in their wn markets and beynd.
This nature f data makes the antitrust measures f the past less useful. Breaking up firms like Ggle int five small nes wuld nt stp remaking themselves: in time, ne f them wuld becme great again. A rethink is required — and as a new apprach starts t becme apparent, tw ideas stand ut.
The first is that antitrust authrities need t mve frm the industrial age int the 21st century. When cnsidering a merger(兼并), fr example, they have traditinally used size t determine when t step in. They nw need t take int accunt the extent f firms’ data assets(资产) when assessing the impact f deals. The purchase price culd als be a signal that an established cmpany is buying a new-brn threat. When this takes place, especially when a new-brn cmpany has n revenue t speak f, the regulatrs shuld raise red flags.
The secnd principle is t lsen the cntrl that prviders f n-line services have ver data and give mre t thse wh supply them. Cmpanies culd be frced t reveal t cnsumers what infrmatin they hld and hw much mney they make frm it. Gvernments culd rder the sharing f certain kinds f data, with users’ cnsent.
Restarting antitrust fr the infrmatin age will nt be easy. But if gvernments dn’t want a data ecnmy cntrlled by a few giants, they must act sn.
61. Why is there a call t break up giants?
A. They have cntrlled the data market.
B. They cllect enrmus private data.
C. They n lnger prvide free services.
D. They dismissed sme new-brn giants.
62. What des the technlgical innvatin in Paragraph 3 indicate?
A. Data giants’ technlgy is very expensive.
B. Ggle’s idea is ppular amng data firms.
C. Data can strengthen giants’ cntrlling psitin.
D. Data can be turned int new services r prducts.
63. By paying attentin t firms’ data assets, antitrust regulatrs culd .
A. kill a new threatB. avid the size trap
C. favur bigger firmsD. charge higher prices
64. What is the purpse f lsening the giants’ cntrl f data?
A. Big cmpanies culd relieve data security pressure.
B. Gvernments culd relieve their financial pressure.
C. Cnsumers culd better prtect their privacy.
D. Small cmpanies culd get mre pprtunities.
【答案】61. A 62. C 63. B 64. D
【解析】文章大意：本文主要讲的是信息时代的信息数据的垄断现象。一些科技巨头Ggle, Amazn, Facebk, Micrsft等对数据的垄断引来了有关部门的反垄断调查。
61. A【解析】第二段＂Such situatins have led t calls fr the tech giants t be brken up.＂中的such指代上文介绍的公司现状，根据第一段中的＂urging antitrust（反垄断）regulatrs t step in t check thse wh cntrl its flw＂可知，督促反垄断管理者介入来调查控制数据市场的大公司。
62. C【解析】根据第三段中的＂Internet cmpanies’ cntrl f data gives them enrmus pwer. S they have a ＂Gd’s eye view＂ f activities in their wn markets and beynd.＂可知，互联网公司对数据的掌控使得它们拥有了很大的权力，说明数据会加强大公司的统治地位。
63. B【解析】根据倒数第三段＂The first is that antitrust authrities need t mve frm the industrial age int the 21st century. When cnsidering a merger(兼并), fr example, they have traditinally used size t determine when t step in. They nw need t take int accunt the extent f firms’ data assets(资产) when assessing the impact f deals.＂可知，在考虑公司数据资产的基础上，反垄断监管机构会避免陷于规模陷阱。
64. D【解析】根据倒数第二段Cmpanies culd be frced t cnsumers what infrmatin they hld and hw many mney they make frm it. Gvernments... with users’ cnsent.＂可知，由于大公司垄断数据信息，不利于小公司更好地服务消费者，也不利于政府开展工作。弱化这种垄断将会给小公司带去更多的发展机会。
Passage 10
【2017年天津卷】 Suppse yu’re in a rush, feeling tired, nt paying attentin t yur screen, and yu send an email that culd get yu in truble.
Realisatin will prbably set in secnds after yu’ve clicked “send”. Yu freeze in hrrr and burn with shame.
What t d? Here are fur cmmn email accidents, and hw t recver.
Clicking “send” t sn
Dn’t waste yur time trying t find ut if the receiver has read it yet. Write anther email as swiftly as yu can and send it with a brief title explaining that this is the crrect versin and the previus versin shuld be ignred.
Writing the wrng time
The sner yu ntice, the better. Respnd quickly and briefly, aplgising fr yur mistake. Keep the tne measured: dn’t handle it t lightly, as peple can be ffended, especially if yur errr suggests a misunderstanding f their culture(i.e. incrrect rdering f Chinese names).
Clicking “reply all” unintentinally
Yu accidentally reveal(透露)t the entire cmpany what menu chices yu wuld prefer at the staff Christmas dinner, r what hliday yu’d like t take. In this instance, the best slutin is t send a quick, light-hearted aplgy t explain yur awkwardness. But it can quickly rise t smething wrse, when everyne starts hitting “reply all” t jin in a lng and unpleasant cnversatin. In this instance, step away frm yur keybard t allw everyne t calm dwn.
Sending an ffensive message t its subject
The mst awkward email mistake is usually cmmitted in anger. Yu write an unkind message abut smene, intending t send it t a friend, but accidentally send it t the persn yu’re discussing. In that case, ask t speak in persn as sn as pssible and say srry. Explain yur frustratins calmly and sensibly — see it as an pprtunity t clear up any difficulties yu may have with this persn.
36. After realising an email accident, yu are likely t feel ____________.
A. curius B. tired C. awful D. funny
37. If yu have written the wrng name in an email, it is best t ____________.
A. aplgise in a serius manner
B. tell the receiver t ignre the errr
C. learn t write the name crrectly
D. send a shrt ntice t everyne
38. What shuld yu d when an unpleasant cnversatin is started by yur “reply all” email?
A. Try ffering ther chices.
B. Avid further invlvement.
C. Meet ther staff members.
D. Make a light-hearted aplgy.
39. Hw shuld yu deal with the prblem caused by an ffensive email?
A. By prmising nt t ffend the receiver again.
B. By seeking supprt frm the receiver’s friends.
C. By asking the receiver t cntrl his anger.
D. By talking t the receiver face t face.
40. What is the passage mainly abut?
A. Defining email errrs.
B. Reducing email mistakes.
C. Handling email accidents.
D. Imprving email writing.
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文，介绍了因为失误而发错信息的补救方法。
36.C【解析】考查推理判断。根据第二段第二句Yu freeze in hrrr and burn with shame.可知选C。
37.A 【解析】考查细节理解。根据第二个标题句Writing the wrng time后面的内容Respnd quickly and briefly, aplgising fr yur mistake. Keep the tne measured: dn’t handle it t lightly, as peple can be ffended, especially if yur errr suggests a misunderstanding f their culture (i.e. incrrect rdering f Chinese names). 可知选A。
38.B 【解析】考查推理判断。根据In this instance, step away frm yur keybard t allw everyne t calm dwn可知选B。
39.D 【解析】考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的In that case, ask t speak in persn as sn as pssible and say srry可知选D。
40.C 【解析】考查主旨大意。前三段内容通过问问题和说明情况，并介绍处理邮件问题的具体方法，由此可以判断出本文主要讲的是处理邮件问题。故选C。
2016年阅读理解说明文
Passage1
【2016年新课标Ⅰ卷】Grandparents Answer a Call
As a third-generatin native f Brwnsville, Texas, Mildred Garza never planned t mve away. Even when her daughter and sn asked her t mve t San Antni t help with their children, she plitely refused. Only after a year f friendly discussin did Ms. Garza finally say yes. That was fur years ag. Tday all three generatins regard the mve as a success, giving them a clser relatinship than they wuld have had in separate cities.
N statistics shw the number f grandparents like Garza wh are mving clser t adult children and grandchildren. Yet there is evidence suggesting that the trend is grwing. Even President Obama’s mther-in-law, Marian Rbinsn, has agreed t leave Chicag and mve int the White Huse t help care fr her granddaughters. Accrding t a study by grandparents. Cm, 83 percent f the peple said Mrs. Rbinsn’s decisin will influence grandparents in the American family. Tw-thirds believe mre families will fllw the example f Obama’s family.
＂In the 1960s we were all a little wild and culdn’t get away frm hme far enugh fr fast enugh t prve we culd d it n ur wn,＂says Christine Crsby, publisher f Grand , a magazine fr grandparents.＂We nw realize hw imprtant family is and hw imprtant it is＂t be near them, especially when yu’re raising children.＂
Mving is nt fr everyne. Almst every grandparent wants t be with his r her grandchildren and is willing t make sacrifices, but smetimes it is wiser t say n and visit frequently instead. Having yur grandchildren far away is hard, especially knwing yur adult child is struggling, but giving up the life yu knw may be harder.
25. Why was Garza’s mve a success?
A. It strengthened her family ties. B. It imprved her living cnditins.
C. It enabled her t make mre friends.D. It helped her knw mre new places.
26. What was the reactin f the public t Mrs. Rbinsn’s decisin?
A. 17% expressed their supprt fr it.B. Few peple respnded sympathetically.
C. 83% believed it had a bad influence.D. The majrity thught it was a trend.
27. What did Crsby say abut peple in the 1960s?
A. They were unsure f themselves.B. They were eager t raise mre children.
C. They wanted t live away frm their parents.D. They had little respect fr their grandparents.
28. What des the authr suggest the grandparents d in the last paragraph?
A. Make decisins in the best interests f their wn.B. Ask their children t pay mre visits t them.
C. Sacrifice fr their struggling children.D. Get t knw themselves better.
【答案】25. A26. D27. C28. A
【解析】试题分析：本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了社会上很多老年人搬到离子女近的地方居住的一种趋势。同时也建议老人们要做出适合自己的选择。
25. A细节理解题。根据首段末句可知，Mildred Garza搬到离孩子近的地方居住让他们的关系更密切，一家人认为这是一个成功的事情。故选A。
26. D细节理解题。根据第二段末句Tw-thirds believe mre families will fllw the example f Obama’s family可知，很多人会受Marian Rbinsn的影响，所以这会形成一种潮流。故选D。
27. C细节理解题。根据第三段首句可知，在20世纪60年代人们都希望离开家，以此来证明自己的独立。故选 C。
28. A推理判断题。根据末段推知，作者建议人们要明智，不要为了孩子而做出牺牲。故选A 。
考点：社会生活类短文阅读
Passage 2
【2016年新课标Ⅰ卷】
The meaning f silence varies amng cultural grups. Silences may be thughtful, r they may be empty when a persn has nthing t say. A silence in a cnversatin may als shw stubbrnness, uneasiness,r wrry. Silence may be viewed by sme cultural grups as extremely uncmfrtable; therefre attempts may be made t fill every gap(间隙) with cnversatin. Persns in ther cultural grups value silence and view it as necessary fr understanding a persn’s needs.
Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part f cmmunicating amng peple, just as sme traditinal Chinese and Thai persns d. Therefre, when a persn frm ne f these cultures is speaking and
suddenly stps, what may be implied(暗示) is that the persn wants the listener t cnsider what has been said befre cntinuing. In these cultures, silence is a call fr reflectin.
Other cultures may use silence in ther ways, particularly when dealing with cnflicts amng peple r in relatinships f peple with different amunts f pwer. Fr example, Russian, French, and Spanish persns may use silence t shw agreement between parties abut the tpic under discussin. Hwever, Mexicans may use silence when instructins are given by a persn in authrity rather than be rude t that persn by arguing with him r her. In still anther use, persns in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign f respect, particularly t an elder r a persn in authrity.
Nurses and ther care-givers need t be aware f the pssible meanings f silence when they cme acrss the persnal anxiety their patients may be experiencing. Nurses shuld recgnize their wn persnal and cultural cnstructin f silence s that a patient’s silence is nt interrupted t early r allwed t g n unnecessarily. A nurse wh understands the healing(治愈) value f silence can use this understanding t assist in the care f patients frm their wn and frm ther cultures.
What des the authr say abut silence in cnversatins?
It implies anger.
It prmtes friendship.
It is culture-specific.
It is cntent-based.
Which f the fllwing peple might regard silence as a call fr careful thught?
The Chinese.
The French.
The Mexicans.
The Russians.
What des the authr advise nurses t d abut silence?
Let it cntinue as the patient pleases.
Break it while treating patients.
Evaluate its harm t patients.
Make use f its healing effects.
What may be the best title fr the text?
A. Sund and Silence
B. What It Means t Be Silent
C. Silence t Native Americans
D. Speech Is Silver; Silence Is Gld
【答案】32. C33. A34. D35. B
【解析】试题分析：本文是一篇说明文， 主要介绍了沉默在不同文化背景下的不同内涵。
32. C细节理解题。根据文章首段首句The meaning f silence varies amng cultural grups 可知，作者认为沉默是有文化特性的。
33. A 细节理解题。根据第二段中 what may be implied is that the persn wants the listener t cnsider what has been said befre cntinuing可知中国人认为谈话时人们沉默是在思考。
34. D细节理解题。根据末段末句A nurse wh understands the healing value f silence can use this understanding t assist in the care f patients 可知，作者建议护士要用沉默来治疗病人。故选D 。
35. B主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了在不同文化背景下谈话期间的沉默的不同含义，由此判断B选项可以概括文章内容。故选B 。
考点：社会生活类短文阅读
Passage 3
【2016年新课标Ⅱ卷】Reading can be a scial activity. Think f the peple wh belng t bk grups. They chse bks t read and then meet t discuss them. Nw, the website BkCrssing.cm turns the page n the traditinal idea f a bk grup.
Members g n the site and register the bks they wn and wuld like t share. BkCrssing prvides an identificatin number t stick inside the bk. Then the persn leaves it in a public place, hping that the bk will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader wh finds it.
Bruce Pedersn, the managing directr f BkCrssing, says, "The tw things that change yur life are the peple yu meet and bks yu read. BkCrssing cmbines bth."
Members leave bks n park benches and buses, in train statins and cffee shps. Whever finds their bk will g t the site and recrd where they fund it.
Peple wh find a bk can als leave a jurnal entry describing what they thught f it.E-mails are then sent t the BkCrssers t keep them updated abut where their bks have been fund. Bruce Pedersn says the idea is fr peple nt t be selfish by keeping a bk t gather dust n a shelf at hme.
BkCrssing is part f a trend amng peple wh want t get back t the "real" and nt the virtual(虚拟). The site nw has mre than ne millin members in mre than ne hundred thirty-five cuntries.
9. Why des the authr mentin bk grups in the first paragraph?
A. T explain what they are.
B. T intrduce BkCrssing.
C. T stress the imprtance f reading.
D. T encurage readers t share their ideas.
10. What des the underlined wrd "it" in Paragraph 2 refer t?
A. The bk.B. An adventure.
C. A public place.D. The identificatin number.
11. What will a BkCrsser d with a bk after reading it?
A. Meet ther readers t discuss it.B. Keep it safe in his bkcase.
C. Pass it n t anther reader.D. Mail it back t its wner.
12. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Online Reading: A Virtual Tur
B. Electrnic Bks: A New Trend
C. A Bk Grup Brings Traditin Back
D.A Website Links Peple thrugh Bks
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文,介绍了BkCrssing.cm网站帮助喜爱读书的人们互相交流和传递图书的内容。
9. B【解析】考查推理判断。根据第一段的"Nw, the website BkCrssing.cm turns the page n the traditinal idea f a bk grup"可知,作者提到bk grups是为了引出BkCrssing。故选B项。
10. A【解析】考查代词指代。根据第二段中的"hping that the bk will have an adventure, traveling far and wide..."可知,此处的"it"指的是"the bk"。故选A项。
11. C【解析】考查推理判断。根据第二段中的"BkCrssing prvides an identificatin number t stick inside the bk. Then the persn leaves it in a public place, hping that the bk will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader wh finds it"可知,读完书之后,BkCrssers将会把它继续传递给其他的读者。故选C项。
12. D【解析】考查主旨大意。根据第一段的最后一句"Nw, the website BkCrssing.cm turns the page n the traditinal idea f a bk grup"以及其余的内容可知,本篇文章主要介绍了BkCrssing.cm网站的功能及其创建的意义。故选D项。
Passage 4
【2016年新课标Ⅲ卷】If yu are a fruit grwer — r wuld like t becme ne — take advantage f Apple Day t see what’ arund. It’ called Apple Day but in practice it’ mre like Apple Mnth. The Day itself is n Octber 21, but since it has caught n, events nw spread ut ver mst f Octber arund Britain.
Visiting an apple event is a gd chance t see, and ften taste, a wide variety f apples. T peple wh are used t the limited chice f apples such as Glden Delicius and Ryal Gala in supermarkets, it can be quite an eye pener t see the range f classical apples still in existence, such as Deci which was grwn by the Rmans. Althugh it desn’t taste f anything special, it’s still wrth a try, as is the knbbly(多疙瘩的) Cat’ Head which is mre f a curisity than anything else.
There are als varieties develped t suit specific lcal cnditins. One f the very best varieties fr eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but yu’ll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect sil t grw it, s it’ a pipe dream fr mst apple lvers wh fall fr it.
At the events, yu can meet expert grwers and discuss which nes will best suit yur cnditins, and because these are family affairs, children are well catered fr with apple-themed fun and games.
Apple Days are being held at all srts f places with an interest in fruit, including stately gardens and cmmercial rchards(果园). If yu want t have a real rchard experience, try visiting the Natinal Fruit Cllectin at Brgdale, near Faversham in Kent.
28. What can peple d at the apple events?
A. Attend experts’ lectures.
B. Visit fruit-lving families.
C. Plant fruit trees in an rchard.
D. Taste many kinds f apples.
29. What can we learn abut Deci?
A. It is a new variety.
B. It has a strange lk.
C. It is rarely seen nw.
D. It has a special taste.
30. What des the underlined phrase ＂a pipe dream＂ in Paragraph 3 mean?
A. A practical idea. B. A vain hpe.
C. A brilliant plan. D. A selfish desire.
31. What is the authr’ purpse in writing the text?
A. T shw hw t grw apples.
B. T intrduce an apple festival.
C. T help peple select apples.
D. T prmte apple research.
【答案】28. D29. C30. B31. B
【解析】试题分析：作者向人们介绍了一个节日——Apple Day。由于这个节日非常受欢迎，现在已经演变成苹果月了。在英国，人们在十月份庆祝该节日，持续大约一个月的时间。
28. D 细节理解题。根据第二段中的＂Visiting an apple event is a gd chance t see, and ften taste, a wide variety f apples.＂可知，参加相关庆祝活动的人们可以品尝各种各样的苹果，故选D。
29. C 推理判断题。A选项＂Deci是一种新品种＂与第二段中的＂it can in existence＂不一致，且由这句话可知Deci现在比较罕见，故C项正确；文中并未提及Deci的外形奇异，故B选项错误；D选项＂It has a special taste.＂与第二段中的原文＂Althugh it desn’t taste f anything special, it’s still wrth a try＂表述相反。
30. B 猜测词义题。根据第三段可知，Orleans Reinette品种虽然口感好，但对种植环境和土壤要求高，因此对于大多数喜欢它的人来说，大饱口福只是一种脱离实际的愿望，这与B项＂A vain hpe＂ (徒劳的希望)一致。
31. B 写作意图题。综合全文可知，作者向读者介绍了一个节日——Apple Day，并推荐人们参加这个节日，故选B。
Passage 5
【2016年浙江卷】A scientist wrking at her lab bench and a six-mnth-ld baby playing with his fd might seem t have little in cmmn. After all, the scientist is engaged in serius research t uncver the very nature f the physical wrld,and the baby is, well, just Perhaps, but sme develpmental psychlgists (心理学家)have argued that this "play" is mre like a scientific investigatin than ne might think.
Take a clser lk at the baby playing at the table. Each time the bwl f rice is pushed ver the table edge, it falls t the grund — and, in the prcess, it brings ut imprtant evidence abut hw physical bjects interact(相互作用):bwls f rice d nt flat in mid-air, but require supprt t remain stable. It is likely that babies are nt brn knwing this basic fact f the universe; nr are they ever clearly taught it. Instead, babies may frm an understanding f bject supprt thrugh repeated experiments and then build n this knwledge t learn even mre abut hw bjects interact. Thugh their ranges and tls differ, the baby’s investigatin and the scientist’s experiment appear t share the same aim (t learn abut the natural wrld), verall apprach (gathering direct evidence frm the wrld), and lgic (are my bservatins what I expected?).
Sme psychlgists suggest that yung children learn abut mre than just the physical wrld in this way — that they investigate human psychlgy and the rules f language using similar means. Fr example, it may nly be thrugh repeated experiments, evidence gathering, and finally verturning a thery, that a baby will cme t accept the idea that ther peple can have different views and desires frm what he r she has, fr example, unlike the child, Mmmy actually desn’t like Dve chclate.
Viewing childhd develpment as a scientific investigatin thrws light n hw children learn, but it als ffers an inspiring lk at science and scientists. Why d yung children and scientists seem t be s much alike? Psychlgists have suggested that science as an effrt — the desire t explre, explain, and understand ur wrld — is simply smething that cmes frm ur babyhd. Perhaps evlutin(进化) prvided human babies with curisity and a natural drive t explain their wrlds, and adult scientists simply make use f the same drive that served them as children. The same cgnitive(认知的) systems that make yung children feel gd abut figuring smething ut may have been adpted by adult scientists. As sme psychlgists put it, "It is nt that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children."
50.Accrding t sme develpmental psychlgists, .
A. a baby’s play is nthing mre than a game
B. scientific research int babies’ games is pssible
C. the nature f babies’ play has been thrughly investigated
D. a baby’s play is smehw similar t a scientist’s experiment
51.We learn frm Paragraph 2 that .
A. scientists and babies seem t bserve the wrld differently
B. scientists and babies ften interact with each ther
C. babies are brn with the knwledge f bject supprt
D. babies seem t cllect evidence just as scientists d
52.Children may learn the rules f language by .
A. explring the physical wrldB. investigating human psychlgy
C. repeating their wn experimentsD. bserving their parents’ behavirs
53.What is the main idea f the last paragraph?
A. The wrld may be mre clearly explained thrugh children’s play.
B. Studying babies’ play may lead t a better understanding f science.
C. Children may have greater ability t figure ut things than scientists.
D. One’s drive fr scientific research may becme strnger as he grws.
54.What is the authr’s tne when he discusses the cnnectin between scientists’ research and babies’ play?
A. Cnvincing.B. Cnfused.C. Cnfident.D. Cautius.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了孩子的玩耍和科学家的研究有共同之处。
50. 【答案】D
【解析】根据文章第一段的but sme develpmental psychlgists (心理学家) have argued that this “play” is mre like a scientific investigatin than ne might think可知，心理学家觉得孩子的玩耍和科学家的研究有些相似，故选D。
51. 【答案】D
【解析】根据文章第二段的verall apprach (gathering direct evidence frm the wrld)可知孩子也会像科学家一样收集证据，故选D。
52. 【答案】C
【解析】根据文章第三段的 “Fr example, it may nly be thrugh repeated experiments, evidence gathering, and finally verturning a thery” 可知，孩子可以通过重复自己的实验来学习语言的规律，故选C。
53. 【答案】B
【解析】根据最后一段的 “Viewing childhd develpment as a scientific investigatin thrws light n hw children learn, but it als ffers an inspiring lk at science and scientists.” 可知，研究孩子可以让人们更好地了解科学，故选B。
54. 【答案】D
【解析】根据作者在文中的用词appear t、用may来弱化绝对性的表达及通过引用其他人的观点sme psychlgist suggest that 可知，作者的语气是谨慎的。故选D。
Passage 6
【2016年北京卷】Califrnia Cndr’s Shcking Recvery
Califrnia cndrs are Nrth America’s largest birds, with wind-length f up t 3 meters. In the 1980s, electrical lines and lead pisning(铅中毒) nearly drve them t dying ut. Nw, electric shck training and medical treatment are helping t rescue these big birds.
In the late 1980s, the last few cndrs were taken frm the wild t be bred(繁殖). Since 1992, there have been multiple reintrductins t the wild, and there are nw mre than 150 flying ver Califrnia and nearby Arizna, Utah and Baja in Mexic.
Electrical lines have been killing them ff. ＂As they g in t rest fr the night, they just dn’t see the pwer lines,＂ says Bruce Rideut f San Dieg Z. Their wings can bridge the gap between lines, resulting in electrcutin(电死) if they tuch tw lines at nce.
S scientists have cme up with a shcking idea. Tall ples, placed in large training areas, teach the birds t stay clear f electrical lines by giving them a painful but undeadly electric shck. Befre the training was intrduced, 66% f set-freed birds died f electrcutin. This has nw drpped t 18%.
Lead pisnus has prved mre difficult t deal with. When cndrs eat dead bdies f ther animals cntaining lead, they absrb large quantities f lead. This affects their nervus systems and ability t prduce baby birds, and can lead t kidney(肾) failures and death. S cndrs with high levels f lead are sent t Ls Angeles Z, where they are treated with calcium EDTA, a chemical that remves lead frm the bld ver several days. This wrk is starting t pay ff. The annual death rate fr adult cndrs has drpped frm 38% in 2000 t 5.4% in 2011.
Rideut’s team thinks that the Califrnia cndrs’ average survival time in the wild is nw just under eight years. ＂Althugh these measures are nt effective frever, they are vital fr nw,＂ he says. ＂They are truly gd birds that are wrth every effrt we put int recvering them. ＂
63. Califrnia cndrs attract researchers’ interest because they _________.
A. are active at night
B. had t be bred in the wild
C. are fund nly in Califrnia
D. almst died ut in the 1980s
64. Researchers have fund electrical lines are _________.
A. blcking cndrs’ jurney hme
B. big killers f Califrnia cndrs
C. rest places fr cndrs at night
D. used t keep cndrs away
65. Accrding t Paragraph 5, lead pisning _________.
A. makes cndrs t nervus t fly
B. has little effect n cndrs’ kidneys
C. can hardly be gtten rid f frm cndrs’ bld
D. makes it difficult fr cndrs t prduce baby birds
66. This passage shws that _________.
A. the average survival time f cndrs is satisfactry
B. Rideut’s research interest lies in electric engineering
C. the effrts t prtect cndrs have brught gd results
D. researchers have fund the final answers t the prblem
【答案】63. D 64. B 65. D 66. C
【解析】试题分析：加州兀鹰是北美最大的鸟类，翼展可达3米。20世纪80年代，由于触电和铅中毒，加州兀鹰几乎绝迹。现在，正通过电击和药物治疗拯救加州兀鹰。
63. D推理判断题。根据第三段＂As they g in t rest fr the night＂排除A；根据第二段＂In the late 1980s, the last few cndrs were taken frm the wild t be bred(繁殖)＂可知，cndrs一直生活在野外，排除B；根据第二段＂mre than 150 flying ver Califrnia and nearby Arizna, Utah and Baja in Mexic＂可知，不止加利福尼亚州有cndrs，排除C，故选D。
64. B细节理解题。根据第三段＂Electrical lines have been killing them wings can bridge the gap between lines, resulting in electrcutin(电死) if they tuch tw lines at nce.＂可知，兀鹰不知道停在电线上翅膀同时触到两根及两根以上电线会触电身亡，它们经常停在电线上休息，结果，很多兀鹰被电死了，故选B。
65. D推理判断题。根据＂This affects their nervus systems and ability t prduce baby birds, and can lead t kidney(肾) failures and death＂可知，摄入大量铅会刺激兀鹰的神经系统，影响它们的生育能力，导致肾衰竭和死亡，故选D。
66. C推理判断题。根据＂just under eight years＂可知，在野外生存的兀鹰的平均寿命太短，排除A；根据＂Althugh these measures are nt effective frever＂可知，目前采用的措施并不能永远有效，排除D；根据第六段＂They are truly gd birds that are wrth every effrt we put int recvering them.＂可知，Ride ut团队的研究兴趣在于怎样挽救这一濒危物种，排除B。故选C。
考点：环保类短文阅读
Passage 7
【2016年江苏卷】Chimps (黑猩猩) will cperate in certain ways, like gathering in war parties t prtect their territry. But beynd the minimum requirements as scial beings, they have little instinct (本能) t help ne anther. Chimps in the wild seek fd fr themselves. Even chimp mthers regularly decline t share fd with their children, wh are able frm a yung age t gather their wn fd.
In the labratry, chimps dn’t naturally share fd either. If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in ne plate f fd fr himself r, with n greater effrt, a plate that als prvides fd fr a neighbr in the next cage, he will pull at randm — he just desn’t care whether his neighbr gets fed r nt. Chimps are truly selfish.
Human children, n the ther hand, are naturally cperative. Frm the earliest ages, they desire t help thers, t share infrmatin and t participate in achieving cmmn gals. The psychlgist Michael Tmasell has studied this cperativeness in a series f experiments with very yung children. He finds that if babies aged 18 mnths see an unrelated adult with hands full trying t pen a dr, almst all will immediately try t help.
There are several reasns t believe that the urges t help, infrm and share are nt taught, but naturally pssessed in yung children. One is that these instincts appear at a very yung age befre mst parents have started t train their children t behave scially. Anther is that the helping behavirs are nt imprved if the children are rewarded. A third reasn is that scial intelligence develps in children befre their general cgnitive (认知的) skills, at least when cmpared with chimps. In tests cnducted by Tmasell, the human children did n better than the chimps n the physical wrld tests but were cnsiderably better at understanding the scial wrld.
The cre f what children’s minds have and chimps’ dn’t is what Tmasell calls shared intentinality. Part f this ability is that they can infer what thers knw r are thinking. But beynd that, even very yung children want t be part f a shared purpse. They actively seek t be part f a "we", a grup that intends t wrk tward a shared gal.
58.What can we learn frm the experiment with chimps?
A. Chimps seldm care abut thers’ interests.
B. Chimps tend t prvide fd fr their children.
C. Chimps like t take in their neighbrs’ fd.
D. Chimps naturally share fd with each ther.
59.Michael Tmasell’s tests n yung children indicate that they _______.
A. have the instinct t help thersB. knw hw t ffer help t adults
C. knw the wrld better than chimpsD. trust adults with their hands full
60.The passage is mainly abut _________.
A. the helping behavirs f yung children
B. ways t train children’s shared intentinality
C. cperatin as a distinctive human nature
D. the develpment f intelligence in children
【答案】58.A 59.A 60.C
【解析】试题分析：本文从猩猩的自私行为导入到人类无私帮助他人的本能，分析了人类愿意帮助他人、愿意与他人合作的本能的原因。
58.A 推理判断题。根据文章第二段中的＂If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in ne plate f fd fr himself r... Chimps are truly selfish＂可知A项正确。
59.A 推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句He finds that if babies aged 18 mnths see an wrried adult with hands full trying t pen a dr, almst all will immediately try t help.和第四段第一句There are several reasns t believe that the urges t help, infrm and share are nt taught, but naturally pssessed in yung children.可知A项正确。
60.C 主旨大意题。本文属于科普说明文，作者从猩猩的自私行为导入到人类无私帮助他人的本能，分析了人类愿意帮助他人、愿意与他人合作的本能的原因。A、B、D项都属于文章的部分内容，并非中心思想。故C项正确。
Passage 8
【2016年江苏卷】El Niñ, a Spanish term fr "the Christ child," was named by Suth American fishermen wh nticed that the glbal weather pattern, which happens every tw t seven years, reduced the amunt f fishes caught arund Christmas. El Niñ sees warm water, cllected ver several years in the western Pacific, flw back eastwards when winds that nrmally blw westwards weaken, r smetimes the ther way rund.
The weather effects, bth gd and bad, are felt in many places. Rich cuntries gain mre frm pwerful Niñs, n balance, than they lse. A study fund that a strng Niñ in 1997-98 helped America’s ecnmy grw by $15 billin, partly because f better agricultural harvests: farmers in the Midwest gained frm extra rain. The ttal rise in agricultural incmes in rich cuntries is greater than the fall in pr nes.
But in Indnesia extremely dry frests are in flames. A multi-year drught (干旱) in suth-east Brazil is becming wrse. Thugh heavy rains brught abut by El Niñ may relieve the drught in Califrnia, they are likely t cause surface flding and ther disasters.
The mst recent pwerful Niñ, in 1997-98, killed arund 21,000 peple and caused damage wrth $36 billin arund the glbe. But such Niñs cme with mnths f warning, and s much is knwn abut hw they happen that gvernments can prepare. Accrding t the Overseas Develpment Institute (ODI), hwever, just 12% f disaster-relief funding in the past tw decades has gne n reducing risks in advance, rather than recvery and rebuilding afterwards. This is despite evidence that a dllar spent n risk-reductin saves at least tw n recnstructin.
Simple imprvements t infrastructure (基础设施) can reduce the spread f disease. Better sewers (下水道) make it less likely that heavy rain is fllwed by an utbreak f the disease f bad stmach. Strnger bridges mean villages are less likely t be left withut fd and medicine after flds. Accrding t a paper in 2011 by Mr Hsiang and c-authrs, civil cnflict is related t El Niñ’s harmful effects — and the prer the cuntry, the strnger the link. Thugh the relatinship may nt be causal, helping divided cmmunities t prepare fr disasters wuld at least reduce the risk that thse disasters are fllwed by killing and wunding peple. Since the prest are least likely t make up fr their lsses frm disasters linked t El Niñ, reducing their lsses needs t be the pririty.
61.What can we learn abut El Niñ in Paragraph 1?
A. It is named after a Suth American fisherman.
B. It takes place almst every year all ver the wrld.
C. It frces fishermen t stp catching fish arund Christmas.
D. It sees the changes f water flw directin in the cean.
62.What may El Niñs bring abut t the cuntries affected?
A. Agricultural harvests in rich cuntries fall.
B. Drughts becme mre harmful than flds.
C. Rich cuntries’ gains are greater than their lsses.
D. Pr cuntries suffer less frm drughts ecnmically.
63.The data prvided by ODI in Paragraph 4 suggest that .
A. mre investment shuld g t risk reductin
B. gvernments f pr cuntries need mre aid
C. victims f El Niñ deserve mre cmpensatin
D. recvery and recnstructin shuld cme first
64.What is the authr’s purpse in writing the passage?
A. T intrduce El Niñ and its rigin.
B. T explain the cnsequences f El Niñ.
C. T shw ways f fighting against El Niñ.
D. T urge peple t prepare fr El Niñ.
【答案】61.D 62.C 63.A 64.D
【解析】试题分析：本文介绍了厄尔尼诺现象对地球的影响，并告诉我们政府应该做更多的投资预防厄尔尼诺的危害而不是在出现问题以后进行重新补救和恢复。
61.D 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句El Nin sees warm water, cllected ver several years in the western Pacific, flw back eastwards when winds that nrmally blw westwards weaken, r smetimes the ther way rund.可知厄尔尼诺现象见证了海洋中水流方向的变化。故D正确。
62.C 细节理解题。根据第二段第二句Rich cuntries gain mre frm pwerful Nin, n balance, than they lse.可知富有国家从厄尔尼诺现象中得到的好处多于它带来的损失。C项正确。
63.A 推理判断题。根据第四段第三句Accrding t the Overseas Develpment Institute (ODI), hwever, just 12% f disaster-relief funding in the past tw decades has gne n reducing risks in advance, rather than recvery and rebuilding afterwards.故A项正确。
64.D 目的意图题。根据最后一句＂Since the prest are least likely t make up fr their lsses frm disasters linked t El Nin, reducing their lsses needs t be the pririty.＂各国政府要把减少损失放在优先的位置。也就是说我们要事先做好准备。故D项正确。
Passage 9
【2016年上海卷】Enugh ＂meaningless drivel＂. That’s the message frm a grup f members f the UK gvernment wh have been examining hw scial media firms like LinkedIn gather and use scial media data.
The Huse f Cmmns Science and Technlgy Cmmittee’s reprt, released last week, has blamed firms fr making peple sign up t lng incmprehensible legal cntracts and calls fr an internatinal standard r kitemark (认证标记) t identify sites that have clear terms and cnditins.
＂The term and cnditins statement that we all carelessly agree t is meaningless drivel t anyne,＂ says Andrew Miller, the chair f the cmmittee. Instead, he says, firms shuld prvide a plain-English versin f their terms. The simplified versin wuld be checked by a third party and awarded a kitemark if it is an accurate reflectin f the riginal.
It is nt yet clear wh wuld administer the scheme, but the UK gvernment is lking at intrducing it n a vluntary basis. ＂we need t think thrugh hw we make that wrk in practice,＂ says Miller.
Wuld we pay any mre attentin t a kitemark? ＂I think if yu went and did the survey, peple wuld like t think they wuld,＂ says Nigel Shadblt at the University f Suthamptn, UK, wh studies pen data. ＂We d knw peple wrry a lt abut the inapprpriate use f their infrmatin.＂ But what wuld happen in practice is anther matter, he says.
Other rganisatins such as banks ask custmers t sign lng cntracts they may nt read r understand, but Miller believes scial media requires special attentin because it is s new. ＂We still dn’t knw hw significant the lng-term impact is ging t be f unwise things that kids put n scial media that cme back and bite them in 20 years’ time,＂ he says.
Shadblt, wh gave evidence t the cmmittee, says the prblem is that we dn’t knw hw cmpanies will use ur data because their business mdels and uses f data are still evlving. Large cllectins f persnal infrmatin have becme valuable nly recently, he says.
The shck and anger when a scial media firm des smething with data that peple dn’t expect, even if users have apparently permissin, shw that the current situatin isn’t wrking. If prperly administered, a kitemark n terms and cnditins culd help peple knw what exactly they are signing up t. Althugh they wuld still have t actually read them.
73. What des the phrase ＂ meaningless drivel＂ in paragraphs 1 and 3 refer t?
A. Legal cntracts that scial media firms make peple sign up t.
B. Warnings frm the UK gvernment against unsafe websites.
C. Guidelines n hw t use scial media websites prperly.
D. Insignificant data cllected by scial media firms.
74. It can be inferred frm the passage that Nigel Shadblt dubts whether _______.
A. scial media firms wuld cnduct a survey n the kitemark scheme
B. peple wuld pay as much attentin t a kitemark as they think
C. a kitemark scheme wuld be wrkable n a natinwide scale
D. the kitemark wuld help cmpanies develp their business mdels
75. Andrew Miller thinks scial media needs mre attentin than banks mainly because _______.
A. their users cnsist largely f kids under 20 years ld
B. the language in their cntracts is usually harder t understand
C. the infrmatin they cllected culd becme mre valuable in future
D. it remains unknwn hw users’ data will be taken advantage f
76. The writer advises users f scial media t _______.
A. think carefully befre psting anything nt such websites
B. read the terms and cnditins even if there is a kitemark
C. take n further actin if they can find a kitemark
D. avid prviding t much persnal infrmatin
77. Which f the fllwing is the best title f the passage?
A. Say n t scial media?
B. New security rules in peratin?
C. Accept withut reading?
D. Administratin matters!
【答案】73. A 74. B 75. D 76. B 77. C
【解析】试题分析：当我们在社交媒体上注册登记的时候，总会签署一些无意义的法律合同，文章就此现象展开了讨论，并列举了多人的不同观点。
73.A 词义猜测题。根据第三段第一句可知很多社交媒体公司和用户签订了没有意义的法律合同。而这些合同是没有意义的废话，也起不到任何作用，很多用户根本没有仔细阅读合同的具体内容。故A正确。
74.B 推理判断题。根据第五段前二句＂Wuld we pay any mre attentin t a kitemark? ＂I think if yu went and did the survey, peple wuld like t think they wuld,＂及本段最后一句可知Nigel Shadblt认为如果我们去做相关调查，人们会认为他们会很注意这些认证标记的，但在实际操作中又是另一回事。故B项正确。
75.D 推理判断题。根据第六段最后一句＂We still dn’t knw hw significant the lng-term impact is ging t be f unwise things that kids put n scial media that cme back and bite them in 20 years’ time,＂ he says.可知我们现在还不知道所签署的这些长期的无意义的合同未来会给他们带来什么样的影响。也不知道未来人们会怎么利用这样的信息。故D项正确。
76.B 推理判断题。根据文章最后一句If prperly administered, a kitemark n terms and cnditins culd help peple knw what exactly they are signing up t. Althugh they wuld still have t actually read them.可知文章建议我们即使有认证标志，我们也应该认真阅读那些无意义的合同中的条款和内容，我们要知道我们所签署的协议的具体内容。故B正确。
77.C 标题概括题。现在的网站中或者社交媒体软件中，我们在注册用户名或安装的时候，总会有一些合同或条约让我们签署。很多人从来都没有详细阅读这些合同条款就签名了。文章就此话题展开讨论，作者提出我们应该仔细阅读条款内容，然后再签名。故C项＂Accept withut reading?未阅读就接受?＂符合文章中心思想。其余三项与文章内容不贴切。
Passage 10
【2016年四川卷】In the depths f the French Guianese rainfrest, there still remain unusual grups f indigenus (土著的) peple. Surprisingly, these peple live largely by their wn laws and their wn scial custms. And yet, peple in this area are in fact French citizens because it has been a clny (殖民地) f the French Republic since 1946. In thery, they shuld live by the French law. Hwever, their remte lcatins mean that the French law is ften ignred r unknwn, thus making them int an interesting area f "lawlessness" in the wrld.
The lives f these peple have finally been recrded thanks t the effrts f a Frenchman frm Paris called Gin. Gin spent five mnths in early 2015 explring the mst remte crners f this area, which sits n the edge f the Amazn rainfrest, with half its ppulatin f nly 250,000 living in its capital, Cayenne.
"I have a special lve fr the French Guianese peple. I have wrked there n and ff fr almst ten years," says Gin. "I’ve been able t keep firm friendships with them. Thus I have been allwed t gain access t their living envirnment. I dn’t see it as a lawless land. But rather I see it as an area f freedm."
"I wanted t shw the audience a phtgraphic recrd tuching upn the uncivilized life," cntinues Gin. "I prefer t wrk in black and white, which allws me t shw different specific wrlds mre clearly."
His black-and-white pictures present a wrld almst lst in time. These pictures shw peple seemingly pushed int a wrld that they were unprepared fr. These lcal citizens nw have t balance their traditinal self-supprting hunting lifestyle with the lifestyle ffered by the mdern French Republic, which brings with it nt nly necessary state welfare, but als alchlism, betrayal and even suicide.
28.Why des the authr feel surprised abut the indigenus peple in French Guiana?
A. They seldm fllw the French law.
B. They ften ignre the Guianese law.
C. They are separated frm the mdern wrld.
D. They are bth Guianese and French citizens.
29.Gin intrduces the special wrld f the indigenus Guianese as________.
A. a tur guideB. a gegrapherC. a film directrD. a phtgrapher
30.What is Gin’s attitude twards the lives f the indigenus Guianese?
A. Cautius.B. Dubtful.C. Uninterested.D. Appreciative.
31.What des the underlined wrd "it" in the last paragraph refer t?
A. The mdern French lifestyle.B. The self-supprting hunting.
C. The uncivilized wrld.D. The French Republic.
【答案】28.A 29.D 30.D 31.A
【解析】试题分析：本文通过一个摄影记者向人们展示了法国的圭亚那人，和现代法国的生活风格给他们带来的影响。
28. A 推理判断题。根据第一段第二句Surprisingly, these peple live largely by their wn laws and their wn scial custms.（令人吃惊的是，这些人主要遵守他们自己的法律和社会风俗生活。）可知A项符合题意。
29. D 推理判断题。根据第四段第一句“I wanted t shw the audience a phtgraphic recrd tuching upn the uncivilized life,” （我想展示给观众一个摄影记录，让他们触摸到不文明的生活。）和第五段第一句His black-and-white pictures present a wrld almst lst in time. （他的黑白照片呈现了一个几乎失去的世界。）可知他是一个摄影师，故选D。
30. D 推理判断题。根据第三段第一、二句“I have a special lve fr the French Guianese peple. I have wrked there n and ff fr almst ten years,” （我对法国圭亚那人有一个特殊的爱。我在那里工作了将近十年了。）可知他对圭亚那人是心存感激的，故选D。
31.A 词义猜测题。根据最后一段最后一句中the lifestyle ffered by the mdern French Republic可知后面的定语从句中it指现代法国的生活风格。故选A。
考点：考查风土人情类阅读
Passage 11
【2016年四川卷】A warm drink f milk befre bed has lng been the best chice fr thse wanting a gd night’s sleep. But nw a study has fund it really des help peple nd ff — if it is milked frm a cw at night.
Researchers have discvered that "night milk" cntains mre melatnin (褪黑激素),which has been prven t help peple feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.
The study, by researchers frm Seul, Suth Krea, invlved mice being fed with dried milk pwder made frm cws milked bth during the day and at night.
Thse given night milk, which cntained 10 times the amunt f melatnin, were less active and less anxius than thse fed with the milk cllected during daytime, accrding t the study published in The Jurnal f Medicinal Fd.
Night milk quickened the start f sleep and caused the mice t sleep lnger.
While the effect f cws milk harvested at different time has nt been tested n humans up t nw, taking melatnin drugs has been suggested t thse wh are struggling t fall asleep at night.
Previus studies have als indicated that milk can be excellent fr helping sleep because f the calcium cntent, which helps peple t relax.
Milk is als sugar-free and additive-free with nutritinists recmmending skimmed milk as the best chice befre bed as it is the least fattening. The mre fat yu take in befre bedtime, the greater burden yu will put n yur bdy at night.
1.Accrding t the text, the mice fed with daytime milk .
A. started sleep mre easilyB. were mre anxius
C. were less activeD. wke up later
2.Which f the fllwing is true f melatnin accrding t the text?
A. It’s been tested n mice fr ten times.
B. It can make peple mre energetic.
C. It exists in milk in great amunt.
D. It’s used in sleeping drugs.
3.What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Night Milk and SleepB. Fat, Sugar and Health
C. An Experiment n MiceD. Milk Drinking and Health
4.Hw des the authr supprt the theme f the text?
A. By giving examples.B. By stating arguments.
C. By explaining statistical data.D. By prviding research results.
【文章大意】本文介绍了晚上喝牛奶和睡眠之间的关系。
32.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段第一句Thse given night milk, which cntained 10 times the amunt f melatnin, were less active and less anxius than thse fed with the milk cllected during daytime白天喝牛奶的老鼠会更焦虑一些。故选B。
33.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第六段中的“taking melatnin drugs has been suggested t thse wh are struggling t fall asleep at night”可知D项符合题意。
34.A 【解析】主旨大意题。综合全文可知，本文讲的是晚上喝牛奶和睡眠之间的关系。故A项符合题意。
35.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据前三段中的But nw a study, Researchers have discvered that 和The study, by researchers frm Seul, Suth Krea可知作者是通过提供研究结果来支持文章主题的。故选D。
考点：考查健康类阅读
Passage 12
【2016年天津卷】 When Jhn was grwing up, ther kids felt srry fr him. His parents always had him weeding the garden, carrying ut the garbage and delivering newspapers. But when Jhn reached adulthd, he was better ff than his childhd playmates. He had mre jb satisfactin, a better marriage and was healthier. Mst f all, he was happier. Far happier.
These are the findings f a 40-year study that fllwed the lives f 456 teenage bys frm Bstn. The study shwed that thse wh had wrked as bys enjyed happier and mre prductive lives than thse wh had nt. “Bys wh wrked in the hme r cmmunity gained cmpetence (能力) and came t feel they were wrthwhile members f sciety,” said Gerge Vaillant, the psychlgist (心理学家) wh made the discvery. “And because they felt gd abut themselves, thers felt gd abut them.”
Vaillant’s study fllwed these males in great detail. Interviews were repeated at ages 25, 31 and 47. Under Vaillant, the researchers cmpared the men’s mental-health scres with their byhd-activity scres. Pints were awarded fr part-time jbs, husewrk, effrt in schl, and ability t deal with prblems.
The link between what the men had dne as bys and hw they turned ut as adults was surprisingly sharp. Thse wh had dne the mst byhd activities were twice as likely t have warm relatins with a wide variety f peple, five times as likely t be well paid and 16 times less likely t have been unemplyed. The researchers als fund that IQ and family scial and ecnmic class made n real difference in hw the bys turned ut.
Wrking — at any age — is imprtant. Childhd activities help a child develp respnsibility, independence, cnfidence and cmpetence — the underpinnings (基础) f emtinal health. They als help him understand that peple must cperate and wrk tward cmmn gals. The mst cmpetent adults are thse wh knw hw t d this. Yet wrk isn’t everything. As Tlsty nce said, “One can live magnificently in this wrld if ne knws hw t wrk and hw t lve, t wrk fr the persn ne lves and t lve ne’s wrk.”
46. What d we knw abut Jhn?
A. He enjyed his career and marriage.B. He had few childhd playmates.
C. He received little lve frm his family.D. He was envied by thers in his childhd.
47. Vaillant’s wrds in Paragraph 2 serve as _____________.
A. a descriptin f persnal values and scial values
B. an analysis f hw wrk was related t cmpetence
C. an example fr parents’ expectatins f their children
D. an explanatin why sme bys grew int happy men
48. Vaillant’s team btained their findings by _____________.
A. recrding the bys’ effrt in schlB. evaluating the men’s mental health
C. cmparing different sets f scresD. measuring the men’s prblem slving ability
49. What des the underlined wrd “sharp” prbably mean in Paragraph 4?
A. Quick t react.B. Having a thin edge.
C. Clear and definite.D. sudden and rapid.
50. What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A. Cmpetent adults knw mre abut lve than wrk.
B. Emtinal health is essential t a wnderful adult life.
C. Lve brings mre jy t peple than wrk des.
D. Independence is the key t ne’s success.
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章通过Jhn的例子结合一个研究发现说明童年时期帮助做一些家务的孩子长大后会更快乐，更成功。
46.A 【解析】考查细节理解。根据第一段的句子He had mre jb satisfactin, a better marriage and was healthier.可知，Jhn享受他的事业和婚姻。故选A。
47.D 【解析】考查推理判断。根据第二段的句子Bys wh wrked in the hme r cmmunity gained cmpetence(能力) and came t feel they were wrthwhile members f sciety可知，第二段Vaillant的话是解释为什么一些男孩成长为快乐的人。故选D。
48.C 【解析】考查细节理解。根据第三段的句子the researchers cmpared the men’s mental-health scres with their byhd-activity scres可知，Vaillant的团队获得他们的发现是通过对比不同的得分。故选C。
49.C 【解析】考查词义猜测。根据第四段的句子The link between what the men had dne as bys and hw they turned ut as adults was surprisingly sharp和下面一句可知，这里sharp的意思是“明确的，一定的”。故选C。
50.B 【解析】考查推理判断。根据最后一段的句子One can live magnificently in this wrld if ne knws hw t wrk and hw t lve, t wrk fr the persn ne lves and t lve ne’s wrk可知，情感健康对于好的成年人生活非常重要。故选B。
2015年阅读理解说明文
Passage1
【2015年新课标Ⅰ卷】Salvadr Dali (1904—1989)was ne f the mst ppular f mdern artists. The Pmpidu Centre in Paris is shwing its respect and admiratin fr the artist and his pwerful persnality with an exhibitin bringing tgether ver 200 paintings, sculptures, drawings and mre. Amng the wrks and masterwrks n exhibitin the visitr will find the best pieces, mst imprtantly The Persistence f Memry. There is als L’ Enigme sans Fin frm 1938, wrks n paper, bjects, and prjects fr stage and screen and selected parts frm televisin prgrammes reflecting the artist’s shwman qualities.
The visitr will enter the Wrld f Dali thrugh an egg and is met with the beginning, the wrld f birth. The exhibitin fllws a path f time and subject with the visitr exiting thrugh the brain.
The exhibitin shws hw Dali draws the viewer between tw infinities(无限), "Frm the infinity small t the infinity large, cntractin and expansin cming in and ut f fcus: amazing Flemish accuracy and the shwy Barque f ld painting that he used in his museum-theatre in Figueras," explains the Pmpidu Centre.
The fine selectin f the majr wrks was dne in clse cllabratin(合作)with the Muse Nacinal Reina Sfia in Madrid, Spain, and with cntributins frm ther institutins like the Salvadr Dali Museum in St. Petersburg, Flrida.
28. Which f the fllwing best describes Dali accrding t Paragraph 1?
A. Optimistic. B. Prductive. C. Generus. D. Traditinal.
29. What is Dali’s The Persistence f Memry cnsidered t be?
A. One f his masterwrks. B. A successful screen adaptatin.
C. An artistic creatin fr the stage. D. One f the best TV prgrammes.
30. Hw are the exhibits arranged at the Wrld f Dali?
A. By ppularity. B. By imprtance.
C. By size and shape. D. By time and subject.
31. What des the wrd "cntributins" in the last paragraph refer t?
A. Artwrks. B. Prjects. C. Dnatins. D. Dcuments.
【解析】试题分析:本文主要介绍了最受欢迎的现代艺术家萨尔瓦多·达利的艺术作品在巴黎蓬皮杜艺术中心展览的细节。
B 细节理解题。根据文章第一段第二句 The Pmpidu Centre in Paris is shwing its respect and admiratin fr the artist and his pwerful persnality with an exhibitin bringing tgether ver 200 paintings, sculptures.drawings and mre.可知达利的作品是多产的。故选 B。
29.A 细节理解题。根据文章第一段第二句 Amng the wrks and masterwrks n exhibitin the visitr willfind the best pieces, mst imprtantly The Persistence f Memry.可知 The Persistence f Memry 是他的木作
一。故选 A。
30.D 细节理解题。根据文章第二段第二句 The exhibitin fllws a path f time and subject with the visitr exiting thrugh the brain.可知展览是根据时间和主题安排的。故选 D。
31.A 词义推测题。根据文章最后一段 The fine selectin f the majr wrks was dne in clse cllabratin(合E)with the Muse Nacinal Reina Sfia in Madrid, Spain, and with cntributins frm ther institutins like the Salvadr Dali Museum in St Petersburg.可以推测出 cntributin 为“艺术作品”之一。故选 A。
Passage 2
【2015年新课标Ⅰ卷】Cnflict is n the menu tnight at the café La Chpe. This evening, as n every Thursday night, psychlgist Maud Lehanne is leading tw f France’s favrite pastimes, cffee drinking and the ＂talking cure＂. Here they are learning t get in tuch with their true feelings. It isn’t always easy. The custmers—sme thirty Parisians wh pay just under $2 (plus drinks) per sessin—care quick t intellectualize (高谈阔论), slw t pen up and cnnect. ＂Yu are frbidden t say ‘ne feels’ r ‘peple think’＂Lehanne tld them. ＂Say ‘I think,’ ‘Think me’.＂
A café sciety where n intellectualizing is allwed? It culdn’t seem mre un-French. But Lehanne’s psychlgy café is abut mre than knwing neself: It’s trying t help the city’s trubled neighbrhd cafes. Over the years, Parisian cafes have fallen victim t changes in the French lifestyle—lnger wrking hurs, a fast fd bm and a yunger generatin’s desire t spend mre time at hme. Dzens f new theme cafes appear t change the situatin. Cafes fcused arund psychlgy, histry, and engineering are catching n, filling tables well int the evening.
The city’s ＂psychlgy cafes＂, which ffer great cmfrt, are amng the mst ppular places. Middle-aged hmemakers, retirees, and the unemplyed cme t such cafes t talk abut lve, anger, and dreams with a psychlgist. And they cme t Lehanne’s grup just t learn t say what they feel.＂There’s a strng need in Paris fr cmmunicatin,＂says Maurice Frisch, a café La Chpe regular wh wrks as a religius instructr in a nearby church.＂Peple have few real friends. And they need t pen up＂. Lehanne says she’d like t see psychlgy cafes all ver
France.＂If peple had nrmal lives, these cafes wuldn’t exist,＂she says.＂If life weren’t a battle, peple wuldn’t need a special place just t speak.＂But then, it wuldn’t be France.
32. What are peple encuraged t d at the cafe La Chpe?
A. Learn a new subject. B. Keep in tuch with friends.
C. Shw ff their knwledge. D. Express their true feelings.
33. Hw are cafes affected by French lifestyle changes?
A. They are less frequently visited. B. They stay pen fr lnger hurs.
C. They have bigger night crwds. D. They start t serve fast fd.
34. What are theme cafes expected t d?
A. Create mre jbs. B. Supply better drinks.
C. Save the cafe business. D. Serve the neighbrhd.
35. Why are psychlgy cafes becming ppular in Paris?
A. They bring peple true friendship. B. They give peple spiritual supprt.
C. They help peple realize their dreams. D. They ffer a platfrm fr business links.
【解析】试题分析: 文章主要讲述了法国精神咖啡馆(psychlgy cafes)的社会意义和功能特色，以及在法国越来越受欢迎。
32. D 细节理解题。根据文章第一段第=句 Here they are learning t get in tuch with their true feelings.可知在 La Chpe 咖啡馆鼓励人们表达他们真正的情感。故选 D。
33. A 细节理解题。根据文章第二段 Over the years, Parisian cafes have fallen victim t changes in the French lifestyle-lnger wrking hurs, a fast fd bm and a yunger generatin's desire t spend mre time at hme.知改变了更多时间呆在家里的更年轻一代人。故选 A。
34.C 推理判断题。根据第二段 Dzens f new theme cafes appear t change the situatin.可以得出答案。故选
35.B 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段第一句话“If peple had nrmal lives, these cafes wuldn't exist”, she says "If life weren't a battle, peple wuldn't need a special place just t speak " But them, it wuldn't be France可知心理咖啡馆在巴黎受欢迎的原因在于他们给予人们精神上的支持。故选 B。
Passage 3
【2015年新课标Ⅱ卷】Yur huse may have an effect n yur figure. Experts say the way yu design yur hme culd play a rle in whether yu pack n the punds r keep them ff. yu can make yur envirnment wrk fr yu instead f against yu. Here are sme ways t turn yur hme int part f yur diet plan.
Open the curtains and turn up the lights. Dark envirnments are mre likely t encurage vereating, fr peple are ften less self-cnscius(难为情) when they’re in prly lit places – and s mre likely t eat lts f fd. If yur hme desn’t have enugh windw light, get mre lamps and fld the place with brightness.
Mind the clrs. Research suggests warm clrs fuel ur appetites. In ne study, peple wh ate meals in a blue rm cnsumed 33 percent less than thse in a yellw r red rm. Warm clrs like yellw make fd appear mre appetizing, while cld clrs make us less hungry. S when it’s time t repaint, g blue.
Dn’t frget the clck – r the radi. Peple wh eat slwly tend t cnsume abut 70 fewer calries(卡路里) per meal than thse wh rush thrugh their meals. Begin keeping track f the time, and try t make dinner last at 30 minutes. And while yu’re at it, actually sit dwn t eat. If yu need sme help slwing dwn, turning n relaxing music. It makes yu less likely t rush thrugh a meal.
Dwnsize the dishes. Big serving bwls and plants can easily makes us fat. We eat abut 22 percent mre when using a 12-inch plate instead f a 10-inch plate. When we chse a large spn ver a smaller ne, ttal intake(摄入) jumps by 14 percent. And we’ll pur abut 30 percent mre liquid int a shrt, wide glass than a tall, skinny glass.
25. The text is especially helpful fr thse wh care abut ____.
their hme cmfrts
their bdy shape
huse buying
healthy diets
26. A hme envirnment in blue can help peple ____.
digest fd better
reduce fd intake
burn mre calries
regain their appetites
27. What are peple advised t d at mealtimes?
Eat quickly.
Play fast music
Use smaller spns
Turn dwn the lights
28. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
Is Yur Huse Making Yu Fat?
Ways f Serving Dinner
Effects f Self-Cnsciusness
Is Yur Hme Envirnment Relaxing?
【解析】试题分析:你家的房子对你的身材很有影响。长胖还是变瘦关键看你如何设计自己的家了。我们这里有很好的建议 4条: 1.房间要明亮，2.用冷色系会减少食欲;3.放一些舒缓的音乐就餐，4. 用小的碗碟
B 推理判断题。根据全文第一段 Here are sme ways t turn yur hme int part f yur dietplan.可知,要让你的家的设计成为你减肥计划的一部分。所以这篇文章对那些在乎自己的体型的人更有帮助。故选 B。
26.B 细节理解题。根据第=段第二句话 In ne study, peple wh ate meals in a blue rm cnsumed 33 percentless than thse in a yellw r red rm可知在蓝色的房间内人吃的食物相对在黄色或者红色房间 少 33%。暖色让人胃口大开，冷色让人感觉到不饿。故选 B。
27.C 推理判断题。本题是在考查考生是否理解了4条建议。第4段Peple wh eat slwly tend t cnsume abut 70 fewer calries(卡路里) per meal than thse wh rush thrugh their meals.，说明吃得慢就吃得少，吃得快就多，故A错；If yu need sme help slwing dwn, turning n relaxing music.说明放舒缓的音乐可以让人吃得慢，反之则快，故B错；第二段Dark envirnments are mre likely t encurage vereating,由此可知房间暗会增加饮食，所以D错；最后一段When we chse a large spn ver a smaller ne, ttal intake(摄入) jumps by 14 percent. 用大勺和小勺吃饭，相差14%，故选C。
28.A主旨大意题。根据文章的开头Yur huse may have an effect n yur figure. Experts say the way yu design yur hme culd play a rle in whether yu pack n the punds r keep them ff. yu can make yur envirnment wrk fr yu instead f against yu.可知，你的家居环境既可以让你变胖也会让你变瘦。本文非常适合那些想减肥的人士来阅读。所以选A可以更好地概括全文。
Passage 4
【2015年浙江卷】Graphs can be a very useful tl fr cnveying infrmatin, especially numbers, percentages, and ther data. A graph gives the reader a picture t interpret. That can be a lt mre efficient than pages and pages explaining the data.
Graphs can seem frightening, but reading a graph is a lt like reading a stry. The graph has a title, a main idea, and supprting details .Yu can use yur active reading skills t analyze and understand graphs just like any ther text.
Mst graphs have a few basic parts: a captin r intrductin paragraph, a title, a legend r key, and labeled axes. An active reader lks at each part f the graph befre trying t interpret the data. Captins will usually tell yu where the data came frm (fr example, a scientific study f 400 African elephants frm 1980 t 2005). Captins usually summarize the authr's main pint as well. The title is very imprtant. It tells yu the main idea f the graph by stating what kind f infrmatin is being shwn. A legend, als called a key, is a guide t the symbls and clrs used in the graph. Many graphs, including bar graphs and line graphs, have tw axes that frm a crner. Usually these axes are the left side and the bttm f the graph .Each axis will always have a label. The label tells yu what each axis measures.
Bar Graphs
A bar graph has tw axes and uses bars t shw amunts. In Graph 1, we see that the x-axis shws grades that students earned, and the y-axis shws hw many students earned each grade .Yu can see that 6 students earned an A because the bar fr A stretches up t 6 n the vertical measurement. There is a lt f infrmatin we can get frm a simple graph like this(See Graph 1).
Line Graphs
A line graph lks similar t a bar graph, but instead f bars, it plts pints and cnnects them with a line .It has the same parts as a bar graph — tw labeled axes — and can be read the same way. T read a line graph, it's imprtant t fcus n the pints f intersectin rather than the line segments between the pints, This type f graph is mst
cmmnly used t shw hw smething changes ver time.
Here is a graph that charts hw far a bird flies during the first five days f its spring migratin (See Graph 2).
The unit f measurement fr the x-axis is days. The unit f measurement fr the y-axis is kilmeters. Thus we can see that ,n the first day, the pipit flew 20 kilmeters. The line segment ges up between Day 1 and Day 2,which means that the bird flew farther n Day 2.If the line segment angled dawn, as between Day 4 and Day 5,it wuld mean that the bird flew fewer kilmeters than the day befre. This line graph is a quick, visual way t tell the reader abut the bird's migratin.
Pie Graphs
A typical pie graph lks like a circular pie. The circle is divided int sectins, and each sectin represents a fractin f the data. The graph is cmmnly used t shw percentages; the whle pie represents l00 percent, s each piece is a fractin f the whle.
A pie graph might include a legend，r it might use icns r labels within each slice. This pie graph shws n mnth's expense (See Graph 3 ).
Fd $ 25
Mvies $ 12
Clthing $ 36
Savings $ 20
Bks $ 7
46. When used in a graph，a legend is_____
A. a guide t the symbls and clrs B. an intrductin paragraph
C. the main idea D. the data
47. What is the ttal number f students wh earned a C r better ?
A .4. B.6. C.10. D.20 .
48. The bird cvered the lngest distance n _____
A. Day 1 B. Day 2 C. Day 3 D. Day 4
49. Which f the fllwing cst Amy mst ?
A. Fd. B. Bks C. Mvies D. Clthing.
【解析】试题分析：这是一篇说明文介绍图表的类型以及相关作用，通过对条形图、线形图和饼形图的介绍，让学生学会读图，运用英语解决实际问题。
46.A 根据第三段可以得出答案，第三段出现了两次legend，第一次是在第一行a legend r key ，第二次是在第六行A legend, als called a key ,is a guide t the symbls and clrs used in the graph.” 一个图例，也被称为一个关键，是一个指导图中使用的符号和颜色。“ 而且答案直接可以在第六行找到，与答案选项表述一样a guide t the symbls and clrs。
48.C 不需要看文字说明，直接看图读图就可以得出答案。从曲线图可以得出答案是Day3。
49.D不需要看文字说明，直接看图读图就可以得出答案。 从扇形图可以得出Clthing占比例最多。
Passage 5
【2015年重庆卷】In ancient Egypt, a shpkeeper discvered that he culd attract custmers t his shp simply by making changes t its envirnment. Mdern businesses have been fllwing his lead, with mre tactics（策略）.
One tactic invlves where t display the gds. Fr example, stres place fruits and vegetables in the first sectin. They knw that custmers wh buy the healthy fd first will feel happy s that they will buy mre junk fd（垃圾食品）later in their trip. In department stres, the wmen’s she sectin is generally next t the wmen’s csmetics(化妆品) sectin：while the shp assistant is ging back t find the right size she, bred custmers are likely t wander ver and find sme csmetics they might want t try later.
Besides, businesses seek t appeal t custmers’ senses. Stres ntice that the smell f baked gds encurages shpping, s they make their wn bread each mrning and then fan the bread smell int the stre thrughut the day. Music sells gds, t. Researchers in Britain fund that when French music was played, sales f French wines went up.
When it cmes t the selling f huses, businesses als use highly rewarding tactics. They find that custmers make decisin in the first few secnd upn walking in the dr, and turn it int a business pprtunity. A Califrnia builder designed the structure f its huses smartly. When entering the huse, the custmer wuld see the Pacific Ocean thrugh the windws, and then the pll thrugh an pen stairway leading t the lwer level. The instant view f water n bth levels helped sell these $10 millin huses.
40.Why d stres usually display fruits and vegetables in the first sectin?
A. T save custmers times.
B. T shw they are high quality fds.
C. T help sell junk fd.
D. T sell them at discunt prices.
41.Accrding t Paragraph 3, which f the fllwing encurages custmers t buy?
A. Opening the stre early in the mrning.
B. Displaying British wines next t French nes.
C. Inviting custmers t play music.
D. Filling the stre with the smell f fresh bread.
42.What is the Califrnia builder’s stry intended t prve?
A. The huse structure is a key factr custmers cnsider.
B. The mre cstly the huse is, the better it sells.
C. An cean view is much t the custmers’ taste.
D. A gd first impressin increases sales.
43.What is the main purpse f the passage?
A. T explain hw businesses turn peple int their custmers.
B. T intrduce hw businesses have grwn frm the past.
C. T reprt researches n custmer behavir.
D. T shw dishnest business practices.
【解析】试题分析: 本文在解释为什么要水果放要店里的最显眼的位置，目的是促进后面的商业交易
40.C 推断题。根据第二段提到they knw that custmers wh buy the healthy fd first will feel happy s that they will buy sme mre junk fd later in their trip为了是能够在稍后卖出那些垃圾食品，故选C项。
42.D 推断题。根据最后一段提到When entering the huse,the custmer wuld see the Pacific Ocean thrught the windws, and the the pl thrught an pen stairway leading t the lwer level. The instant f water n bth levels helped sell these $10millin huses当人们进入房间，看到窗外的太平洋和游泳池时，销售业绩会增长，故选D项。
43.A 推断题。本文在解释为什么要水果放要店里的最显眼的位置，目的是促进后面的商业交易，故选A项。
Passage 6
【2015年重庆卷】The values f artistic wrks, accrding t cultural relativism(相对主义), are simply reflectins f lcal scial and ecnmic cnditins. Such a view, hwever, fails t explain the ability f sme wrks f art t excite the human mind acrss cultures and thrugh centuries.
Histry has witnessed the endless prductins f Shakespearean plays in every majr language f the wrld. It is never rare t find that Mzart packs Japanese cncert halls, as Japanese painter Hirshige des Paris galleries. Unique wrks f this kind are different frm tday’s ppular art, even if they began as wrks f ppular art. They have set themselves apart in their timeless appeal and will prbably be enjyed fr centuries int the future.
In a 1757 essay, the philspher David Hume argued that because“the general principles f taste are unifrm(不变的) in human nature,”the value f sme wrks f art might be essentially permanent. He bserved that Hmer was still admired after tw thusand years. Wrks f this type, he believed, spke t deep and unvarying features f human nature and culd cntinue t exist ver centuries.
Nw researchers are applying scientific methds t the study f the universality f art. Fr example, evlutinary psychlgy is being used by literary schlars t explain the lng-lasting themes and plt devices in fictin. The structures f musical pieces are nw pen t experimental analysis as never befre. Research findings seem t indicate that the creatin by a great artist is as permanent an achievement as the discvery by a great scientist.
52.Accrding t the passage, what d we knw abut cultural relativism?
A.It intrduces different cultural values.
B.It explains the histry f artistic wrks.
C.It relates artistic values t lcal cnditins.
D.It excites the human mind thrughut the wrld.
53. In Paragraph 2, the artists are mentined in rder t shw that _______.
A.great wrks f art can g beynd natinal bundaries
B.histry gives art wrks special appeal t set them apart
C.ppular arts are hardly distinguishable frm great arts
D.great artists are skilled at cmbining varius cultures
54.Accrding t Hume, sme wrks f art can exist fr centuries because ________.[来源:学。科。网Z。X。X。K]
A.they are results f scientific study
B.they establish sme general principles f art
C.they are created by the wrld’s greatest artists
D.they appeal t unchanging features f human nature
55.Which f the fllwing can best serve as the title f the passage?
A.Are Artistic Values Universal?B.Are Ppular Arts Permanent?
C.Is Human Nature Unifrm?D.Is Cultural Relativism Scientific?
【解析】试题分析: 本文是说明文，主要介绍了根据文化相对主义，艺术作品在永恒受欢迎的原因是人类的审美具有共同性，并且就此展开说明。
52.C 推断题。根据第一段第一句话可知根据相对主义，艺术作品就是把艺术的价值与当地的社会经济条件结合在一块，故选C项。
53.A 推断题。根据第二段提到第二行和第三行提到可知不会把莫扎特与日本的音乐进行比较，正如日本的画作与巴黎的画廊进行比较，艺术作品是没有国界的，故选A项。
Passage 7
【2015年安徽卷】 As Internet users becme mre dependent n the Internet t stre infrmatin, are peple remember less? If yu knw yur cmputer will save infrmatin, why stre it in yur wn persnal memry, yur brain? Experts are wndering if the Internet is changing what we remember and hw.
In a recent study, Prfessr Betsy Sparrw cnducted sme experiments. She and her research team wanted t knw the Internet is changing memry. In the first experiment, they gave peple 40 unimprtant facts t type int a cmputer. The first grup f peple understd that the cmputer wuld save the infrmatin. The secnd grup understd that the cmputer wuld nt save it. Later, the secnd grup remembered the infrmatin better. Peple in the first grup knew they culd find the infrmatin again, s they did nt try t remember it.
In anther experiment, the researchers gave peple facts t remember, and tld them where t find the infrmatin n the cmputer. The infrmatin was in a specific cmputer flder (文件夹). Surprisingly, peple later remember the flder lcatin (位置) better than the facts. When peple use the Internet, they d nt remember the infrmatin. Rather, they remember hw t find it. This is called "transactive memry (交互记忆)".
Accrding t Sparrw, we are nt becming peple with pr memries as a result f the Internet. Instead, cmputer users are develping strnger transactive memries; that is, peple are learning hw t rganize huge quantities f infrmatin s that they are able t access it at a later date. This desn’t mean we are becming either mre r less intelligent, but there is n dubt that the way we use memry is changing.
64. The passage begins with tw questins t ____________.
A. intrduce the main tpicB. shw the authr’s altitude
C. describe hw t use the Internet. D. explain hw t stre infrmatin
65. What can we learn abut the first experiment?
A. The Sparrw’s team typed the infrmatin int a cmputer.
B. The tw grups remembered the infrmatin equally well.
C. The first grup did nt try t remember the infrmatin.
D. The secnd grup did nt understand the infrmatin.
66. In transactive memry, peple ____________.
A. keep the infrmatin in mind B. change the quantity f infrmatin
C. rganize infrmatin like a cmputer D. remember hw t find the infrmatin
67. What is the effect f the Internet accrding t Sparrw’s research?
A. We are using memry differently.B. We are becming mre intelligent.
C. We have prer memries than befre.D. We need a better way t access infrmatin.
【答案】64. A 65. C 66. D 67. A
65. C 细节理解题。根据第二段“Peple in the first grup knew they culd find the infrmatin again, s they did nt try t remember it.”可知答案。
66. D 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Rather, they remember hw t find it. This is called "transactive memry (交互记忆)"”可知，在交互记忆里，人们记得怎样找到信息。
67. A 细节理解题。根据最后一段“but there is n dubt that the way we use memry is changing”可知，互联网对人们的记忆产生的影响是它改变了我们使用记忆力的方式。
Passage 8
【2015年安徽卷】There are an extremely large number f ants wrldwide. Each individual (个体的) ant hardly weighs anything, but put tgether they weigh rughly the same as all f mankind. They als live nearly everywhere, except n frzen muntain tps and arund the ples. Fr animals their size, ants have been astnishingly successful, largely due t their wnderful scial behavir.
In clnies (群体) that range in size frm a few hundred t tens f millins, they rganize their lives with a clear divisin f labr. Even mre amazing is hw they achieve this level f rganizatin. Where we use sund and sight t cmmunicate, ants depend primarily n phermne (外激素), chemicals sent ut by individuals and smelled r tasted by fellw members f their clny. When an ant finds fd, it prduces a phermne that will lead thers straight t where the fd is. When an individual ant cmes under attack r is dying, it sends ut an alarm phermne t warn the clny t prepare fr a cnflict as a defense unit.
In fact, when it cmes t the art f war, ants have n equal. They are cmpletely fearless and will readily take n a creature much larger than themselves, attacking in large grups and vercming their target. Such is their devtin t the cmmn gd f the clny that nt nly sldier ants but als wrker ants will sacrifice their lives t help defeat an enemy.
Behaving in this selfless and devted manner, these little creatures have survived n Earth fr mre than 140 millin years, far lnger than dinsaurs. Because they think as ne, they have a cllective (集体的) intelligence greater than yu wuld expect frm its individual parts.
68. We can learn frm the passage that ants are ____________.
A. nt willing t share fd
B. nt fund arund the ples
C. mre successful than all ther animals
D. t many t achieve any level f rganizatin
69. Ants can use phermnes fr ____________.
A. escapeB. cmmunicatinC. warning enemies D. arranging labr
70. What des the underlined expressin "take n" in Paragraph 3 mean?
A. Accept. B. Emply.C. Play with. D. Fight against.
71. Which f the fllwing cntributes mst t the survival f ants?
A. Their behavir. B. Their size. C. Their number. D. Their weight.
【答案】68. B 69. B 70. D 71. A
【解析】试题分析：文章主要讲的是蚂蚁。蚂蚁个体显得微不足道，但成群结队的蚂蚁却蕴含着巨大的力量。蚂蚁的数量加起来可以与人类的重量相匹敌。蚂蚁分布极为广泛，除了寒冷的山顶和两极地区，几乎到处都有它们的踪影。
68. B 细节理解题。根据第一段“They als live nearly everywhere, except n frzen muntain tps and arund the ples.”可知答案，结冰的山顶和两极地区没有蚂蚁。
71. A 推理判断题。根据第一段“largely due t their wnderful scial behavir”和最后一段“Behaving in this selfless and devted manner, think as ne, they have a cllective (集体的) intelligence greater”可知，蚂蚁之所以能够存活下来，是因为它们出色的社会行为。
Passage 9
【2015年安徽卷】Fd serves as a frm f cmmunicatin in tw fundamental ways. Sharing bread r ther fds is a cmmn human traditin that can prmte unity and trust. Fd can als have a specific meaning, and play a significant rle in a family r culture’s celebratins r traditins. The fds we eat — and when and hw we eat them — are ften unique t a particular culture r may even differ between rural (农村的) and urban areas within ne cuntry.
Sharing bread, whether during a special ccasin (时刻) r at the family dinner table, is a cmmn symbl f tgetherness. Many cultures als celebrate birthdays and marriages with cakes that are cut and shared amng the guests. Early frms f cake were simply a kind f bread, s this traditin hits its rts in the custm f sharing bread.
Fd als plays an imprtant rle in many New Year celebratins. In the suthern United States, pieces f crn bread represent blcks f gld fr prsperity (兴旺) in the New Year. In Greece, peple share a special cake called vasilpita. A cin is put int the cake, which signifies (预示) success in the New Year fr the persn wh receives it.
Many cultures have ceremnies t celebrate the birth f a child, and fd can play a significant rle. In China, when a baby is ne mnth ld, families name and welcme their child in a celebratin that includes giving red-clred eggs t guests. In many cultures, rund fds such as grapes, bread, and mn cakes are eaten at welcme celebratins t represent family unity.
Nutritin is necessary fr life, s it is nt surprising that fd is such an imprtant part f different cultures arund the wrld.
72. Accrding t the passage, sharing bread____________.
A. indicates a lack f fdB. can help t develp unity
C. is a custm unique t rural areas D. has its rts in birthday celebratins
73. What des the cin in vasilpita signify fr its receiver in the New Year?
A. Trust. B. Success. C. Health. D. Tgetherness.
74. The authr explains the rle f fd in celebratins by____________.
A. using examplesB. making cmparisns
C. analyzing causesD. describing prcesses
75. What is the passage mainly abut?
A. The custm f sharing fd.B. The specific meaning f fd.
C. The rle f fd in ceremnies.D. The imprtance f fd in culture.
【答案】72. B 73. B 74. A 75. D
73. B 细节理解题。根据第三段“A cin is put int the cake, which signifies (预示) success in the New Year...”可知，硬币预示着来年的成功。
74. A 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“In China, when a baby is ne mnth many cultures, rund fds”可知，作者主要使用了举例的方法来解释食物在庆祝中的角色。
75. D 主旨大意题。根据第一段“and play a significant rle in a family r culture's celebratins r traditins”和第四段“Many cultures have ceremnies t celebrate”及最后一段“fd is such an imprtant part f different cultures arund the wrld.”可知，文章主要讲的是食物在不同文化中的作用。
Passage 10
【2015年北京卷】Life in the Clear
Transparent animals let light pass thrugh their bdies the same way light passes thrugh a windw. These animals typically live between the surface f the cean and a depth f abut 3, 300 feet — as far as mst light can reach. Mst f them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple tuch. Snke Jhnsen, a scientist in bilgy, says, ＂These animals live thrugh their life alne. They never tuch anything unless they’re eating it, r unless smething is eating them.＂
And they are as clear as glass. Hw des an animal becme see-thrugh? It’s trickier than yu might think.
The bjects arund yu are visible because they interact with light. Light typically travels in a straight line. But sme materials slw and scatter(散射) light, buncing it away frm its riginal path. Others absrb light, stpping it dead in its tracks. Bth scattering and absrptin make an bject lk different frm ther bjects arund it, s yu can see it easily.
But a transparent bject desn’t absrb r scatter light, at least nt very much. Light can pass thrugh it withut bending r stpping. That means a transparent bject desn’t lk very different frm the surrunding air r water. Yu dn’t see it — yu see the things behind it.
T becme transparent, an animal needs t keep its bdy frm absrbing r scattering light. Living materials can stp light because they cntain pigments(色素) that absrb specific clrs f light. But a transparent animal desn’t have pigments, s its tissues wn’t absrb light. Accrding t Jhnsen, aviding absrptin is actually easy. The real challenge is preventing light frm scattering.
Animals are built f many different materials — skin, fat, and mre — and light mves thrugh each at a different speed. Every time light mves int a material with a new speed, it bends and scatters. Transparent animals use different tricks t fight scattering. Sme animals are simply very small r extremely flat. Withut much tissue t scatter light, it is easier t be see-thrugh. Others build a large, clear mass f nn-living jelly-like(果冻状的) material and spread themselves ver it.
Larger transparent animals have the biggest challenge, because they have t make all the different tissues in their bdies slw dwn light exactly as much as water des. They need t lk unifrm. But hw they’re ding it is still unknwn. One thing is clear fr these larger animals, staying transparent is an active prcess. When they die, they turn a nn-transparent milky white.
63. Accrding t Paragraph 1, transparent animals __________.
A. stay in grups B. can be easily damaged
C. appear nly in deep cean D. are beautiful creatures
64. The underlined wrd ＂dead＂ in Paragraph 3 means __________.
A. silently B. gradually
C. regularly D. cmpletely
65. One way fr an animal t becme transparent is t __________.
A. change the directin f light travel B. gather materials t scatter light
C. avid the absrptin f light D. grw bigger t stp light
66. The last paragraph tells us that larger transparent animals __________.
A. mve mre slwly in deep water
B. stay see-thrugh even after death
C. prduce mre tissues fr their survival
D. take effective actin t reduce light spreading
65.C 推理判断题。根据第五段第一句T becme transparent, an animal needs t keep its bdy frm absrbing r scattering light。可知，想变透明就要避免散射或吸收光线，因此其中的一个方法是C选项，避免光线的吸收。故选C。
66.D 推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句中的make all the different tissues in their bdies slw dwn light exactly as much as water des可以推断出D为正确答案。其中slwdwn对应reduce。故选D。
Passage 11
【2015年福建卷】Fd festivals arund the wrld
Stiltn Cheese Rlling
May Day is a traditinal day fr celebratins, but the 2,000 English villagers f Stiltn must be the nly peple in the wrld wh include cheese rlling in their annual plans. Teams f fur, dressed in a variety f strange and funny clthes, rll a cmplete cheese alng a 50-metre curse. On the way, they must nt kick r thrw their cheese, r g int their cmpetitrs’ lane(赛道). Cmpetitin is fierce and the chief prize is a cmplete Stiltn cheese weighing abut fur kils (disappintingly, but understandably the cheeses used in the race are wden nes). All the cmpetitrs are served with beer r prt wine, the traditinal accmpaniment fr Stiltn cheese.
Fiery Fds Festival — The Httest Festival n Earth
Every year mre than 10,000 peple head fr the city f Albuquerque, New Mexic. They cme frm as far away as Australia, the Caribbean and China, but they all share a cmmn addictin — fd that is nt just spicy, but ht enugh t make yur muth burn, yur head spin and yur eyes water. Their destinatin is the Fiery Fd and BBQ Festival which is held ver a perid f three clays every March. Yu might like t try a chclate-cvered habaner pepper — fficially the httest pepper in the wrld — r any ne f the thusands f prducts that are n shw. But ne thing’s fr sure — if yu dn’t like the feeling f a burning tngue, this festival isn’t fr yu!
La Tmatina — The Wrld’s Biggest Fd Fight
On the last Wednesday f every August, the Spanish twn f Bunl hsts Ea Tmatina — the wrld’s largest fd fight. A week-lng celebratin leads up t an exciting tmat battle as the highlight f the week’s events. The early mrning sees the arrival f large trucks with tmates — fficial fight-starters get things ging by casting tmates at the crwd.
The battle lasts little mre than half an hur, in which time arund 50,000 kilgrams f tmates have been thrwn at anyne r anything that mves, runs, r fights back. Then everyne heads dwn t the river t make friends again — and fr a much-needed wash!
56. In the Stiltn cheese rlling cmpetitin, cmpetitrs n each team must__________.
A. wear varius frmal clthes
B.rll a wden cheese in their wn lane
C.kick r thrw their cheese
D. use a real cheese weighing abut fur kils
57.Where is the Fiery Fd and BBQ Festival held?
A. In New Mexic. B. In the Caribbean.
C. In Australia. D. In China.
58.The celebratin f La Tmatina lasts.
A. three days B. seven days
C. less than three days D. mre than seven days
59.Which f the fllwing is TRUE accrding t the passage?
A. The chief prize fr the Stiltn cheese rlling cmpetitin is beer r prt wine.
B. Mre than 10,000 Chinese take part in the Fiery Fd and BBQ Festival.
C. Thusands f spicy fds are n shw in the Fiery Fd and BBQ Festival.
D. An exciting tmat battle takes place at the beginning f La Tmatina.
【解析】[试题分析：本文是一篇说明文，分别讲述了英国、新墨西哥以及巴西的几个关于食物的传统节日。
56.B细节理解题。根据第一段第二句Teams f fur,dressed in a variety f strange and funny clthes , rll a cmplete cheese alng a 50-metre curse.可以知道，四个队伍，穿着滑稽搞笑的服装，在50米的路程中卷一个完整的奶酪。以及后面倒数第二句括号里面的内容, but understandably the cheeses used in the race are wden nes，这个奶酪是木头的。故选B
59.C细节理解题。根据文章第二段倒数第二个破折号后面的文字r any ne f the thusands f prducts that are n shw.可以知道你可以任意品尝展出的上千种的食物。故选C
Passage 12
【2015年福建卷】Life can be s wnderful, full f adventure and jy. It can als be full f challenges, setbacks(挫折) and heartbreaks. Whatever ur circumstances, we generally still have dreams, hpes and desires — that little smething mre we want fr urselves and ur lved nes. Yet knwing we can have mre can als create a prblem, because when we g t change the way we d things, up cme the ld patterns and pitfalls(陷阱) that stpped us frm seeking what we wanted in the first place.
This tensin between what we feel we can have and what we’re seemingly able t have is the niggling(烦人的) suffering, the anxiety we feel. This is where we usually think it’s easier t just give up. But we’re never meant t let g f the part f us that knws we can have mre. The intelligence behind that knwing is us — the real us. It’s the part that believes in life and its pssibilities. If yu drp that, yu begin t feel a little "dead" inside because yu’re drpping "yu".
S, if we have this capability but smehw life seems t keep us stuck, hw d we break these patterns?
Decide n a new curse and make ne decisin at a time. This is gd advice fr a new adventure r just getting thrugh tday’s challenges.
While, deep dwn, we knw we can d it, ur mind — r the minds f thse clse t us — usually says we can’t. That isn’t a reasn t stp, it’s just the mind, that little man r wman n yur shulder, trying t talk yu ut f smething again. It has dne it many times befre. It’s all abut starting simple and ding it nw.
Decide and act befre verthinking. When yu d this yu may feel a little, r large, release frm the jail f yur mind and yu’ll be n yur way.
68. It can be inferred frm the first tw paragraphs that we shuld.
A.slw dwn and live a simple life
B.be careful when we chse t change
C.stick t ur dreams under any circumstances
D.be cntent with what we already have
69. What is the key t breaking the ld patterns?
A. T fcus n every detail.B. T decide and take immediate actin.
C. T listen t thse clse t us. D. T think twice befre we act.
70. Which f the fllwing best explains the underlined part in the last paragraph?
A. Escape frm yur punishment.B. Realizatin f yur dreams.
C. Freedm frm yur tensin. D. Reductin f yur expectatins.
71. What des the authr intend t tell us?
A. It’s easier than we think t get what we want.
B. It’s imprtant t learn t accept sufferings in life.
C. It’s impractical t change ur way f thinking.
D. It’s harder than we expect t fllw a new curse.
【解析】试题分析：本文是一篇说明文，作者介绍了在我们想要放弃的时候改变这种模式的一种方法就是重新选择目标并且迅速作出决定。
70.C分析推断题。根据划线句子可知其本意是逃出你内心的牢笼。结合上文中在过多思考之前快速决定和行动可以推测这个划线句子是指要从过多考虑的焦虑中解放自己。故选C
71.A分析推断题。从全文来看，作者主要是想要强调果断的行动而不是空想来实现自己的梦想和欲望，故选A.比起想要成功，行动更加容易。
Passage 13
【2015年福建卷】Grup exercise is ne f the mst effective ways t imprve physical fitness and sustain(保持) a healthy lifestyle. Grup exercise is challenging, yet fun and empwering! Of curse everyne knws that exercise is gd fr the bdy. Hwever, studies have shwn that when exercise is perfrmed in grups, it’s nt nly great fr imprving physical health but fr psychlgical health. It’s an pprtunity t be scial, release endrphins（内啡肽）, and imprve yur strength. Additinally, grup exercise creates a cmmunity feel and the shared cmmn gal mtivates participants t wrk hard. The instrumental supprt f taking n a fitness jurney with thers prves mre effective than ging t the gym alne.
Anther beneficial aspect f grup exercise is the infrmatinal supprt participants receive frm the instructr. Many peple fear the gym because they feel lst and dn’t want t embarrass themselves. If yu feel yu can relate, then grup training is an even better ptin fr yu. It’s a great pprtunity t learn mre abut fitness thrugh the clear instructin and supervisin (监管) f a fitness instructr. If yu’re tired f wandering arund the gym wasting time and becming bred, yu can attend an upbeat grup fitness class that’ll keep yur wrkut n track. Dn’t let fitness frighten yu!
If yu’re serius abut wanting t live a healthy lifestyle, it’s extremely imprtant t surrund yurself with peple wh’ll prvide yu with the prper emtinal supprt. I wuldn’t scld anyne fr deciding t party n weekends and in turn I wuldn’t expect anyne t give ffence t me fr fcusing n my health. Surrund yurself with peple wh uplift, encurage and understand yu! Make fitness even mre fun by trying smething new r any grup fitness class, with a friend. Plan t g fr a jg tgether. Then try a fun healthy restaurant r fresh juice bar! Fitness can be bth fun and scial!
Surrunding yurself with peple wh’ll prvide yu with respect and supprt can be very beneficial while wrking twards reaching health and fitness gals. First, decide t d it fr yurself and wrk twards staying psitive. Then make sure the peple yu surrund yurself with are supprtive. Dn’t let negativity ruin yur mtivatin.
72. The first paragraph fcuses n__________.
A. the greatest challenge f grup exercise
B. the mst effective way t imprve physical fitness
C. the cntributin f grup exercise t psychlgical health
D. the shared cmmn gal in perfrming exercise in grups
73.The underlined wrd "upbeat" in the secnd paragraph prbably means "___________".
A. cheerful B. averageC. seriusD. temprary
74.When it cmes t emtinal supprt, the authr thinks it necessary ___________.
A. t sustain a clrful lifestyle
B. t party n weekends with psitive peple
C. t try a fun healthy restaurant regularly
D. t surrund yurself with supprtive peple
75.What wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A. Seeking SupprtB. Supprting Health
C. Imprving Yur StrengthD. Building Up Fitness
【解析】试题分析：本文是一篇说明文，主要是在介绍团体运动的好处。和其他人一起运动可以和他人交流从而获得支持，也能够得到一些无形的好处。
74.D细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句Surrunding yurself with peple wh'll prvide yu with respect supprt can be very beneficial while wrking twards reaching health and fitness gals.在以健康为目标锻炼的时候和那些你能够给你尊敬和支持的人们在一起是很有益处的，故选D
75.B分析推断题。文章的主要内容是在说团体运动的好处，团体运动包含的好处主要是因为大家在一起运动，不仅生理上会有一些好处，而且团内其他成员会给你支持，教练也会给你们一些信息上的支持，故选B
Passage 14
【2015年广东卷】It was nce cmmn t regard Britain as a sciety with class distinctin. Each class had unique characteristics.
In recent years, many writers have begun t speak f the ‘decline f class’ and ‘classless sciety’ in Britain. And in mdern day cnsumer sciety everyne is cnsidered t be middle class.
But prnuncing the death f class is t early. A recent wide-ranging study f public pinin fund 90 percent f peple still placing themselves in a particular class; 73 percent agreed that class was still a vital part f British sciety; and 52 percent thught there were still sharp class differences. Thus, class may nt be culturally and plitically bvius, yet it remains an imprtant part f British sciety. Britain seems t have a lve f stratificatin.
One unchanging aspect f a British persn’s class psitin is accent. The wrds a persn speaks tell her r his class. A study f British accents during the 1970s fund that a vice sunding like a BBC newsreader was viewed as the mst attractive vice. Mst peple said this accent sunded ‘educated’ and ‘sft’. The accents placed at the bttm in this study, n the ther hand, were reginal(地区的)city accents. These accents were seen as ‘cmmn’ and ‘ugly’. Hwever, a similar study f British accents in the US turned these results upside dwn and placed sme reginal accents as the mst attractive and BBC English as the least. This suggests that British attitudes twards accent have deep rts and are based n class prejudice.
In recent years, hwever, yung upper middle-class peple in Lndn, have begun t adpt sme reginal accents, in rder t hide their class rigins. This is an indicatin f class becming unnticed. Hwever, the 1995 pp sng ‘Cmmn Peple’ puts frward the view that thugh a middle-class persn may ‘want t live like cmmn peple’ they can never appreciate the reality f a wrking-class life.
41.A recent study f public pinin shws that in mdern Britain .
A.it is time t end class distinctin
B. mst peple belng t middle class
C.it is easy t recgnize a persn’s class
D. peple regard themselves scially different
42.The wrd stratificatin in Paragraph 3 is clsest in meaning t .
A. varietyB. divisinC. authrityD. qualificatin
43.The study in the US shwed that BBC English was regarded as________.
A. reginalB. educatedC. prejudicedD. unattractive
44.British attitudes twards accent________.
A. have a lng traditin B. are based n reginal status
C. are shared by the AmericansD. have changed in recent years
45.What is the main idea f the passage?
A. The middle class is expanding.
B.A persn’s accent reflects his class.
C. Class is a key part f British sciety.
D. Each class has unique characteristics.
42.B词义猜测题。根据短文第三段的内容可知，根据一项关于英国社会阶级是否开始消亡的调查可知，绝大多数人仍然认为英国社会中存在不同的阶级，这是英国社会中重要的一部分。由此可知，英国人好像对阶级划分非常热衷。stratificatin划分，跟B选项是同义词，故选B。
43.D细节理解题。根据第四段中Hwever, a similar study f British accents in the US turned these results upside dwn and placed sme reginal accents as the mst attractive and BBC English as the least.可知，美国关于英语口音的调查结果正好和英国的调查结果相反，他们认为一些地方口音是最吸引人的，而BBC的英语是最不吸引人的，故选D。
Passage 15
【2015年湖北卷】Hilversum is a medium-sized city between the majr cities f Amsterdam and Utrecht in the Gi area f Nrth Hlland, the Netherlands. Unlike mst f the Netherlands, Hilversum is actually in a hilly area with the sil mstly cnsisting f sand. Once called the Garden f Amsterdam, it still attracts travelers t cme ver t cycle and walk thrugh the surrunding frests. They visit it fr a relaxing day ff frm the urban madness. Fr Dutch peple, Hilversum is all abut textile (纺织) and media industries, and mdern architecture.
In histry, Hilversum was largely an agricultural area. Daily life was marked by farming, sheep raising and wl prductin. A railway link t Amsterdam in 1874 attracted rich traders frm Amsterdam t Hilversum. They built themselves large villas (别墅) in the wded surrundings f the twn. One f the families mving in was the Brenninkmeijers, currently the wealthiest family f the Netherlands. They mved in after big success in the textile industry and aided a substantial textile industry in Hilversum. But the textile bm lasted nly several decades. The last factry clsed in the 1960s.
The change t a media ecnmy started in 1920, when the Nederlandse Seintestellen Fabriek (NSF) established a radi factry in Hilversum. Mst radi statins settled in the large villas in the leafy areas f the twn. Televisin gave anther push t the lcal ecnmy. Hilversum became the media capital f the Netherlands, and Dutch televisin stars mved int the leafy neighbrhds surrunding the twn.
In the early 1900s, mdern architects W.M. Dudk and J. Duiker placed hundreds f remarkable buildings in Hilversum. These mdern architectural masterpieces (杰作) are s many that Hilversum almst feels like an pen air museum. Dudk alne shaped mst f SKIPIF 1 < 0 century Hilversum and apprximately 75 buildings still bear his unique characteristics. His masterpiece , Hilversum Twn Hall,was built in 1928-1931. It has wide internatinal fame and is included in many architecture textbks. The building has a remarkable shape and lks like a cmbinatin f “blcks”. Actually, ne may start his jurney f mdern architecture by walking r biking the W.M. Dudk Architectural Rute in Hilversum.
59.Hilversum is different frm mst f the Netherlands in that ______.
A. it has a large ppulatin
B. it is cut ff frm big cities
C. it has many beautiful gardens
D. it is in a hilly area with sandy sil
60.What was the greatest cntributin f the Brenninkmeijers t Hilversum?
A. Building a railway link t Amsterdam
B. Helping its textile industry t develp
C. Cnstructing large villas fr the pr
D. Assisting its agricultural industry
61.The beginning f the media industry in Hilversum was marked by the establishment f ______.
A. a radi factry
B. the medial capital
C. a radi statin
D. a TV statin
62.What is knwn abut W.M. Dudk’s Hilversum Twn Hall?
A. It cnsists f apprximately 75 buildings
B. It lks like an pen air museum in the city
C. It is a classic example in architecture textbks
D. It has shaped mst f SKIPIF 1 < 0 century Hilvesum.
61.A细节理解题。根据第三段首句“The change t a media ecnmy started in 1920, … established a radi factry in Hilversum”可知Hilversum传媒业兴起的兴起是以一家无线电厂的建立为标志的。故选A项。
62.C推理判断题。根据最后一段倒数第三、四句“His master piece… It has wide internatinal fame and is included in many architecture textbks”可知W. M. Dudk’s Hilversum Twn Hall是建筑教科书中的一个典范。故选C项。
Passage 16
【2015年湖北卷】The ddness f life in space never quite ges away. Here are sme examples.
First cnsider smething as simple as sleep. Its psitin presents its wn challenges. The main questin is whether yu want yur arms inside r utside the sleeping bag. If yu leave yur arms ut, they flat free in zer gravity, ften giving a sleeping astrnaut the lk f a funny ballet（芭蕾）dancer. “I’m an inside guy,” Mike Hpkins says, wh returned frm a six-mnth tur n the Internatinal Space Statin. “I like t be wrapped up.”
On the statin, the rdinary becmes strange. The exercise bike fr the American astrnauts has n handlebars. It als has n seat. With n gravity, it’s just as easy t pedal vilently. Yu can watch a mvie while yu pedal by flating a micrcmputer anywhere yu want. But statin residents have t be careful abut staying in ne place t lng. Withut gravity t help circulate air, the carbn dixide yu exhale (呼气) has a tendency t frm an invisible （隐形的）clud arund yur head. Yu can end up with what astrnauts call a carbn-dixide headache.
Lery Chia, 54, an American retired astrnaut after fur flights, describes what happens even befre yu flat ut f yur seat.”Yur inner ear thinks yur’re falling . Meanwhile yur eyes are telling yu yu’re standing straight. That can be annying—that’s why sme peple feel sick.” Within a cuple days —truly terrible days fr sme —astrnauts’ brains learn t ignre the panicky signals frm the inner ear, and space sickness disappears.
Space travel can be s delightful but at the same time invisibly dangerus. Fr instance, astrnauts lse bne mass. That’s why exercise is cnsidered s vital that Natinal Aernautics and Space Administratin (NASA) puts it right n the wrkday schedule. The fcus n fitness is as much abut science and the future as it is abut keeping any individual astrnauts healthy. NASA is wrried abut tw things: recvery time nce astrnauts return hme, and, mre imprtantly, hw t maintain strength and fitness fr the tw and a half years r mre that it wuld take t make a rund-trip t Mars.
63.What is the majr challenge t astrnauts when they sleep in space?
A. Deciding n a prper sleep psitin
B. Chsing a cmfrtable sleeping bag
C. Seeking a way t fall asleep quickly
D. Finding a right time t g t sleep.
64.The astrnauts will suffer frm a carbn-dixide headache when _____.
A. the y circle arund n their bikes
B. they use micrcmputers withut a stp
C. they exercise in ne place fr a lng time
D. they watch a mvie while pedaling
65.Sme astrnauts feel sick n the statin during the first few days because _____.
A. their senses stp wrking
B. they have t stand up straight
C. they flat ut f their seats unexpectedly
D. their brains receive cntradictry messages
66.One f the NASA’s majr cncerns abut astrnauts is _____.
A. hw much exercise they d n the statin
B. hw they can remain healthy fr lng in space
C. whether they can recver after returning hme
D. whether they are able t g back t the statin
63.A细节理解题。根据第二段第一、二句“First cnsider smething as simple as sleep. Its psitin presents its wn challenges.”可知在太空睡觉时，对宇航员来说主要的挑战在于恰当的睡眠姿势。故选A项。
64. C细节理解题。根据第三段中“But statin residents have t be careful abut staying in ne place t lng. …Yu can end up with what astrnauts call a carbn-dixide headache”可知宇航员在一个地方运动久了会出现碳毒性头痛。故选C项。
65. D细节理解题。根据第四段中“Yur inner ear thinks yu’re failing. Meanwhile yur eyes are telling yu yu’re standing straight. That can be annying-that’s why sme peple feel sick.”可知宇航员在大脑接收到矛盾的信息时会感到恶心。故选D项。
66. B细节理解题。根据最后一段倒数第一、二句“The fcus n fitness is as much abut science and the future as is abut keeping any individual astrnaut healthy…NASA is wrried abut tw things :… and, mre imprtantly, hw maintain strength and fitness…”可知美国国家宇航局对宇航员主要的担心之一是如何在太空长久地保持健康。故选B项。
Passage 17
【2015年湖南卷】
In its early histry,Chicag had flds frequently, especially in the spring, making the streets s muddy that peple, hrses, and carts gt stuck. An ld jke that was ppular at the time went smething like this: A man is stuck up t his waist in a muddy Chicag street. Asked if he needs help,he replies, "N,thanks. I’ve gt a gd hrse under me."
The city planners decided t build an undergrund drainage(排水)system,but there simply wasn’t enugh difference between the height f the grund level and the water level. The nly tw ptins were t lwer the Chicag River r raise the city.
An engineer named Ellis Chesbrugh cnvinced the city that it had n chice but t build the pipes abve grund and then cver them with dirt.This raised the level f the city’s streets by as much as 12 feet.
This f curse created a new prblem:dirt practically buried the first flrs f every building in Chicag.Building wners were faced with a chice: either change the first flrs f their buildings int basements, and the secnd stries int main flrs, r hist the entire buildings t meet the new street level. Small wd-frame buildings culd be lifted fairly easily. But what abut large, heavy structures like the Tremnt Htel, which was a six-stry brick building?
That’s where Gerge Pullman came in. He had develped sme huse-mving skills successfully. T lift a big structure like the Tremnt Htel, Pullman wuld place thusands f jackscrews (螺旋千斤顶)beneath the building’s fundatin. One man was assigned t perate each sectin f rughly 10 jackscrews. At Pullman’s signal each man turned his jackscrew the same amunt at the same time, thereby raising the building slwly and evenly. Astnishingly, the Tremnt Htel stayed pen during the entire peratin, and many f its guests didn’t even ntice anything was happening.
Sme peple like t say that every prblem has a slutin. But in Chicag’s early histry, every engineering slutin seemed t create a new prblem. Nw that Chicag’s waste water was draining efficiently int the Chicag River, the city’s next step was t clean the plluted river.
61. The authr mentins the jke t shw_______.
A. hrses were fairly useful in Chicag
B. Chicag’s streets were extremely muddy
C. Chicag was very dangerus in the spring
D. the Chicag peple were particularly humrus
62. The city planners were cnvinced by Ellis Chesbrugh t _______.
A. get rid f the street dirt
B. lwer the Chicag River
C. fight against heavy flds
D. build the pipes abve grund
63. The underlined wrd "hist" in Paragraph 4 means "_______".
A. change B. lift C. repair D. decrate
64. What can we cnclude abut the mving peratin f the Tremnt Htel?
A. It went n smthly as intended.
B. It interrupted the business f the htel.
C. It invlved Pullman turning ten jackscrews.
D. It separated the building frm its fundatin.
65. The passage is mainly abut early Chicag’s_______.
A. ppular lifestyles and their influences
B. envirnmental disasters and their causes
C. engineering prblems and their slutins
D. successful businessmen and their achievements
【答案】61．B 62．D 63．B 64．A 65．C
【解析】试题分析：本文讲述了芝加哥城的问题和改造方案
61．B;细节推理题。根据文章的第一段第一句话：In early histry, Chicag had flrs frequently, especially in the spring, making the streets s muddy that peple, hrses, and carts gt stuck.可知芝加哥因为洪水的经常泛滥导致大街上总是泥泞不堪，行人，马和车全部都堵在路上。所以作者提及那个玩笑是为了突出芝加哥这一特点，故选B
64．A;细节推理题。根据倒数第二段中的倒数第二句话：At Pullman’s signal each man turned his jackscrew the same amunt at the same time, thereby raising the building slwly and evenly.(在Pullman的指导下，每个人同时抬起他们手中的千斤顶，因此建筑就被慢慢地、平整地抬起来了)可知A项正确, 故选A
65．C;主旨大意题。文章的第一段就提出芝加哥城所存在的问题，接下来的段落讨论了解决这个问题的一些方法，最后一段讲到这些方法虽然解决当前的问题，但是随之而来的又会冒出一些新的问题有待解决。故文章大致上讲述的是建造的问题与解决办法，故选C
Passage18
【2015年湖南卷】 Have yur parents ever inspected yur rm t see if yu cleaned it prperly? Imagine having yur entire huse, garage, and yard inspected at any time — with n warning. Inspectins were a regular part f lighthuse(灯塔) living, and a keeper’s reputatin depended n the results. A few times each year, an inspectr arrived t lk ver the entire light statin. The inspectins were suppsed t be a surprise, but keepers smetimes had advance ntice.
Once lighthuses had telephnes, keepers wuld call each ther t warn that the inspectr was appraching. After bats began flying special flags nting the inspectr was abard, the keeper’s family made it a game t see wh culd ntice the bat first. As sn as smene sptted the bat, everyne wuld d last-minute tidying and change int fancy clthes. The keeper then scurried t put n his dress unifrm and cap. Children f keepers remember inspectrs wearing white glves t run their fingers ver dr frames and windwsills lking fr dust.
Despite the serius nature f inspectins, they resulted in sme funny mments. Betty Byrnes remembered when her mther did nt have time t wash all the dishes befre an inspectin. At the time, peple did nt have dishwashers in their hmes. In an effrt t clean up quickly, Mrs. Byrnes tssed all the dishes int a big bread pan, cvered them with a clth, and stuck them in the ven. If the inspectr pened the ven dr, it wuld lk like bread was baking. He never did.
One day, Glenn Furst’s mther put il n the kitchen flr just befre the inspectr entered their huse. Like flr wax, the il made the flrs shiny and helped prtect the wd. This time, thugh, she used a little t much il. When the inspectr extended his hand t greet Glenn’s mther, he slipped n the freshly iled surface. "He came acrss that flr waving his arms like a yung bird attempting its first flight," Glenn later wrte. After he steadied himself, he shk Glenn’s mther’s hand, and the inspectin cntinued as thugh nthing had happened.
66. What des Paragraph 1 tell us abut the inspectin at the light statin?
A. It was carried ut nce a year.
B. It was ften annunced in advance.
C. It was imprtant fr the keeper’s fame.
D. It was fcused n the garage and yard.
67. The family began making preparatins immediately after .
A. ne f the members saw the bat
B. a warning call reached the lighthuse
C. the keeper put n the dress unifrm and cap
D. the inspectr flew special flags in the distance[来源:Z*xx*k.Cm]
68. Mrs. Byrnes put the dishes in the ven because this wuld .
A. result in sme fun
B. speed up washing them
C. make her hme lk tidy
D.be a demand frm the inspectr
69. If the inspectr had pened the ven dr, he wuld have seen .
A.an empty pan
B. many clean dishes
C. pieces f baked bread
D. a clth cvering smething
70. The inspectr waved his arms .
A.t try his best t keep steady
B.t shw his satisfactin with the flr
C.t extend a warm greeting t Glenn’s mther
D.t express his intentin t cntinue the inspectin
【答案】 66．C 67．A 68．C 69．D 70．A
68．C;细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的第二句话:Betty Byrnes remembered when her mther did nt have time t wash all the dishes befre an inspectin. 可知没有时间在检查之前去洗所有的碗，所以Mrs.Byrnes将所有的碗都丢进了烤箱避免被inspectr发现。故选C
69．D;细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的倒数第三行：Mrs.Byrnes tss all the dishes int a big bread pan, cvered them with a clth, and stuck them in the ven.可知当inspectr打开烤箱的时候他只会看到一块盖着布的某物，故选D
70．A;细节推理题。根据最后一段倒数第三行：After he steadied himself, he shk Glenn’s mther’s hand, and the inspectin cntinued as thugh nthing had happened.可知inspectr挥动着他的双手保持平衡。故选A
Passage 19
【2015年江苏卷】In the United States alne, ver 100 millin cell-phnes are thrwn away each year. Cell-phnes are part f a grwing muntain f electrnic waste like cmputers and persnal digital assistants. The electrnic waste stream is increasing three times faster than traditinal garbage as a whle.
Electrnic devices cntain valuable metals such as gld and silver. A Swiss study reprted that while the weight f electrnic gds represented by precius metals was relatively small in cmparisn t ttal waste, the cncentratin(含量) f gld and ther precius metals was higher in s-called e-waste than in naturally ccurring minerals.
Electrnic wastes als cntain many pisnus metals. Even when the machines are recycled and the harmful metals remved, the recycling prcess ften is carried ut in pr cuntries, in practically uncntrlled ways which allw many pisnus substances t escape int the envirnment.
Creating prducts ut f raw materials creates much mre waste material, up t 100 times mre, than the material cntained in the finished prducts. Cnsider again the cell-phne, and imagine the mines that prduced thse metals, the factries needed t make the bx and packaging (包装) it came in. Many wastes prduced in the prducing prcess are harmful as well.
The U.S. Envirnmental Prtectin Agency ntes that mst waste is dangerus in that "the prductin, distributin, and use f prducts — as well as management f the resulting waste — all result in greenhuse gas release. "Individuals can reduce their cntributin by creating less waste at the start — fr instance, buying reusable prducts and recycling.
In many cuntries the cncept f extended prducer respnsibility is being cnsidered r has been put in place as an incentive(动机) fr reducing waste. If prducers are required t take back packaging they use t sell their prducts, wuld they reduce the packaging in the first place?
Gvernments’ incentive t require prducers t take respnsibility fr the packaging they prduce is usually based n mney. Why, they ask, shuld cities r twns be respnsible fr paying t deal with the bubble wrap(气泡垫) that encased yur televisin?
Frm the gvernments’ pint f view, a primary gal f laws requiring extended prducer respnsibility is t transfer bth the csts and the physical respnsibility f waste management frm the gvernment and tax-payers back t the prducers.
58.By mentining the Swiss study, the authr intends t tell us that ________.
A. the weight f e-gds is rather small
B. e-waste deserves t be made gd use f
C. natural minerals cntain mre precius metals
D. the percentage f precius metals is heavy in e-waste
59.The respnsibility f e-waste treatment shuld be extended ________.
A. frm prducers t gvernmentsB. frm gvernments t prducers
C. frm individuals t distributrsD. frm distributrs t gvernments
60.What des the passage mainly talk abut?
A. The increase in e-waste. B. The creatin f e-waste.
C. The seriusness f e-waste.D. The management f e-waste.
【解析】试题分析：本文是一篇科普说明文。文章主要介绍了电子垃圾的产生、危害以及相关解决措施。
58. B推理判断题。文章第一段告诉我们，每年有大量废弃电子产品被随意丢弃。紧接着第二段首句指出：电子设备中含有有用的金属，如金和银，并用Swiss study佐证这一观点，因此可以推知电子垃圾值得充分利用。故选B项。
59.B细节理解题。文章第六、七、八三段围绕“生产者责任延伸”展开的，最后一段做了总结， 根据“a primary gal f laws requiring extended prducer respnsibility is t transfer bth the csts and the physical respnsibility f waste management frm the gvernment and tax-payers back t the prducers ”可知B项正确，是对该句的同义压缩。故选B项。
60.D主旨大意题。纵观全文，文章先描述了废弃电子产品被随意丢弃这一现象，接着指出电子垃圾的可以用价值和潜在风险，主要是由于对废弃电子产品的管理不善造成的，最后呼吁政府和生产商对此承担一定的责任。故选D项。
Passage 20
【2015年江苏卷】Freedm and Respnsibility
Freedm’s challenge in the Digital Age is a serius tpic. We are facing tday a strange new wrld and we are all wndering what we are ging t d with it.
Sme 2,500 years ag Greece discvered freedm. Befre that there was n freedm. There were great civilizatins, splendid empires, but n freedm anywhere. Egypt and Babyln were bth tyrannies, ne very pwerful man ruling ver helpless masses.
In Greece, in Athens(雅典), a little city in a little cuntry, there were n helpless masses. And Athenians willingly beyed the written laws which they themselves passed, and the unwritten, which must be beyed if free men live tgether. They must shw each ther kindness and pity and the many qualities withut which life wuld be very painful unless ne chse t live alne in the desert. The Athenians never thught that a man was free if he culd d what he wanted. A man was free if he was self-cntrlled. T make yurself bey what yu apprved was freedm. They were saved frm lking at their lives as their wn private affair. Each ne felt respnsible fr the welfare f Athens, nt because it was frced n him frm the utside, but because the city was his pride and his safety. The essential belief f the first free gvernment in the wrld was liberty fr all men wh culd cntrl themselves and wuld take respnsibility fr the state.
But discvering freedm is nt like discvering cmputers. It cannt be discvered nce fr all. If peple d nt prize it, and wrk fr it, it will g. Cnstant watch is its price. Athens changed. It was a change that tk place withut being nticed thugh it was f the extreme imprtance, a spiritual change which affected the whle state. It had been the Athenian’s pride and jy t give t their city. That they culd get material benefits frm her never entered their minds. There had t be a cmplete change f attitude befre they culd lk at the city as an emplyer wh paid her citizens fr ding her wrk. Nw instead f men giving t the state, the state was t give t them. What the peple wanted was a gvernment which wuld prvide a cmfrtable life fr them; and with this as the primary bject, ideas f freedm and self-reliance and respnsibility were neglected t the pint f disappearing. Athens was mre and mre lked n as a cperative business pssessed f great wealth in which all citizens had a right t share.
Athens reached the pint when the freedm she really wanted was freedm frm respnsibility. There culd be nly ne result. If men insisted n being free frm the burden f self-dependence and respnsibility fr the cmmn gd, they wuld cease t be free. Respnsibility is the price every man must pay fr freedm. It is t be had n n ther terms. Athens, the Athens f Ancient Greece, refused respnsibility; she reached the end f freedm and was never t have it again.
But, "the excellent becmes the permanent, "Aristtle said. Athens lst freedm frever, but freedm was nt lst frever fr the wrld. A great American, James Madisn, referred t: "The capacity(能力) f mankind fr self-gvernment. "N dubt he had nt an idea that he was speaking Greek. Athens was nt in the farthest backgrund f his mind, but nce man has a great and gd idea, it is never cmpletely lst. The Digital Age cannt destry it. Smehw in this r that man’s thught such an idea lives thugh uncnsidered by the wrld f actin. One can never be sure that it is nt n the pint f breaking ut int actin nly sure that it will d s smetime.
65.What des the underlined wrd "tyrannies" in Paragraph 2 refer t?
A. Cuntries where their peple need help.
B. Pwerful states with higher civilizatin.
C. Splendid empires where peple enjy freedm.
D. Gvernments ruled with abslute pwer.
66.Peple believing in freedm are thse wh _________.
A. regard their life as their wn businessB. seek gains as their primary bject
C. behave within the laws and value systemsD. treat thers with kindness and pity
67.What change in attitude tk place in Athens?
A. The Athenians refused t take their respnsibility.
B. The Athenians n lnger tk pride in the city.
C. The Athenians benefited spiritually frm the gvernment.
D. The Athenians lked n the gvernment as a business.
68.What des the sentence "There culd be nly ne result. "in Paragraph 5 mean?
A. Athens wuld cntinue t be free.
B. Athens wuld cease t have freedm.
C. Freedm wuld cme frm respnsibility.
D. Freedm wuld stp Athens frm self-dependence.
69.Why des the authr refer t Aristtle and Madisn?
A. The authr is hpeful abut freedm.
B. The authr is cautius abut self-gvernment.
C. The authr is skeptical f Greek civilizatin.
D. The authr is prud f man’s capacity.
70.What is the authr’s understanding f freedm?
A. Freedm can be mre ppular in the digital age.
B. Freedm may cme t an end in the digital age.
C. Freedm shuld have pririty ver respnsibility.
D. Freedm needs t be guaranteed by respnsibility.
【解析】试题分析：这是一篇历史文化类说明文。文章讲述了自由的起源、演变和它在古代文化下的形态和缺陷，以及数字化世界给自由带来的挑战。
65. D词义猜测题。根据划线词所在句子后半句“ne very pwerful man ruling ver helpless masses”可知tyrannies是指拥有绝对统治权的政府。故选D项。
68. B句意理解题。根据第五段第三句“If men insisted n being free frm the burden f self-dependence and respnsibility fr the cmmn gd, they wuld cease t be free”可知唯一的结果就是雅典人不再享有自由。故选B项。
69.A细节理解题。根据最后一段第二句“Athens lst freedm frever, but freedm was nt lst frever fr the wrld.”及“Athens was nt in the farthest backgrund f his mind, but nce man has a great and gd idea, it is never cmpletely lst. The Digital Age cannt destry it.”可知作者并没有因此而失去信心，相反对自由充满了希望。故选A项。
70.D观点态度题。作者通过雅典人对自由态度变化的对比，得出自由需要责任的保证这一结论，故选D项。
Passage 21
【2015年陕西卷】The prductin f cffee beans is a huge, prfitable business, but, unfrtunately, full-sun prductin is taking ver the industry and bringing abut a lt f damage. The change in hw cffee is grwn frm shade-grwn prductin t full-sun prductin endangers the very existence f certain animals and birds, and even disturbs the wrld’s eclgical balance.
On a lcal level, the damage f the frest required by full-sun fields affects the area’s birds and animals. The shade f the frest trees prvides a hme fr birds and ther species(物种)that depend n the trees’ flwers and fruits. Full-sun cffee grwers destry this frest hme. As a result, many species are quickly dying ut.
On a mre glbal level, the destructin f the rainfrest fr full-sun cffee fields als threatens(威胁)human life. Medical research ften makes use f the frests’ plant and animal life, and the destructin f such species culd prevent researchers frm finding cures fr certain diseases. In additin, new cffee-grwing techniques are pisning the water lcally, and eventually the wrld’s grundwater.
Bth lcally and glbally, the cntinued spread f full-sun cffee plantatins(种植园)culd mean the destructin f the rainfrest eclgy. The lss f shade trees is already causing a slight change in the wrld’s climate, and studies shw that the lss f xygen-giving trees als leads t air pllutin and glbal warming. Mrever, the new grwing techniques are cntributing t acidic(酸性的)sil cnditins.
It is bvius that the way much cffee is grwn affects many aspects f life, frm the lcal envirnment t the glbal eclgy. But cnsumers d have a chice. They can purchase shade-grwn cffee whenever pssible, althugh at a higher cst. The future health f the planet and mankind is surely wrth mre than an inexpensive cup f cffee.
54.What can we learn abut full-sun cffee prductin frm Paragraph 4?
A. It limits the spread f new grwing techniques.
B. It leads t air pllutin and glbal warming.
C. It slws dwn the lss f shade trees.
D. It imprves lcal sil cnditins.
55.The purpse f the text is t .
A. entertainB. advertiseC instructD. persuade
58.Where des this text prbably cme frm?
A. An agricultural magazine.B.A medical jurnal.
C. An engineering textbk.D.A turist guide.
59.Which f the fllwing shws the structure f the whle text?
（P：Paragraph)
【解析】试题分析：文章介绍阳光充足的咖啡生产给环境和生态带来的种种危害，呼吁人们不要购买这种咖啡，而要买对环境有利的产品。
56.推理判断题。文章介绍阳光充足的咖啡生产会带来的破坏，应该是出自一本农业杂志，故选A。
57.文章结构题。文章第一段介绍阳光充足的咖啡生产的话题，二、三、四段介绍了阳光充足的咖啡生产带来的破坏，第五段说服人们去购买对环境有利的阴凉处种植的咖啡，所以是总分总的结构，故选A。
Passage 22
【2015年陕西卷】Parents wh help their children with hmewrk may actually be bringing dwn their schl grades. Other frms f parental invlvement, including vlunteering at schl and bserving a child’s class, als fail t help, accrding t the mst recent study n the tpic.
The findings challenge a key principle f mdern parenting(养育子女)where schls expect them t act as partners in their children’s educatin. Previus generatins cncentrated n getting children t schl n time, fed, dressed and ready t learn.
Keith Rbinsn, the authr f the study, said, "I really dn’t knw if the public is ready fr this but there are sme ways parents can be invlved in their kids’ educatin that leads t declines in their academic perfrmance. One f the things that were cnsistently negative was parents’ help with hmewrk. "Rbinsn suggested that may be because parents themselves struggle t understand the tasks. "They may either nt remember the material their kids are studying nw, r in sme cases never learnt it themselves, but they’re still ffering advice."
Rbinsn assessed parental invlvement perfrmance and fund ne f the mst damaging things a parent culd d was t punish their children fr pr marks. In general, abut 20% f parental invlvement was psitive, abut 45% negative and the rest statistically insignificant.
Cmmn sense suggests it was a gd thing fr parents t get invlved because "children with gd academic success d have invlved parents", admitted Rbinsn. But he argued that this did nt prve parental invlvement was the rt cause f that success. "A big surprise was that Asian-American parents whse kids are ding s well in schl hardly invlved. They tk a mre reasnable apprach, cnveying t their children hw success at schl culd imprve their lives."
58.The underlined expressin "parental invlvement" in Paragraph 1 prbably means________.
A. parents’ expectatin n children’s health
B. parents’ participatin in children’s educatin
C. parents’ cntrl ver children’s life
D. parents’ plan fr children’s future
59.What is the majr finding f Rbinsn’s study?
A. Mdern parents raise children in a mre scientific way.
B. Punishing kids fr bad marks is mentally damaging.
C. Parental invlvement is nt s beneficial as expected.
D. Parents are nt able t help with children’s hmewrk.
60.The example f Asian-American parents implies that parents shuld________.
A. help children realize the imprtance f schling
B. set a specific life gal fr their children
C. spend mre time imprving their wn lives
D. take a mre active part in schl management
【解析】
试题分析：文章介绍和很多人预期不同的是父母过度地参与孩子的教育未必有好的效果。父母应该帮助孩子意识到学校教育的重要性。
58.句意理解题。根据第一段的句子：Other frms f parental invlvement, including vlunteering at schl and bserving a child’s class,可知“parental invlvement”指的是“父母参与孩子的教育”，故选B。
Passage 23
【2015年四川卷】 Acrss Britain, burnt tast will be served t mthers in bed this mrning as lder sns and daughters rush t deliver their supermarket bunches f flwers. But, accrding t a new study, we shuld be placing a higher value n mtherhd all year.
Mthers have lng knwn that their hme wrklad was just as heavy as paid wrk. Nw, the new study has shwn that if they were paid fr their parental laburs, they wuld earn as much as£172,000 a year.
The study lked at the range f jbs mthers d, as well as the hurs they are wrking, t determine the figure. This wuld make their yearly incme £30，000 mre than the Prime Minister earns.
By analysing the numbers, it fund the average mther wrks 119 hurs a week,40 f which wuld usually be paid at a standard rate and 79 hurs as vertime. After questining 1,000 mthers with children under 18,it fund that ,n mst days, mums started their rutine wrk at 7am and finished at arund 11pm.
T calculate just hw much mthers wuld earn frm that labur, it suggested sme f the rles that mums culd take n, including husekeeper, part-time lawyer, persnal trainer and entertainer. Being a part-time lawyer, at £48.98 an hur, wuld prve t be the mst prfitable f the “mum jbs”, with psychlgist（心理学家）a clse secnd.
It als asked mthers abut the challenges they face, with 80 percent making emtinal（情感的） demand as the hardest thing abut mtherhd.
Over a third f mums felt they needed mre training and arund half said they missed ging ut with friends.
The study shws mthers matter all year lng and nt just n Mther’s Day. The emtinal, physical and mental energy mthers devte t their children can be never-ending, but children are als surces f great jy and happiness. Investing（投入）in time fr parenting and raising relatinships is mney well spent.
38.Hw much wuld a mther earn a year if wrking as the Prime Minister?
A.￡30,000. B.￡142,000.
C.￡172,000. D.￡202,000.
39. The biggest challenge fr mst mthers is frm .
A.emtinal demand B.lw pay fr wrk
C.heavy wrklad D.lack f training
40.What is stressed in the last paragraph?
A.Mthers’imprtance shws in family all year lng.
B.The sacrifices mthers make are huge but wrthwhile.
C.Mthers’devtin t children can hardly be calculated.
D.Investing time in parenting wuld bring a financial return.
41.What can we cnclude frm the study?
A.Mthers’wrking hurs shuld be largely reduced.
B.Mthers shuld balance their time fr wrk and rest.
C.Mthers’labur is f a higher value than it is realised.
D.Mthers shuld be freed frm husewrk fr scial life.
【解析】这是一篇写在母亲节的文章，在母亲节这一天，每个人都会对母亲做出一些事，比如一束花等等，但是作者认为，母亲这一职业值得全年的关注，因为它包含太多。
38.B细节理解题。根据文章的they wuld earn as much as＄172,000 a year.以及This wuld make their yearly incme ￡3000 mre than the Prime Minister earns.可知，总理的工资是172000-30000=142000。故选择B。
41.C 推理判断题。根据文章第一段的But, accrding t a new study, we shuld be placing a higher value n mtherhd all year.可知，作者认为母亲的重要性应该得到更多的关注，故选择C。
Passage 24
【2015年四川卷】Their cheery sng brightens many a winter's day. But rbins are in danger f wearing themselves ut by singing t much. Rbins are singing all night — as well as during the day, British-based researchers say.
David Dminni, f Glasgw University, said that light frm street lamps, takeaway signs and hmes is affecting the birds' bilgical clcks, leading t them being wide awake when they shuld be asleep.
Dr Dminni, wh is putting cameras inside nesting bxes t track sleeping patterns, said lack f sleep culd put the birds' health at risk. His study shws that when rbins are expsed t light at night in the lab, it leads t sme genes being active at the wrng time f day. And the mre birds are expsed t light, the mre active they are at night.
He tld peple at a cnference, "There have been a cuple f studies suggesting they are increasing their sng utput at night and during the day they are still singing. Singing is a cstly behaviur and it takes energy. S by increasing their sng utput, there might be sme csts f energy."
And it is nt just rbins that are being kept awake by artificial light. Blackbirds and seagulls are als being mre ncturnal. Dr Dminni said, "In Glasgw where I live, gulls are a serius prblem. I have peple cming t me saying ‘Yu are the bird expert. Can yu help us kill these gulls?'. During the breeding(繁殖)seasn, between April and June, they are very active at night and very nisy and peple can't sleep."
Althugh Dr Dminni has nly studied light pllutin, ther research cncluded that rbins living in nisy cities have started t sing at night t make themselves heard ver lud nise.
Hwever, sme birds thrive(兴旺)in nisy envirnments. A study frm Califrnia Plytechnic State University fund mre hummingbirds in areas with heavy industrial machinery. It is thught that they are capitalising n their predatrs(天敌)fleeing t quieter areas.
42. Accrding t Dr Dminni's study, what causes rbins t sing s much?
A. The breeding seasn. B. The light in mdem life
C. The dangerus envirnment.D. The nise frm heavy machinery.
43. What is the researchers' cncern ver the increase f birds' sng utput?
A. The envirnment might be plluted.
B. The birds' health might be damaged.
C. The industry cst might be increased.
D. The peple's hearing might be affected.
44. What des the underlined wrd "ncturnal" in Paragraph 5 mean?
A. Active at night. B. Inactive at night.
C. Active during the day. D.Inactive during the day.
45. Why d sme birds thrive in nisy envirnments?
A. Because there are fewer dangers.
B. Because there is mre fd t eat.
C. Because there is less light pllutin
D. Because there are mre places t take shelter.
【解析】试题分析：本文主要介绍了一项研究调查的结果，由于人类制造的光线问题，越来越多的鸟类如知更鸟在晚上也会唱歌，这极大地影响了鸟的健康。
42.B 细节理解题。根据文章第二段的David Dminni, f Glasgw University, said that light frm street lamps, take away signs and hmes is affecting the birds' bilgical clck, leading t them being wide awake可知选择B。
45.A 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段的It is thught that they are capitalising n their predatrs(天敌)fleeing t quieter areas.可知，它们的天敌都去了安静的地方，故选择A，指在这些工业区，天敌更少，也就是危险更少。
Passage 25
【2015年四川卷】N ne is sure hw the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids near Cair. But a new study suggests they used a little rck‘n’rll. Lng-ag builders culd have attached wden ples t the stnes and rlled them acrss the sand, the scientists say.
“Technically, I think what they’re prpsing is pssible,” physicist Daniel Bnn said.
Peple have lng puzzled ver hw the Egyptians mved such huge rcks. And there’s n bvius answer. On average, each f the tw millin big stnes weighed abut as much as a large pickup truck. The Egyptians smehw mved the stne blcks t the pyramid site frm abut ne kilmeter away.
The mst ppular view is that Egyptian wrkers slid the blcks alng smth paths. Many scientists suspect wrkers first wuld have put the blcks n sleds(滑板). Then they wuld have dragged them alng paths. T make the wrk easier, wrkers may have lubricated the paths either with wet clay r with the fat frm cattle. Bnn has nw tested this idea by building small sleds and dragging heavy bjects ver sand.
Evidence frm the sand supprts this idea. Researchers fund small amunts f fat, as well as a large amunt f stne and the remains f paths.
Hwever, physicist Jseph West thinks there might have been a simpler way, wh led the new study. West said, “I was inspired while watching a televisin prgram shwing hw sleds might have helped with pyramid cnstructin. I thught, ‘Why dn’t they just try rlling the things?’ ” A square culd be turned int a rugh srt f wheel by attaching wden ples t its sides, he realized. That, he ntes, shuld make a blck f stne “a lt easier t rll than a square”.
S he tried it.
He and his students tied sme ples t each f fur sides f a 30-kilgram stne blck. That actin turned the blck int smewhat a wheel. Then they placed the blck n the grund.
They wrapped ne end f a rpe arund the blck and pulled. The researchers fund they culd easily rll the blck alng different kinds f paths. They calculated that rlling the blck required abut as much frce as mving it alng a slippery(滑的) path.
West hasn’t tested his idea n larger blcks, but he thinks rlling has clear advantages ver sliding. At least, wrkers wuldn’t have needed t carry cattle fat r water t smth the paths.
46.It’s widely believed that the stne blcks were mved t the pyramid site by ______.
A.rlling them n rads
B.pushing them ver the sand
C.sliding them n smth paths
D.dragging them n sme ples
47.The underlined part “lubricated the paths” in Paragraph 4 means____.
A.made the paths wet
B.made the paths hard
C.made the paths wide
D.made the paths slippery
48.What des the underlined wrd “it”in Paragraph 7 refer t?
A.Rlling the blcks with ples attached.
B.Rlling the blcks n wden wheels.
C.Rlling ples t mve the blcks.
D.Rlling the blcks with fat.
49. Why is rlling better than sliding accrding t West ?
A. Because mre frce is needed fr sliding.
B. Because rlling wrk can be dne by fewer cattle.
C. Because sliding n smth rads is mre dangerus.
D. Because less preparatin n paths is needed fr rlling.
50. What is the text mainly abut ?
A. An experiment n ways f mving blcks t the pyramid site.
B. An applicatin f the methd f mving blcks t the pyramid site.
C. An argument abut different methds f mving blcks t the pyramid site.
D. An intrductin t a pssible new way f mving blcks t the pyramid site.
47.D 词义猜测题。根据第四段的T make the wrk easier,以及下文的either with wet clay r with the fat frm cattle.可知，这样做是为了让路更加平滑，故选择D。
48.A 词义猜测题。这是考查指代词的指代内容，由于是指代词，可知内容应该在上文，根据第六段的内容可知，选择A，意为把杆绑在石块上，然后滚动石块。
49.D 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段的wrkers wuldn’t have needed t carry cattle fat r water t smth the paths.可知，滚动石块不需要有准备工作，故选择D。
50.D 主旨大意题。根据文章内容可知，文章主要讲述了一种新的把石块移动到金字塔地址的方法，故选择D。
Passage 26
【2015年天津卷】Whether in the hme r the wrkplace, scial rbts are ging t becme a lt mre cmmn in the next few years. Scial rbts are abut t bring technlgy t the everyday wrld in a mre humanized way, said Cynthia Breazeal, chief scientist at the rbt cmpany Jib.
While husehld rbts tday d the nrmal husewrk, scial rbts will be much mre like cmpanins than mere tls. Fr example, these rbts will be able t distinguish when smene is happy r sad. This allws them t respnd mre apprpriately t the user.
The Jib rbt, arranged t ship later this year, is designed t be a persnalized assistant. Yu can talk t the rbt, ask it questins, and make requests fr it t perfrm different tasks. The rbt desn’t just deliver general answers t questins; it respnds based n what it learns abut each individual in the husehld. It can d things such as reminding an elderly family member t take medicine r taking family phts.
Scial rbts are nt just finding their way int the hme. They have ptential applicatins in everything frm educatin t health care and are already finding their way int sme f these spaces.
Fellw Rbts is ne cmpany bringing scial rbts t the market. The cmpany’s “Oshbt” rbt is built t assist custmers in a stre, which can help the custmers find items and help guide them t the prduct’s lcatin in the stre. It can als speak different languages and make recmmendatins fr different items based n what the custmer is shpping fr.
The mre interactin the rbt has with humans, the mre it learns. But Oshbt, like ther scial rbts, is nt intended t replace wrkers, but t wrk alngside ther emplyees. “We have technlgies t train scial rbts t d things nt fr us, but with us,” said Breazeal.
41. Hw are scial rbts different frm husehld rbts?
A. They can cntrl their emtins.B. They are mre like humans.
C. They d the nrmal husewrk.D. They respnd t users mre slwly.
42. What can a Jib rbt d accrding t Paragraph 3?
A. Cmmunicate with yu and perfrm peratins.
B. Answer yur questins and make requests.
C. Take yur family pictures and deliver milk.
D. Obey yur rders and remind yu t take pills.
43. What can Oshbt wrk as?
A. A language teacher.B. A tur guide.
C. A shp assistant.D. A private nurse.
44. We can learn frm the last paragraph that scial rbts will ____________.
A. train emplyeesB. be ur wrkmates
C. imprve technlgiesD. take the place f wrkers
45. What des the passage mainly present?
A. A new design idea f husehld rbts.
B. Marketing strategies fr scial rbts.
C. Infrmatin n husehld rbts.
D. An intrductin t scial rbts.
【解析】试题分析：文章大意：文章主要介绍了社会机器人的功能与作用。
41. B细节理解题。根据文章第二段While husehld rbts tday d the nrmal husewrk, scial rbts will be much mre like cmpanins than mere tls.可知社会机器人更像人或不是纯粹的工具。故选B。
42. D 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“his actin t keep his balance against the strng winds made fr sme heart－stpping(令人担忧的)mments fr the audience.”可知选D。
2014年阅读理解说明文
Passage1
【2014年新课标Ⅱ卷】 One f the latest trend（趋势） in American Childcare is Chinese au pairs. Au Pair in Stamfrd, fr example, has gt increasing numbers f request fr Chinese au pairs frm aer t arund 4,000 since 2004. And that’s true all acrss the cuntry.
“I thught it wuld be useful fr him t learn Chinese at an early age” Jseph Stcke, the managing directr f s cmpany, says f his 2-year ld sn. “I wuld at least like t give him the chance t use the language in the future,” After nly six mnths f being cared by 25-year-ld wman frm China, the by can already understand basic Chinese daily expressins, his dad says.
Li Drake, a Chinese native raising tw children in Minnesta with an American husband, had anther reasn fr lking fr an au pair frm China. She didn’t want her children t miss ut n their rts.” Because I am Chinese, my husband and I wanted the children t keep expsed t(接触) the language and culture.” she says.
“Staying with a native speaker is better fr children than simply sitting in a classrm,” says Suzanne Flynn, a prfessr in language educatin f Children.”But parents must understand that just ne year with au pair is unlikely t prduce wnders. Cmplete mastery demands cntinued learning until the age f 10 r 12.”
The ppularity if au pairs frm china has been strengthened by the increasing numbers f American parents wh want their children wh want their children t learn Chinese. It is expected that American demand fr au pairs will cntinue t rise in the next few years.
【小题1】.What des that term” au pair” in the text mean?
A. A mther raising her children n her wn
B. A child learning a freign language at hme
C. A prfessr in language educatin f children
D. A yung freign wman taking care f children.
【小题2】. Li Drake has her children study Chinese because she wants them ______.
A. t live in China sme day
B. t speak the language at hme
C. t catch up wit ther children
D. t learn abut the Chinese culture
【小题3】. What can we infer frm the text?
A. Learning Chinese is becming ppular In America,
B. Educated wman d better in lking after children
C. Chinese au pairs need t imprve their English Skills.
D. Children can learn a freign language well in six mnths.
【答案】【小题1】D 【小题2】D 【小题3】A
【解析】试题分析: 本文是说明文体裁。在文中作者提出美国现在存在的一种潮流趋势，即越来越多美国人希望孩子能够学汉语。
【小题1】D 考查猜测词义。根据文章对au pair的介绍以及文章第三段….had anther reasn fr lking fr an au pair frm China. 和文章第四段“Staying with a native speaker is better fr children than simply sitting in a classrm,”可以推断答案选D。
【小题2】D考查细节理解。根据文章第三段内容Li Drake所说的“Because I am Chinese, my husband and I wanted the children t keep expsed t(接触) the language and culture.”可知答案选D。
【小题3】A 考查细节理解。作者在文章首段提到美国的潮流就是小孩子在家学习汉语，而且给出了具体的数字证明，再通过文章末段It is expected that American demand fr au pairs will cntinue t rise in the next few years可知.A选项内容正确。
Passage 2
【2014年安徽卷】 Recrdings f angry bees are enugh t send big, tugh African elephants running away, a new study says. Beehives (蜂窝)—either recrded r real—may even prevent elephants frm damaging farmer’s crps.
In 2002, scientist Lucy King and her team fund that elephants avid certain trees with bees living in them. Tday, Lucy wants t see if African hneybees might discurage elephants frm eating crps. But befre she asked farmer t g t the truble f setting up beehives n their farms, she needed t find ut if the bees wuld scare elephants away.
Lucy fund a wild beehive inside a tree in nrthern Kenya and set up a recrder. Then she threw a stne int the beehive, which burst int life. Lucy and her assistant hid in their car until the angry bees had calmed dwn. Next，Lucy searched ut elephant families in Samburu Natinal Reserve in nrthern Kenya and put a speaker in a tree clse t each family.
Frm a distance, Lucy switched n the pre-recrded sund f angry bees while at the same time recrding the elephants with a vide camera. Half the elephant grups left the area within ten secnds. Out f a ttal f 17 grups, nly ne grup ignred the sund f the angry bees. Lucy reprted that all the yung elephants immediately ran t their mthers t hide under them. When Lucy played the sund f a waterfall (瀑布) instead f the angry bees t many f the same elephant families, the animals were undisturbed. Even after fur minutes, mst f the grups stayed in ne place.
Lucy is nw studying whether the elephants will cntinue t avid the sund f angry bees after hearing it several times. She hasn’t tested enugh grups yet t knw, but her initial (最初的) results were prmising enugh t begin trials with farmers. She has nw begun placing speakers in the fields t see if elephants are frightened away.
60. We knw frm the passage that elephants may be frightened f .
A. lud nises B. sme crps
C. vide cameras D. angry bees
61. As mentined in the passage, Lucy___________.
A. wrks by herself in Africa
B. needs t test mre elephant grups
C. has stpped elephants eating crps
D. has gt farmers t set up beehives n their farms
62. Why did Lucy thrw a stne int a wild beehive?
A. T recrd the sund f bees.
B. T make a vide f elephants.
C. T see if elephants wuld run away.
D. T find ut mre abut the behavir f bees.
63. Which f the fllwing is true accrding t the passage?
A. Yung elephants ignre African hneybees.
B. Waterfalls can make elephants stay in ne place.
C. Elephants d nt g near trees with bees living in them.
D. Farmers d nt allw Lucy t cnduct tests in their fields.
【解析】一项最新的研究表明大象会害怕蜜蜂，为了让农民利用蜜蜂的声音防止大象破坏庄稼，Lucy做了实验，实验表明大象对于蜜蜂的声音是畏惧的，但是为了更有效的证明它的效果，Lucy还要进一步进行研究。
细节题: 根据文章第一段的第一个句子: Recrdings f angry bees are enugh t send big, tugh African elephants running away, a new study says.可知大象可能害怕愤怒的蜜蜂的声音。选 D。
61.细节题: 根据文章最后一段的第二行的句子: She hasn’t tested enugh grups yet t knw, but her initial(最的)results were prmising enugh t begin trials with farmers.可知 Lucy 需要检测更多的大象群，所以选 B。
62.细节题：根据文章第三段的句子：Lucy fund a wild beehive inside a tree in nrthern Kenya and set up a recrder. Then she threw a stne int the beehive, which burst int life.可知Lucy向野生蜂窝扔石头，是让它们发疯从而记录下蜜蜂的声音，所以选A
63.细节题：根据文章第二段的第一句：In 2002, scientist Lucy King and her team fund that elephants avid certain trees with bees living in them.可知大象不会靠近有蜜蜂的树，根据倒数第二段的句子：Lucy reprted that all the yung elephants immediately ran t their mthers t hide under them. 可知小象也害怕蜜蜂，根据When Lucy Played the sund f a waterfall (瀑布) instead f the angry bees t many f the same elephant families, the animals were undisturbed. Even after fur minutes, mst f the grups stayed in ne place.可知是瀑布的声音让大象呆在同样的地方，不是瀑布，而文章也没有说农民不让Lucy在他们的田地做实验。所以选C。
Passage 3
【2014年安徽卷】 Yu may nt have heard f Ashka, but fr the past 27 years, this assciatin, funded by Bill Draytn, has fught pverty (贫穷)and sickness, prmted educatin and encuraged small businesses. T supprt these wrthy causes, Ashka prvides mney fr the wrld’s mst prmising "changemakers" seeking t slve (解决) urgent prblems and wuld like t create a wrld in which every citizen is a changemaker.
Draytn believes that anyne can becme an agent fr change. The imprtant thing is t simply give yurself permissin. If yu see a prblem that yu care abut, yu can help slve it. The yung in particular are willing t accept this cncept because at heart every child wants t grw int a happy, healthy, cntributing adult. In fact it is many yung peple’s ambitin t set up prgrammes r businesses that imprve scial cnditins. An excellent example is an Ashka prject started in 1995 in Dhaka, which handled the rubbish prblem facing the city, helped lcal farmers and prvided an incme fr pr peple there .
When Masqsd and Iftekhar began t study the prblem f all the uncllected rubbish that lay in Dhaka’s streets, Attracting tats and disease, they discvered that 80% f it was natural waste. S they educated the pr peple in the city t cmpst (把……制成堆肥)this waste. They knew that they wuld have a market fr the end prduct because lcal farmers were struggling with chemical fertilisers (化肥) which were expensive and had reduced the natural minerals in the sil ver the years. At first, they were refused, but nce they were able t persuade them that there was mney t be made, the prject tk ff. In 2009 sales were $14,000.
Draytn is ptimistic that in ten years Ashka will be making really serius, practical prgress in bringing abut scial change by changing the way we lk at ecnmic develpment.
72. Which f the fllwing culd be the best title fr the passage?
A. Cltungemakers B. Businessmen
C. Scial Cnditins D. Rubbish Prblem
73. The underlined wrd "them" in Paragraph 3 prbably refers t" ".
A. the lcal farmers B. Masqsd and Iftekhar
C. Draytn and his team D. the pr peple in Dhaka
74. It can be cncluded frm the passage that anyne can becme a changemaker if he .
A. cnsiders Draytn’s cncept
B. gets permissin frm Ashka
C. tries t imprve scial cnditins
D. is a yung, happy and healthy adult
The authrs attitude twards Ashka’s prgram can be described as .
A. changingB. frgivingC. cautiusD. psitive
【解析】这篇文章介绍了Bill Draytn创办的一个组织，旨在对抗贫困疾病，提高教育，鼓励小产业。并具体介绍了Ashka在1995年在Dhaka解决垃圾问题所取得的成就。
72.标题确定题：根据文章第一段的内容：Ashka prvides mney fr the wrld's mst prmising
"changemakers" seeking t slve (解决) urgent prblems and wuld like t create a wrld in which every citizen is a changemaker.可知这篇文章介绍了Bill Draytn创办的一个组织，旨在对抗贫困疾病，提高教育，鼓励小产业。为了让每个人都变成“change makers”，所以选A。
73.猜词题: 根据第三段的内容: S they educated the pr peple in the city t cmpst (把.制成堆)this waste.可知 Ashka 鼓励当地的穷人将垃圾变成堆肥，可以卖给购买昂贵的化肥当地农民，有人接受，但是有人拒绝，所以这里 they 指的是“当地的穷人”。所以选 D。74.细节题: 根据文章第二段的第四行的句子: In fact It is many yung peples ambitin t set up prgrammes r businesses that imprve scial cnditins.可知每个人都能成为“changemaker”，只要他们努力提高社会状况。
75.推理题：根据文章的内容：可知作者介绍Ashka项目的宗旨，它对于促进社会进步的做法和措施，并具体介绍了Ashka在1995年在Dhaka解决垃圾问题所取得的成就，还有从最后一段可以看出作者对于Ashka这个项目是乐观的，所以选D。
Passage 4
【2014年北京卷】Chsing the Right Reslutin(决定)
Millins f Americans began 2014 with the same reslutin they started 2013 with, a gal f lsing weight. Hwever, setting weight lss as a gal is a mistake.
T reach ur gal f lsing weight — the utput, we need t cntrl what we eat — the input (输入). That is, we tend t care abut the utput but nt t cntrl the input. This is a bad way t cnstruce gals. The alternative is t fcus yur reslutin n the input. Instead f reslving t lse weight, try an actinable reslutin: ＂I’ll stp having desert fr lunch,＂ r ＂I’ll walk every day fr 20 minutes.＂ Creating a gal that fcuses n a well-specified input will likely be mre effective than cncentrating n the utcme.
Recently a new science behind incentives (激励) , including in educatin, has been discussed. Fr example, researcher Rland Fryer wanted t see what wrks best in mtivating children t d better in schl. In sme cases, he gave students incentives based n input, like reading certain bks, while in thers, the incentives were based n utput, like results n exams. His main finding was that incentives increased achievement when based n input but had n effect when based n utput. Fryer’s cnclusin was that the incentives fr inputs might be mre effective because students d nt knw hw t d better n an exam, aside frm general rules like ＂study harder.＂ Reading certain bks, n the ther hand, is a well-set task ver which they have much mre cntrl.
As lng as yu have direct cntrl ver yur gal, yu have a much higher chance f success. And it’s easier t start again if yu fail, because yu knw exactly what yu need t d.
If yu want t cut dwn n yur spending, a gd gal wuld be making mrning cffee at hme instead f ging t a cafe, fr example. This is a well-specified actin-based gal fr which yu can measure yur success easily. Spending less mney isn’t a gal because it’s t general. Similarly, if yu want t spend mre time with yur family, dn’t stp with this general wish. Think abut an actinable habit that yu culd adpt and stick t, like a family mvie night every Wednesday.
In the lng run, these new gals culd becme a habit.
63. The writer thinks that setting weight lss as a gal is a mistake because _______.
A. it is hard t achieve fr mst Americans
B. it is fcused t much n the result
C. it is dependent n t many things
D. it is based n actinable decisins
64. In Rland Fryer’s research, sme students did better than the thers because ______.
A. they beyed all the general rules
B. they paid mre attentin t exams
C. they were mtivated by their classmates
D. they were rewarded fr reading sme bks
65. Accrding t the writer, which f the fllwing statements is a gd gal?
A. ＂I’ll give up desert.＂ B. ＂I’ll study harder.＂
C. ＂I’ll cut dwn my expenses.＂D. ＂I’ll spend mre time with my family.＂
66. The writer strngly believes that we shuld ________.
A. develp gd habits and fcus n the utcme
B. be ptimistic abut final gals and stick t them
C. pick specific actins that can be turned int gd habits
D. set ambitius gals that can balance the input and utput
[文章大意] 本文是一篇科普文章，从 2014 年美国人的减肥计划开始，谈到减肥成功的关键。由此，作者引出 Rland Fryer 做的一项实验，该实验表明，当关注输入(开始)时，激励才发生作用。要想达到目标.必须重视目标，而不是根据结果调整行动。
B 考查细节理解。根据文章第二段中“we tend t care abut the utput but nt t cntrl the input"和*cncentrating n the utcme”我们知道，我们失败或错误的根据是过分关注 utput/utcme(输出 结果)而不是“input”。
64.D 考查细节理解。根据文章第三段内容，我们知道Rland Fryer把“input”（即阅读）和“utput”（考试结果）作为两种激励变量，得到的结果是input的效果好于utput。所以本题答案应选D。
65.A 考查细节理解。根据全文内容可知，“lsing weight”、“results n exams”、“study harder”、 “cut dwn n yur spending”、“spend mre time with yur family”都强调结果，是太泛的目标，不易达到成功；而“cntrl what we eat”、“stp having desert” 、“ walk every day”、“making mrning cffee at hme”、“a family mvie night”等强调行动，是一种输入，所以更容易成功。故本题选A。
66. C 考查推理判断。根据文章最后一段“This is a well-specified actin-based gal fr which yu can measure yur success easily”可知，作者实际上是建议人们采取可形成好习惯的行动来实现目标。A项错在后半部分，聚焦结果是作者力图劝阻的。B项也是错误答案，要更关注输入和行动；D项为无效信息，文章中没有提到平衡输出和输入的关系。
Passage 5
【2014年北京卷】Stre Scent（香味）
What is the first thing yu ntice when yu walk int a shp? The prducts displayed(展示) at the entrance? Or the sft backgrund music?
But have yu ever ntice the smell? Unless it is bad, the answer is likely t be n. But while a shp’s scent may nt be utstanding cmpared with sights and sunds, it is certainly there. And it is prving t be an increasingly pwerful tl in encuraging peple t purchase.
A brand stre has becme famus fr its distinctive scent which flats thrugh the fairly dark hall and ut t the entrance, via scent machines. A smell may be attractive but it may nt just be used fr freshening air. One sprts gds cmpany nce reprted that when it first intrduced scent int its stres, custmers’ intentin t purchase increased by 80 percent.
When it cmes t the best shpping streets in Pairs, scent is just as imprtant t a brand’s success as the quality f its windw displays and gds n sale. That is mainly because shpping is a very different experience t what it used t be.
Sme years ag, the fcus fr brand name shpping was n a few peple with sales assistants’ disprving attitude and dn’t-tuch-what-yu-can’t-affrd displays. Nw the rise f electrnic cmmerce (e-cmmerce) has pened up famus brands t a wider audience. But while e-shps can use sights and sunds, nly bricks-and-mrtar stres(实体店) can ffer a full experience frm the minute custmers step thrugh the dr t the mment they leave. Anther brand stre seeks t be much mre than a shp, but rather a destinatin. And scent is just ne way t achieve this.
Nw a famus stre uses cmplex man-made smell t make sure that the sft scent f baby pwder flats thrugh the kid department, and ccnut(椰子) scent in the swimsuit sectin. A department stre has even pened a new lab, inviting custmers n a jurney int the stre’s windws t smell bks, pts and drawers, in search f their perfect scent.
67. Accrding t the passage, what is an increasingly pwerful tl in the success f sme brand stres?
A. Friendly assistants.B. Unique scents.
C. Sft backgrund music.D. Attractive windw display.
68. E-shps are mentined in the passage t _______.
A. shw the advantages f brick-and-mrtar stres
B. urge shp assistants t change their attitude
C. push stres t use sights and sunds
D. intrduce the rise f e-cmmerce
69. The underlined wrd ＂destinatin＂ in Paragraph 5 means _______.
A. a platfrm that exhibits gds
B. a spt where travelers like t stay
C. a place where custmers lve t g
D. a target that a stre expects t meet
70. The main purpse f the passage is t ______.
A. cmpare and evaluateB. examine and assess
C. argue and discussD. infrm and explain
【解析】【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了采用香味提高销售量的理念。文章讲述了香味对于传统实体店的影响。各大品牌店都加强了味觉对顾客消费欲求的刺激，并根据商品不同调节香味。
B 考查细节阅读。根据第二段“And it is prviding t be an increasing pwerful tl in encuraging peple t purchase”可知，此句中的it指的是前面的scent.故此题选B。
68.A 考查判断推理。根据第五段“while e-shps bricks-and-mrtar stres (实体店) can ffer a full experience”一句来判断，作者的倾向非常明显，认为实体店能提供完成购物体验，即强调传统实体店的优势。故选 A。
69.C 考查词义猜测。“destinatin”的本意是目的地，与上面提到的“shp”场地相通，但意义迥异，不仅是购物的地方，更多的是一种购物的完整体验，有视觉、听觉和味觉的多重享受。这里的意义是针对消费者而言的，而不是商店或商家。A、D 选项都是针对商家说的，而 B 跟文章没有关系。故本题选 C。
70.D 考查主旨大意的推断。这篇文章主要是谈论香味对购物心理的影响，是一篇说明文，所以重在介绍和解释香味对于实体店的影响。A项意为对比和评估，对比谈到了，而评价涉及较少；B意为检测和评估，科学检测意味太浓，跟本文大意不符。C项意为争辩，没有批评靶子的情况下，这种说法不成立。所以本题选D，只是介绍了解释了“香味”，没有进行科学试验。
Passage 6
【2014年大纲卷（广西卷）】One f the latest trend（趋势） in American childcare is Chinese au pairs. Au Pair in Stamfrd, fr example, has gt increasing numbers f requests fr Chinese au pairs frm zer t arund 4,000 since 2004. And that’s true all acrss the cuntry.
＂I thught it wuld be useful fr him t learn Chinese at an early age,＂ Jseph Stcke, the managing directr f a cmpany, says f his 2-year ld sn. ＂I wuld at least like t give him the chance t use the language in the future,＂ After nly six mnths f being cared fr by a 25-year-ld wman frm China, the by can already understand basic Chinese daily expressins, his dad says.
Li Drake, a Chinese native raising tw children in Minnesta with an American husband, had anther reasn fr lking fr an au pair frm China. She didn’t want her children t miss ut n their rts.
＂Because I am Chinese, my husband and I wanted the children t keep expsed t(接触) the language and culture（文化）,＂ she says.
＂Staying with a native speaker is better fr children than simply sitting in a classrm,＂ says Suzanne Flynn, a prfessr in language educatin f Children. ＂But parents must understand that just ne year with an au pair is unlikely t prduce wnders. Cmplete mastery demands cntinued learning until the age f 10 r 12.＂
The ppularity f au pairs frm China has been strengthened by the increasing numbers f American parents wh want their children t learn Chinese. It is expected that American demand fr au pairs will cntinue t rise in the next few years.
64. What des the term ＂au pair＂ in the text mean?
A. A mther raising her children n her wn.
B. A yung freign wman taking care f children.
C. A prfessr in language educatin f children.
D. A child learning a freign language at hme.
65. Li Drake has her children study Chinese because she wants them _________.
A. t live in China smeday B. t speak the language at hme
C. t catch up with ther children D. t learn abut the Chinese culture
66. Hw can children learn a freign language best accrding t Flynn?
A. Frm their parents. B. By attending classes.
C. Frm a native speaker. D. By starting at an early age.
67. What can we infer frm the text?
A. Learning Chinese is becming ppular in America.
B. Educated wmen d better in lking after children.
C. Chinese au pairs need t imprve their English Skills.
D. Children can learn a freign language well in six mnths.
【答案】【小题1】D 【小题2】D 【小题3】A
Passage 7
【2014年大纲卷（广西卷）】Which by hasn’t dreamed f being a cl secret agent（特工）? The wnderful fighting abilities and the wrld-saving adventures are much mre clurful than mst peple’s everyday lives. Well, Cdy Banks is just like any ther by, except that he is nt just dreaming. He has a big secret his friends never knw abut. He was trained t be a spy（间谍）by a special CIA prgramme, which was made t lk like a summer camp. He learned high-speed driving, hand-t-hand fighting and the use f high-tech tls.
After prving he culd becme a yung her by saving a baby frm a runaway car, Banks gets his first real task. He must make friends with a ppular girl at schl, Natalie Cnnrs. Then, he must spy n her father, a scientist wh has develped a dangerus technlgy（技术）. Banks must stp a grup f bad peple frm frcing Natalie’s father int using the technlgy t endanger the wrld.
The CIA may have taught him first-class self-defence mves, but they didn’t shw him hw t talk t girls. Banks has zer ability when it cmes t dealing with girls. Hw can he get arund his prblem and get an invitatin t the girl’s upcming birthday party? Will he finally becme Natalie’s byfriend and find ut whatever he can abut her father’s wrk?
Agent Cdy Banks has everything that yung peple are interested in: big explsins, breathtaking perfrmances and funny girl-dating experiences. It was listed N.2 in the American bx ffice last week.
＂This stry is interesting and fun fr the whle family t enjy, and especially cl fr yung bys,＂ said Paul Perkins, a film reviewer in the US.
72. What is Bank’s first real task?
A. T test a high-tech tl. B. T save a baby frm a car.
C. T study a new technlgy. D. T watch a scientist secretly.
73. Banks wanted t g t Natalie’s birthday party t _________.
A. meet her father B. knw mre peple
C. make friends with her D. steal sme infrmatin
74. What is cnsidered as a great danger in the text?
A. The technlgy develped by Natalie’s father. B. An explsin set ff by sme bad peple. C. The CIA’s training f bys fr its tasks. D. Secret agents’ spying n scientists.
75. What is the purpse f the text?
A. Making knwn the wrk f the CIA. B. Telling the stry abut a cl by.
C. Shwing the dark side f science. D. Intrducing a new film.
【答案】【小题1】D 【小题2】C 【小题3】A 【小题4】D
【解析】【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一部电影Agent Cdy Banks少年特工科迪。这篇文章告诉了我们：科迪是怎样成为特工的？成为特工后的第一个任务是什么？的内容。
Passage 8
【2014年福建卷】 Walt Disney is credited fr creating such wnderful things as Dnald Duck and Mickey Muse. Hwever, he cannt take the credit fr creating ther well-lved characters, such as Cinderella and Snw White. They are almst autmatically assciated with Disney because Disney turned ld fables(寓言) int cartn mvies.
The riginal Cinderella varies very much frm the Disney versin we knw tday. It started ff with the girl murning her mther’s death and ging t her tmb three times a day. In additin, there were nly birds that helped Cinderella; there was n such thing as a fairy gdmther r helpful mice, nr was there mentin f a hrse and carriage.
The stepsisters were cruel: they always threw Cinderella’s fd int the ashes f the fire and made her sleep n the ashes n the flr, hence（因此）her name.
In the riginal stry, the king’s ball actually lasted fr three days. With the help f the birds, the girl, beautifully dressed, danced with the prince n all three nights and the prince fell in lve with her. Hwever, she brke away frm him t rush back hme each night. On the last night, the prince placed smething sticky n the stairs; as Cinderella made her escape, a she gt stuck n it.
Here nw is where the stry becmes unpleasant: when the prince went t the huse lking fr the girl whse ft fit the she, the wicked(邪恶的) stepmther tld ne f her tw daughters t cut ff her big te t fit int the she. The daughter did as tld. S the prince tk her away t be his bride. But when they passed the tmb f Cinderella’s mther, the birds called ut t the prince,“Turn and peep, there’s bld within the she; The she is t small, the true bride waits fr yu.”
Realizing he had been tricked, the prince returned the daughter t her mther; the ther then had t cut ff part f her heel in rder t fit int the she, with the same result. Only Cinderella’s ft fit perfectly and s the prince chse t marry her. The stry ends with the wedding day: as Cinderella’s tw stepsisters fllwed her, pretending t be devted t her s that they culd enjy the king’s riches, tw birds flew by and plucked(啄) ut their eyes. Because f their wickedness and falsehd, they had t spend the rest f their days blind.
The riginal Cinderella is s different frm the Disney versin. Thank gdness Disney made such changes; it indeed was a wise mve.
60. What dse the underlined wrd “They” in the first paragraph refer t?
A. Such wnderful things.
B. Other well-lved characters.
C. Old fables.
D. Cartn mvies.
61. Hw did Cinderella get her name?
A. The Birds came up with it.
B. It was given by Disney.
C. It came frm the wrd “ash”.
D. She gt it frm her mther.
62. Which f the fllwing is TRUE accrding t the riginal stry?[来源:学.科.网]
A. Helpful mice gt Cinderella a beautiful dress.
B. The ball was held t celebrate the prince’s wedding.
C. Cinderella left her she n the stairs n purpse.
D. The birds tld the prince that he had been cheated.
63. The mral f the riginal stry is that ____________.
A. a wicked persn cannt escape punishment
B. a devted persn certainly deserves respect
C. a well-behaved child earns a great reward
D. a dishnest child cannt get mther lve
64. What des the authr think f the Disney versin?
A. Excellent. B. Ordinary. C. Dull. D. Ridiculus.
【答案】60.B 61.C 62.D 63.A
61. C 细节题：根据 the stepsisters were cruel: they always threw Cinderella’s fd int the ashes f the fire ,and made her sleep n the ashes n the flr, hence her name。可知Cinderella的名词来源于灰土，故选C。
62. D. 细节题：根据第五段最后一句话the birds called ut t the prince可知是小鸟们告诉王子，他被欺骗了，故选D。
63. A 细节题：根据第六自然段最后一句话Because f their wickedness and falsehd, they had t spend the rest f their days blind. 可知最初这个故事的寓意是邪恶的人不能逃脱惩罚，故选A。
64. A. 推断题：根据全文最后一句话The riginal Cinderella is s different frm the Disney versin. Thank gdness Disney made such changes; it indeed was a wise mve. 可知，作者认为迪斯尼版本的灰姑娘非常好，故选A。
Passage 9
【2014年湖南卷】The behaviur f a building’s users may be at least as imprtant as its design when it cmes t energy use, accrding t new research frm the UK Energy Research Centre (UKERC). The UK prmises t reduce its carbn emissins (排放）by 80 percent by 2050, part f which will be achieved by all new hmes being zer-carbn by 2016. But this reprt shws that sustainable building design n its wn — thugh extremely imprtant- is nt enugh t achieve such reductins: the behaviur f the peple using the building has t change t.
The study suggests that the ways that peple use and live in their hmes have been largely ignred by existing effrts t imprve energy efficiency (效率)，which instead fcus n architectural and technlgical develpments.
‘Technlgy is ging t assist but it is nt ging t d everything,’explains Katy Janda, a UKERC senir researcher，‘cnsumptin patterns f building users can defeat the mst careful design. ’In ther wrds，ld habits die hard, even in the best-designed ec-hme.
Anther part f the prblem is infrmatin. Husehlds and bill-payers dn’t have the knwledge they need t change their energy-use habits. Withut specific infrmatin，it’s hard t estimate the csts and benefits f making different chices. Feedback (反馈） facilities, like smart meters and energy mnitrs，culd help bridge this infrmatin gap by helping peple see hw changing their behaviur directly affects their energy use; sme studies have shwn that husehlds can achieve up t 15 percent energy savings using smart meters.
Scial science research has added a further dimensin (方面），suggesting that individuals’behaviur in the hme can be persnal and cannt be predicted 一 whether peple thrw pen their windws rather than turn dwn the thermstat (恒温器) , fr example.
Janda argues that educatin is the key. She calls fr a fcused prgramme t teach peple abut buildings and their wn behaviur in them.
66.As t energy use, the new research frm UKERC stresses the imprtance f________.
A.zer-carbn hmes B. the behaviur f building users
C.sustainable building designD. the reductin f carbn emissins
67.The underlined wrd “which” in Paragraph 2 refers t”________.”
A. the waysB. their hmes
C.develpments D. existing effrts
68.What are Katy Janda’s wrds mainly abut?
A.The imprtance f changing building users, habits.
B.The necessity f making a careful building design.
C.The variety f cnsumptin patterns f building users.
D.The rle f technlgy in imprving energy efficiency. 69.The infrmatin gap in energy use _______.
A.can be bridged by feedback facilities
B.affects the study n energy mnitrs
C. brings abut prblems fr smart meters
D.will be caused by building users’ ld habits
70.What des the dimensin added by scial science research suggest?
A.The scial science research is t be furthered.
B.The educatin prgramme is under discussin.
C.The behaviur f building users is unpredictable.
D.The behaviur preference f building users is similar.
【答案】66.B 67.D[来源:68.A 69.A 70.C
67.D考查词义推测。此题考查which引导的非限定性定语从句，which指代的是先行词existing effrts现有的努力。故D正确。
68.A考查句意推测。根据文章第三段Katy Janda 的话cnsumptin patterns f building users can defeat the mst careful design. 及In ther wrds，ld habits die hard, even in the best-designed ec-hme.可知建造使用者改变习惯的重要性。故A正确。
Passage 10
【2014年江苏卷】Mst damagingly, anger weakens a persn’s ability t think clearly and keep cntrl ver his behaviur. The angry persn lses bjectivity in evaluating the emtinal significance f the persn r situatin that aruses his anger.
Nt everyne experiences anger in the same way; what angers ne persn may amuse anther. The specific expressin f anger als differs frm persn t persn based n bilgical and cultural frces. In cntemprary culture, physical expressins f anger are generally cnsidered t scially harmful t be tlerated. We n lnger regard duels (决斗) as an apprpriate expressin f anger resulting frm ne persn’s awareness f insulting behaviur n the part f anther.
Anger can be identified in the brain, where the electrical activity changes. Under mst cnditins EEG (脑电图) measures f electrical activity shw balanced activity between the right and left prefrntal (额叶前部) areas. Behaviurally this crrespnds t the general even-handed dispsitin (意向) that mst f us pssess mst f the time. But when we are angry the EEG f the right and left prefrntal areas aren’t balanced and, as a result f this, we’re likely t react. And ur behaviural respnse t anger is different frm ur respnse t ther emtins, whether psitive r negative.
Mst psitive emtins are assciated with apprach behaviur: we mve clser t peple we like. Mst negative emtins, in cntrast, are assciated with avidance behaviur: we mve away frm peple and things that we dislike r that make us anxius. But anger is an exceptin t this pattern. The angrier we are, the mre likely we are t mve twards the bject f ur anger. This crrespnds t what psychlgists refer t as f ensive anger: the angry persn mves clser in rder t influence and cntrl the persn r situatin causing his anger. This apprach-and-cnfrnt behaviur is accmpanied by a leftward prefrntal asymmetry (不对称) f EEG activity. Interestingly, this asymmetry lessens if the angry persn can experience empathy (同感) twards the individual wh is bringing frth the angry respnse. In defensive anger, in cntrast, the EEG asymmetry is directed t the right and the angry persn feels helpless in the face f the anger-inspiring situatin.
【小题1】The “duels” example in Paragraph 2 prves that the expressin f anger ________.
A. usually has a bilgical basis B. varies amng peple
C. is scially and culturally shaped D. influences ne’s thinking and evaluatin
【小题2】What changes can be fund in an angry brain? ZXXK
A. Balanced electrical activity can be sptted.
B. Unbalanced patterns are fund in prefrntal areas.
C. Electrical activity crrespnds t ne’s behaviur.
D. Electrical activity agrees with ne’s dispsitin.
【小题3】Which f the fllwing is typical f ffensive anger?
A. Appraching the surce f anger. B. Trying t cntrl what is disliked.
C. Mving away frm what is disliked. D. Feeling helpless in the face f anger.
【小题4】What is the key message f the last paragraph?
A. Hw anger differs frm ther emtins. B. Hw anger relates t ther emtins.
C. Behaviural respnses t anger. D. Behaviural patterns f anger.
【答案】
Passage 11
【2014年江西卷】Clse yur eyes fr a minute and imagine what life wuld be like if yu had a hundred dllars less. Als imagine what it wuld be like spending the rest f yur life with yur eyes clsed. Imagine having t read this page, nt with yur eyes but with yur finger-tips.
With existing medical knwledge and skills, tw-thirds f the wrld’s 42 millin blind shuld nt have t suffer. Unfrtunately, rich cuntries pssess mst f this knwledge, while develping cuntries d nt.
ORBIS is an internatinal nn-prfit rganizatin which perates the wrld’s nly flying teaching eye hspital. ORBIS intends t help fight blindness wrldwide. Inside a DC-8 aircraft, there is a fully-equipped teaching hspital with televisin studi and classrm. Dctrs are taught the latest techniques f bringing sight back t peple here. Prject ORBIS als aims at prmting peaceful cperatin(合作) amng cuntries.
ORBIS tries t help develping cuntries by prviding training during three-week medical prgrams. ORBIS has taught sight-saving techniques t ver 35,000 dctrs and nurses, wh cntinue t cure tens f thusands f blind peple every year. ORBIS has cnducted 17 plane prgrams in China s far. Fr the seven t ten millin blind in China, ORBIS is planning t d mre fr them. At the mment an ORBIS team is wrking n a lng-term plan t develp a training center and t prvide eye care services t Shanxi Prvince. ORBIS needs yur help t cntinue their wrk and free peple frm blindness.
Fr just US$38, yu can help ne persn see; fr $380 yu can bring sight t 10 peple; $1,300 helps teach a dctr new skills; and fr $13,000 yu can prvide a training prgram fr a grup f dctrs wh can make thusands f blind peple see again. Yur mney can pen their eyes t the wrld. Please help ORBIS imprve the quality f life fr s many peple less frtunate than urselves.
The first paragraph is intended t ______.
A. intrduce a new way f reading
B. advise the public t lead a simple life
C. direct the public’s attentin t the blind
D. encurage the public t use imaginatin
What d we learn abut existing medical knwledge and skills in the wrld?
A. They are adequate. B. They have nt been updated.
C. They are nt equally distributed. D. They have benefited mst f the blind.
ORRIS aims t help the blind by ______.
A. teaching medical students B. training dctrs and nurses
C. running flying hspitals glbally D. setting up nn-prfit rganizatins
What des the authr try t d in the last paragraph?
A. Appeal fr dnatins. B. Make an advertisement.
C. Prmte training prgrams. D. Shw sympathy fr the blind.
What can be the best title fr the passage?
A.ORBIS in China. B. Fighting Blindness.
C.ORBIS Flying Hspital. D. Sight-saving Techniques.
正确。
Passage 12
【2014年山东卷】Hw fit are yur teeth? Are yu lazy abut brushing them? Never fear: An inventr is n the case. An electric tthbrush senses hw lng and hw well yu brush, and it lets yu track yur perfrmance n yur phne.
The Klibree tthbrush was exhibited at the Internatinal Cnsumer Electrnics Shw in Las Vegas this week. It senses hw it is mved and can send the infrmatin t an Andrid phne r iPhne via a Bluetth wireless cnnectin.
The tthbrush will be able t teach yu t brush right (dn’t frget the insides f the teeth!) and make sure yu’re brushing lng enugh. ＂It’s kind f like having a dentist actually watch yur brushing n a day-t-day basis,＂ says Thmas Serval, the French inventr.
The tthbrush will als be able t talk t ther applicatins n yur phne, s develpers culd, fr instance, create a game cntrlled by yur tthbrush. Yu culd scre pints fr beating mnsters amng yur teeth. ＂We try t make it smart but als fun,＂ Serval says.
Serval says he was inspired by his experience as a father. He wuld cme hme frm wrk and ask his kids if they had brushed their teeth. They said ＂yes,＂ but Serval wuld find their tthbrush heads dry. He decided he needed a brush that really tld him hw well his children brushed.
The cmpany says the Klibree will g n sale this summer, fr $99 t $199, develping n features. The U.S. is the first target market.
Serval says that ne day, it’ll be pssible t replace the brush n the handle with a brushing unit that als has a camera. The camera can even examine hles in yur teeth while yu brush.
56. Which is ne f the feature f the Klibree tthbrush?
A. It can sense hw users brush their teeth. B. It can track users’ schl perfrmance.
C. It can detect users’ fear f seeing a dentist. D. It can help users find their phnes.
57. What can we learn frm Serval’s wrds in Paragraph 3?
A. Yu will find it enjyable t see a dentist.
B. Yu shuld see yur dentist n a day-t –day basis.
C. Yu can brush with the Klibree as if guided by a dentist.
D. Yu’d like a dentist t watch yu brush yur teeth every day.
58. Which f the fllwing might make the Klibree tthbrush fun?
A. It can be used t update mbile phnes. B. It can be used t play mbile phne games
C. It can send messages t ther users D. It can talk t its develpers.
59. What is Paragraph 5 mainly abut?
A. Hw Serval fund ut his kids lied t him.
B. Why Serval thught brushing teeth was necessary.
C. Hw Serval taught his kids t brush their teeth.
D. What inspired Serval t invent the tthbrush
60. What can we infer abut Serval’s children?
A. They were unwilling t brush their teeth
B. They ften failed t clean their tthbrushes.
C. They preferred t use a tthbrush with a dry head.
D. They liked brushing their teeth after Serval came hme.
61. What can we learn abut the future develpment f the Klibree?
A. The brush handle will be remved. B. A mbile phne will be built int it.
C. It will be used t fill hles in teeth. D. It will be able t check users’ teeth.
文章大意: 这是一篇关于科技发明的文章。本文介绍了一种新型的电动牙刷既智能又有趣，能够检查人
们的刷牙情况。
[小题 1]A 考查细节理解。由第一段第四句“An electric tthbrush senses hw lng..可知，这种电动牙刷可以感知你刷牙的时间和刷牙的情况，这些你都可以通过手机来知道自己的表现。故答案选 A。
[小题 2]C考查细节理解。Serva 这句话的意思是用这种电动牙刷就好像有牙天天在监督你的刷牙情况
一样，故答案选 C.
[小题 3]B 考查细节理解。由第四段可知，设计者将设计一个由牙刷控制的游戏，让这个牙刷既智能又有。
[小题 4] D 考查判断推理。通过阅读第五段可知，Serwal 作为父亲发现孩子没有刷牙却说自己刷牙了这种情况之后，使得他决定设计一种能够清楚地知道孩子刷牙情况的牙刷。
[小题 5]A 考查判断推理。根据第五段第二句“He wuld cme said yes,’butt...”可以推断Serval 的孩子没有刷牙却说自己刷牙了，这说明孩子们不喜欢刷牙[小题 6]D 考查判断推理。由最后一段可知，以后会在牙刷上上照相机，这样人们在刷牙的时候甚至可以检查牙齿上的洞，这说明这种牙刷在将来能够对人们的牙齿进行健康检查。
Passage 13
【2014年山东卷】The kids in this village wear dirty, ragged clthes. They sleep beside cws and sheep in huts made f sticks and mud. They have n schl. Yet they all can chant the English alphabet, and sme can make wrds.
The key t their success: 20 tablet cmputers(平板电脑) drpped ff in their Ethipian village in February by a U.S. grup called One Laptp Per Child.
The gal is t find ut whether kids using tday’s new technlgy can teach themselves t read in places where n schls r teachers exist. The Massachusetts Institute f Technlgy researchers analyzing the prject data say they’re already amazed. ＂What I think has already happened is that the kids have already learned mre than they wuld have in ne year f kindergarten,＂ said Matt Keller, wh runs the Ethipia prgram.
The fastest learner—and the first t turn n ne f the tablets—is 8-year-ld Kelbesa Negusse. The device’s camera was disabled t save memry, yet within weeks Kelbesa had figured ut its wrkings and made the camera wrk. He called himself a lin, a marker f accmplishment in Ethipia.
With his tablet, Kelbasa rearranged the letters HSROE int ne f the many English animal names he knws. Then he spelled wrds n his wn. ＂Seven mnths ag he didn’t knw any English. That’s unbelievable,＂ said Keller.
The prject aims t get kids t a stage called ＂deep reading,＂ where they can read t learn. It wn’t be in Amharic, Ethipia’s first language, but in English, which is widely seen as the ticket t higher paying jbs.
62. Hw des the Ethipia prgram benefit the kids in the village?
A. It trains teachers fr them. B. It cntributes t their self-study.
C. It helps raise their living standards. D. It prvides funds fr building schls.
63. What can we infer frm Keller’s wrds in Paragraph 3?
A. They need mre time t analyze data.
B. Mre children are needed fr the research.
C. He is cnfident abut the future f the prject.
D. The research shuld be carried ut in kindergartens.
64. It amazed Keller that with the tablet Kelbesa culd _______.
A. learn English wrds quickly. B. draw pictures f animals.
C. write letters t researchers. D. make phne calls t his friends.
65. What is the aim f the prject?
A. T ffer Ethipians higher paying jbs.
B. T make Amharic widely used in the wrld.
C. T help Ethipian kids read t learn in English.
D. T assist Ethipians in learning their first language.
【小题4】C
[文章大意] 本文是一篇调查研究。进述的是美国一个团体在俄塞俄比亚没有学校和老师的地方，通过给孩子们 20 台平板电,脑的方式看使用新技术的孩子是否能够教会自己阅读。这个计划的目的是让孩子到达一个“深读”的阶段，他们能通过阅读来学习。不是学习埃塞俄比亚的官方语言阿姆哈拉语，而是被广泛认为是获得高薪工作的“敲门砖”的英语。
[解析]
[小题 1]B 考查细节理解。通过对文章的阅读可知，这个计划的目的是看看孩子们能否再没有学校和老师的情况下自学，通过这个计划人们发现这些孩子会背英文字母表，有的甚至会拼单词，这说明这个计划对孩子们的自学是有益的。故选 B.。
[小题 2] C 考查判断推理。Keler 认为孩子们自学学到的知识比他们在幼儿园一年学的还多，这说明他对这个计划的前景是满怀信心的。故选 C
[小题 3]A 考查细节理解。通过对文章倒数第二段的阅读可知，Keller 对 Kelbesa 在短短七个月里从不认识英语到会拼写英语感到不可思议，故选 A。
[小题 4] C 考查细节理解。由文章最后一段“The prgram aims t get kids t a stage called “deep reading”where they can read t learn.It wn't be in English"可知，这个计划的目的是帮助埃塞俄比亚的孩子学会用英语阅读。故选 C。
Passage 14
【2014年陕西卷】Why d Americans struggle with watching their weight, while the French, wh cnsume rich fd, cntinue t stay thin? Nw a research by Crnell University suggests hw life style and decisins abut eating may affect weight. Researchers cnclude that the French tend t stp eating when they feel full. Hwever, Americans tend t stp when their plate is empty r their favrite TV shw is ver.
Accrding t Dr. Jseph Mercla, a health expert, the French see eating as an imprtant part f their life style. They enjy fd and therefre spend a fairly lng time at the table, while Americans see eating as smething t be squeezed between the ther daily activities. Mercla believes Americans lse the ability t sense when they are actually full. S they keep eating lng after the French wuld have stpped. In additin, he pints ut that Americans drive t huge supermarkets t buy canned and frzen fds fr the week. The French, instead, tend t shp daily, walking t small shps and farmers’ markets where they have a chice f fresh fruits, vegetables, and eggs as well as high-quality meats fr each meal.
After a visit t the United States, Mireille Guilian, authr f French Wmen Dn’t Get Fat, decided t write abut the imprtance f knwing when t stp rather than suggesting hw t avid fd. Tday she cntinues t stay slim and rarely ges t the gym.
In spite f all these differences, evidence shws that recent life style changes may be affecting French eating habits. Tday the rate f besity — r extreme verweight — amng adults is nly 6%. Hwever, as American fast fd gains acceptance and the yung reject lder traditins, the besity rate amng French children has reached 17% — and is grwing.
53. In what way are the French different frm Americans accrding t Dr. Jseph Mercla?
A. They g shpping at supermarkets mre frequently.
B. They squeeze eating between the ther daily activities.
C. They regard eating as a key part f their life style.
D. They usually eat t much canned and frzen fd.
54. This text is mainly the relatinship between _________.
A. Americans and the French B. life style and besity
C. children and adults D. fast fd and verweight
55. The text is mainly develped __________.
A. by cntrast B. by space C. by prcess D. by classificatin
56. Where des this text prbably cme frm?
A. A TV interview. B. A fd advertisement. C. A health reprt. D. A bk review.
试题分析:文章大意:主要介绍了美国和法国的生活方式的不同，以及他们的生活方式与肥胖之间的关系作者以为什么美国人在与肥胖作斗争而法国人享受着美食且保持身材苗条引出话题，并展开讨论。
53.C 考查细节理解。根据第二段的第一句话中的 French see eating as an imprtant part f their lifestyle 可知法国人将饮食当作生活的一部分，故选 C。
54.B考查主旨要义。通读全文主要介绍了美国和法国的生活方式的不同，而且美国的饮食宜造成肥胖，而法国的饮食可保持身体苗条，也就是主要介绍的生活方式与肥胖之间的关系，故选B。
55.A考查判断推理。通读全文。作者在第一段以为什么美国人在与肥胖作斗争而法国人享受着美食且保持身材苗条引出话题，故选A。A相比较。
56.C 考查判断推理。本文主要介绍了美国和法国生活方式的不同以及带来的体型变化等，故应是来源于健康报告。故选C。
Passage 15
【2014年四川卷】With arund 100 students scheduled t be in that 9 am Mnday mrning lecture, it is n surprise that almst 20 peple actually make it t the class and nly 10 f them are still awake after the first 15 minutes; it is nt even a surprise that mst f them are still in their pyjamas(睡衣). Obviusly, students are terrible at adjusting their sleep cycles t their daily schedule.
All human beings pssess a bdy clck. Alng with ther alerting(警报) systems, this gverns the sleep/wake cycle and is therefre ne f the main prcesses which gvern sleep behaviur. Typically, the preferred sleep/wake cycle is delayed in adlescents, which leads t many students nt feeling sleepy until much later in the evenings. This typical sleep pattern is usually referred t as the ＂night wl＂ schedule f sleep.
This is ppsed t the ＂early bird＂ schedule, and is a kind f disrder where the individual tends t stay up much past midnight. Such a persn has great difficulty in waking up in the mrnings. Research suggests that night wls feel mst alert and functin best in the evenings and at night. Research findings have shwn that abut 20 percent f peple can be classified as ＂night wls＂ and nly 10 percent can be classified as ＂early birds＂ — the ther 70 percent are in the middle. Althugh this is clearly nt true fr all students, fr the nes wh are true night wls this gives them an excellent excuse fr missing their lectures which unfrtunately fall befre midday.
43. What des the authr stress in Paragraph 1?
A. Many students are absent frm class.
B. Students are very tired n Mnday mrnings.
C. Students d nt adjust their sleep patterns well.
D. Students are nt well prepared fr class n Mndays.
44. Which f the fllwing is true accrding t Paragraph 2?
A. Mst students prefer t get up late in the mrning.
B. Students dn’t sleep well because f alerting systems.
C. One’s bdy clck gverns the sleep/wake cycle independently.
D. Adlescents’ delayed sleep/wake cycle isn’t the preferred pattern.
45. Which f the fllwing is clsest in meaning t the underlined wrd ＂classified＂?
A. Criticised. B. Gruped. C. Organised.D. Named.
46. What des the text mainly talk abut?
A. Functins f the bdy clck.B. The ＂night wl＂ phenmenn.
C. Human beings’ sleep behaviur.D. The schl schedule f ＂early birds＂.
试题分析:本文属于说明文范畴。在文中作者通过介绍一堂课中学生迟到和准时到的情况，提出了学生不擅长调整自己的生物钟而去适应白天的学业安排。然后在文中分析了目前青少年睡眠存在的问题，提出了两种不同的睡眠模式，即“early bird ”(早起型) 和“night wl”(夜猫子型)，并主要介绍了晚上不困，白天困的“might wl”现象。
43.C考查主旨大意。在文章首段作者首先通过数字说明许多学生早晨不能准时起床的一种情况，然后用一句话Obviusly, students are terrible at adjusting their sleep cycles t their daily schedule.来解释这种现象的原因，提出文章中心，然后围绕此中心展开行文，故答案选C。
44.D考查细节理解。根据第二段Typically , the preferred sleep / wake cycle is delayed in adlescents …可知学生们对他们自己的睡眠模式不熟悉，没有能够恰当地去调整适应自己的生物钟，因而造成了睡眠问题，故答案选D。
45.B考查词义推断。A批评；B分类；C 组织；D命名。根据上文第三段末句This typical sleep pattern is usually referred t as the "night wl" schedule f和第四段首句This is ppsed t the "early bird" schedule,可知睡眠模式有两种，即”night wl” 和”early bird”，而此处把20%归到night wls类，由此判断该词意思为“分类”，选B。
46.B 考查主旨要义。在文章开头介绍一堂课中学生的迟到和准时到的情况，提出了学生不擅长调整自己的生物钟而去适应白天的学业安排这一问题。然后在下文对此现象进行分析并介绍造成这种情况的原因，所以答案选 B。A 选项内容“人体生物钟的功能”，B 选项“人体的睡眠行为”都比较片面，不能反应文章中心，而 D 选项“早起者的时间安排”在文中没有涉及。
Passage 16
【2014年浙江卷】 Last summer, tw nineteenth-century cttages were rescued frm remte farm fields in Mntana, t be mved t an Art Dec building in San Francisc. The huses were made f wd. These cttages nce hused early settlers as they wrked the dry Mntana sil; nw they hld Twitter engineers.
The cttages culd be an example f the industry's dd lve affair with "lw technlgy" , a cncept assciated with the natural wrld, and with ld-schl craftsmanship (手艺) that exists lng befre the Internet era. Lw technlgy is nt virtual (虚拟的) — s, t take advantage f it, Internet cmpanies have had t get creative. The rescued wd cttages, fitted by hand in the late eighteen-hundreds, are an bvius example, but Twitter's designs lie n the extreme end. Other cmpanies are using a brader interpretatin (阐释) f lw technlgy that fcuses n nature.
Amazn is building three glass spheres filled with trees, s that emplyees can "wrk and scialize in a mre natural, park-like setting" . At Ggle's ffice, an entire flr is carpeted in grass. Facebk's secnd Menl Park campus will have a rftp park with a walking trail.
Olle Lundberg, the funder f Lundberg Design, has wrked with many tech cmpanies ver the years. "We have lst the cnnectin t the maker in ur lives, and ur tech engineers are the nes wh feel mst impverished (贫乏的), because they're surrunded by the digital wrld," he says. "They're lking fr a way t regain their individual identity, and we've fund that intrducing real crafts is ne way t d that."
This craft-based thery is rted in histry. William Mrris, the English artist and writer, turned back t pre- industrial arts in the eighteen-sixties, just after the Industrial Revlutin. The Arts and Crafts mvement defined itself against machines. "Withut creative human ccupatin, peple became discnnected frm life," Mrris said.
Research has shwn that natural envirnments can restre (恢复) ur mental capacities. In Japan, patients are encuraged t "frest-bathe", taking walks thrugh wds t lwer their bld pressure.
These health benefits apply t the wrkplace as well. Rachel Kaplan, a prfessr f envirnmental psychlgy, has spent years researching the restrative effects f natural envirnments. Her research fund that wrkers with access t nature at the ffice — even simple views f trees and flwers — felt their jbs were less stressful and mre satisfying. If lw-tech ffices can ptentially nurish the brains and imprve the mental health f emplyees then, fine, bring n the cttages.
50.The writer mentins the tw nineteenth-century cttages t shw that .
A. Twitter is having a hard time
B. ld cttages are in need f prtectin
C. early settlers nce suffered frm a dry climate in Mntana
D. Internet cmpanies have rediscvered the benefits f lw technlgy
51.Lw technlgy is regarded as smething that .
A.is related t natureB.is ut f date tday
C. cnsumes t much energyD. exists in the virtual wrld
52.The main idea f Paragraph 5 is that human beings________.
A. have destryed many pre-industrial arts
B. have a traditin f valuing arts and crafts
C. can becme intelligent by learning histry
D. can regain their individual identity by using machines
53.The writer's attitude t "lw technlgy" can best be described as________.
A. psitiveB. defensiveC. cautiusD. dubtful
54.What might be the best title fr the passage?
A. Past Glries, Future Dreams.
B. The Virtual Wrld, the Real Challenge.
C. High-tech Cmpanies, Lw-tech Offices.
D. The Mre Craftsmanship, the Less Creativity.
【解析】试题分析：这篇短文讲述的是关于现代科技公司运用“大自然对人们创造力产生作用”的理念，积极创设原生态的办公环境。这里提到的低科技指的是工业化之前的建造技术，它更贴近自然。在自然的办公环境下，职员们不会感到有压力，对他们的健康是有好处的。
50.D 细节理解题。作者提到两个 19 世纪的村舍是为了表明什么? 据文第二段中 Lw technlgy is n0t
Virtual (虚拟的) -s, t take advantage f it Internet cmpanies have had t get creative 可,供科技不是的，因此要充分的利用它，高科技公司需要有创造力。而短文开头提到的两个 19 世纪的小村舍就是低科技技术下的产物。现代的高科技公司也需要用低科技的理念创设原生态的办公室。故选 D。
51.A 推理判断题。低科技被认为是什么样的事物？根据下文中作者给出的例子s that emplyees can “wrk and scialize in a mre natural, park-like setting以及最后一段中Her research fund that wrkers with access t nature at the ffice可以判断出，低科技跟大自然有关，即在一个天然的环境下，故选A。B选项意思是低科技已经过时了，这不符合文意，现在很多高科技的公司都在打造低科技的办公室，让职员们更接近自然；C选项的意思是低科技消耗很多能源，其实正好相反，低科技的东西都是很天然的，不需要消耗很多能源；D选项的意思说低科技是虚拟的，而短文短文中说它并不是虚拟的，故与文意不符。故选A。
52.B细节理解题。第五段主要是说人类怎样？根据这一段的第一句话This craft based thery is rted in histry, William Mrris, the English artist and writer, turned back t pre-industrial arts in the eighteen-sixties可知，工艺基础理论是有其历史根源的，英国的艺术家、作家William Mrris又回到了19世纪60年代的工业化之前的艺术。由此可知选B。
53.A推理判断题。作者对低科技的态度可以用哪一个词来形容？A是积极的；B是辩护的；C是谨慎的；D是怀疑的。通过作者给出的这些例子可以看出，利用低科技建造的原生态办公室对职员们的工作的积极性是有好处的。并且作者还引用了一项研究Research has shwn that natural envirnments can restre(恢复) ur mental capacities来说明自然环境对我们精神上的有利影响。故选A，是积极的。
54.C 主旨大意题。这篇短文中作者告诉我们低科技不是虚拟的，现代的高科技公司需要有创造力，所以要充分的利用以前的低科技技术，创设更加原生态的办公环境。故用High-tech Cmpanies, Lw-tech Offices作为题目是最合适的。
Passage 17
【2014年重庆卷】There have always been a lt f cmmnly believed but false ideas abut being fat and ding exercise. Sme peple believe that they can’t help putting n weight as they get lder, while thers hld that if they stp exercising, their muscles will turn int fat. Here are sme mre myths:
I’ll never lse weight—I cme frm a fat family
Wrng! While we can’t change the bdy type we are brn with, we can’t blame ur genes fr making us fat. There’s plenty f evidence that fatness runs in families, and the main reasn is that they share the same habits f eating t much and exercising t little.
I am fat because I burn calries slwly
Wrng! Fatness is nt caused by a slw metablism(新陈代谢). In fact, althugh fat peple cnsume mre energy than slim peple, they als fail t realize hw much they eat. Keeping a diary can help yu wrk ut yur daily fd intake mre accurately.
Exercise is bring
Wrng! Anything will becme bring if yu d it repetitively. The key is t develp a balanced and varied prgram that’s fun as well as prgressive. If yu enjy a Sunday walk, take a different rute. If yu d yga, try a tai chi class. If yu like swimming, set yurself a distance r time challenge.
N pain, n gain
Wrng! Exercise is nt meant t hurt. Indeed, pain is yur bdy telling yu smething’s wrng, and cntinuing t exercise culd lead t serius injury. Yu may experience mild discmfrt as yu begin t exercise regularly, but this is yur bdy adapting t the psitive changes in yur lifestyle and the aches shuld disappear relatively quickly. If they dn’t, rest and seek medical advice.
40. What des the authr think abut being fat?
A. It is the family genes that make peple fat.
B. Peple are fat because they cnsume t little energy.
C. A diary f exercise can prevent peple frm becming fat.
D. It is the cnsequence f peple’s unbalanced lifestyle.
41. Accrding t the authr, hw can we make exercise mre interesting?
A. By taking varied exercise.
B. By chsing simple exercise.
C. By ding regular exercise.
D. By sticking t utdr exercise.
42. What is the authr’s pinin abut ＂N pain, n gain＂ in exercising?
A. Keeping fit is essentially a painful experience.
B. Exercise shuld be stpped if cntinuus pain is felt.
C. Pain in exercise is a precnditin fr reaching yur gal.
D. Getting used t pain leads t psitive changes in yur bdy.[来源:学|科|网Z|X|X|K]
43. What is the purpse f the passage?
A. T declare the imprtance f keeping fit.
B. T clarify sme miscnceptins abut fatness and exercise.
C. T cnfirm what has lng been believed abut keeping fit.
D. T explain sme medical facts abut being fat and ding exercise.
【解析】本文旨在澄清人们关于肥胖和运动的几个认识上的误区。作者告诉我们：肥胖与遗传无关；肥胖不是因为新陈代谢缓慢；运动可以是有趣的；运动不以疼痛为代价。
推理判断题。第二 main reasn is that they share the same habits f eating t much and exercise t little一句可知，人们肥胖的主要原因是生活方式的不平衡，表现为吃得太多而运动太少。故选择 D。
细节理解题。第四段 The key is t develp a balanced and varied prgram that's fun as well as prgressive.一句知，多样化的运动可使运动变得有趣。选择 A。
42.推断题。作者认为运动只会带来轻微的“不适”；“疼痛”是生病的征兆，继续运动会造成严重损伤。故“疼痛”持续，应停止运动，选择B。
43.主旨大意题。从第一段第一句话There have always been a lt f cmmnly believed but false ideas abut being fat and ding exercise.可知，作者写作本文是为了澄清人们关于肥胖和运动的认识误区。选择B。
Passage 18
【2014年重庆卷】 The idea f being able t walk n water has lng interested humans greatly. Sadly, bilgical facts prevent us ever accmplishing such a thing withut artificial aid—we simply weigh t much, and all ur mass pushes dwn thrugh ur relatively small feet, resulting in a lt f pressure that makes us sink.
Hwever, several types f animals can walk n water. One f the mst interesting is the cmmn basilisk Basilicus basilicus, a lizard(蜥蜴) native t Central and Suth America. It can run acrss water fr a distance f several meters, aviding getting wet by rapidly hitting the water’s surface with its feet. The lizard will take as many as 20 steps per secnd t keep mving frward. Fr humans t d this, we’d need huge feet that we culd bring up t ur ears in rder t create adequate ＂hitting＂.
But frtunately there is an alternative: crnflur. By adding enugh f this cmmn thickening agent t water (and it des take a lt), yu can create a ＂nn-Newtnian＂ liquid that desn’t behave like nrmal water. Nw, if the surface f the water is hit hard enugh, particles(微粒) in the water grup tgether fr a mment t make the surface hard. Mve quickly enugh and put enugh frce int each step, and yu really can walk acrss the surface f an adequately thick liquid f crnflur.
Fun thugh all this may sund, it’s still rather messy and better read abut in thery than carried ut in practice, if yu must d it, then keep the water wings handy in case yu start t sink--and take a shwer afterward!
44. Walking n water hasn’t becme a reality mainly because humans ________.
A. are nt interested in it
B. have bilgical limitatins
C. have nt invented prper tls
D. are afraid t make an attempt
45. What d we knw abut Basilicus basilicus frm the passage?
A. It is light enugh t walk n water.
B. Its huge feet enable it t stay abve water.
C. It can run acrss water at a certain speed.
D. Its unique skin keeps it frm getting wet in water.
46. What is the functin f the crnflur accrding t the passage?
A. T create a thick liquid.
B. T turn the water int slid.
C. T help the liquid behave nrmally.
D. T enable the water t mve rapidly.
47. What is the authr’s attitude tward the idea f humans’ walking n water?[来源:学_科_网]
A. It is risky but beneficial.
B. It is interesting and wrth trying.
C. It is crazy md cannt becme a reality.
D. It is impractical thugh theretically pssible.
【解析】人类有一个一直感兴趣但一直未能实现的愿望：水上行走。不能实现的原因是“生物性局限”。本文主要介绍了一种理论上可行实际上难以实现的人类水上行走的方法：借助玉米粉（crnflur）增加水面浓度。
细节题。从第一段Sadly, bilgical facts prevent us ever accmplishing such a thing withut artificial aid …可知，人类至今不能在水面行走是“生物”原因。选择B。
45细节理解题。第二段 It can run acrss water fr a distance f several meters, aviding getting wet by rapidly hitting the water's surface with its feet.一句可知，这种蜴能在水面行走是因为速度快(每秒钟达到 20 步).选择 C。
细节题。第二段 this cmmn thickening agent 明确这是一种“常见的增稠剂”。选择 A。
47推理判断题。以第二段 it des take a lt ,最后一段 it's still rather messy and better read abut in thery than carried ut im practice. 等句推断，借助增剂实现人类在水面行走，理论上可行但真正实现很难做到。选择 D 。