2003-初三-英语-语法总复习PPT
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这是一份2003-初三-英语-语法总复习PPT,共60页。PPT课件主要包含了Noun 名词,基数词序数词,用法种类,分类用法,Tense时态,动词不定式动名词分词,简单句并列句复合句等内容,欢迎下载使用。
(一)专有名词(二)普通名词 (三)名词所有格
1、人名2、地名3、组织机构4、节日5、月份、星期
Eg: Jane, Alice, Peter, etc. Africa , the Yellw River, etc. WTO, the United Natins , etc. Mther’s Day, Christmas Day , etc January, Sunday, etc.
Ntes: 1. 一般在单数名词前+ a/an (不定冠词);Eg:a girl 名词的复数变化规则;详见表1-1和1-2:特殊情况;详见表1-3
答案:C名词可以做定语,修饰名词。变复数时,中心词变复数,定语名词不变。但man /wman例外,其做定语时也变复数。
不可数名词的用法不可数名词量词的用法
Ntes: 物质名词:air, juice, sugar, bread, il, rice ,cake, meat, hair grass, etc.抽象名词:fun, advice, wrk, help , life , age , truble, difficulty etc.
Ntes: 1. 不可数名词没有复数形式,其前也不能加定冠词(a/an)不可数名词表示量时,可在前面加 little, a little, much, a lt f , lts f , sme, any, plenty f 等可以修饰不可数名词的词或短语; 也可以借助于单位词表示不可数名词的量,结构: a/an+ 单位词+f 或者 数词+单位词(复数)+f
Ppulatin(人口) /number(数字)是 不可数名词;形容其多少或大小用形容词“small(少,小) --- big / large (多,大)”特殊疑问句,提问数字用“what”
①.表示有生命物的名词之后 +’s eg: Jim and Tm’s rm is very big. Jim’s and Tm’s mthers are bth teachers. ②.以s结尾的复数形式,在词尾直接+’ eg: In China, September 10th is Teachers’ Day③.如果复数形式不以S结尾,在词尾+’s eg: My sister wrks in a large children’s hspital.④、在表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等名词后+’s eg: The review is in tday’s paper.
备注: A’s+B’s 各自拥有;A+B’s 共同拥有
①.表示无生命的名词所有格 eg: There is a shp beside the gate f the schl. At last, we reached the tp f the muntain. ②. 当名词前已经有“冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词等”修饰时,必须用f 所有格。 其结构:f + Nun’s 所有格/名词性物主代词 eg: I met an ld friend f my father’s yesterday . I hpe he can be a friend f mine. 另,有时两种所有格可以互换 eg: The cat’s name (=The name f the cat) is Hell Kitty. .
Mdal Verb (情态动词)
1、有词义 2、不能独立作谓语 3、加动词原形4、否定直接加nt,疑问句直接提前
Can –culd may—might must—have t need shall—shuld wuld had better
特例:有人称和数的变化,否定和疑问句要用d/des/did 帮忙。
Mdal Verb(情态动词)
(一)can/ culd (二)may/might(三)must/have t
(四) need shall/shuld (五) wuld had better
Let’s g shpping ,shall we?Let us g shpping ,will we?
Article (冠词)
冠词是放在名词之前,帮助说明名词含义的一种虚词,不能单独使用,也不能单独作句子成分。
Eg :an hnest an hur an hnr an umbrella an unhappy day
区别:开头以元音发音的用”an”
区别:开头以辅音发音的用”a”
Eg : a Eurpean a cuntry a useful baga usual a university
用法:1.表示某类人/物中的任意一个 Eg: I will get a pencil and paper.2.表示第一次提到的人/物 eg: This is an English bk. I think it’s Alice’s.3.表示一类人/物 eg: Have yu see a dctr abut it yet?4.表示某人/物,但不具体说明何人/物 eg: A dictinary can help us t study English.5.表示数量,但没有“ne”强烈 eg: Please give me a pen. 6.表示单位量词,意思“每一”相当于“every” eg: I get paid nce a mnth.7.在序数词前,表示“又一,再一” eg: let me try a secnd time.
Eg :have a gd time in a hurryhave a breaka lt f Have a lkWith a smile
(一)不定冠词(二)定冠词 (三)零冠词
Ntes: what a wnder tday! (可数加冠词)What cld weather!(不可数不加冠词)news
固定搭配 (详见表1-1:固定搭配表)
单词中一般发元音的字母: a e i u y 及与其它字母的组合三类元音(DJ—英式 20个 kk—美式 18个):5个长元音: [i:] [ɜː] [a:] [ɔ:] [u:]7个短元音:[ɪ] [ə] [ʌ] [ɔ] [ʊ] [e] [æ]8个双元音:[i]或[u] [ei][ai] [ɔi][au][əu] /ə/ /ɪə/ /eə/ /ʊə/
[i:] : bee meat we heat read seat [ɜː] : bird girl wrk wrd learn heard [a:] : bar mark target shark father [ɔ:] : walk call lawyer caught bard [u:] : tth cl rude truth lse
[ɪ] : sit fish king win live hit little[ə] :wman sfa extra panda actr center[ʌ] : run sun brush cup bus sn [ɔ] :dg bx stp watch jb gd [ʊ] :bk bush gd full pull sugar [e]: pen bend dress egg bed red [æ]: lamb ant pan band mass
[ei] : wait late hate waste shake snail[ai] : write fight why my satisfy lin [ɔi] : chice nise il by emply pint [au]:muse twn pund clud suth [əu]:gat arrw knw bwl pse mde[iə] : beer dear tear [eə ]: bear wear square fare unfair [ʊə] : pr tur cruel
表示特指,即名词是被特别限定的词;翻译的时候,通常是“这,这个,这些,那,那个,那些”的意思。
用法:1、世界上独一无二的事物 eg: the mn /the sun2、序数词/最高级前面 eg: the first /the best(副词的最高级前面的定冠词the可以省略)3、特指某(些)人/某(些)物 eg: The nights are getting lnger. There was an accident here yesterday.A car hit a tree and the driver was killed.4、姓氏复数的前面 表示一家人或夫妻俩 eg: the Greens 5、 the +adj/过去分词. 表示“一类人” eg: the rich;the wunded6、有些专有名词前 eg: the Frbidden City7、方位和西洋乐器前 eg: play the pian/in the nrth 8、前文提到的人/舞或者谈话双方都知道的人/物9.用在单数名词前,表示类别 eg:The tiger is a fierce animal.
用法:1、国家名、人名、地名:Eg: Beijing is the capital f China.2、 三餐、球类、学科前: eg: We usually play ftball after lunch
三餐前有adj修饰+ 冠词 eg: have a quick breadfast. 球类名词用于指“具体物体时”,加冠词Eg: Where is the ft ball?
用法:1、国家名、人名、地名:Eg: Beijing is the capital f China.2、 三餐、球类、学科前: eg: We usually play ftball after lunch3、by +交通工具 eg: by car / by train/ by air / by bicycle
交通工具不与“by”连用时,加冠词 Eg:ride a bicycle ; take the train.
用法:1、国家名、人名、地名:Eg: Beijing is the capital f China.2、 三餐、球类、学科前: eg: We usually play ftball after lunch3、by +交通工具 eg: by car / by train/ by air / by bicycle4、在星期、月份或节假日前 eg: n May Day 5、名词前已有指示代词/物主代词/不定代词/名词所有格时: eg: There will be anther meeting later this week.6、不可数名词或者复数表示一类人/物时。 eg: Rice is the main crp grwn in the area. There is an urgent need fr qualified teachers.7、在称呼或者头衔的名词前: eg: Uncle Wang is ging t mend my bike. 8、在“专有名词+普通名词”构成的街名/路名/山名/食物名等之前 eg: Shuishang Park is the best place t g t n weekends.
中国传统节日前+“the ” Eg: the Mid-Autumn Festival
有的短语,名词前加“冠词”和不加冠词的意思是不同的: Eg: g t schl :去上学; g t the schl:去学校做其他事情 ut f questin=n prblem(没问题) ut f the questin=n way(绝不)
Prnun
(代词)
代词是指替代名词、起名词作用的词
人称代词 we,us
物主代词My, mine
指示代词This, thse
不定代词Sme, smething
反身代词Myself, yurselves
我----我们----你----你们----他/她/它----他们 主格:I---- we----yu----yu-----he/she/it-----they ~~~~ (作主语) 宾格: me---us-----yu----yu----him/her/it----them~~~~(作宾语/表语,放在动词和介词后面)
Eg: Yu she and I are all students.Eg: We yu and they are teachers.Eg: I and he bth brke the rules.
Eg: D yu like me ?Eg:It depends n her which ty we will buy.Eg: This is lingling speaking ,wh is that ? It is me, yur friend Lihua .
我----我们----你----你们----他/她/它----他们 主格:I---- we----yu----yu-----he/she/it-----they ~~~~ (作主语) 宾格: me---us-----yu----yu----him/her/it----them~~~~(作宾语/表语,放在动词和介词后面)形容词物主代词:my---ur----yur---yur---his/her/its----their~~~~(不能单独使用,只做定语,放在名词前面)名词性物主代词:mine-urs—yurs—yurs—his/hers/its----theirs~~(可以单独使用就是名词;可以和f 连用)
Eg: My mther is gd at singing.Eg: This is yur bag, isn’t it?
Eg: This bag is mine, that is yurs.Eg: He is a friend f mine.
(一)指示代词(二)人称代词、物主代词和反身代词(三)不定代词
this / that
these /thse
用法:一般与可数名词的单数连用;不与不可数名称连用
Nte: that 既可以指代可数名词单数;也可以单独指代不可数名词
Eg: that apple (对) that meat (错 )
Eg: The weather in Tianjin is nt s ht as that in Sichuan
在疑问句的回答中,用“it”替代“this/that”;用“they”替代“these/thse ”
Eg: What’s that? It’s a map. Eg: Are these yur bks? N, they aren’t, they are Peter’s
复数呢?Eg: The bks in that shp are cheaper than thse in this shp
Eg: I will buy a gift t yu .Thank yu .
人称代词并列使用顺序:Yu , he and I are students.(单数)We, yu and they are all students.(复数)I and she are wrng.(承担责任时)
用法:1、谓语+宾语 2、介词+宾语 3、同位语Eg: We ,us three, will be able t finish the task .
It 的特殊用法:1、It seems that … 意思:看起来像…2、It’s +adj.+t d sth 意思:做什么事情怎么样3、It’s ne’s turn t d sth. 意思:轮到某人做某事4、It’s time t d sth./fr sth. 意思: 到了该做某事的时候5、It’s +adj.+that 6、S.+make/think/feel/find +it+adj.+t d sth.
1.It seemed that he was lking fr smething.
2.It’s easy t finish hmewrk n time.
3.It’s yur turn t read the bk.
4.It’s time t get up, therwise we’ll be late fr schl.
6. I find it difficult t remember these wrds.
5. It’s happy that we can eat ut tday.
用法:…的+名词(本身是形容词)
用法:…….的(本身是名)常与f 连用 eg: a friend f yurs
用法:1、介词+宾语 2、同位语Eg: We,us three, will be able t finish the task .
用法:…….的(本身是名词)
反身代词固定搭配
1.enjy neself2.hurt neself3.teach neself=learn …by neself4.(all)by nself5.help neself t 6. lk after neself7.leave ne by neself8.lse neself in
1.He and she 可以指代“物”,例如:宠爱的动物或者通人性的动物,具有感情色彩。不带感情色彩用 可指代“国家和船只”3.She可指代“the mn”;he可指代“the sun”
1.反身代词可以作并列主语.Eg: My friend and myself were invited t the party.
(一)指示代词(二)人称代词、 物主代词和反身代词(三)不定代词
Bth AllEitherNeithernne
Many(可)Much(不)
AntherOther(s)The ther(s)
(A) few(可)(a) Little(不)
1. Sme 肯定句;否定句表示邀请、建议的问句,要求得到肯定的回答,一般以 culd/wuld 开头; sme +单数可数名词=a certain,暗指“不知道,不感兴趣,不重视”There must be sme jb I can d. 2. any 否定/疑问句,在肯定句中表示“任何一个”.
few/little 表示否定 “几乎没有”a few /a little 表示肯定“一些;一点;少许”
anther 三个以上的另一个 ,一般“泛指”;ther 包含“两个中的另一个的意思”如果ther/thers 前+ the (the ther/the thers) 为“特指”the thers=the ther + 名词复数
1、bth/all 复数,被修饰的词也是复数2、neither/nne 主语为单数,被修饰词为复数eg : nne/neither + f +名词复数
1、every ne /any ne f 每个 2、each (二个以上)每个---- 主语/宾语/定语/同位语(each作同位语时,不影响谓语的单复数) Eg: We each have a different idea.3、every (三个以上)每个---- 只做定语
Ntes:1、ne anther (三者以上)2、each ther(两者) Eg: we shuld help each ther !(yu and me) We shuld help ne anther in ur class(yu thers and me)二者只能作动词或介词的宾语。
Ntes 1:Bth, all 与nt 连用,表示部分否定,意思“并非…都…” Eg: Nt all the students agree with yu . 不是所有的同学都同意你的观点。Ntes2:Either…r… 意思:“不是…就是…;或者…或者…; 要么…要么…”(两种取一)Neither…nr…,意思“都不” 谓语变化:根据最近原则。 Eg: Neither yu nr Jack ges t the supermarket.
Ntes 1: 区别T many +可数名词 复数 ,意思:“太多”T much +不可数名词 , 意思:“太多”Eg: There are t many mistakes in his article. It takes t much time t play games n-line. Ntes 2: 意思“许多,大量的短语”2. Plenty f, a lt f , lts f (可数/不可数)3. many, few, a few, a (great)number f (可数)4.enugh, a (gd) deal f , a (large)amunt f , much , a little , little , a bit f (不可数)
Eg :1.My mther gave me sme mney this mney this mrning . (一些钱)2.D yu need t buy sme fruit? (建议,得到肯定回答的疑问句)3. Wuld yu like sme water? (邀请,可以的语气)4.I didn’t eat any meat (否定句)5.D yu need any further infrmatin? (疑问句)6.Yu can chse any f the bks n the list. (肯定句,意思:“任何一个”)
1. Sme 肯定句;否定句表示邀请、建议的问句,要求得到肯定的回答,一般以 culd/wuld 开头; sme +单数可数名词=a certain,暗指“不知道,不感兴趣,不重视”There must be sme jb I can d. 2. any 否定/疑问句,在肯定句中表示“任何一个”.
1、bth/all 复数,被修饰的词也是复数2、neither/nne 主语为单数,被修饰词为复数eg : nne/neither + f +名词复数
Ntes: Anther + 基数词+名词=基数词+mre + 名词,表示“又,再” eg:We’ll have t wat anther three weeks fr the results=We’ll have t wait three mre weeks fr the results. 在等三周
SmeneAnynen neeveryne
1.Every ne (f )/ nne f 每个人/没有人2.anyne /n ne 不可以加 (f)
SmebdyAnybdyNbdyeverybdy
SmethingAnythingNthingeverything
1.形容词修饰复合不定代词置后, 结构:复合代词+adj Eg: smething imprtant2. Plenty f, a lt f , lts f (可/不可)3. many, few, a few, a (great)number f (可)4.enugh, a (gd) deal f , a (large)amunt f , much , a little , little , a bit f (不可)4.复合不定代词作主语,谓语单数形式
Numeral (数词)
口诀: 1-12逐个记;
口诀: 13-19加个尾巴叫“teen”;13、15特顽皮,变为thir and fif后再加teen; 18尾巴缺个t.
口诀: 整十数尾巴要由“teen”变“ty” ;刺头有两个,二十是“twenty”,四十是“frty”。
口诀: 21-99 前面是整数位,后面是个位,中间连字符“-”,千万莫忘记。21:twenty-ne99:niney-nine
口诀: 101-999,要在百位后面加“and”258: tw hundred and fifty-eight (确指用单数,其后不必加“f”)909: nine hundred and nine
口诀: 四位以上数,从右到左数,三个数字一小节, 第一个小节 thusand , 第二个小节是 millin, 第三个小节是billin。Eg : 5,649,820,478 five billin six hundred frty nine millin eight hundred twenty thusand fur hundred and seventy-eight.
口诀: 基变序,很容易,一、二、三需独记
口诀: 第四到十九,结尾都有-th;有4个是特例,8少“t” 9少“e”; 55和12别忘记,f要把ve替。
口诀: 整十数,y变i后加-eth ;如果遇到几十几只变个位就可以。
口诀: 第100 、第1,000、第、 1000,000,很简单,分别在基数词后面加th ,即 hundredth, thusandth, millinth ect. 。序数词的缩写: 阿拉伯数字+末位序数词的最后两个字母Eg: first---1st; twenty-secnd---22nd ; thirty-third---33rd ; ne hundred and ninth---109th
序数词用法:Eg:In the first year, all students take five curses.Eg: She was brn in Shanghai, but Tianjin has becme her secnd hmetwn.Eg: He has been t Peking twice, but he still wants t g there a third time.Eg: The Yellw River is the secnd lngest river in China.
1.序数词前一定要加定冠词“the ”
2.序数词前有物主代词、指示代词或名词所有格时,不要再用定冠词“the ”
3.序数词前用不定冠词,表示“又一次,再一个”等意思
4.the +序数词+adj的最高级,表示“第…最…的”
日期和时刻的表达1、年: in+基数词 eg: in 1900 读 in nineteen hundred 2、某年某月: in + 月份,年(基数词) eg: in March 2008 读 in March, tw thusand and eight. 3、某年某月某日 n +日(序数词)+ 月,年(基数词) r 月+日(基数词),年(序数词) eg: 2nd Octber , 1998 读 the secnd f Octber, nineteen ninety-eight. Octber 2nd , 1998 读 Octber secnd, nineteen ninety-eight.
月份的首字母要“大写”
ntes: 日与月连用一般用缩写 eg: n Jan. 1st
4、时刻用基数词表达 ,整点后加’clck 也可不用,分钟数加在后: at + 基数词 eg: 6:00 读 at six( ’clck) 7:20 读 at seven past twenty5、past 或 t 表示法: 30分钟内用past at 分钟+past +钟点 ; eg: 7:10 读 at ten past seven 30分钟外用同 at(60-分钟数)+t +下一个钟点 eg: 5:40 读 at twenty t six 30分钟用half eg: 8:30 a.m. 读 at half past eight a m 15 和45分钟用quarter eg: 9:15 p.m. at a quarter past nine p m 9:45 a.m. at a quarter t ten a m
在时刻之后, a.m.表示上午, p.m.表示下午
年龄的表达法:直接用基数词 eg: The family mved t Canada when he was five ( years ld ) He mved t Canada at the age f five. Mr. and Mrs. Black have an 8-year–ld sn. in ne’s 基数词整十位词的复数 ,表示“在某人几十岁时” eg: in my frties His wrks were successful ,and he became rich and famus in his frties. 在四十多岁时,他就很富有且出名
年代的表达法:in + the + 带有整十的年份+ -s 或者-’s eg: in the 1990s r in the 1990’s 20世纪90年代 My Parents were brn in Tianjin in the 1940s. 在20世纪40年代,我父母出生于天津。货币的表达法:货币符号+基数词 eg: $ 9.8 读 nine dllars and eight cents 编号的表达法:①.名词(首字母大写)+基数词(可用阿拉伯数字/英语单词首字母大写) eg: The full address in given n Page 15. I am in Class Three, Grade Eight. ②. the+ 序数词+名词 eg:the first lessen and the third part.
ntes: 在某代早、中、晚期 : 在定冠词前面加early mid- late eg: in the early 1930s
小数、分数和百分数的表达法: ①. 小数: 基数词表达,小数点 pint ,小数点前基数词读法,小数点后基数词依次读出 eg: 84.05 读作 eighty-fur pint zer five 0.307 读作 zer pint three seven. ②. 分数: 分子(基数词)+分母(序数词) 分子大于1 , 分母用序数词的复数. eg: 1/3 -- ne third 2/5 -- tw fifths 分子是1时,可用ne/a ; 分母是2时,常用half eg: 1/2 -- a half ; 1/5 -- a fifth
1、此类句子的谓语要和分数后面的名词单复数保持一致;2、in + the + 带有整十的年份+ -s 或者-’s 表示多少年代例如: in the1970s 或者 in the 1970’s 表示20世纪70年代
小数、分数和百分数的表达法: ②. 分数:分母是4时,常用quarter eg: 1/4 -- a quarter ; 3/4 -- three quarters 基数词+ and +分子/分母. eg: 3½ -- three and a half ③ . 百分数:基数词(小数)+percent (%) eg: 5% 读作 five percent 86% 读作 eighty-six percent. Ninety percent f the students always use the Internet. (复数)
倍数的表达方法:两倍 – twice/duble ; 三倍及以上 “基数词+times” eg:Her huse is twice bigger than yurs. This river is three times lnger than that ne.
Ntes:1、世纪:the +序数词 +century eg: the sixth century ntes: 公元六世纪2、 hundred, thusand, millin, billin 单数表示确指的数,其后不必加“f”。 eg: three hundred 三百 3、 hundred, thusand, millin, billin复数,表示不确切的数,其后必须加“+f ” eg: hundreds f 成百……; thusands f 上千……. Millins f 数以百万…….4、数词当adj的时候,用连字符,后面的名词用单数 eg : a three-hundred –wrd reprt 300字的论文5、 a few + 单数(hundred) ; many + 复数(hundreds)+f; several/sme +单数/(复数 + f)
定义:介词是虚词,表示词与词,词与句子之间的关系,不能单独做句子成分。
Prpstin (介词)
介词 + 1、 名词 Wh is kncking at the dr 2、 代词 I am lking fr smething. 3、 相当于名词的其它词类 My English is far frm perfect. 4、 动名词 Are yu interested in ging with us. 5、 从句 she was grateful t him fr what he had dne. 6、数词 I gt t schl at eight twenty-nine 7、疑问词+不定式 Shall we talk abut what t d n Saturday? eg: We d eye exercises at nine .(状语) He arrived in Paris by air at 9:00 It sunds like fun. (表语) He was amng the first t arrive. (补语)首批到达的 I will buy a gift t yu.(宾语) He is the mnitr f class Fur. (作定语必须放在修饰词后)
状语 表语 不可以跟动词。 定语 在句子中的成分 补语 宾语
状语顺序:地点(从小到大)---方式---时间
1、 时间介词(in, at, n) 2、 地点、方位介词(in, at , n) 3、 方式、手段和工具介词 (by, in, with) 基本上分5大类 4、 原因介词((because f, fr) 5、 其它介词(abut, except) in/at/n 表示时间in 与表示一段时间的词连用: eg: 年 、 in 1999 月、 in May, 四季、 in summer 世纪 in the nineteen century, 泛指上午、下午、晚上; in the mrning /afternn/eveningat 多用钟点、时刻前,时间大多比较暂短: eg: at a quarter t eleven ’clck . 10点45分钟 固定搭配 at nn , at night, at midnightn 主要用在星期几、具体某一天、具体某天早、午、晚或节假日前 eg: n Mid-Autumn Day 中秋节 n Tuesday evening n Mnday n June 2nd. On Sunday mrning
简单介词 eg: in ,at , n 合成介词 eg: inside, nt, withut介词短语 eg: instead f, because f
如果前面有修饰词(this , that , next, last ,etc.),不加介词
in/at/n ----地点in 与“国家、城市”等大地方的词连用 eg: in China, in Shanghai eg: I live in Tianjin at 放在小地方前,表示“在……里面、内部、某一范围内”: eg: at railway statin eg: I will arrive at the airprt in tw hurs.n 表示“在……. 上” eg: n the desk in/t/n ----方位 (east, west, suth, nrth) 固定搭配 in the +方位名词+f 表示 “在某一地区之内的某个方位,属于该范围” t the +方位名词+f 表示“在某一地区之外的某个方位,不属于该范围” eg: My new huse lies ten miles t the sutheast f here. n the +方位名词+f 表示“与某地接壤”
n/ver/under/belw/abve----方位
behind /in frnt f /in the frnt f ----方位
Jane’s mther is in the frnt f the car。(物体内部)
Behind Jane’s mther is Jane
Jane’s mther is in frnt f Jane(物体外部)
beside /by/near/next t/arund----方位
Next t: 表示“紧靠着,紧挨着”
Beside/by: 表示“在旁边””
Near :表示“在附近”
acrss /thrugh/ver----方位
含介词的固定搭配 1、介词+名词 eg: at hme, at the mment, by the way, in the evening, n ft etc. 2、动词+介词 eg: agree with, think f, hear frm, lk like, talk abut, lk at etc 3、形容词+介词 eg: be afraid f , be late fr, be angry with, be different frm etc 4、介词+副词 eg: instead f, ahead f, away frm, tgether with etc. 5、过去分词+介词 eg: be filled with, be made in ,be made frm, be made f etc.
一般“动词”是不及物动词,与介词搭配后,变及物动词
定义:介词是一种虚词,用于连接词与词、短语与短语、分句与分句或者句子语句的词,不能独立作句子成分,只起连接作业。
Cnjunctin (连词)
由单独一个词构成 ,常见:and , but, r, s, befre , if ,while ,unless etc. Eg: Nbdy culd use the cmputer unless they had a passwrd.
由两个或者两个以上的词构成,分为两部分 对称使用,常见:bth…and… , nt nly…but als…, either…r…,neither…nr… etc. Eg: Bth yu and she have a gd chance f getting the jb.
由两个或者两个以上的词构成,常见:as if, even thugh, as sn as, s that, as lng as etc. Eg: We lst the game even thugh everyne played well .
1、and 连接两个或两个以上的单词、短语或句子. Eg: Jack and Rse like singing and dancing. 2. bth…and… , nt nly…but als…,neither…nr…, as well as ,连接并列主语、谓语、宾语、表语和状语等 eg: Bth my father and my mther are teachers (谓语复数) Nt nly he but als I am gd at English.(谓语就近原则) Neither he nr I am dctr. (谓语就近原则) Jane as well as her parents is taking a hliday in China.(谓语与as well as 前面的主语保持一致)
1、but 但是 Eg: The dish desn’t lk nice, but it tastes very delicius . 2、while 而 eg: He is a dctr while I am a teacher. 3、yet 然而 eg: He wrked hard ,yet he failed.
1、r 或者 Eg: Wuld yu like cffee r tea?. 2、either… r… 要么…要么…(谓语就近原则) eg: Either yu r she is wrng
1、s 所有 Eg: I am t tired , s I am nt want t get up early. 2、fr 因为 eg: We must start early, fr it will take tw hurs t drive t the airpt.
定义:修饰名词或部分代词,说明人/事物的性质、状态或特征的词。 下面我们将把形容词分解为5个模块进行讲解.
Adjective (形容词)
模块1:种类 2:构成 3:句法功能 4:位置 5:比较等级
模块1:种类---基本两种
1:性质形容词(大多数)--直接说明事物的性质、特征;可作定语、表语和宾补;也可以用程度副词修饰。 eg: I knew it was a bad idea t leave him n his wn. (定语) The news made him very happy .(宾补)--被程度副词修饰 The bk which I am readying nw is very funny. (表语)2、叙述形容词(很少)--只能作表语;没有等级变化;也不能用程度副词修饰;如果当定语要后置。 eg: Please turn dwn the radi , the baby is asleep. She is alne at hme all the time, but she never feels lnely
叙事性形容词: alive, alne, asleep, awake 一般表示状态
1:自身就是形容词(大多数)。 eg: ht, big, lng, tall etc. 2、名词+后缀构成。 ---Nun+y : rainy ; windy; snwy; dirty; healthy; lucky etc. ---Nun+ful: careful; useful; hpeful; helpful etc. ---Nun+less: hmeless; careless; hpeless etc. ---Nun+ern: western; suthern; nrthern; eastern etc. ---Nun+ly: friendly; manly; weekly; rderly etc. ---Nun+n : American; Australian; etc.
3、动词+ ing(现在分词) r +ed(过去分词) 。 ---V.+ing :通常修饰事/物,意思“令人……的”。 eg: It is an exciting news fr me . ---V.+ed: 通常修饰人,意思“感到……的”。 eg: I am s excited that I am ging t Paris t spend my hliday. 4、复合形容词---主要作定语 Nun/adv+现在分词 English-speaking ; hard-wrking Nun/adv+过去分词 man-made ; well-knwn Nun+adv : wrld-famus Adj +现在分词: gd-lking 数词+Nun+Adj: 15-year-ld (year 一定是单数)
1、定语,修饰名词/代词 eg: Yu are my gd friends. Did yu have a gd time in China, Jack?2、表语,系动词+adj eg: The sng sunds gd. what did yu d is pretty gd. 3、宾补,adj在宾语后面: eg: I find them very useful. 4、状语,说明主语的情况 eg: The girl went t schl , cld and hungry
1、Adj作定语修饰名词,一般置于名词前 eg: an exciting news. 2、形容词后置的情况: 修饰复合不定代词,后置 :smething, anything, smene, everyne, etc eg: smething gd 与数词及单位词连用作定语时,后置: eg: The rm is fur meters lng and three meters wide. 表语形容词有时也可作定语,后置: eg: She is the nly persn awake that night. 3、多个形容词排序: 限定词+数词+描绘性形容词+表特征(大小/长短/形状)+年龄/新旧+颜色+出处+材料+类别/用途+名词
模块5:形容词的等级----变化规则和用法
1、Adj比较级和最高级的变化规则 单音节和部分双音节 ⑴ . 比较级+er ;最高级+est eg: lng—lnger--lngest ⑵. 以不发音的e结尾,直接+r ; +st eg: nice—nicer—nicest. ⑶. 以辅音y结尾的词,变y为i ,再+er; +est eg: happy—happier--happiest ⑷. 以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节,双写辅音再+er; +est eg: thin-thinner-thinnest多音节和部分双音节形容词,借助于mre 和mst 构成比较级和最高级 eg: mre difficult, the mst difficult Nte: less 和least , 也可以充当mre 和mst 的角色,但表示否定的意思,翻译为“更不…”和“最不… ” 。Eg: she chse the least expensive f the hles (最便宜)
Eg: big, red
1、Adj比较级和最高级的变化规则 不规则的变化 ⑴ . gd/well----better----best ⑵. bad/ill/badly----- -wrse----wrst. ⑶. little------- --less-----least ⑷. many/much----mre----mstNtes:不规则变化的词: far, ld
2、Adj比较级和最高级的用法 ⑴ .原级比较的用法 表示两者程度相同时,用“as + 形容词原级 + as ”,意思“和…一样…” eg: I am as smart as my mther. 否定结构:“nt as/s +adj 原级+as ”,意思“不如…”或者“比不上…”Nte: 比较级前面可以用“very, quite, pretty, t, etc. ”修饰,加强语气
2、Adj比较级和最高级的用法 ⑵.比较级的用法. 两者比较,用比较级,结构“比较级+than” eg: My mther is mre beautiful than I am (一致原则—一定是主格) eg: My rm is much bigger than yurs The weather in Peking is much clder than that in Shanghai .Nte:比较级前面可以用“much, even, far, a lt, a little, a bit, still, etc. ”加强语气,翻译“adj得多”
两者进行比较时,比较的对象要遵守“一致的原则”
2、Adj比较级和最高级的用法 ⑶.比较级的特殊用法 a> . 比较级+and +比较级 ,意思“越来越…” eg: Yur English is getting better and better. i am becming mre and mre beautiful. b>. the+ 比较级,the+ 比较级, 意思“越…,就越…” eg: The busier he is , the happier he will be.
2、Adj比较级和最高级的用法 ⑶.比较级的特殊用法 c> . 表示倍数时,用“twice/…times +比较级+than” eg: this city is twice larger than urs. i am becming mre and mre beautiful. e>. 表示“两者之间比较…的”,用“the +比较级+f the tw” eg: This apple is the bigger f the tw.(the 在此表示“特指”的意思)
2、Adj比较级和最高级的用法 ⑶.比较级的特殊用法 f> .比较级+than any ther +可数名词(单数),意思“比其他任何一个都…” eg: China is larger than any ther cuntry in Asia(在一个范围,用ther). China is larger than any cuntry in Eurpe .(不在一个范围,不用ther) g>. 表示“两者之间进行选择”,用“which/wh is +比较级, A r B” eg: Which is bigger, the sun r the mn?
2、Adj比较级和最高级的用法 ⑷. 最较级的用法 三者或三者以上的人/事进行比较,用最高级。最高级前加 定冠词“ the ”,后面常带f/in。 结构: the +最高级 (+in/f) eg: That’s the best mvie that I have ever seen.(根据语意)
2、Adj比较级和最高级的用法⑸.最高级的特殊用法. a>. 表示“最…的…之一”,用“ne f the +最高级+可数名词复数” eg: He has been wrking hard and is nw ne f the best students in his class. b>.最高级前加序数词,表示“第几…的” eg: He is the secnd tallest by in ur class. c>. 表示“哪个/谁/什么是最…”, 用“which/ wh/what is the +最高级…” eg: what is the biggest animal n land?
定义:修饰动词、形容词或整个句子。
Adverbal(副词)
模块1:种类 2:构成 3:句法功能 4:居中位置 5:比较等级 6:常见易混副词辨析
常见: nw, then, tday, yesterday, sn etc.
Eg: Buy smething at a lw price , and then sell it at a high price.
常见: here/there, everywhere, in/inside, up/dwn, etc.
Eg: We went n t Paris and stayed there eleven days.
常见:always(总是), usually(通常), ften(经常), smetimes(有时), seldm(很少), never(从不) etc. (频率由高到低)
Eg: The drive usually takes 15 r 20 minutes.
常见: badly, fast, peacefully, carefully, slwly etc.
Eg: The baby slept peacefully.Please listen carefully
常见: very, much, t, almst(几乎), etc.
Eg: There are t many cars n the rad.
常见: hw, when, where, why, etc.
Eg: Why were yu late?
常见: als, nly, t, perhaps, either, n, maybe etc.
Eg: I went t New Yrk last year, and I als spent sme time in Washingtn. I haven’t seen the mvie and my brther hasn’t either.
Fr instance: 1.careful —carefully; 2.slw —slwly; 3.lud —ludly; etc.
Fr instance: 1.late; 2.early; 3.fast; etc.
Fr instance: 1.hard—hardly(几乎不); 2.near—nearly(几乎); etc.
-ly结尾的Adj:friendly(友好的)lively (活泼的/有生气的)likely(有希望的)lvely(可爱的)lnely(孤单的) etc
Eg:My friend here saw it happen.
Eg: Kids grw up fast these days.
Eg: We must be ff sn.
Eg: Bring him in.(in副词和介词同形)Mr. Green was seen upstairs.
方式副词,一般放在动词及宾语之后;有时也放在助词后,行动动词前
时间、地点副词放在句末, 地点副词在时间副词之前
频率副词,放在be动词、情态动词、助动词之后,行动动词之前
修饰整个句子的副词,放在句首
程度副词,放在所修饰的副词/形容词的前面
Eg: Our calss is ging t Lndn tmrrw.
Eg: They were all quietly waiting utside. It’s been raining heavily all day. She warmly welcmed her gests in .
Eg:It feels very cld tday. He plays quite well.
Eg: Luckily, she was in when I came back.
Enugh 副词 结构:Adv/adj +enugh eg: fast enugh easy enughEnugh 形容词 结构:enugh + N. Eg: enugh mney
Eg: She desn’t ften ckd at hme.
Ntes: 1.时间副词、地点副词、频率副词表强调,可放句首 Eg: Nwadays many yng peple dream f study abrad. 2.地点副词作定语,必须放在所修饰的名词之后 eg: The peple here lve the birds very much, and never hurt them.
模块5:副词的等级----变化规则和用法
1、Adv比较级和最高级的变化规则 与adj 基本一致2、adv比较级和最高级的用法除了副词最高级前可以不加定冠词“the”以外, 与adj 基本一致, eg: Wh des the hmewrk (the) mst carefully in yur class? It wrks best in yu let it warm up first. 如果先把它预热一下,使用效果最佳。
模块6:常见易混副词的辨析
Verb.(动词)
模块1:动词的基本形式 2:种类 3:终止性和延续性动词 4:动词短语 5:常见易混副词辨析
模块1:基本形式——5种
既是及物也是不及物动词
Vt.及物动词后面必须有宾语。Eg: She made her wn wddding dress.
Vi.不及物动词后面不能直接跟宾语,需要加介词后,构成动词短语后跟宾语。Eg: What time des the plane arrive in New Yrk?
常见动词:be; stay; keep; remain ,etc. Eg: The by remained silent.
常见动词:lk; feel; smell; sund; taste etc.翻译“…..起来”Eg:The fd tasted better than it lked.
系动词有一定的词义,但不完整,不能独立作谓语,必须和表语一起构成谓语,即:系表结构。
常见动词:becme; grw; turn; fall; get; g etc.翻译“变得、变成”Eg: In Octber the leaves turn range and yellw.
be/am/are/was/were/been/being
have/has/had
助动词本身无词义,与实用动词连用构成谓语,在句子中发挥否定、疑问、或构成时态、语态的作用,即实用动词的助手。
一般用于否定句或疑问句。eg:1. Des yur father ften g t wrk by bus? 2. Last night I didn’t agree t g t the party with him.
一般与过去分词连用,构成完成时。Eg: I haven’t seen him fr 15 years.
一般与动词原形连用,构成将来时。Eg: She will visit yu tmrrw. They said they wuld meet us at 10:30 at the statin.
模块3:终止性动词和延续性动词
常见:g; cme; reach; arrive; begin; buy; brrw; die; jin; leave etc.
常见:wait; keep; stay; teach; study; live; sing; dance; read; wrk etc.
定语:动作一旦发生便立即结束,不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。
定语:动作或状态可以持续一段时间,可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。
Srry , I’m late. Has the meeting begun? —It desn’t matter. The meeting fr several minutes. A. has just begun B. has just been ver C. has just been n D. has just ended
注意:动词+副词+名词如果副词后面的名词是代词,一定放在中间,即:动词+代词+副词:eg: write them dwn.
Eg: cme up with – 提出、想出run ut f – 用完etc.
注意:有些名词前加 a/an/the 冠词,一定不能省略;有些名词可数名词复数;有些是不可数名词。Eg: catch a cld; take phts; d ne’s best etc.
Eg: take part in –参加 pay attentin t – 注意Lk frward t – 盼望etc.
“带来”: 从别的地方拿到说话人这儿,可跟双宾语。Eg: It’s nice f yu t bring me the newspaper.
“拿走”: 从说话人这儿带到别处。Eg: Please take these flwers t yur sister.
“去拿来”: “g and bring”的意思。Eg: Please fetch me the dcuments in that rm.
“携带、搬运”,没有方向Eg:Culd yu help me carry this bx? It’s t heavy fr me ..
S(主语)是“人 ” , 花费时间/金钱结构: Sb. + spend +mney/time n sth./(in)ding sth.Eg: My sister ften spends her pcket mney n clthes.
S(It 是形式主语,实际主语是不定式)结构:It takes/tk sb. sme time t d sth.Eg: It takes me five minutes t ride t schl every day.
S(主语)是“人” , 花费金钱 ,常用介词fr搭配结构: Sb. pays sme mney fr sth.Eg: Hw much did yu pay fr yur new car?
S(主语)是“物” , 花费金钱 结构: Sth. csts sb. sme mney. Eg: A full day’s activities will cst yu 45 dllars.
speak(vi/vt)
Vi:表示说话的能力和方式,也有“演讲、发言”的意思 Eg: The girl is afraid f speaking in public. Vt: 宾语多为表示语言的名词 Eg: D yu speak English?
宾语强调的是说的“内容”Eg: What did yu say just nw?
相互之间的“交谈,谈话”结构: talk t/with sb,和某人交谈; talk abut sh/sth,谈论某人、某事.Eg: He’s talking with his English teacher.
意思: “告诉、讲述、吩咐”结构:tell (sb). sth. Tell a stry /tell a lie/ tell a jke tell sb (nt) t d sthEg: Tell him t cme back as sn as he can.
“集中注意力地看”,强调动作 结构: lk at Eg: The twins lked at each ther and smiled.
“看见”,强调看的结果Eg: Did yu see her?
“观察、观看”,看比赛、电视、表语、站岗、瞭望等Eg: Mst parents dn’t knw what their kids are watching n TV.
“阅读”,看报纸、看书等Eg: He is reading a newspaper.
“借入”,主语从/向某人或某地借某物 结构: brrw…frm… Eg: I dn’t want t brrw mney frm friends.
“借出”,主语将自己的东西借给某人 结构:lend sth. t Sb./lend sb. Sth.Eg. Can yu lend me yur car this evening?
“保存、保留”,引申“借用”,延续性动词;可以和时间段连用,brrw 和lend 终止性动词,不能和时间段连用。 Eg: Yes, I can lend my car t yu. Hw lng can I keep it? Fr tw days.
dress(vi/vt)
“穿着、戴着”,指穿戴的状态 结构: wear sth./being wearing sth. in +颜色/衣服 Eg:He is wearing a new cat. The girl in red is Jim’s sister.
“穿、戴”,指穿戴的动作 结构:put n sth.Eg. It’s cld utside . Please put n mre clthes.
vt : “给某人穿衣服”,结构:dress sb Vi:“穿戴”Eg: Please dress the baby first. If yu dress nicely, yu’ll feel gd abut yurself.
listen (vi)
“听”,有意识地听,强调动作 结构: listen t Eg:He ften listens t music.
“听见”,强调听的结果Eg. We hear a lud nsie
“听起来”结构:sund + adj.Eg: It sunds great.
arrive (vi)
达到某个地方 结构: arrive in(大地方)/at(小地方) Eg:My father is arriving in Bejing next Mnday.
到达某个地方 结构: get + adv ; get t N. Eg. We gt t Paris that evening. Culd yu get here fast?
到达某地结构:reach + N.Eg: Hw did yur uncle reach the village?
“寻找”:强调寻找的动作或过程,是延续性动词短语 eg: what are yu lking fr? My ring.
“找到”:强调找的结果,是非延续性动词 eg: I hpe yu will sn find it (yur lst ring).
“查明、弄清、发现”:经过努力调查,了解到某些事情结构:Did yu find ut whether yur ring was lst r nt n earth?
take part in
一般指参加某组织,成为其中的一员 结构: jin + 人称代词的宾格 =t be member f Eg:I decided t jin the army.
一般指 参加群众性活动、会议、游行等,参加者持有积极态度,并起一定的作用。jin in 也有此用法Eg: I hpe yu’ll all jin in/take part in the discussin.
Passive tense(被动语态)
Passive tense
使用被动语态的情况: 1、不知道动作的执行者/没有必要说出动作执行者。 Eg: I fund that the the rm was cleaned. 2、突出/强调动作的承受者 Eg: The plan has already been made . 3、在文章中,更好的安排句子。 Eg: I have a new cell phne. It was given t me as a birthday present by my father.
主动语态和被动语态的转换Eg: The wner des nt allw us t tuch the wrks which are n these desks. We are nt allwed t tuch the wrks which are n these desks by the wner .结构: be + dne +( by ) 助动词be +动词的过去分词+( by +宾格)
第一步:主动句的宾语us(宾格) ----被动句的主语 we (主格)第二步:将谓语动词由主动形式----被动形式 “be +dne(过去分词)”第三步:将主动句中的主语改为被动句中由“介词by +主语(宾格)”引导的介宾结果(有时可省略)
被动语态的特殊结构:1、主动语态有两个宾语怎么变为被动语态? eg: my mther gave the by an apple. The by was given an apple by my mther An apple was given t the by by my mther.2、主动语态的谓语是动词短语怎么变为被动语态? eg: We must take gd care f the yung trees. The yung tress must be taken gd care f .
3、主动语态感官动词feel , hear, see, watch和使役动词make, have ,let 后省略t 的不定式,被动语态要把t 加上。 eg: we saw a girl sing yesterday mrning A girl was seen t sing yesterday mrning. 4、非谓语动词的被动语态 eg: I d nt like being laughed at in the public.
Ntes 1: t : bring, give, hand, send, teach, shw, tell , ffer, pass, sell , lend , etc. fr : buy, ck, save, get , etc.
被动式的 基本语态1、一般现在时:am/is/are +dne eg: Vistrs are requested nt t tuch the exhibits. Letters are cllected at eight every mrning.2、现在进行时:am/is/are+ being+ dne eg: A new cinema is being built here3、一般将来时:will/shall be +dne eg: Hundreds f jbs will be lst if the factry clses.
4、一般过去时:was/were + dne eg: I was given ten minutes t decide whether I shuld accept yur aplgy.5、过去进行时:was/were + being +dne eg: A meeting was being held when I was there.6、过去完成时: has/have + been + dne eg: My bike has been stlen .7、含情态动词:情态动词+be +dne eg: It can be dne right nw .
被动语态的习惯用法(没有主动语态): 结构: It is/was + dne + that/t d sth…… 动词有: believe, cnsider, except, reprt, say, suppse, think …… 表示“据说”或“相信”eg: It is said that …… 据说…… It is/was reprted that …… 据报道…… It is believed that ……. 人民都相信…… It is well-knwn that …… 众所周知…… It is said that yur child has passed the natinal exam. (Yur child is said t have passed the natinal exam.)—很少用
门没有锁(人没有锁门)强调外界作用造成的影响
主动语态表示被动意义:结构: 主语(物)+动词(一般不及物动词) 表示: 描述主语(物)的特征 动词:break , catch, clean, drive, lck, pen, sell, read, write, wash……eg: This kind f clth washes well. The dr wn’t lck . The dr wn’t be lcked . 表示:“发生”或“进行”的动词(一般不及物动词)和短语动词:happen, last, take place, break ut, cme ut, cme abut ,cme true, run ut, give ut, turn ut …… eg: hw d the newspapers cme ut? Ntes: 系动词没有被动形式,但有些表示感受、感官的系动词feel, sund, taste, lk ,smell , prve 也没有被动语态,其 主动表示被动意思。Eg: Yur reasn sunds reasnable.
有被动语态,但意思有区别
非谓语动词主动形式表示被动意义:结构:物(主语) 动词+动名词(v+ing)动词:need, want, require, bear……eg: The huse needs repairing ( t be repaired). 固定搭配:be wrth ding eg: The bk is wrth reading.
表被动意义的介词:(in , n, under,beynd, abve, fr, ut f, within…… )结构: 介词+名词 under + 名词 表示:“某事在进行中”eg: under cntrl(在控制中); under treatment(在治疗中);under repair(在修理中);under discussin(在讨论中); under cnstructin(在施工中) .
16种时态----(1)一般现在时
构成: 动词原形或者第三人称单数 be ( am / is /are) des/d 意义:表示经常性、习惯性动作或状态、客观事实、普遍真理例句: I d my hmewrk everyday . 我每天都做作业。
1、经常性或习惯性动作 eg: Where d yu usually g n sundays?2、现在的性格、特征、能力或存在的状态 eg: He likes singing and dancing. 3、客观事实或普遍真理 eg: The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.4、现在正在发生的动作或存在的状态 eg: Here cmes the bus .= The bus is cming.5、按照规定、计划、安排、时刻表等发生的事情 eg: The final exam takes place next week. The plane leaves Beijing at six and arrives at Shanghai at eight. 6、when/as sn as/until/after/befre引导的时间状语从句和if 条件状语从句,从句用一般现在表示将来。 Eg: I will give yu a phne call as sn as I arrive in Lndn.
标志性时间状语:every day, smetimes, ften, always, usually, hardly, nce a week
第三人称单数,动词变化规律是 : V+SEg: likes, wrks , cmes ,etc
16种时态----(2)一般过去时(did /V+ed)
构成: 动词过去式 was /were; did; V+ed 意义:表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,过去就结束了这个动作。例句: I did my hmewrk yesterday . 我昨天做作业了。
1、过去时间、某段时间发生的动作/存在的状态 eg: I was very thin in my childhd.2、过去经常性或习惯性的动作 eg: I gt up every day when I was in primary schl. 3、根据语境判断 eg: I did nt knw yu lived in Paris.4、在时间、条件、让步状语从句中,表示过去将来的动作 eg: She tld me that she wuld nt leave until I came back. eg: I have made a lt f friends since I came here. (时间状语从句)5、谈论出生日期的时候用过去时 eg: When were yu brn? I was brn in 2004.
标志性时间状语:yesterday, the day befre yesterday, last week, tw years ag, just nw, in 1999, this mrning, ne day , nce upn a time, lng lng ag
动词过去式变换规则:V+ed :Eg: wrked , liked etc动词过去式不规则变换Eg: get—gt ;cme--came
16种时态----(3-1)一般将来时(will /shall)
构成: 助动词will(shall) +动词原形 或者 be ging t +动词原形去式意义:表示将来要发生的动作,存在的状态,计划或打算做某事。例句: I will d my hmewrk tmrrw. 我明天做作业了。 (表示主观性、随意、瞬间决定的,即 “意愿、许诺、决心”) I am ging t d my hmewrk tmrrw.我打算明天做作业。 (表示计划、安排好的,即 “打算”) It is ging t rain, please take an umbrella with yu . 快要下雨了,请随身带把伞。 (根据现象预测未来) They are abut t start. 他们就要出发了。 (即将发生,即“就要”) eg: Quick, jump in ! The Train is abut t leave. 快跳上来,火车就要开了。 (表将来的时候一般不与具体时间状语连用) eg: I was just abut t fall a dze when he started up.我正要打盹的时候,他出现了。 (有过去式,一般与表具体时间状语连用指明是过去将来)
标志性时间状语:Tmrrw, the day after tmrrw, sn, in a week, next week, next mnth
16种时态----(3-2)一般将来时(will /shall)
Ntes 1: “一般现在时表示将来的意思”1、 when/as sn as/until/after/befre引导的时间状语从句和if 条件状语从句,从句用一般现在表示将来。 Eg: I will give yu a phne call as sn as I arrive in Lndn. Give me a ring befre yu leave. yu carry n with the wrk while I have a rest When she cmes, I will tell her abut it I will send yu a message after the meeting is ver. if we can’t find the taxi, we will miss the plane. 2、hpe 后面的宾语从句。 eg: I hpe she gets back in time. we hpe yu all have a gd time .
16种时态----(3-3))一般将来时(will /shall)
Ntes 2: “现在进行 ing 时表示将来的意思”1、 g, cme, leave, start, arrive, return, send, sail, meeting, fly等位置移动动词/暂短性动词,现在进行时表示将来(多用于口语中),意思是按照计划或安排准备要做的事情。 Eg: I am cming when are yu leaving? At the end f term. I am ging t the pictures. Wuld yu like cme? 我要去看电影,你去吗? My brther is having a party tmrrw. What are yu ding tmrrw afternn? They are playing sme flk music first.(按照计划,准备做某事)
16种时态----(4-1)现在进行时(+ ing)
构成: be (am/is/are) +ding( V+ing) 动名词意义:表示说话时/现阶段正在进行的动作或存在的状态。例句: I am ding my hmewrk nw. 我现在正在做作业。
1、正在进行/发生的动作 eg: I am listening the radi nw lk, he is playing ftball n the playgrund. 2、前段时间/现在阶段正在进行的动作 eg: We are wrking n a famus farm these days (一直)3、 g, cme, leave, start/begin, arrive, return, send, sail, take ff, fly等位置移动动词/暂短性动词,现在进行时表示将来,意思是按照计划/安排准备要做的事情。(参考将来时态) Eg: I am ging t the pictures. Wuld yu like cme? 我要去看电影,你去吗?4、某个动作不断重复 eg: smene is kncking at the dr.
标志性时间状语:Nw , at the mnment, these days, at present
Ntes: 表示心里状态或感觉的静态动词没有进行时态Eg: knw , lve, belng, hate, exist, wn, see, feel, hear, frget, dislike, be, appear, believe, smell, sund, seat, satisfy, like, guess, dubt ,depend ,wish
16种时态----(4-2)现在进行时(+ ing)
5、表示特定/强烈感情色彩 ,表示赞叹、惊讶、讨厌、不满等 eg: My mther is always discussing the questins f my educatin with thers.6、表示渐变过程 eg: It is getting warmer and warmer. The leaves are turning red . 7、表示感觉的系动词、表示心里活动的动词、表示“拥有,属于”等事实状态的动词、表示行为结果的动词,没有进行时态 eg : appear, lk, seem, smell, sund, taste etc believe, hate, hpe, knw, like, lve, understand, remember, realize etc.(feel除外) belng t , have , wn , pssess, cnsist f etc accept, admit, allw, decide, prmise, receive etc
16种时态----(5)现在完成时(has/have+ dne)
构成: have/has +V+ed (过去分词) 意义:表示过去动作对现在的影响/结果或者持续到现在。例句: I have already dne my hmewrk. 我已经做完作业了。
1、动作开始和结束都在过去,并结果对现在任然仍然有影响 eg: I have written dwn sme ideas. He has just left. 2、动作已经开始,一直持续到现在,并有可能延续下去 eg: I have knwn them fr many years. 3、 从过去—到现在曾经经历过的事情。 Eg: I have never been t muntain Tai befre.
标志性词:Already, just , yet, lately, recently, never, ever, nce,still twice, three times, befre;状语从句:Since, fr;In the last(past), fr a lng time, s far
Ntes: 特别注意终止性动词即瞬间动词,可以用现在完成时态,但不能与fr/since /hw lng引导的表一段时间的句子连用,如用,其变化如下:Brrw—keep; cme t—be(in)Buy—have; g/leave—be awayDie--be dead; becme—be 否定可用,肯定句需要变化的词Fall asleep—be asleep; begin—be n G ut—be ut; marry; be marriedjin—be a member f
16种时态----(6)过去进行时(was/were+ ding)
构成: was/were +V+ing (分词) 意义:表示过去具体时间正在发生的动作。例句: I was ding my hmewrk when yu came. 你来时,我正在做作业。。
1、过去正在发生的动作,过去时间由状语表现出来 eg: what were yu ding when I rang yu up . (打电话时,你干什么了?) 2、上下文中表示出来,过去进行时 eg: smene was fllwing her. She was scared. 3、描绘一幅景象,作为描绘的开始。 Eg: She was sitting at the windw, watching the flwers and trees thrugh the windw, suddenly she heard smene calling her frm dwnstairs, and she recgnized the vice. She std up quicky and rushed int her rm.
标志性词:Just as, at that mment, at that time, when, while, at this time yesterday, at 8 ’clck last night
16种时态----(7)过去完成时(had+dne)
构成: had + V + ed (过去分词) 意义:表示过去某一特定时间以前就完成的动作,即:“过去的过去”例句: I had dne my hmewrk when yu came. 你来时,我已经做完作业了。
1、过去某个时刻或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作,即“过去的过去” eg: When she arrived at the mvie theatre, she remembered she had frgtten t feed her dg. 2、从过去某个时间开始一直持续到过去另个时间动作或状态 eg: He had studied in the schl fr abut tw yeas befr he mved here. 3、有些动词用过去完成时表示一个本来打算做而未做的动作。(虚拟语态) Eg:I had intended t cme ver t see yu, but my teacher asked me t stay.
标志性时间状语:By 1999, by the end f last year, since, befre, then, until/till/by then etc.
判断标准:by, befre 等介词短语或时间状语从句。
判断标准:since., fr表示一段时间的短语或时间状语从句。
16种时态----(8)过去将来时
构成: shuld/wuld + V. (动词原形) was/were +ging t +V.意义:表示从过去某一时间来看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态,常用语宾语从句中。例句: My brther said he wuld jin the swimming club. 我哥哥说他想加入游泳俱乐部。
1、从过去某一时间来看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态 eg: She knew she wuld be tired the next day. 2、表示曾经打算或计划要做的事情 eg: He said they were ging t visit the Great Wall next Friday.
标志性时间状语:Tw days (weeks, mnths……)later, the fllwing day, the next week (mnth, year…..)etc.
主句:一般现在时,从句:任何时态;主句过去时,从句一定是过去的某个时态
16种时态----(9)现在完成进行时(has/have +been +ding)
构成: has/have + been + V+ing . (现在分词) 意义:表示从过去某一时间开始,一直持续到现在,有可能刚停/有可能继续(根据语境判断)。例句: I have been studying English since primary schl.我从小学就开始学英语了。
1、过去开始,一直持续到现在,并强调现在仍然进行中。 eg: She has been practising playing the vilin every mrning since she is 10 years ld. . 2、现在之前这段时间范围发生的动作 eg: The pr have been enjying the benefits frm the lcal gvernment.3、带有强烈的表扬/憎恶等感情色彩 eg: I have been wanting t meet yu fr a lng time.
标志性时间状语:Fr sme time, since , this mrning (week, mnth, year…)etc.
16种时态----(10)将来进行时(shall/will +be +ding)
构成: shall/will + be + V+ing . (现在分词) 意义:表示将来某个具体时间,正在发生的动作或存在状态(根据语境判断)。例句: I am nt really sure what I will be ding in ten years frm nw. 我真的不能肯定十年后我在做什么。
标志性时间状语:Then, sn, tmrrw, this evening, n Sunday, at this time tmrrw, in tw days, tmrrw evening etc.
16种时态----(11)将来完成时(shall/will +have +dne)
构成: shall/will + have + V+ed . (过去分词) 意义:表示将来某时,某动作已经完成/某事情已经发生(根据语境和时间状语判断)。例句: By the middle f the century, cmputers that are millins f times smarter than us will have been develped. 到本世纪中叶,比我们聪明数百倍的电脑会被研发出来。
标志性时间状语:By the end f this week(mnth, year….), when, befre lng etc.
判断标准:时间状语和语意。
常用时态的比较----(1)一般过去时 VS 现在完成时
过去时 区别1: 过去时间发生的事情,与现在没有关系。(发生的时间一般确定的)Eg: I lst my wallet yesterday. 区别2:时间状语一般是“确定的过去时间点”。Eg: He wrked there three years ag. 他三年前在那儿工作过。
现在完成时过去时间发生的事情,与现在情况有关。 即:过去发生的事情对现在产生了影响、结果或过去动作一直持续到现在。(发生的时间一般不确定)Eg: I have lst my wallet. 时间状语一般与现在时间有关的“一段时间” eg: He has wrked there fr three years.到目前为止,他已经在那儿工作三年了。
常用时态的比较----(2)现在完成时VS 现在完成进行时
现在完成时 区别1: 动作已经完成。Eg: I have finished my hmewrk. 区别2:不表示动作重复。Eg: Hw many times have yu been t China? 去过中国几次?区别3:表示一个事实,没有感情色彩Eg: Have yu cme t take my pht?
现在完成进行时动作不一定已经完成。Eg: I have been designing the prject fr a lng time.. 表示动作重复 eg: I have been visiting China fr abut fur years.四年了,我一直(总是重复地)拜访中国。带有强烈的感情色彩Eg: what have yu been ding? Yu lk tired.
Nn-finite verb(非谓语动词)
3类非谓语动词----(1) 动词不定式
构成: t + 动词原形(肯定) nt t + 动词原形 (否定) 句法功能:主、宾、定、状、宾补、表例句:My duty tday is t clean the whitebard.(表语)
1、做主语---谓动词用单数 eg: T knw neself is true prgress. 2、做宾语---V + t +动词原形 eg: I was abut t g upstairs when I decided t get a cffee first. 3、做定语---放在修饰词的后面 eg: I had nthing t eat this mrning. 4、做状语---表示目的、原因、结果等 eg: he tried his best t get the first prize. (目的) His parents wuld be very happy t knw that. (原因) They hurried t the schl t find n their sn’s name n the list.(结果)5、宾补---及物动词+t +动词原形 eg: My mther tld me nt t play games anymre . 感官动词和使役动词 + 动词原形 eg: I saw yu g upstairs just nw . (不带“t ”的不定式) Yu were seen t g upstairs just nw (被动语态一定加“t ”)
Ntes: 感官动词和使役动词Eg:feel / hear / make / see / watch/ let/ ntice/ Help (可加/可不加)
常与fr 连用的adj: easy/hard/imprtant/interesting etc
常与f 连用的adj: clever/gd/right/wrng/careful/plite/brave etc.
常用结构和句型—含不定式
6、It is adj. + (f/fr) sb. +t d sth“做某事对某人来说怎么样” eg: It is kind f yu t help me . (f 表示 主观态度或感情,描述sb 的性质、身份、特征) eg: It is difficult fr me t finish my hmewrk n time.( fr 表示客观情况 ) 7、省略“t”的动词不定式结构 why nt d sth? “为什么不做某事”。 Why nt relax and enjy the life? had better (nt) d sth “最好做/不要做某事” we had better set ut right nw. yu had better nt play a jke n him. wuld rather d ……than d…..“宁愿……也不愿意……”I wuld rather hang ut than stay at hme. prefer t d …… rather than d …….
3类非谓语动词----(2) 动名词
构成: 动词原形 + ing (肯定) nt + 动词原形 +ing (否定) 句法功能:主、宾、定、表例句:My hbby is cllecting ld cins.(表语)
1、做主语---谓动词用单数 eg: Seeing is believing . It is n use speaking withut practice.(纸上谈兵没用)2、做宾语---V /Pre + V+ing eg: I cnsidered studying abrad after graduating frm senir high schl . 3、做定语---通常前置定语,表示用途 eg: This is a new type f perating table.
Ntes: 接 动词ing 形式的动词:Eg:enjy / finish / mind/ keep(n)/ practice/ suggest/ miss/ avid/ give up/ put ff/ be used t / lk frward t etc
T d sth 和 ding sth 做宾语的区别
1、有区别,但不太大或者没区别 eg: I hate eating vegetables . I hate t eat vegetables. 常用的Verb: lve/ begin/ start etc. 2、Verb 既可以接t d sth 也可以接 ding sth , 但意义差别很大 eg: Remember t take yur bag and umbrella , please. I remember meeting her at a party nce. 常用的Verb: frget / try / g n / stp / mean / cntinue / etc. try t d sth (想法设法努力去做某事) try ding sth (试着做某事) mean t d sth (打算做某事) meaning ding sth (意味着做某事)
Ntes: Like ding sth 喜欢做某事 Like t d sth 想要去做某事
Ntes: need / want 主动表示被动 Need ding sth = (need) t be dne Want ding sth =need t be dne
常用结构和句型—含动名词
1、it is + 名词+ ding sth “做某事是……的” eg: it is n gd wrrying abut it nw. 2、have (n) prblems/difficulty/truble (in) ding sth “做某事困难”“ eg: I have difficulty getting up . 3、sb spend(s) sme time /mney (in) ding sth “某人花费一些时间/钱做某事” eg: She always spends a lt f mney buying clthes. I spent tw hurs finishing my hmewrk .
3类非谓语动词----(3) 分词
构成: 现在分词:动词原形 + ing 过去分词 :动词原形+ ed 句法功能:定、表、状语、宾补例句:The film is very interesting .(表语)--现在分词 The statin was crwed and I culd nt find yu.(表语)--过去分词
1、定语 表示描述 eg: Can yu see the swimming by? (单个词) I knw the girl wearing a red hat. (短语) 2、宾补 表示性质、状态或正在进行的动作 eg: I heard my father kncking at my bedrm dr. 3、状语 表示 时间、原因、结果或伴随等 eg: Arriving in Paris, i lst my way (时间) Being ill, she had t stay in bed(原因) The students went ut f the classrm, talking and laughing. (伴随)
1、定语 表示完成、被动 eg: He had a friend called Alice? (被动-后置) At the age f 2, children are suppsed t begin t master spken English. (前置) 2、宾补 表示性质、状态或被动、完成 eg: Can yu make yurself understd in English.(逻辑关系被动) 3、状语 表示 被动的原因或伴随等 --一般有介词“by”翻译为“被” eg: Deeply mved by the stry, we all cried.(原因-被感动) The dctr came in, ,fllwed by several nurses. (伴随—被跟随)
Eg: He duty is t clean the whilebard.
Eg: my hbby is cllecting the stamps.
Eg: The lecture was very interesting.
Eg: The statin was crwded.
Eg: I have nthing t eat this mrning.
Eg: This is a new type f perating table.
Eg: Can yu see the swimming by?(前置)I knw the girl wearing a red hat (后置/定从)
Eg: She is my friend called Alice. yu must master spken English.
Eg: T learn English well is nt easy. It is nt easy t learn English well.
Eg: Seeing is believing . It is n use speaking with practice.(固定搭配)
Eg: I enjy watching the game n TV. (固定搭配)We are talking abut jining the clubs.Pre + ding (介词后一定跟动名词)
Eg:I hpe t attend the meeting.Hpe /wish/ffer/ decide/learn/refuse/prmise/plan/manage/agree/ wuld like etc.
Eg: I try t cntrl his vice.(目的) T ensure the safety f gas, the gvernment has checked the city’s gas supply system thrughly.(表示目的的时候,可放在句首,并可用in rder t 替换)
Eg: Arriving in Paris, I lst my way.(时间) The students went ut f the classrm, talking and laughing.(伴随)Deeply mved by the stry, we all cried(原因)The dctr came in , fllwed by several nurses(便随)
现在分词表示:主动过去分词表示:被动、完成
Eg: I heard my fater kncking at the dr .(正在进行) He saw the by climbing the tree .(正在进行)I saw the by climb the tree( 不定式为全过程)Can yu make yurself understd in English(被动)Yu must keep yur eyes shut fr just a minute (被动)
Eg:V.+ sb t d sthV. + sb +d sth (使役/感官)
现在表示:主动过去表示:被动、完成
3类非谓语动词----解题步骤
Step 1: 找句子的 S + P + O (表),确定是否是非谓语填空;Step 2: 固定搭配 ;Step 3: 想语法的架构图 , 确定用非谓语的哪种形式;Step4: 确定非谓语和主语/修饰词(主/被)关系, 主动ing ; 被动ed
特别提醒: 1.动名词接近名词 2.现在分词和过去分词接近于形容词/副词 3. 积累 主动表被动的词 eg: tasting 为品尝的时候,主动表被动 名词+ tasting
Inverted Order(主谓一致和倒装句)
主语和谓语一致谓语在主语之前
主语和谓语一致----考虑3个方面
一、语法一致原则主语的单复数和谓语的单复数一致,情况如表:二、意义一致原则谓语的单复数,由主语表达的意思决定,情况如表:三、就近一致原则 1.并列主语----谓语和靠近的主语一致;eg: r, either ….r….,neither …nr…,nt nly…but als… be / here+动词----谓语和靠近的主语一致Eg: there is a bk, dictinary and tw pens n the desk Here cmes a singer, tw dancers and sme mdels.
1、单数可数名词/代词、不可数名词作主语----谓语单数;主语复数----谓语复数;2、and/bth…and…连接并列主语----谓语复数;3、不定代词作主语----谓语单数4、a number f +复数可数名词作主语---谓语复数5、a lt f/lts f/plenty f/mst f+名词—谓语取决于名词,原则同1 ;分数/百分数+名词—谓语取决于名词;6、相同两部分构成的名词----谓语复数,如果用pair ,谓语单复数与pair 一致;7、主语后跟with, as well as tgether 等介词短语,谓语与前面的主语保持一致,不考虑介词后面的名词8、动词不定式或动名词----谓语单数
不定代词:either, neither, each, ne, anybdy, anyne, anything, smebdy, smene, smething, everybdy, everyne, everything, nbdy, n ne, nthing etc
The number f +复数可数名词/集体名词作主语----谓语单数
1、集体名词作主语----谓语根据主语的意义决定单复数:eg: family, grup, class, team etc.2、peple(人民),plice(警察),cattle(牛)等主语----谓语复数;3、表示时间、距离、金钱或数量的复数名词/短语作主语----谓语单数4、以-ics结尾的科学名称以及news作主语----谓语单数。Eg:Physics, plitics,mathematics5、the +adj表示“一类人”和the +姓氏复数----谓语复数;6、如果并列主语指一个人/事/概念---谓语单数Eg: The writer and speaker 单数 the writer and the speaker 复数7、nne 及nne f 作主语---谓语一般单数(也可复数)
1、here 放在句首,倒装 结构: Here + be +名词(短语) Here +代词+be eg: Here are sme f my family phts. I have seen a panda. lk! Here it is . Here yu are . 2、s , neither, nr 放在句首,引导的倒装句。 结构: S + be 动词/助动词/情态动词+主语, 肯定的意思 ,翻译为“……也……” Neither/nr +be 动词/助动词/情态动词+主语,否定的意思,翻译为“…也不…” eg: Peter can nt swim. Neither can I . Peter can swim. S can I. 3、地点状语放在句首,倒装, 表示强调的意思 eg: Next t the bank is the cinema.
Sentence types (句子的种类)
陈述句疑问句祈使句感叹句
句子类型----(1)陈述句
1、陈述句----肯定形式 eg: My sister ften plays the pian with her friends after schl.2、陈述句----否定形式 谓语含: 动词: be(am/is/are/was/were) 助动词:will/wuld/have/has/had etc. 直接+ nt 情态动词:can/may/must etc. 谓语实义动词, 找 d/des/did 帮忙 ,再+ nt +动词原形 eg: She des nt like the flwers.
Tips: 否定形式的“缩写”: 动词/助动词/情态动词 把 nt 中的 改为’后,连写。eg: isn’t /wuldn’t/mustn’t例外: will----wn’t Shall----shan’t am / may 没有缩写形式
Tips:一般在陈述句中,表示“否定意思”的词: n/never/hardly/seldm/little/few etc eg:I will never frget what yu have dne fr me.
3、肯定形式 变 否定形式 把肯定句中 sme/smething/smebdy/smene表示“肯定”部分的“sme”改为表“否定”意思的“any”。 eg: He has sme knives . He desn’t have any knives. (助动词后面+动词原形) 肯定句子的 bth /all/everything/everyne/everybdy 改为 neither/nne/nthing/n ne(n bdy) eg: All f us are interested in cllecting stamps. Nne f us are interested in cllecting stamps.
Tips:如果在all/bth/every/every的复合词中,出现否定词“nt”,表示“部分”否定。Eg: nt bth f us are teachers. 我们俩并非都是老师。
句子类型----(2)疑问句
疑问句----一般疑问句(4-1) 如果句子的谓语含有 动词: be(am/is/are/was/were) 助动词:will/wuld/have/has/had etc. 直接 + 将其放到句首。 情态动词:can/may/must etc. 如果句子的谓语实义动词,找 d/des/did 帮忙 ,将其放到句首,原实义动词用原形一般疑问句的回答 ,一般肯定“yes”;否定“n ” 肯定回答“Yes”也可用: certainly, sure, f curse, all right, with please ,etc 替代。 否定回答“N”也可用: never, nt at all, srry,etc 代替
Tips: 以be /助动词/情态动 + nt 构成的缩写形式开头的一般疑问句,叫否定疑问句。 意思往往带有赞叹、奇怪、责怪等的语气。 其肯定/否定回答也是“yes”r “n ”eg:Isn’t he at hme?难道他不在家吗?Yes, he is .不,他在家。
疑问句----特殊疑问句(4-2) 结构: “特殊疑问词”+一般疑问句 疑问代词:wh, whm, whse,what, which 疑问副词:when, where, why, hwWhat的疑问词组:what clr/ kind/size/sprt/class/time/animal/language/ppulatin etc. Hw 的疑问词组:hw ld/ many/much/lng/ften/sn/far etc.疑问代词
Wh 意思“谁”,对“人”提问,可作 主、宾和表语 eg: wh is the girl in red?(表语)Whm 意思“谁”对“人”提问,但只能作动词和介词的宾语 eg: whm are yu waiting fr?(介词的宾语)Whse 意思“谁的”,对“物主代词/名词所有格” 提问 eg: whse bag is it? It is mine. What 意思“什么”,对“物品/事件/职业/外貌/性格/天气/日期等”提问 eg: What’s the date tday?(日期) What’s the weather like in Tianjin tday? (天气) What’s yur father’s jb?(工作)Which 意思“哪一个”,对“名词的定语”提问,常用名词/ne(s)连用 eg: Which bk are yu lking fr ?
疑问句----特殊疑问句(4-2) 结构: “特殊疑问词”+一般疑问句 疑问代词:wh, whm, whse,what, which 疑问副词:when, where, why, hwWhat的疑问词组:what clr/ kind/size/sprt/class/time/animal/language/ppulatin etc. Hw 的疑问词组:hw ld/ many/much/lng/ften/sn/far etc.疑问副词词
Where 意思“在哪儿里”,对“地点”提问 eg: Where did yu g n vacatin ? I went t Paris.When 意思“何时/什么时候”对“时间”提问 eg: When did the ld man mve t the cuntryside ?Why 意思“为什么”,对“原因” 提问 eg: Why des she like dancing ? Hw 意思“怎么样”,对“方式/状况/天气 等”提问 eg: Hw d yu usually learn English? Hw was yur trip last week? Hw is the weather in Tianjin?
疑问句----特殊疑问句(4-2) 结构: “特殊疑问词”+一般疑问句 疑问代词:wh, whm, whse,what, which 疑问副词:when, where, why, hwWhat的疑问词组:what clr/ kind/size/sprt/class/time/animal/language/ppulatin etc. Hw 的疑问词组:hw ld/ many/much/lng/ften/sn/far etc.What 的疑问词组
What clr 意思“什么颜色” eg: What clr d yu like best?What kind 意思“什么种类” eg: What kind f music d yu like?What size 意思“多大尺码” eg: What size d yu take ?(穿多大号) What sprt 意思“什么运动” eg: What sprt d yu like? ⑤ What class 意思“哪个班” eg: What class are yu in ?⑥ what time 意思“几点” eg: what time d yu ften g t bed? ⑦ What animal 意思“什么动物” eg: what animal did yu like? ⑧ What language 意思“什么语言” eg: what language can yu speak?
疑问句----特殊疑问句(4-2) 结构: “特殊疑问词”+一般疑问句 疑问代词:wh, whm, whse,what, which 疑问副词:when, where, why, hwWhat的疑问词组:what clr/ kind/size/sprt/class/time/animal/language/ppulatin etc. Hw 的疑问词组:hw ld/ many/much/lng/ften/sn/far etc.Hw 的疑问词组
Hw ld 询问“年龄”,意思“几岁,多大” eg: Hw ld are yu?Hw many 询问 “可数名词数量复数”,意思“多少” eg: Hw many apples d we need t buy?Hw much 询问“不可数名词数量/价格”,意思“多少(钱)” eg: Hw much ygurt d we need t buy? Hw much are these apples?(多少钱)Hw lng 询问“持续性的时间/长度”,意思“多长(时间)” eg: Hw lng is the ruler?(多长) Hw lng have yu had that bike? ⑤ Hw ften 询问“频率”,意思“多久一次” eg: Hw ften d yu g t the mvie?⑥ Hw sn 一般将来时中询问“某段时间之后”,意思“多久” eg: Hw sn will yu cme back? ⑦ Hw far 询问“距离”,意思“多远” eg: Hw far is it frm yur hme t schl?
疑问句----特殊疑问句 结构: “特殊疑问词”+一般疑问句 疑问代词:wh, whm, whse,what, which 疑问副词:when, where, why, hwWhat的疑问词组:what clr/ kind/size/sprt/class/time/animal/language/ppulatin etc. Hw 的疑问词组:hw ld/ many/much/lng/ften/sn/far etc.Hw 的疑问词组
特殊疑问句回答:不能用“yes/n 回答”可以用“ 一个词/短语或者一个完整句子回答”
定义:说话者对提出的问题提供两种或以上答案,供对方选择其一,供选择的部分一般用“r”连接.Eg: D yu like apples r pears?
疑问句----选择疑问句(4-3)句式 ①:一般疑问句+ r +被选择的部分 eg: D yu study physics r chemistry? I study chemistry. ②: 特殊疑问句,A r B ? eg: which d yu prefer , tea r cffee? I prefer t cffee,please.
定义:说话者对自己的看法、观点不完全肯定,需要别人加以证实。. Eg: Yu used t be shrt , didn’t yu ? 结构:一般陈述句 +“逗号”+简短的一般疑问句 Yes, I did(肯定)/ N, I didn’t(否定)
疑问句----反意疑问句(4-4)句式 ①:肯定陈述句 +“逗号”+否定的一般疑问句 eg: They will g t Paris , wn’t they? Yes, they will.(肯定) ②: 否定的陈述句+“逗号”+肯定的一般疑问句。 eg: Alice didn’t cme t schl yesterday, did she? N, she didn’t.(否定)
否定句中,一定要用“缩写”形式
按照事实回答,回答一定要一致。即:否定,都否;肯定,都肯
定义:说话者对自己的看法、观点不完全肯定,需要别人加以证实。 Eg: Yu used t be shrt , didn’t yu ? 结构:一般陈述句 +“逗号”+简短的一般疑问句 Yes, I did(肯定)/ N, I didn’t(否定)
疑问句----反意疑问句(4-4)特殊句式: 详见表1-1 :反意疑问句特殊情况一览表
定义:表示命令、请求、建议、劝告、警告或禁止等的句子,主语是第二人称时,常常省略。 谓语动词一定要用原形,句末用句号(。)或感叹号(!)
句子类型----(3)祈使句
否定祈使句: 句型⑴ :Dn’t +动词原形+其它. eg: Dn’t be late again. 句型⑵:Let +O +nt+动词原形+其它 或者 Dn’t let +O +动词原形+其它 eg: Let him nt g= Dn’t let him g
肯定祈使句 句型⑴ :动词原形+其它. eg: D yur hmewrk first, Tm 句型⑵:Let +O +动词原形+其它 eg: Let’s g swimming ,Linda. 咱们去游泳吧,琳达。 Let us g swimming, Mum. 让我们去游泳吧,妈妈。
特殊结构的祈使句 ⑴ :省略动词的祈使句. eg: This way, please. ⑵:N+动名词/名词 ,表示“禁止” eg: N smking / parking / littering / shuting! N ball games / phts / entry / right turn !
Please加在句尾,一定用“逗号”隔开, 表示“委婉”的语气
定义:表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情的句子,一般由“what”和“hw”引导 句末用感叹号(!)
句子类型----(4)感叹句
由“what”引导的感叹句 句型⑴ :What + a/an +adj+名词单数(可数)+主语+谓语 s eg: What a nice picture it is ! 句型 ⑵:What + adj+名词复数(可数)+主语+谓语 eg: What interesting bks they are ! 句型⑶:What + adj+名词(不可数)+主语+谓语 eg: What sweet music it is!
名词---what即:感叹名词用“what”
“Hw”用来感叹“形容词、副词和整个句子”Adj/adv/整个句子---hw
由“Hw”引导的感叹句 句型⑴ :Hw +adj/adv+主语+谓语! eg: Hw exciting the game is ! Hw quickly he rans! 句型 ⑵: Hw +adj+a/an +名词单数(可数)主语+谓语! eg: Hw brave a girl she is ! 句型⑶:Hw+主语+谓语! eg: Hw time flies !
其他形式的感叹句 ⑴ :陈述句或祈使句----句号(。)改为感叹号(!),表达某种强烈感情。 eg: He rans s fast! Be careful ! ⑵: 一个词/一个词组 + 感叹号(!),表示强烈感情 eg: Great ! Lk ut ! ⑶:感叹词 放在句首的句子 eg: Ah, I lve my hmetwn!
句末放了感叹号,就 是感叹句。 此类句子一般表达强烈的感情
Sentences(句子)
(一)简单句(二)并列句(三)复合句
1、S +系动词+表(S+V+P)2、S + Vi .3、S + Vt. + O4、S + Vt. + O (直)+ O(间)5、S + Vt. + O +O C(宾补)6、there be 句型
Eg: Linda’s idea sunds very interesting. Africa , the Yellw River, etc. WTO, the United Natins , etc. Mther’s Day, Christmas Day , etc January, Sunday, etc.
表示并列关系表示转折关系表示选择关系表示因果关系
宾语从句状语从句定语从句
系动词:be ,表变化: becme, grw, turn, fall, get etc.表感官: lk, feel,smell, sund, taste etc.
1、S +系动词+表(S+V+P)2、S + Vi .3、S + Vt. + O4、S + Vt. + O (直)+ O(间)5、S + Vt. + O +OC(宾补)6、there be 句型
Eg: Linda’s idea sunds very interesting. The fire happened during the night. WTO, the United Natins , etc. Mther’s Day, Christmas Day , etc January, Sunday, etc.
Ntes:纯不及物动词很少,常见:arrive, cme, die, disappear, happen, rise etc. (如果跟宾语加介词)
1、S +系动词+表(S+V+P)2、S + Vi .3、S + Vt. + O4、S + Vt. + O (直)+ O(间)5、S + Vt. + O + OC(宾补)6、there be 句型
Eg: Linda’s idea sunds very interesting. The fire happened during the night. Yu left yur hmewrk at hme. Mther’s Day, Christmas Day , etc January, Sunday, etc.
Ntes:英语中绝大多数动词是这种单宾语及物动词,常见:brrw, cver, discver, enjy, frget, guess, invent, use , put, lve, knw, raise , etc.
1、S +系动词+表(S+V+P)2、S + Vi .3、S + Vt. + O4、S + Vt. +I O (直)+ DO(间)5、S + Vt. + O + C(宾补)6、there be 句型
Eg: Linda’s idea sunds very interesting. The fire happened during the night. Yu left yur hmewrk at hme. Tell me yur phne number again . January, Sunday, etc.
Ntes:间接宾语一般是人;直接宾语一般是物,常见:give , pass, send, shw, bring, ffer tell(IO 和ID 换位置用“t”); buy, find , make (IO和ID 换位置用“fr”) etc.
1、S +系动词+表(S+V+P)2、S + Vi .3、S + Vt. + O4、S + Vt. +I O (直)+ DO(间)5、S + Vt. + O +OC(宾补)6、there be 句型
Eg: Linda’s idea sunds very interesting. The fire happened during the night. Yu left yur hmewrk at hme. Tell me yur phne number again . We will make him ur mnitr.
Ntes:宾补通常由 Nun, Adj 和 t d sth etc.充当。
Eg: Linda’s idea sunds very interesting. The fire happened during the night. Yu left yur hmewrk at hme. Tell me yur phne number again . We will make him ur mnitr. There must be a lt f peple arund the West Lake tmrrw . (可跟情态动词)
Ntes:.谓语be 有单复数和时态的变化, 单复数要和与其最靠近的主语保持一致;Eg: There are sme apples, tw ranges and a pear in the bag. There is a table, a small bed and tw sfas in the rm. 时态 要和句子状语和语境保持一致。 Eg: There is ging t be a cncert tmrrw. There were many trees in the village ten years ag.
Eg: and , nt nly…but als… , neither …nr…etc. but, yet etc. r, either…r…etc. s , fr etc.
and: 表示“和、又”的意思 Eg: I have a apple and my brther has a pear.nt nly…but als…表示“不仅…而且…”的意思 Eg: I nt nly heard it ,but als I saw it.Neither…nr…表示“既不…也不…”的意思 Eg: Neither d I like skating, nr des my sister.
but: 表示“但是”的意思,表转折关系并列句 Eg: It was a difficult task, but we decided t try.Yet表示“然而”的意思,相对于“but” Eg: I dn’t eat much, yet I am a size 16 in clthes.
r:①”或者”表示选择的意思,②”否则/要不然” Eg: Yu can g t park r yu can stay at hme. Eg: Hurry up, r(else) we’ll miss the train.either…r…表示“要么…要么…/或者…或者…”的意思 Eg: Either he did nt explain it clearly r I did nt understand him.
S :表示”所以”的意思 Eg: I was feeling hungry, s I made myself a sandwich.Fr:表示“原因”的意思,翻译为“因为” Eg: We can’t g, fr it is raining.
定义:在句子中起宾语作用的从句为宾语从句,可以是及物动词的宾语,也可以是介词的宾语。 Eg: I wnder what she will say when she finds ut. We shuld think abut hw we can d better next time. 定语从句的三类引导词: ①、that; ②、whether/if; ③、连接代词或连接副词;Nte: 常见连接代词—what, wh, whm, whse, which etc. 常见连接副词—when, where, why, hw etc.
1、that引导的宾语从句 当从句表示“陈述语气” 时,用“that”连接宾语从句,其没有词义,口语或非正式可以省略。2、whether/if 引导的宾语从句 当从句表示“一般疑问语气”时,由“whether/if”连接宾语从句,词义“是否”,不能省略。3、连接代词/副词引导的宾语从句 当从句表示“特殊疑问”时,就用连接代词或连接副词,不能省略。
Eg: They think (that) the stnes can prevent illness and keep peple healthy.他们认为这些石头可以预防疾病,并使人保持健康。
Eg: I wnder whether I shuld wear a cat r nt.我想知道是否应该穿一件外套。
只能用”whether”的情况:1、介词后面的宾语从句2、与r nt 直接连用时3、宾语从句放在句首时4、whether后面可以接不定式(短语)
Eg: She wndered wh had sent the flwers.她不知道是谁送的花。Excuse me, d yu knw where I can buy sme medicine?劳驾,您知道我在哪儿可以买到药吗?
宾语从句 结构:介词+名词 ; 用关系代词“what”
Eg: I wnder what she will say when she finds ut. We shuld think abut hw we can d better next time. They think (that) the stnes can prevent illness and keep peple healthy. I wnder whether I shuld wear a cat r nt. She wndered wh had sent the flwers.Excuse me, d yu knw where I can buy sme medicine?1、语序问题:由引导词连接的宾语从句,其语序是陈述句语序;2、时态问题:时态常常受主句的影响。 原则:主句是一般现在时,从句可以是任何时态(根据语境); 主句是过去某个时态,从句也必须用过去某个相应的时态(根据语境判断)。
宾语从句的特殊情况:1、宾语从句的否定转移: 当主句是“I think(认为)/believe(相信)etc.+否定意思的宾语从句”,习惯将否定移到主句的谓语上。 Eg: I d nt think Mary’s idea is great .我认为玛丽的想法不好。2、宾语从句的简化: 详见表1-1:宾语从句的简化3、用形式宾语it代替宾语从句的用法:
定义:在句子中作状语的从句为状语从句,其修饰主句的谓动词/整个谓语部分。由从属连词引导,可表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。 九种情况如表所示:
定语:在句子中作状语的从句为状语从句,其修饰主句的谓动词/整个谓语部分。由从属连词引导,可表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。 九种情况如表所示:
Eg: The bus will take yu where yu are ging.
1.because 语气最强,多用于表示直接原因 Eg: The fd tasted great because I was s 语气比because 弱,理由往往对方知道“既然” eg: Since everyne has cme, let’s begin ur 语气最弱,理由/原因比较明显“大家都知道” Eg: As it was dark, we stpped wrking.
S that 和 in rder that 翻译“以便,为的是,为了” Eg: I am saving mney s that I can buy a huse. 转换 I am saving mney in rder t buy a huse.
1.s +adj/adv + that…;意思“如此+ (形容词/副词)…以至于…” eg: I was s tired that I fell asleep sn The machine was s badly damaged that it had t be +Nun+that… ;意思“如此 (名词)…以至于…” eg: She is such an hnest girl that everyne believes her.
There are ( )many bks in the library that yu can’t read them all . 选择 sTips : 因为 s修饰的是many ,s many 是个整体修饰bks . 如果名词前加few 同理 ,也选择s . 转换(t….t….句型)There are t many bks t read in the library fr them .
1.由if 引导的条件状语从句,意思“如果” Eg: If yu blw ut all the candles in ne g, the wish will cme true.2.由unless 引导的条件状语从句,意思“除非”=if…nt eg: We will g n a picnic unless it rains lng as引导的条件状语从句,意思“只要” Eg: we will g camping as lng s the weather is gd.
If , unless, as lng as 引导的条件状语从句:主句将来,从句用一般现在时表示将来,简称“主将从现”
1.由thugh/althugh 引导的让步状语从句,意思“虽然/即使”,不能和“but”连用 Eg: Althugh she is wrng, it’s nt a big deal.2.由even if/even thugh 引导的让步状语从句,意思“虽然/即使”,语气比较强 eg: He’s the best teacher, even thugh he has the least experience.3.疑问词+ever引导的让步状语从句,意思“无论/不管怎样” Eg: I dn’t want t see them , whever they are/(n matter wh they are).
1.由as引导的比较状语从句,意思“比” Eg: Maybe by the end f this semester, yu will be as tall as yur father.2.由than引导的比较状语从句,意思“比”(详见比较级的讲解) eg: The results were better than I expected .
1.由as引导的方式状语从句,意思“像” Eg: Yu shuld d as Paul tells yu .2.由as if 引导的方式状语从句,意思“好像” ) eg: He spke as if he had been there befre.
定语:在句子中修饰某一名词/代词,充当定语的从句为定语从句。 Eg: I prefer music that I can sing alng with.
关系副词:指时间:when指地点:where指原因:why
指人:Wh ,whm , whse ,that
指物:Which ,that whse
1.Wh 和whm,指人,wh作主语/whm作宾语(有时可用wh代替) Eg: The wman whm yu met in the street wrked in a hspital. (宾语) The persn wh called yesterday wanted t buy the huse.(主语)2. Whse ,可指人/物,做定语 Eg: He is a man whse pinin I respect. This is the huse whse dr is painted red.
1.Which,指物,作主语/宾语(可用that代替) Eg:He prefers grups which play quiet and slw sngs.2. that ,可指人(可用和wh.whm互换)/指物(可和which互换),作主/宾/表语 Eg: The suggestin is that we shuld take sme steps.(表语) Did yu see the letter that/which came tday?
1.When,指时间,时间状语(in which/n which/at which/during which etc代替) Eg: I still remember the day when/n which I first came t Peking.2. where ,指地点,地点状语 (可用in which/n which/at which/during which etc代替) Eg:This is the twn where/in which I was brn. 3. why,指原因,原因状语,其先行词常用reasn Eg:This is the reasn why I refused yur help.
定语从句注意事项:1、主谓一致(即:从句中的单复数和先行词一致) eg: After schl, she ften helps the students wh are nt gd at Egnlish.2、最好用that的情况: ①. The +最高级/序数词+先行词 必须用“that”,指“物” eg: The first(mst interesting) jb that I fund was t be a pet trainer. ②.先行词:all, little, much ,everything 不定代词/复合不定代词,且指物,必须用“that” eg: A ntebk is all that I need. ③.the nly/the very/the last etc +先行词,必须用“that” eg: The nly thing that matters is t find ur way hme.
定语从句注意事项:2、最好用that的情况: ④. 先行词 既有人又有物:必须用“that” eg: We are talking abut the peple and the places that we have visited in the cuntryside. ⑤.当主语是which开头的特殊疑问句,必须用“that” eg: Which is the bk that yu want t buy?
定语从句注意事项:3、最好用which 的情况: ①.介词+ 关系代词 ,句子中作宾语时,必须用“which ” eg: This is the rm in which I lived last year. ②.先行词是that,必须用“which” eg: What’s that which yu gave him? ③.非限定定语从句,必须用“which” eg: the 8:30 train , which is usually very punctual ,was late tday.
定语从句注意事项:4、最好用wh 的情况: ①.先行词 是ne/nes/they等人称代词 ,必须用“wh ”不能用“that” eg: They wh can nt d as they wuld must d as they can. 事不由己,也要尽力。 ②.先行词是thse,且指“人”必须用“wh” eg: He understand thse wh needed help. ③.先行词是 the first /由first等序数词修饰的,且指“人”,必须用“wh” eg: They were the first wh were there.. ④.非限定定语从句,必须用“wh”(指人) eg: Her sister, wh is studying abrad, sent her a beautiful present just befre this Christmas.
非真实条件用法从句中用法其他用法
定语:虚拟语气是动词的一种形式,用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假设。即 所说的:或者不是事实,或者与事实相反。
1、非真实条件中的用法: ①.与现在事实相反的虚拟语气 结构:主句(wuld/shuld/culd/might +V.原形)从句(V过去式/were) eg: If she managed t live in Paris all by herself, I , t, culd learn t be independent. ②.与过去事实相反的虚拟语气 结构:主句(wuld/shuld/culd/might +have +dne)从句(had +dne) eg: In the past, if I had wanted t see yu , I wuld have had t visit them in persn. ③.与将来事实相反的虚拟语气 结构:主句(wuld/shuld/culd/might + V.原形)从句(V过去式/were/shuld +V.原形/were t) eg: If it rained/shuld rained/were t rain this afternn, the basketball match wuld be put ff.
1、非真实条件中的用法: ④.虚拟条件句的省略和倒装 if 从句中含were/had/shuld时,if 省略,将were/had/shuld放到主语前面,变成倒装句 eg: Were I(=if I were) twenty nw, I wuld jin the army. Had yu(=if yu had) nt tld me the matter, I shuld never have knwn the whle thing. ⑤.混合时间的虚拟语气 eg: If yu had wrked hard yesterday, yu wuld be tired nw. (从句是过去,主句是现在) ⑥.含蓄条件的虚拟语气 eg: It wuld have been pssible t find my daughter withut the help f friends Reunited. The ship wuld have sunk with all n bard but fr the effrts f the captain. What wuld yu d with a millin dllars?
通过某些介词或上下文的意思,隐含告诉是假设的条件。一般常用的介词有: With(如果有了,如果带有); withut(如果没有); therwise(否则); but fr(要不是);etc.
dne(过去分词):suggested, requested, required, rdered, prpsed, decided ,etc.
2、在其他从句中的用法: ①.主语从句虚拟 结构:shuld +V.原形, 固定句式1: it is/was +adj +that +S+ shuld + V.……. 表示“惊讶/需求/自然性/重要性”,翻译为“应该” eg: It is necessary that we (shuld) have a meeting. 固定句式2: it is/was +dne(过去分词) +that +S+ shuld + V.……. 表示“建议/要求/命令等”,翻译为“应该” eg: It is advised that everyne (shuld) take plenty f biled water.
主语从句,定语从句,状语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语
adj: imprtant, necessary, essential, impssible, natural, unthinkable, strange, surprising etc.
2、在其他从句中的用法: ②.宾语从句的虚拟语气 建议类宾语从句---结构:建议类动词+ that +S+ shuld +V.原形 …… eg: They have recmmended that the site (shuld) be clsed and repaired. wish表示”愿望”的宾语从句---结构:主从谓语同时发生,从句过去时 eg: I wish I knew what t d. 从句谓语先于主句发生,从句had+dne(过去分词) eg: We wish yu had cme t my birthday. 从句谓语晚于主句发生, 从句wuld/culd/might/+V. eg: I wish he wuld try again.
主语从句,宾语从句,定语从句,状语从句,表语从句,同位语
建议类动词 suggest/rder/insist/demand/require/desire/cmmand/prpse/request/recmmend etc.
2、在其他从句中的用法: ②.宾语从句的虚拟语气 wuld rather/prefer表示“希望”的宾语从句 结构:从句谓语过去时--表示对“现在/将来”的虚拟 eg: I wuld rather that we did nt g t see the mvie this evening . 从句谓语had+dne(过去分词)--表示对“过去”的虚拟 eg: I wuld rather I had seen the film..
宾语从句,主语从句,定语从句,状语从句,表语从句,同位语
2、在其他从句中的用法: ③.表语从句的虚拟语气 wuld rather/prefer表示“希望”的宾语从句 结构:从句谓语过去时--表示对“现在/将来”的虚拟 eg: I wuld rather that we did nt g t see the mvie this evening . 从句谓语had+dne(过去分词)--表示对“过去”的虚拟 eg: I wuld rather I had seen the film..
表语从句,主语从句,宾语从句,定语从句,状语从句,同位语
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