适用于新高考新教材2024版高考英语二轮复习专项能力提升练阅读理解文体分类练4说明文之发明创新类（附解析）

这是一份适用于新高考新教材2024版高考英语二轮复习专项能力提升练阅读理解文体分类练4说明文之发明创新类（附解析），共7页。
Passage1
(2023福建福州二模)
Smeday,yu may n lnger need t brush yur teeth by hand.Instead,a grup f billins f nanparticles (纳米粒子) culd autmatically d all that wrk fr yu.It wuld be especially life-changing fr peple wh find it difficult r impssible t hld and mve a tthbrush.
Steager,an engineer at the University f Pennsylvania (Penn) in Philadelphia and Hyun K,an inventr and dental researcher there,fund a way t frm the nanparticles int lng,skinny bristles (刷毛),a lt like the nes n a tthbrush.But these bristles shape-shift t fit whatever surface they encunter.
The tth-cleaning rbt wrks thanks t tw magnets (磁铁).One ges each side f the teeth.The nanparticles sit in a liquid between the magnets.When the magnets are turned ff,the nanparticles mve randmly in the liquid.As sn as ne magnet gets turned n,the nanparticles gather tgether near its center.When the researchers turn n the ther magnet and turn ff the first ne,the nanparticles extend utward in lng,skinny bristles.When there’s a tth in the way,these bristles can’t stretch ut as far as they want.S they push against the tth’s surface.If there’s a gap between teeth,they push int the gap.Mving the magnets makes the bristles mve against and between teeth.All that mtin cleans the teeth.As a bnus,the nanparticles als have strng pwer t kill viruses.
The new device is just a prf f cncept.The researchers still need t turn it int a prduct that peple will want t use.“There’s a lt f engineering t get frm here t there,but every gd idea needs t have a start,” says Steager.
1.What is special abut the tth cleaner?
A.It’s water-prf.
B.It’s transfrmable.
C.It lks like a tthbrush.
D.It cntains skinny bristles.
2.What is paragraph 3 mainly abut?
A.The wrking principle.
B.The magnets’ mtin.
C.The virus-killing prcess.
D.The bristles’ frmatin.
3.Hw des Steager feel abut the future f the device?
A.Uncertain.B.Cnfident.
C.Cncerned.D.Surprised.
4.Which f the fllwing wuld be the best title?
A.A Tth-Cleaner Fighting Bacteria
B.A Breakthrugh in Medicine
C.A Shape-Shifting Rbtic Tth-Cleaner
D.A New Cncept fr a New Start
Passage2
(2023山东济南一模)
There is nthing quite like enjying the sights,sunds and culture f a city while tasting a cup f cffee utdrs.But it is nt that enjyable when heat waves sweep the city.An utdr cling system prduced by Kinnk,an Israeli (以色列的) cmpany,began t be tested in Tel Aviv.The sweltering city is a perfect place t try the new technlgy.
With glbal warming heating up the temperature,it will sn be t ht t sit utside in cafes.While utdr cling systems have existed fr a while,mst f them use sme srt f water r misting system t cl the air arund them,cnsuming t much water and pwer.After tw years f develpment,the perfect slutin t the prblem was fund.“We have invented a new generatin f air cnditiner,” Kinnk CEO Leizer said.
As Leizer intrduced,the energy is frm the pressure created between liquid nitrgen (氮) and gas nitrgen.When liquid nitrgen at -196 degrees turns int gas,it prduces a very strng pressure and the pressure is used t run a mechanical engine.It is that mechanical engine that slwly releases freezing nitrgen gas t cl dwn the air arund it.
The technlgy is unique and amazing.Beynd the clness f the cncept,it als has ther advantages.The wrk unit desn’t need t be pwer-driven,and desn’t blw ut harmful warm air as it wrks.As fr the ptential price,it will prbably be n mre expensive than any ther air cnditiner.In additin,the liquid nitrgen cntainer will need t be replaced every seven t ten days,depending n usage.This makes it an affrdable ptin fr all srts f businesses.The cling system is expected t be n the market in 2024.
5.What des the underlined wrd “sweltering” mean in paragraph 1?
A.Warm.B.Dry.
C.Ht.D.Freezing.
6.What prblem des the existing utdr cling systems have?
A.They are wasteful.
B.They verheat easily.
C.They ften break dwn.
D.They are slw t cl the air.
7.What des paragraph 3 mainly explain?
A.What pwers the engine.
B.What turns liquid int gas.
C.Hw the pressure is frmed.
D.Hw the new system wrks.
8.What is the purpse f this text?
A.T prmte a cmpany.
B.T settle an energy crisis.
C.T intrduce a technlgy.
D.T market a misting system.
Passage3
(2023安徽马鞍山二模)
T give grasshppers(蚱蜢) sme credit—jumping acrss yards and between branches takes a lt mre expertise than it might appear.There are incredibly tiny factrs t cnsider,such as the resistance in launch surface,as well as desired distance,speed,and landing.
Mst jumping rbts can’t cmpete with the insect,as their jumps are limited t starting atp extremely rigid surfaces.But a new buncing rbt develped by researchers in Carnegie Melln’s Cllege f Engineering is crssing thse barriers,and shwing prmise fr hw autnmus devices culd perate in the future.
A team f scientists led by prfessr f mechanical engineering Sarah Bergbreiter recently ptimized a rbt’s latch mechanisms (弹簧机制) used t bst it upward.Previusly,these latches were primarily thught f as simple n/ff switches that enabled the release f stred energy.Hwever,Bergbreiter and her team emplyed mathematical mdeling t illustrate that these latches bth were capable f cntrlling energy utput,as well as cntrlling the transfer (传递) f energy between the jumper and the launch surface.
T test their wrk,the team psitined a small jumping rbt atp a tree branch and recrded the precise energy transfers in its jumps’ first mments.“We fund that the latch can nt nly mediate(调节) energy utput but can als mediate energy transfer between the jumper and the envirnment that it is jumping frm,” said Bergbreiter.
Nw that researchers better understand the interactins at play in the pening mments f jumping,they can nw begin wrking n ways t integrate this int future rbtic designs.“It has been nearly impssible t design cntrlled insect-sized rbts because they are launched in just millisecnds,”explained Bergbreiter.“Nw,we have mre cntrl ver whether ur rbts are jumping up ne ft r three.It’s really fascinating that the latch—smething that we already need in ur rbts—can be used t cntrl utputs that we culdn’t have cntrlled befre.”
9.What des the authr want t shw abut the new rbt by mentining grasshppers?
A.It cmes with technical difficulties.
B.It can beat the insect easily.
C.It is the first ne designed fr jumping.
D.It is shaped like the tiny creature.
10.What advantage d latches designed by Bergbreiter have ver the traditinal nes?
A.They are better psitined in rbts.
B.They help release mre energy at a time.
C.They wrk in extreme envirnments.
D.They have mre than a single functin.
11.What des Bergbreiter think f their wrk?
A.It has changed their research directin.
B.It inspires new applicatins f rbts.
C.It brings them a sense f achievement.
D.It will make rbts smaller and lighter.
12.What is the text mainly abut?
A.A new mdel fr future rbts.
B.A step frward in rbt design.
C.Jumping rbts inspired by grasshppers.
D.Effrts t develp insect-sized rbts.
答案：
文体分类练(四) 说明文之发明创新类
Passage1
[语篇解读]本文为一篇说明文。文章介绍了一款纳米材料的机器人洁牙器。
1.B 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“Butthesebristlesshape-shifttfitwhateversurfacetheyencunter.”可知,这个洁牙产品能根据口腔内状况而变形。故选B项。
2.A 主旨大意题。根据第三段可知,第三段陈述的是这款清洁牙齿的机器人的工作原理。
3.B 推理判断题。根据最后一段可知,Steager认为这个清洁牙齿的设备从概念到产品,还需要很多工程,但是不失为一个好的想法,故Steager对这款产品很自信。
4.C 主旨大意题。通读全文,尤其是第一段以及第二段最后一句“Butthesebristlesshape-shifttfitwhateversurfacetheyencunter.”可知,文章主要介绍了一款纳米材料的洁牙器,在口腔中会根据具体状况变化形状。C项“AShape-ShiftingRbticTth-Cleaner(一种可以变形的机器人洁牙器)”作标题比较贴切。
Passage2
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了开始进入测试阶段的一种室外冷却系统,这项新技术有望在2024年投入市场,使人们在炎热的天气下,能够重享在室外喝咖啡的快乐。
5.C 词义猜测题。根据第一段中“Butitisntthatenjyablewhenheatwavessweepthecity.”可知,这座城市是非常闷热的。由此可知,“Theswelteringcity”指的是这座闷热的城市,画线词sweltering意为“闷热的”。
6.A 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Whileutdrclingsystemshaveexistedfrawhile,mstfthemusesmesrtfwaterrmistingsystemtcltheairarundthem,cnsumingtmuchwaterandpwer.”可知,现在的室外冷却系统消耗过多的水和电力,是比较浪费的。
7.D 主旨大意题。根据第三段中“Whenliquidnitrgenat-196degreesturnsintgas,itprducesaverystrngpressureandthepressureisusedtrunamechanicalengine.Itisthatmechanicalenginethatslwlyreleasesfreezingnitrgengastcldwntheairarundit.”可知,该段主要描述了这种新的冷却系统是如何工作的。
8.C 推理判断题。根据第一段中“AnutdrclingsystemprducedbyKinnk,anIsraelicmpany,begantbetestedinTelAviv.”和最后一段中“Thetechnlgyisuniqueandamazing.”及“Theclingsystemisexpectedtbenthemarketin2024.”可推知,本文的主要目的是向人们介绍一种新的室外冷却技术。
Passage3
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科研团队通过优化机器人的弹簧机制,使机器人的弹跳能力获得极大的改良。
9.A 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Thereareincrediblytinyfactrstcnsider,suchastheresistanceinlaunchsurface,aswellasdesireddistance,speed,andlanding.”及第二段可知,大多数弹跳机器人在弹跳能力上都无法与蚱蜢匹敌,但新型弹跳机器人正在克服这些障碍,提高弹跳能力,故作者提及蚱蜢卓越的弹跳力是为了展示新型弹跳机器人想要获得类似的弹跳能力需要克服重重技术难关。
10.D 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Previusly,theselatcheswereprimarilythughtfassimplen/ffswitchesthatenabledthereleasefstredenergy.Hwever,Bergbreiterandherteamemplyedmathematicalmdelingtillustratethattheselatchesbthwerecapablefcntrllingenergyutput,aswellascntrllingthetransferfenergybetweenthejumperandthelaunchsurface.”可知,和之前的弹簧机制比较,Bergbreiter的团队设计的弹簧功能更多。
11.C 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Nw,wehavemrecntrlverwhetherurrbtsarejumpingupneftrthree.It’sreallyfascinatingthatthelatch—smethingthatwealreadyneedinurrbts—canbeusedtcntrlutputsthatweculdn’thavecntrlledbefre.”可知,Bergbreiter认为他们的工作取得了重大的突破,给他们带来了成就感。
12.B 主旨大意题。根据第二段中“ButanewbuncingrbtdevelpedbyresearchersinCarnegieMelln’sCllegefEngineeringiscrssingthsebarriers,andshwingprmisefrhwautnmusdevicesculdperateinthefuture.”及第三段中“AteamfscientistsledbyprfessrfmechanicalengineeringSarahBergbreiterrecentlyptimizedarbt’slatchmechanismsusedtbstitupward.”并结合下文弹簧机制优化后的成效可知,本文主要介绍了通过优化机器人的弹簧机制,机器人设计向前迈进了一步。
词汇积累:
1.(Passage 1)autmatically adv.自动地
2.(Passage 1)extend v.延伸
3.(Passage 1)stretch ut伸展
4.(Passage 2)sweep vt.席卷
5.(Passage 2)cnsume vt.消耗
6.(Passage 2)advantage n.优势
7.(Passage 2)ptin n.选择
8.(Passage 2)as fr关于,置于
9.(Passage 3)bst vt.推动
10.(Passage 3)be capable f有能力
熟词生义:
1.(Passage 2)run vt.操作;使运转
2.(Passage 3)psitin vt.放置
长难句分析:
(Passage 1)When there’s a tth in the way,these bristles can’t stretch ut as far as they want.
分析:本句为复合句。When there’s a tth in the way为when引导的时间状语从句,as far as they want为比较状语从句。
句意:当有一颗牙齿挡道时,这些刷毛就不能像它们想要的那样伸展。