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2021-2022学年上海市杨浦区高三上学期期中英语试题及答案
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这是一份2021-2022学年上海市杨浦区高三上学期期中英语试题及答案，共30页。试卷主要包含了 which， against 3， t benefit， mre affrdable， ne 7， Shuld 9， what， F 14等内容，欢迎下载使用。
Directins: After reading the passage belw, fill in the blanks t make the passages cherent and grammatically crrect. Fr the blanks with a given wrd, fill in each blank with the prper frm f the given wrd; fr the ther blanks, use ne wrd that best fits each blank.
Hw Much Understanding Opprtunity Cst
Decisins, decisins! Every day we cme acrss situatins in ____1____we have t make a chice. Ecnmists have lng realized that when we make decisin, we are cnsidering ur unlimited wants ____2____limited time, mney, services, and pprtunities.
____3____we chse, we nt nly have t think abut the cst f ne item we can have nw, but we must take int accunt the thing we have t give up. Ecnmists call this "pprtunity cst," and yu dn't have t have a PhD in ecnmics ____4____(benefit) frm knwing hw the cncept wrks and nw it can imprve ur life chices.
A simple chice between buying a dinner in an expensive restaurant and at a ____5____(affrdable) fd stand can illustrate pprtunity cst. The mney yu spend n the high-class restaurant meal is certain t be mre than the ____6____at a fd stand. If yu chse the restaurant, yu will enjy a gd meal and the enjyment f fine dining. Hwever, the extra mney spent n the meal cmpared t the fd frm the fd stand ____7____(lse). Yu sacrifice cheaper meal fr a cstlier ne. This is an example f "pprtunity cst."
____8____yu g t cllege? That wuld take at least fur years plus the expenses fr tuitin, bks, and ther supplies. During that time yu wuld prbably nt be earning any mney. The lst pprtunity f earning mney is yur pprtunity cst f btaining ____9____cllege degree. Befre yu make yur next purchase, whether fr a huse, car, cllege degree, r just cffee, cnsider _____10_____yu must give up t make that purchase.
【答案】1. which
2. against 3. Every time##When
4. t benefit
5. mre affrdable
6. ne 7. will be lst
8. Shuld 9. a
10. what
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章向我们介绍了经济学中的机会成本的概念，并用买饭和上大学这两个例子进行阐释说明，提醒人们在做购买决定时要更加理性。
【1题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：我们每天都会遇见我们不得不做出选择的情况/形势。根据situatin“情况，形势”作先行词时定语从句的关系词应该使用in which或where，题干中已经给出了in，故此处填入关系代词which。
【2题详解】
考查介词。句意：我们总是拿我们无限的欲望来对抗有限的时间、金钱、服务以及机遇。根据句意可知“无限的欲望”和“有限的资源”之间存在对照/博弈关系，故此处填入介词against。
【3题详解】
考查连词。句意：我们每次在进行选择时，我们不仅要考虑我们当前所拥有的某样东西的成本，我们还要考虑我们不得不放弃的东西。根据逗号前的主谓结构可知前面为一个句子且为从句，根据句意可知是时间状语从句，可以填入连接词“when”，若要强调“每一次”的概念也可以填入“every time”，故此处可填入连词Every time或When。
【4题详解】
考查动词。句意：并且你不需要拥有一个经济学博士学位，来使你从了解这个概念是如何运作的中获益，现在这可以改善我们的人生选择。根据句意可知此处应用动词不定式作目的状语，故填入t benefit。
【5题详解】
考查形容词。句意：一个简单的关于是在一个昂贵的餐馆买晚饭还是在一个更加负担得起的食品摊买饭就阐释了机会成本。根据句意是在昂贵的和便宜一些的餐馆间做选择，故需要用到形容此形容词的比较级，故填入mre affrdable。
【6题详解】
考查代词。句意：你在一个高级餐厅花的钱当然会比在一个食品摊上花的那份钱多。根据句意可知，“花的钱”是这个句子中重复的部分，根据英文一般忌重复的原则，后一次重复需要用到代词，ne原则上不可以替代不可数名词，如果名词用一份等词量化时则可以，故此处填入代词ne。
【7题详解】
考查时态和语态分词作定语。句意：如果你选择了餐馆，你会享受到好的饭菜和很棒的就用乐趣，然而，与食品摊位相比，你在你在餐馆额外花的钱将会失去。根据句意此句仍承接前句的假设，故主句仍需要用到将来时态，又因为钱做主语，则需要用到被动语态，故填入will be lst。
【8题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：你应该去读大学吗？根据本段大部分内容是在分析读大学的成本和收获可知，此处提出问题要不要读大学，所以此处填入情态动词Shuld。
【9题详解】
考查冠词。句意：你所失去的赚钱的机会就是你去获取大学学位的机会成本。显然，Degree“学位”为可数名词，又因为此处为泛指概念，故此处填入不定冠词a。
【10题详解】
考查宾语从句。句意：在你做出你的下一次购买决定前，无论是买房、车、大学学位还是咖啡，考虑为了这次购买你必须要放弃的东西。祈使句中动词cnsider后面为宾语从句，从句中的空缺处充当宾语且有意义，“东西”，故需填入连接代词what。
Sectin B
Directins: Fill in each blank with a prper wrd chsen frm the bx. Each wrd can nly be used nce. Nte that there is ne wrd mre than yu need.
Fire That Was Started 92,000 Years Ag
Human are actively changing landscapes acrss the glbe, but shaping ecsystems is nt just a mdern activity.
An analysis f the nrthern shres f East Africa's Lake Malawi reveals ancient inhabitants used fire 92,000 years ag t prevent frest ____11____. These Stne Age humans burned frest t make rm fr a grwing ppulatin.
The Yale-led study discvered settlements in the area, alng with charcal depsits in the cre f the lake, allwing researchers t ____12____the stry tgether.
Jessica Thmpsn, the paper's lead authr, said: "This is the earliest evidence I have seen f humans ____13____their ecsystem with fire. It suggests that by the Late Pleistcene（晚更新世）, humans were learning t use fire in truly new ways.
The wrk began in 2018. Researchers frm Pennsylvania State University examined fssils, pllen（花粉）and minerals ____14____frm the bttm f the lake. The analysis shwed envirnment changes that culd nt be explained with ____15____factrs.
Nrmally frest alng the lake shre ____16____during dry perids and recver when the lake reaches nrmal levels. But here researchers discvered that when wetter perids ____17____ and water levels became nrmal, frests alng the shre did nt recver, and the species richness went ____18____.
Sarah Ivry frm Pennsylvania State University said: "The pllen that we see in this mst recent perid f ____19____climate is very different than befre. Specifically, trees are n lnger cmmn and are replaced by pllen frm plants that deal well with frequent fire."
It's nt clear why peple were burning the landscape. It's pssible that they were experimenting with cntrlled burns t prduce _____20_____. It culd be that their fires burned ut f cntrl, r that there were simple a lt f peple burning fuel in their envirnment that prvided fr warmth, cking, r scializatin.
【答案】11. H 12. E
13. F 14. K
15. A 16. D
17. G 18. J
19. C 20. I
【解析】
【分析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了考古发现早期人类是生态系统工程师。他们用火的方式阻止了该地区森林的再生，形成了今天存在的一片广阔的低矮灌木林。
【11题详解】
考查名词。句意：一项对东非马拉维湖北部海岸的分析显示，古代居民在92000年前使用火灾来防止森林的再生。分析句子可知，需填名词作宾语，根据下文的“These Stne Age humans burned frest t make rm fr a grwing ppulatin.(这些石器时代的人类烧毁森林，为不断增长的人口腾出空间)”可推断，古代居民用大火阻止森林再生，regrwth“再生”不可数名词，符合题意，故选H。
【12题详解】
考查动词。句意：耶鲁大学领导的研究发现了该地区的定居点，和湖中心的木炭沉积物，让研究人员可以把这个故事拼凑起来。t是不定式符号，故填动词，由句意可知，一个分析让研究人员拼凑出这个故事，piece“拼凑”符合句意，故选E。
【13题详解】
考查动词。句意：该论文的主要作者埃西卡·汤普森说：“这是我所看到的最早的关于人类用火改变生态系统的证据”。根据句意可知，此处说明人们用火改变生态系统，transfrm“改变；转变”符合语境，分析句子可知，介词f后接动名词作宾语，human是动名词的逻辑主语，故选F。
【14题详解】
考查动词。句意：这项工作始于2018年。来自宾夕法尼亚州立大学的研究人员检查了从湖底拖出来的化石、花粉和矿物质。根据句意可知，这些化石，花粉和矿物质来自湖底，pull“拖；拉”符合题意，作后置定语，pull与fssils, pllen（花粉）and minerals之间是被动关系，故用过去分词形式作定语，故选K。
【15题详解】
考查形容词。句意：分析显示，环境变化无法用自然因素来解释。此处用形容词作定语，修饰名词，根据下一段内容可知，此处说的是自然因素无法介绍环境变化。natural“自然的”形容词作定语，故选A。
【16题详解】
考查动词。句意：通常沿湖岸的森林在干燥时期消失，当湖泊达到正常水平时恢复。分析句子可知，缺少谓语动词用动词形式，根据下文“recver when the lake reaches nrmal levels”可推断，干燥时期森林消失，描述客观事实用一般现在时，主语frest是单数，disappear“消失”动词作谓语。故选D。
【17题详解】
考查动词。句意：但研究人员发现，当较湿润时期回归和水位恢复正常时，沿岸森林没有恢复，物种丰富度趋于平稳。分析句子可知，空格处填动词作谓语，根据上文“recver when the lake reaches nrmal levels”可知，较湿润时期回归，森林恢复正常，return“返回；回归”符合语境，且描述过去的事情，用一般过去时。故选G。
【18题详解】
考查形容词。句意：但研究人员发现，当较湿润时期回归和水位恢复正常时，沿岸森林没有恢复，物种丰富度趋于平稳。g是系动词，接形容词作表语，根据上文“frests alng the shre did nt recver”可知，森林没有恢复，物种丰富度趋于平稳。flat“停滞的；平淡的”符合语境，故选J。
【19题详解】
考查形容词。句意：我们在最近一段稳定气候时期看到的花粉与以前大不相同。分析句子可知，用形容词作定语，根据下文“replaced by pllen frm plants that deal well with frequent fire.”可知，此处表示稳定时期看到的花粉不同于以前火灾时期看到的。stable“稳定的”符合语境，故选C。
【20题详解】
考查名词。句意：有可能是他们在试验控制烧伤来产生有利于狩猎和采集的栖息地。分析句子可知，填名词作宾语，由上文“they were experimenting with cntrlled burns”以及句意可推断，此处说明古代居民通过有控制的燃烧创造栖息地，habitat“栖息地”符合语境，是可数名词，用复数，故选I。
III. Reading Cmprehensins
Sectin A
Directins: Fr each blank in the fllwing passage, there are fur wrds r phrases marked A, B,C and D. Fill in each blank with the wrd r phrase that best fits the cntext.
Dealing with Digital Shame
Sme argue shame can be a frceful tl fr change. But when it's weapnized against thers in ____21____digital spaces, these same strategies can turn int hurtful behaviurs, like cyberbullying and nline harassment (骚扰).
Getting called ut, insulted r bullied isn't exactly ____22____. But the Internet's ability t strengthen and permanently ____23____thse messages is. And this tl is nw in the hands f mst yung peple. Here's hw experts recmmend guiding kids and teens thrugh this digital landscape.
1. Think befre yu pst.
In the digital age, what we share can becme ____24____. It's als a way f ____25____urselves t thers, says web safety expert Nancy Willard. ____26____, cnsider what yur scial media ftprint says abut yu. "Write dwn the key wrds that yu wuld like ther peple t use when they describe yu," Willard says. "Then, when yu're ____27____ smething, [ask yurself], 'Des that reflect thse qualities?'"
2. Wrk thrugh scenaris (可能场景) in advance.
If smene attacks yu nline, says Justin W. Patching, c-directr f the Cyberbullying Research Centre, yu might feel the desire -- even the need t respnd. Instead, parents shuld cnsider helping their kids ____28____such situatins befrehand. "Given them a situatin," he says, "t just practice thse skills f ____29____r making a jke f it."
3. Stp and stay calm.
It's easy fr a delicate digital argument t make yur bld bil. "If yu're upset, realize that the threat _____30_____centre f yur brain has taken ver," Willard says. "Unfrtunately, when this happens, yur emtinal _____31_____and yur thinking centres g ffline." But there are ways t remain cl. Take sme deep breaths. Step away frm the keybard. G fr a walk utside.
4. Put yurself in the ther persn' s shes.
If yu're being belittled nline, it may say mre abut the ther persn than it des abut yu, says psychlgist Sherry Turkle. "If yu can keep that in mind," she says, "then the whle experience will seem less _____32_____t yu, emtinally."
5. Empwer yurself with tls.
If yu find yurself being cyberbullied, ften the tech itself can prvide a number f simple ways t respnd: Blcking the _____33_____. Reprting hurtful exchanges. Taking screenshts. Saving message threads. Having that _____34_____can help if the behaviurs d escalate beynd ne hurtful ffense t repeated, lng-standing harassment. It's a lt easier fr authrities t get invlved when they can see _____35_____what's ging n.
21. A. stredB. sharedC. shiftedD. secured
22. A. lcalB. trueC. easyD. new
23. A. dcumentB. defineC. distractD. dminate
24 A. internalB. relevantC. permanentD. virtual
25. A. presentingB. adjustingC. restrictingD. devting
26. A. In cntrastB. In shrtC. In factD. In the end
27. A. printingB. pilingC. pstingD. passing
28. A. substitute frB. appeal tC. recver frmD. prepare fr
29. A. ignringB. islatingC. imitatingD. identifying
30. A. respnseB. reviewC. reliefD. reserve
31. A. integratinB. regulatinC. mdificatinD. interruptin
32. A. cnflictingB. cnfusingC. cnvincingD. cmfrting
33. A. ffenderB. strangerC. spnsrD. partner
34. A. feedbackB. resurceC. inquiryD. evidence
35 A. equallyB. eagerlyC. exactlyD. extremely
【答案】21. B 22. D 23. A 24. C 25. A 26. B 27. C 28. D 29. A 30. A 31. B 32. B 33. A 34. D 35. C
【解析】
【分析】本文是应用文。文章介绍了5个应对网络欺凌和在线骚扰等数字信息空间侮辱行为的办法。
【21题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：但是，当它在共享的数字空间被武器化，针对其他人时，同样的策略可能会变成伤害性行为，如网络欺凌和在线骚扰。A. stred储存的；B. shared共用的；C. shifted被转移的；D. secured获得的。结合常识和第三段“In the digital age, what we share can becme 4 .”可知，数字信息空间是人们共用的(shared)公 共空间。故选B项。
【22题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：被骂、被侮辱或被欺负并不是什么新鲜事。A. lcal当地的；B. true真实的；C. easy容易的；D. new新的。结合常识可知，欺凌和被欺凌行为一直存在，并不是新鲜事。故选D项。
【23题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：但互联网强化和永久记录这些信息的能力却是这样。A. dcument记录；B. define 给……下定义；C. distract使分心；D. dminate统治。结合常识可知，the Internet可以永久记录(dcument)信息。故选A项。
【24题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在数字时代，我们分享的东西可以一直存在。A. internal内部的；B. relevant相关的；C. permanent永久的，一直存在的；D. virtual虚拟的。根据第二段“But the Internet's ability t strengthen and permanently 3 thse messages is.”可知，在数字信息时代，人们分享的东西会一直存在。故选C项。
【25题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：网络安全专家南希·威拉德说，这也是向他人展示自己的一种方式。A. presenting展示；B. adjusting调整；C. restricting限制；D. devting致力于。根据下文“what yur scial media ftprint says abut yu.”可知，人们在数字信息空间的分享会反映自己的情况，也是一种对自己的展示。故选A项。
【26题详解】
考查介词短语词义辨析。句意：简而言之，考虑一下你的社交媒体足迹反映了你什么。A. In cntrast相反；B. In shrt简言之；C. In fact事实上；D. In the end最后。根据语境可知，“cnsider what yur scial media ftprint says abut yu.”是对前文的总结。故选B项。
【27题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：然后，当你发布一些东西的时候，(问问自己)，“它反映了那些品质吗?”。A. printing打印；B. piling堆放；C. psting发布，上传；D. passing传递。根据上文可知，Nancy Willard认为人们在数字信息空间的分享会反映自己的情况，所以在发布(pst)东西前要想清楚是否能达到自己想要的效果，是否能反映出那些自己想要展示的品质。故选C项。
【28题详解】
考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：相反，父母应该考虑帮助他们的孩子提前做好准备。A. substitute fr代替；B. appeal t呼吁；C. recver frm恢复；D. prepare fr为……准备。根据下文“Given them a situatin,”和“t just practice thse skills f 9 r making a jke f it.”可知，Justin建议父母要让孩子提前练习，提前做准备。故选D项。
【29题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：“给他们一个情境，”他说，“练习无视或拿它开玩笑的技巧。”。A. ignring忽视；B. islating使隔离；C. imitating模仿；D. identifying识别。根据“making a jke f it”可推知，面对网络欺凌时，Justin的建议是不要太在意，可以选择无视它或者拿它开玩笑。故选A项。
【30题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果你心烦意乱，要意识到你大脑中的“威胁反应中心”已经占据了主导地位。A. respnse反应；B. review复习；C. relief缓解；D. reserve预订。结合常识可知，生气意味着我们会对威胁作出反应，大脑中“威胁反应中心”开始起作用。故选A项。
【31题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：不幸的是，当这种情况发生时，你的情绪管理和思维中心就会离线。A. integratin结合；B. regulatin管理；C. mdificatin修改；D. interruptin打断。根据上文“the threat 10 centre f yur brain has taken ver”和 “thinking centres g ffline”可推知，生气时情绪管理(regulatin)和思维就会下线，失控。故选B项。
【32题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这样整个经历在情感上对你来说就不会那么困惑了。A. cnflicting相矛盾的；B. cnfusing令人困惑的；C. cnvincing令人信服的；D. cmfrting令人欣慰的。根据上文可知，心理学家Sherry建议换位思考，这样当被贬低时，这件事情就不会那么令人感到困惑(cnfusing)。故选B项。
【33题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：屏蔽冒犯者。A. ffender冒犯者；B. stranger陌生人；C. spnsr资助者；D. partner合伙人。根据“Blcking”可知，要屏蔽的是网络欺凌者，冒犯别人的人。故选A项。
【34题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果这些行为确实从一次伤害性的冒犯升级为反复的、长期的骚扰，有了这些证据会有所帮助。A. feedback反馈；B. resurce资源；C. inquiry调查；D. evidence证明。根据上文“Taking screenshts. Saving message threads.”可知，作者建议留下证据。故选D项。
【35题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：当当局能够清楚地看到正在发生的事情时，他们就更容易介入。A. equally平等地；B. eagerly急切地；C. exactly确切地；D. extremely极度。结合上文和常识可知，作者建议留下证据，这样做的目的是在必要的时候让别人确切地(exactly)看到发生了什么。故选C项。
Sectin B
Directins: Read the fllwing tw passage. Each passage is fllwed by several questins r unfinished statements. Fr each f them there are fur chices marked A, B, C and D. Chse the ne that fits best accrding t the infrmatin given in the passage yu have just read.
(A)
A 47-year-ld Frenchman had an unfrtunate experience while walking arund Cannes. Here he is t tell us all abut it.
The Black Hle
I wrk in the philsphy department at the university. Just last week, I had sme drinks with sme friends in a bar. After a few glasses f wine, but nt t many, mind yu, I felt. It was abut six in the evening, and it was starting t get dark. It had been raining heavily the past few days, but that night it was pleasant s I decided t walk hme. Hwever, I'd just turned the crner int my street when all f a sudden, "whsh", I fell dwn an uncvered manhle.
Flying
It was an incredible experience. It was as if I was flying thrugh the air. I culd feel the cld, wet sides f the drain. Eventually my back was rubbing alng the side, until "splash", I fell int a pl f running water.
A Water Ride
Nw I was mving quite fast. The current was very strng — I guess it was because f all the heavy rain that had flded the drain. Luckily the water wasn't very deep s I culd keep my head abve water. There was nthing I culd d, s I lay back, with my hands behind my head, as if I was n slide in a water park, and just let myself g. It was quite pleasant really, except fr the ccasinal muthful f sickening water, and a hrrible smell. When was it ging t end? I was abut t find ut.
The End f the Ordeal
All f a sudden, I culd see a light at the end f the tunnel. It started ff quite small, but then it gt bigger and bigger. A few secnds later I was sht up vilently ut f the drain, and nt the beach, right belw the luxurius Majestic Htel. I lay there fr a few secnd, shaken, but unharmed. Then I picked myself up, walked up t the htel and tld them what had happened. Of curse, at first it was hard t cnvince them that this dirty, wet middle-aged man with a hrrible smell n him was in fact a dignified university prfessr. Anyway, they eventually believed me and allwed me t clean myself in ne f the rms.
Recvery
Miraculusly, I was uninjured after my 30-minutes ride. I am currently in the prcess f charging the lcal cuncil with failing t warn the public abut the unmarked manhle.
Meanwhile, the twn mayr has blamed "unusually strng rain fall" fr the situatin.
36. Why did the man fall int t manhle?
A. He was walking t fast.B. He had drunk t much wine.
C. The manhle was uncvered.D. The heavy rain blcked his visin.
37. The underlined wrd "rdeal" prbably means________.
A. sufferingB. spinningC. verflwD. ffence
38. What can be learned abut the man?
A. He blamed his misfrtune n the unusually heavy rain.
B. He was lucky enugh t ge sptted by a htel emplyee.
C. He had t swim against the strng current t survive.
D. He is engaged in a legal case against the lcal authrities.
39. Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the article?
A. A Frenchman's Night EncunterB. A Ride dwn the Drain
C. Watch ut fr Hidden DangersD. Defend One's Dignity in Tugh Situatins
【答案】36. C 37. A 38. D 39. B
【解析】
【分析】本文是应用文。文章讲述了47岁的法国大学教授在晚上回家途中掉进地面的检修孔，在下水道里顺水漂流半个小时的不幸遭遇。
【36题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“Hwever, I'd just turned the crner int my street when all f a sudden, "whsh", I fell dwn an uncvered manhle.(然而，我刚拐进我住的那条街，突然，“嗖”的一声，我掉进了一个没有盖的下水道)”可知，下水道的检修孔没有盖上，所以他掉了下去。故选C项。
【37题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第五段“All f a sudden, I culd see a light at the end f the tunnel.(突然间，我在隧道尽头看到了一线亮光)”、“A few secnds later I was sht up vilently ut f the drain, and nt the beach, right belw the luxurius Majestic Htel.(几秒钟后，我从下水道里被猛烈地喷了出来，落到海滩上，就在豪华的Majestic酒店的正下方)”和“Of curse, at first it was hard t cnvince them that this dirty, wet middle-aged man with a hrrible smell n him was in fact a dignified university prfessr.(当然，一开始很难让他们相信，这个脏兮兮、湿漉漉、身上散发着难闻气味的中年男子实际上是一位高贵的大学教授)”可知，本段描写了他如何从下肮脏的下水道脱身，结束了可怕的下水道漂流，所以小标题“The End f the Ordeal”中的rdeal是指“在下水道漂流的痛苦”，suffering与其词义相近，表示“痛苦”。故选A项。
【38题详解】
细节理解题。根据第六段“I am currently in the prcess f charging the lcal cuncil with failing t warn the public abut the unmarked manhle.(我现在正在起诉地方议会没有提醒公众注意未标记的下水道)”可知，他正在起诉地方议会。故选D项。
【39题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章讲述了47岁的法国大学教授在晚上回家途中掉进地面的检修孔，在下水道里顺水漂流半个小时的不幸遭遇，故B项“A Ride dwn the Drain(下水道漂流)”是最佳标题。故选B项。
(B)
Wuld yu like t make ur readers smile? Enter this funny stry-writing cmpetitin and yu culd see yur stry printed in The Week Junir and published in a special dwnladable bk.
Things can feel quite strange and serius at the mment. Smetimes we all need a break frm reality t escape int a stry that makes us laugh ut lud. That's where yu cme in. Guy Bass (authr f Stitch Head and Skeletn Keys) want yu t give him the giggles. Usually it's Guy's jb t make his readers laugh, but nw he's turning the tables as he searchers fr the funniest yung writers wh can give him A WRITELAUGH. He's lking fr nine funny stries written by children aged frm five t 13, t publish in a special bk.
What yu win
There are three age categries: 5-7 years, 8-10 years, and 11-13 years. There will be a first, secnd and third-placed winner in each categry.
The Week Junir's editrial team will be selecting ne f the winning stries t publish in the magazine.
Each f the nine winners will have their stry included in a special e-bk that will be available nline.
Als up fr grabs are stacks f funny bks, and a year's subscriptin t The Week Junir magazine fr the verall winner.
HOW TO ENTER
Stries shuld be n mre than 500 wrds lng. They can be n any tpic, but they must make the judges laugh ut lud.
Ask a parent r guardian t send yur entry t awr itelaugh@littletiger c.uk Dn't frget t include yur name and age.
Befre yu enter the cmpetitin, make sure yur parent r guardian has read the terms and cnditins.
The dsing date fr entries is midnight n Friday 31 December.
Nt sure where t start? Guy has asked lts f his authr friends t supply hints and tips t help get yur creative juices flwing. Visit authrfy.cm/masterclasses/awr itelaugh t watch vide frm Guy Bass, Liz Pichn, A. F. Harrld, Swapna Haddw and many mre!
*Team & Cnditins: A Write Laugh (the "Cmpetitin") is rganized by the Little Tiger Grup. T view the full terms and cnditins and rules fr entry please g t
Privacy: Any persnal data relating t entrants will nt be disclsed t third party withut the individual's permissin. We will nly use the infrmatin yu prvide t determine yur admissibility and t cntact yu in relatin t yur entry. Data relating t entrants will be kept by Little Tiger Grup fr a reasnable perid f time after the cmpetitin clses, t assist Little Tiger Grup t perate the cmpetitin in a steady manner and t deal with any inquiries n the cmpetitin.
40. T enter the cmpetitin, the entrants must________.
A. send his/her stry t awritelaugh@
B. hand in his/her entry n Friday 31 December
C. use ideas frm authfy.cm/masterclasses/awritelaugh
D. write a shrt funny stry n the tpic given by Guy Bass
41. What are the prizes fr the winners?
A. All the first-placed winners' stries will be published in The Week Junir.
B. The winners will see their stries included in an e-bk.
C. The winners will have the chance t talk with famus authrs.
D. The winners can subscribe t The Week Junir at a discunt.
42. Accrding t the terms and cnditins,________.
A. persnal data wn't be disclsed under any circumstance.
B. Little Tiger Grup wns the n all the stries
C. persnal data will be used in relatin t the cmpetitin
D. Litter Tiger Grup will remve all data right after the cmpetitin
【答案】40. A 41. B 42. C
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了《少年周刊》杂志社准备开展一次有趣的故事写作征文比赛，文章对比赛的规则、要求、方式以及奖励等方面进行了详细的说明。
【40题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章HOW TO ENTER部分“Ask a parent r guardian t send yur entry t awr itelaugh@littletiger c.uk ”（ 请家长或监护人将您的报名登记发送至awritelaugh@littletigerc.uk）可知为了参加比赛，参赛者必须将自己的故事发送至awritelaugh@。故选A项。
【41题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章What yu win部分“Each f the nine winners will have their stry included in a special e-bk that will be available nline.“（九位获奖者中的每一位都将把他们的故事写进一本特别的电子书中，这本书将在网上提供。）说明获奖者将在电子书中看到他们的故事。故选B项。
【42题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段“Privacy: Any persnal data relating t entrants will nt be disclsed t third party withut the individual's permissin. We will nly use the infrmatin yu prvide t determine yur admissibility and t cntact yu in relatin t yur entry.”（隐私：未经个人许可，不得向第三方披露与参赛者有关的任何个人数据。我们将仅使用您提供的信息来确定您是否可以参加，并就您的参加事宜与您联系。）说明根据条款和条件，个人数据将用于比赛。故选C项。
(C)
Yu can tell a lt abut peple's general state f mind based n their scial media feeds. Are they always tweeting abut their biggest annyances r psting pictures f particularly cute kitties? In a similar fashin, researchers are turning t Twitter fr clues abut the verall happiness f entire gegraphic cmmunities.
What they're finding is that reginal variatin in the use f cmmn phrases prduces predictins that dn't always reflect the lcal state f well being. But remving frm their analyses just three specific terms — gd, lve and LOL — greatly imprves the accuracy f the methds.
“We're living in a crazy COVID-19 era. And nw mre than ever, we're using scial media t adapt t a new nrmal and reach ut t the friends and family that we can't meet face-t-face.” Kkil Jaidka studies cmputatinal linguistics at the Natinal University f Singapre. “But ur wrds aren't useful just t understand what we, as individuals, think and feel. They're als useful clues abut the cmmunity we live in.”
One f the simpler methds that many scientists use t analyze the data invlves crrelating wrds with psitive r negative emtins. But when thse recrds are cmpared with phne surveys that assess reginal well-being, Jaidka says, they dn't paint an accurate picture f the lcal zeitgeist.
Being able t get an accurate read n the md f the ppulatin is n laughing matter.
“That's particularly imprtant nw in the time f COVID, where we're expecting a mental health crisis and we're already seeing in survey data the largest decrease in subjective well-being in 10 years at least, if nt ever.”
T find ut why, Jaidka and her team analyzed billins f tweets frm arund the United States. And they fund that amng the mst frequently used terms n Twitter are LOL, lve and gd. And they actually thrw the analysis ff. Why the discnnect?
“Internet language is really a different beast than regular spken language. We've adapted wrds frm the English vcabulary t mean different things in different situatins.” says Jaidka. “Take, fr example, LOL. I've tweeted the wrd LOL t express irny, annyance and smetimes just pure surprise. When the methds fr measuring LOL as a marker f happiness were created in the 1990s, it still meant laughing ut lud.”
"There are plenty f terms that are less misleading," says Jaidka. "Our mdels tell us that wrds like excited, fun, great, pprtunity, interesting, fantastic and thse are better wrds fr measuring subjective well-being."
43. The researchers turn t scial media feeds t________.
A. help with the analysis f peple's subjective well-being
B. lcate the mst-frequently used wrds
C. prve the discnnect between language and emtins
D. make the predictin methd mre effective
44. Hw did Jaidka knw the analysis wasn't accurate?
A. It didn't reflect the md f the entire gegraphic cmmunity
B. It didn't match the assessment result f the phne surveys.
C. It didn't cnsider the features f Internet language.
D. It didn't take the reginal variatins int accunt.
45. Which f the fllwing statements will Jaidka mst prbably agree with?
A. Face-t-face cmmunicatin is needed t ensure happiness.
B. Internet use is t blame fr the decrease in subjective well-being.
C. Internet language shuld be abandned as a surce f scientific analysis.
D. Less misleading wrds shuld be used in assessing subjective well-being.
【答案】43. A 44. B 45. D
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了，研究人员利用社交媒体来帮助分析人们的主观幸福感，他们发现，使用常用短语的地区差异所产生的预测并不总是反映当地的幸福状态。
【43题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中“In a similar fashin, researchers are turning t Twitter fr clues abut the verall happiness f entire gegraphic cmmunities.(以类似的方式，研究人员正在Twitter上寻找关于整个地理社区总体幸福感的线索)”可知，研究人员利用社交媒体来帮助分析人们的主观幸福感。故选A。
【44题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中“But when thse recrds are cmpared with phne surveys that assess reginal well-being, Jaidka says, they dn't paint an accurate picture f the lcal zeitgeist. (但当这些记录与评估地区福祉的电话调查相比较时，Jaidka说，它们并不能准确描绘出当地的时代精神)”可知，Jaidka知道分析不准确是因为和电话调查的评估结果不一致。故选B。
【45题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段“"There are plenty f terms that are less misleading," says Jaidka. "Our mdels tell us that wrds like excited, fun, great, pprtunity, interesting, fantastic and thse are better wrds fr measuring subjective well-being." (“有很多术语不那么具有误导性，” Jaidka说，“我们的模型告诉我们，像兴奋、有趣、伟大、机会、有趣、美妙等词是衡量主观幸福感的更好的词。”)”可知，Jaidka可能会认同D选项“在评估主观幸福感时，应该少用误导性的词语”的说法。故选D。
Sectin C
Directins: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a prper sentence given in the bx. Each sentence can be used nly nce. Nte that there are tw mre sentences than yu need.
Nt All Waste Has t G t Waste
Mst f the wrld's 2.22 billin tns f annual trash ends up in landfills r pen dumps. Veena Sahajwalla, a materials scientist and engineer at the University f New Suth Wales in Sydney, Australia, has created a slutin t ur massive trash prblem: waste micrfactries. There little trash prcessrs -- sme as small as 500 square feet -- huse a series f machines that recycle waste and transfrm it int new materials with the new technlgy.
____46____
Sahajwalls launched the wrld's first waste micrfactry targeting electrnic waste, r e-waste, in 2018 in Sydney. A secnd ne began recycling plastics in 2019. Nw, her lab grup is wrking with university and industry partners t cmmercialize their patented micrfactry technlgy.____47____The apprach will als allw cities t recycle waste int new prducts n lcatin, aviding the lng, ften internatinal, high-emissin treks between recycling prcessrs and manufacturing plants. With a micrfactry, gne are the days f needing separate facilities t cllect and stre materials, extract elements and prduce new prducts.
____48____Her inventin evlves this idea by taking materials frm an ld prduct and creating smething different. "The kids dn't lk like the parents," she says.
Fr example, the micrfactry can break dwn ld smartphnes and cmputer mnitrs and extract silica (frm the glass) and carbn (frm the plastic casing), and then cmbine them tgether. This generates a cmmn material with many industrial uses.____49____
In 2019, just 17.4 percent f e-waste was recycled, s they ability t re-frm ffers a crucial new develpment in the challenge recycling cmplex electrnic devices. "[We] can d s much mre with materials," says Sahajwalla.
A. Traditinal recycling has nt wrked fr every recycling challenge, especially the recycling f e-waste.
B. She says the small scale f the machines will make it easier fr them t ne day perate n renewable energy, unlike mst large manufacturing plants.
C. Sahajwalla refers t this prcess as "the furth R", adding "re-frm" t the cmmn phrase "reduce, reuse, recycle."
D Electrnics cntains varius pisnus chemicals and materials that are released int the envirnment if they are nt dealt with prperly.
E. The new all-in-ne apprach culd leave ur current recycling prcesses in the dust.
F. Traditinally, recycling plants break dwn materials fr reuse in similar prducts -- like melting dwn plastic t make mre plastic things.
【答案】46. E 47. B 48. F 49. C
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。传统意义上，大部分垃圾最终都会被填埋或露天倾倒。但本文介绍了一些新的处理垃圾，变废为宝的方式。
【46题详解】
上文“There little trash prcessrs -- sme as small as 500 square feet -- huse a series f machines that recycle waste and transfrm it int new materials with the new technlgy.”，说明下面将要提到一些新的回收垃圾的方法了。另外，根据本段最后一句，“With a micrfactry, gne are the days f needing separate facilities t cllect and stre materials, extract elements and prduce new prducts.”（ 有了一家微型工厂，需要单独设施收集和储存材料、提取元素和生产新产品的日子一去不复返了），可知，此段小标题提到新的方法，并且和老方法完全不一样。故选E.
【47题详解】
上文“Sahajwalls launched the wrld's first waste micrfactry targeting electrnic waste, r e-waste, in 2018 in Sydney.”本段提到Sahajwalls的微工厂，此空前提到“her lab grup is wrking with university and industry partners t cmmercialize their patented micrfactry technlgy.”（ 现在，她的实验室小组正在与大学和行业合作伙伴合作，将他们的专利微工厂技术商业化），此空后als证明了这个微工厂的另一个好处，因此，此空应提到微工厂的好处。故选B.
【48题详解】
下文“Her inventin evlves this idea by taking materials frm an ld prduct and creating smething different.” 她的发明通过从旧产品中提取材料并创造一些不同的东西来发展这一想法 ），本文在说新办法和旧办法的不同，因此，此空应提到以前的传统的方法，像分解类似的产品，分解塑料制成塑料制品。故选F.
【49题详解】
此空前面是一个例子“Fr example, the micrfactry can break dwn ld smartphnes and cmputer mnitrs and extract silica (frm the glass) and carbn (frm the plastic casing), and then cmbine them tgether. This generates a cmmn material with many industrial uses”（ 例如，微工厂可以分解旧的智能手机和电脑显示器，提取二氧化硅（从玻璃中）和碳（从塑料外壳中），然后将它们结合在一起。这产生了一种具有许多工业用途的普通材料），此空是对前的例子的总结归纳，Sahajwalla将这一过程称为“第四个R”，在常用短语“减少、重用、回收”中添加了“重新形成”。故选C。
IV. Summary Writing
50. Directins: Read the fllwing three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main pint(s) f the passage in n mre than 60 wrds. Use yur wn wrds as far as pssible.
Birdsng and Mental Health
Peple ften turn t nature as a healthy way t cpe with stress. Peple als cnsider it relaxing t listen t audi recrdings f running water, waves r singing birds. Sund can have an extensive effect n ur sense f well-being. Accrdingly, scientists have lng sught t understand the effects f certain sunds n peple.
In a recent study, scientists evaluated the effect that hearing birdsng had n hikers. They mnitred a number f hiking trails in a public park with audi recrding devices. This helped them create a bird cunt in the area. They then surveyed visitrs t thse trails abut their impressin f bird diversity. They als asked fr a reprt n the visitrs' sense f well-being.
The next part f the study tk place n the same trails. But the scientists used hidden speakers t play recrdings f birds singing. That gave the impressin that there were mre birds in the area. They then surveyed visitrs wh had heard the recrdings.
The results f the study indicated that there was a direct relatinship between hearing birdsng and an increased sense f well-being. This result builds n prir investigatins int the effects f listening t recrdings f natural sunds n peple. Thse studies have shwn that recrdings f natural sunds can help with stress relief and the ability t fcus. Hwever, the reasn behind the benefit is nt ttally clear.
Perhaps listening t birdsng is cnnected t a sense f calm. After all, we encunter birdsng in the peaceful part f the mrning r fllwing a strm. Or it might relate t a sense f safety prjected by singing birds. They sing when there are n predatrs nearby. Whatever the reasn, listening t birdsng can imprve ur mental health.
The authrs f the hiking study had an interesting bservatin. It was the perceptin f being in nature with a diversity f singing birds that helped. Therefre, they suggested that park managers encurage visitrs t enjy nature quietly as that prvided the greatest benefit.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Versin 1
Scientists lately cnducted a study n the effect f birdsng n mental health. They asked peple hw they felt after hearing birds singing. They cncluded that hearing birdsng culd imprve mental health, prbably because birdsng leads t a sense f calm and safety. Anyway, scientists suggested peple get clser t nature fr it is beneficial t ur sense f well-being.
Versin 2
A study has fund that hearing birdsng imprves peple's sense f well-being after surveying peple expsed t recrdings f birds' singing. The reasns may be that listening t birds singing helps us feel calm r safe. Anyway, the suggestin is that we shuld enjy nature quietly fr the sake f mental health.
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说鸟鸣可以提升人的幸福感。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①In a recent study, scientists evaluated the effect that hearing birdsng had n hikers.
②The results f the study indicated that there was a direct relatinship between hearing birdsng and an increased sense f well-being.
③Perhaps listening t birdsng is cnnected t a sense f calm.
④Or it might relate t a sense f safety prjected by singing birds.
⑤Therefre, they suggested that park managers encurage visitrs t enjy nature quietly as that prvided the greatest benefit.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3、4两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
A study has fund that hearing birdsng imprves peple's sense f well-being after surveying peple expsed t recrdings f birds’ singing.
The reasns may be that listening t birds singing helps us feel calm r safe.
Anyway, the suggestin is that we shuld enjy nature quietly fr the sake f mental health.
【点睛】[高分句型1] A study has fund that hearing birdsng imprves peple's sense f well-being after surveying peple expsed t recrdings f birds’ singing.（that引导的宾语从句）
[高分句型2]The reasns may be that listening t birds singing helps us feel calm r safe.（that引导的表语从句）
V. Translatin
Directins: Translate the fllwing sentences int English, using the wrds given in the brackets.
51. 成功人士对进步的定义是距离目标达成又近了一步。(define) (汉译英）
【答案】Successful peple ften define prgress as getting clser t achieving ne's gal.
【解析】
【详解】考查形容词、动词、短语和名词。表示“成功的”应用形容词Successful；表示“对进步的定义是”短语为define prgress as；表示“近了一步”短语为get clser t，t为介词，后接动名词作宾语；表示“目标达成”短语为achieve ne's gal。故翻译为Successful peple ften define prgress as getting clser t achieving ne's gal.
52. 原来火灾是由天花板上外露的电线引起的。(turn ut) (汉译英）
【答案】It turned ut that the fire was/had been caused by the unprtected (expsed) electricity line n the ceilings.
【解析】
【详解】考查名词性从句、固定短语和动词时态。表示“原来是”应用固定句型it turn ut that...，it为形式主语，that引导主语从句，主句陈述过去发生的事情，使用一般过去时；表示“火灾”应用the fire；表示“引起”应用cause，the fire和cause为被动关系，需用被动语态，从句可以用一般过去时或者过去完成时；表示“由天花板上外露的电线”应用by the unprtected (expsed) electricity line n the ceilings。故翻译成：It turned ut that the fire was/had been caused by the unprtected (expsed) electricity line n the ceilings.
53. 对他们来说，最重要的是知道自己一直在无怨无悔为推广国产品牌而奋斗。(What) (汉译英）
【答案】What matters mst t them is knwing that they have strived t prmte dmestic brands withut regrets r cmplaints.
【解析】
【详解】考查主语从句，时态，宾语从句和短语。分析句子可知，主语用what引导的主语从句，“对他们来说，最重要的是”译为What matters mst t them，根据句意，时态用一般现在时，从句作主语谓语动词用单数is“是”，表语用动名词knwing“知道”，后接宾语从句“自己一直在无怨无悔为推广国产品牌而奋斗”，从句句意完整，成分齐全，用连接词that引导从句，从句主语they，谓语动词strive t d sth.“为……而奋斗”，prmte“推广”，dmestic brands“国产品牌”，withut regrets r cmplaints“无怨无悔”，故译为What matters mst t them is knwing that they have strived t prmte dmestic brands withut regrets r cmplaints.
54. 在这个游客罕至的被叫做现代桃花源的古老村落待的时间越长，他们就越着迷于当地人独特的生活方式。(fascinate) (汉译英）
【答案】The lnger they have stayed in the less visited ancient village, nicknamed/called “the mdern- day Land f Peach Blssm, the mre fascinated they have felt by/with the unique lifestyle f the lcals.
【解析】
【分析】
【详解】考查句子结构。“村落”village有多个定语修饰，“游客罕至的古老的”可译为the less visited ancient，作前置定语；“被叫做现代桃花源的”可译为nicknamed/called “the mdern- day Land f Peach Blssm，用非谓语动词作后置定语；“当地人独特的生活方式”可译为the unique lifestyle f the lcals；本句用到“the+比较级，the+比较级”（越……，越……）句式，“待的时间越长，越着迷……”可译为the lnger they have , the mre fascinated they have felt ；由句意可知本句指过去的动作或状态持续到现在，并对现在造成了影响，因而用现在完成时，故本句可译为The lnger they have stayed in the less visited ancient village, nicknamed/called “the mdern- day Land f Peach Blssm, the mre fascinated they have felt by/with the unique lifestyle f the lcals.
【点睛】
VI. Guided Writing
55. Directins:Write an English cmpsitin in 120-150 wrds accrding t the instructins given belw in Chinese.
假设最近你所在学校颁布了一项新举措，即“教师不得在手机上布置作业或要求学生利用手机完成作业”。与此同时，在 700 名师生中展开了广泛调查，结果如下。请就校方这一新措举发表你的看法，并说明理由。
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Recently, ur schl has enacted a new initiative that teachers are nt allwed t assign hmewrk n cellphnes r require students t cmplete hmewrk using cellphnes. The chart belw clearly demnstrates the prptin in terms f the students' attitude. We can see that the percentage f apprval is the highest. The figure is fllwed by the disapprval, reaching 9%. By cntrast, the lwest percentage is the attitude which means it desn't matter, with nly 5% invlved.
Frm my persnal perspective, the initiative is great fr the students. It is nt difficult t cme up with sme pssible factrs t accunt fr this. First, ur finishing hmewrk n cellphnes is bad fr ur eyesight. Besides, t much screen time will prbably decreases ur sleep quality. On tp f that, it is tended t get distracted frm the nline cntent which is nt helpful t ur study.
All in all, the initiative is bund t favr mst f us.The implementatin effrts f the initiative will be the key t witnessing the achievement f hmewrk refrm.
【解析】
【分析】本篇书面表达属于图表类作文。要求考生就学校颁布的新举措“教师不得在手机上布置作业或要求学生利用手机完成作业”发表自己看法并给出理由。
【详解】1.词汇积累
允许：allw→permit
要求：require →cmmand
表明：demnstrate→indicate
原因：factr→ reasn
2.句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句：We can see that the percentage f apprval is the highest. The figure is fllwed by the disapprval, reaching 9%.
拓展句：We can see that the percentage f apprval is the highest, fllwed by the disapprval, which reaches 9%.
【点睛】【高分句型1】Recently, ur schl has enacted a new initiative that teachers are nt allwed t assign hmewrk n cellphnes r require students t cmplete hmewrk using cellphnes.（运用了that引导同位语从句）
【高分句型2】On tp f that, It is tended t get distracted frm the nline cntent which is nt helpful t ur study.（运用了which引导的定语从句）
A. natural B. substituting C. stable D. disappear E. piece F. transfrming
G returned H. regrwth I. habitats J. flat K. pulled
态度
赞许
不赞许
无所谓
比例
85%
9%
5%
Directins: After reading the passage belw, fill in the blanks t make the passages cherent and grammatically crrect. Fr the blanks with a given wrd, fill in each blank with the prper frm f the given wrd; fr the ther blanks, use ne wrd that best fits each blank.
Hw Much Understanding Opprtunity Cst
Decisins, decisins! Every day we cme acrss situatins in ____1____we have t make a chice. Ecnmists have lng realized that when we make decisin, we are cnsidering ur unlimited wants ____2____limited time, mney, services, and pprtunities.
____3____we chse, we nt nly have t think abut the cst f ne item we can have nw, but we must take int accunt the thing we have t give up. Ecnmists call this "pprtunity cst," and yu dn't have t have a PhD in ecnmics ____4____(benefit) frm knwing hw the cncept wrks and nw it can imprve ur life chices.
A simple chice between buying a dinner in an expensive restaurant and at a ____5____(affrdable) fd stand can illustrate pprtunity cst. The mney yu spend n the high-class restaurant meal is certain t be mre than the ____6____at a fd stand. If yu chse the restaurant, yu will enjy a gd meal and the enjyment f fine dining. Hwever, the extra mney spent n the meal cmpared t the fd frm the fd stand ____7____(lse). Yu sacrifice cheaper meal fr a cstlier ne. This is an example f "pprtunity cst."
____8____yu g t cllege? That wuld take at least fur years plus the expenses fr tuitin, bks, and ther supplies. During that time yu wuld prbably nt be earning any mney. The lst pprtunity f earning mney is yur pprtunity cst f btaining ____9____cllege degree. Befre yu make yur next purchase, whether fr a huse, car, cllege degree, r just cffee, cnsider _____10_____yu must give up t make that purchase.
【答案】1. which
2. against 3. Every time##When
4. t benefit
5. mre affrdable
6. ne 7. will be lst
8. Shuld 9. a
10. what
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章向我们介绍了经济学中的机会成本的概念，并用买饭和上大学这两个例子进行阐释说明，提醒人们在做购买决定时要更加理性。
【1题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：我们每天都会遇见我们不得不做出选择的情况/形势。根据situatin“情况，形势”作先行词时定语从句的关系词应该使用in which或where，题干中已经给出了in，故此处填入关系代词which。
【2题详解】
考查介词。句意：我们总是拿我们无限的欲望来对抗有限的时间、金钱、服务以及机遇。根据句意可知“无限的欲望”和“有限的资源”之间存在对照/博弈关系，故此处填入介词against。
【3题详解】
考查连词。句意：我们每次在进行选择时，我们不仅要考虑我们当前所拥有的某样东西的成本，我们还要考虑我们不得不放弃的东西。根据逗号前的主谓结构可知前面为一个句子且为从句，根据句意可知是时间状语从句，可以填入连接词“when”，若要强调“每一次”的概念也可以填入“every time”，故此处可填入连词Every time或When。
【4题详解】
考查动词。句意：并且你不需要拥有一个经济学博士学位，来使你从了解这个概念是如何运作的中获益，现在这可以改善我们的人生选择。根据句意可知此处应用动词不定式作目的状语，故填入t benefit。
【5题详解】
考查形容词。句意：一个简单的关于是在一个昂贵的餐馆买晚饭还是在一个更加负担得起的食品摊买饭就阐释了机会成本。根据句意是在昂贵的和便宜一些的餐馆间做选择，故需要用到形容此形容词的比较级，故填入mre affrdable。
【6题详解】
考查代词。句意：你在一个高级餐厅花的钱当然会比在一个食品摊上花的那份钱多。根据句意可知，“花的钱”是这个句子中重复的部分，根据英文一般忌重复的原则，后一次重复需要用到代词，ne原则上不可以替代不可数名词，如果名词用一份等词量化时则可以，故此处填入代词ne。
【7题详解】
考查时态和语态分词作定语。句意：如果你选择了餐馆，你会享受到好的饭菜和很棒的就用乐趣，然而，与食品摊位相比，你在你在餐馆额外花的钱将会失去。根据句意此句仍承接前句的假设，故主句仍需要用到将来时态，又因为钱做主语，则需要用到被动语态，故填入will be lst。
【8题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：你应该去读大学吗？根据本段大部分内容是在分析读大学的成本和收获可知，此处提出问题要不要读大学，所以此处填入情态动词Shuld。
【9题详解】
考查冠词。句意：你所失去的赚钱的机会就是你去获取大学学位的机会成本。显然，Degree“学位”为可数名词，又因为此处为泛指概念，故此处填入不定冠词a。
【10题详解】
考查宾语从句。句意：在你做出你的下一次购买决定前，无论是买房、车、大学学位还是咖啡，考虑为了这次购买你必须要放弃的东西。祈使句中动词cnsider后面为宾语从句，从句中的空缺处充当宾语且有意义，“东西”，故需填入连接代词what。
Sectin B
Directins: Fill in each blank with a prper wrd chsen frm the bx. Each wrd can nly be used nce. Nte that there is ne wrd mre than yu need.
Fire That Was Started 92,000 Years Ag
Human are actively changing landscapes acrss the glbe, but shaping ecsystems is nt just a mdern activity.
An analysis f the nrthern shres f East Africa's Lake Malawi reveals ancient inhabitants used fire 92,000 years ag t prevent frest ____11____. These Stne Age humans burned frest t make rm fr a grwing ppulatin.
The Yale-led study discvered settlements in the area, alng with charcal depsits in the cre f the lake, allwing researchers t ____12____the stry tgether.
Jessica Thmpsn, the paper's lead authr, said: "This is the earliest evidence I have seen f humans ____13____their ecsystem with fire. It suggests that by the Late Pleistcene（晚更新世）, humans were learning t use fire in truly new ways.
The wrk began in 2018. Researchers frm Pennsylvania State University examined fssils, pllen（花粉）and minerals ____14____frm the bttm f the lake. The analysis shwed envirnment changes that culd nt be explained with ____15____factrs.
Nrmally frest alng the lake shre ____16____during dry perids and recver when the lake reaches nrmal levels. But here researchers discvered that when wetter perids ____17____ and water levels became nrmal, frests alng the shre did nt recver, and the species richness went ____18____.
Sarah Ivry frm Pennsylvania State University said: "The pllen that we see in this mst recent perid f ____19____climate is very different than befre. Specifically, trees are n lnger cmmn and are replaced by pllen frm plants that deal well with frequent fire."
It's nt clear why peple were burning the landscape. It's pssible that they were experimenting with cntrlled burns t prduce _____20_____. It culd be that their fires burned ut f cntrl, r that there were simple a lt f peple burning fuel in their envirnment that prvided fr warmth, cking, r scializatin.
【答案】11. H 12. E
13. F 14. K
15. A 16. D
17. G 18. J
19. C 20. I
【解析】
【分析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了考古发现早期人类是生态系统工程师。他们用火的方式阻止了该地区森林的再生，形成了今天存在的一片广阔的低矮灌木林。
【11题详解】
考查名词。句意：一项对东非马拉维湖北部海岸的分析显示，古代居民在92000年前使用火灾来防止森林的再生。分析句子可知，需填名词作宾语，根据下文的“These Stne Age humans burned frest t make rm fr a grwing ppulatin.(这些石器时代的人类烧毁森林，为不断增长的人口腾出空间)”可推断，古代居民用大火阻止森林再生，regrwth“再生”不可数名词，符合题意，故选H。
【12题详解】
考查动词。句意：耶鲁大学领导的研究发现了该地区的定居点，和湖中心的木炭沉积物，让研究人员可以把这个故事拼凑起来。t是不定式符号，故填动词，由句意可知，一个分析让研究人员拼凑出这个故事，piece“拼凑”符合句意，故选E。
【13题详解】
考查动词。句意：该论文的主要作者埃西卡·汤普森说：“这是我所看到的最早的关于人类用火改变生态系统的证据”。根据句意可知，此处说明人们用火改变生态系统，transfrm“改变；转变”符合语境，分析句子可知，介词f后接动名词作宾语，human是动名词的逻辑主语，故选F。
【14题详解】
考查动词。句意：这项工作始于2018年。来自宾夕法尼亚州立大学的研究人员检查了从湖底拖出来的化石、花粉和矿物质。根据句意可知，这些化石，花粉和矿物质来自湖底，pull“拖；拉”符合题意，作后置定语，pull与fssils, pllen（花粉）and minerals之间是被动关系，故用过去分词形式作定语，故选K。
【15题详解】
考查形容词。句意：分析显示，环境变化无法用自然因素来解释。此处用形容词作定语，修饰名词，根据下一段内容可知，此处说的是自然因素无法介绍环境变化。natural“自然的”形容词作定语，故选A。
【16题详解】
考查动词。句意：通常沿湖岸的森林在干燥时期消失，当湖泊达到正常水平时恢复。分析句子可知，缺少谓语动词用动词形式，根据下文“recver when the lake reaches nrmal levels”可推断，干燥时期森林消失，描述客观事实用一般现在时，主语frest是单数，disappear“消失”动词作谓语。故选D。
【17题详解】
考查动词。句意：但研究人员发现，当较湿润时期回归和水位恢复正常时，沿岸森林没有恢复，物种丰富度趋于平稳。分析句子可知，空格处填动词作谓语，根据上文“recver when the lake reaches nrmal levels”可知，较湿润时期回归，森林恢复正常，return“返回；回归”符合语境，且描述过去的事情，用一般过去时。故选G。
【18题详解】
考查形容词。句意：但研究人员发现，当较湿润时期回归和水位恢复正常时，沿岸森林没有恢复，物种丰富度趋于平稳。g是系动词，接形容词作表语，根据上文“frests alng the shre did nt recver”可知，森林没有恢复，物种丰富度趋于平稳。flat“停滞的；平淡的”符合语境，故选J。
【19题详解】
考查形容词。句意：我们在最近一段稳定气候时期看到的花粉与以前大不相同。分析句子可知，用形容词作定语，根据下文“replaced by pllen frm plants that deal well with frequent fire.”可知，此处表示稳定时期看到的花粉不同于以前火灾时期看到的。stable“稳定的”符合语境，故选C。
【20题详解】
考查名词。句意：有可能是他们在试验控制烧伤来产生有利于狩猎和采集的栖息地。分析句子可知，填名词作宾语，由上文“they were experimenting with cntrlled burns”以及句意可推断，此处说明古代居民通过有控制的燃烧创造栖息地，habitat“栖息地”符合语境，是可数名词，用复数，故选I。
III. Reading Cmprehensins
Sectin A
Directins: Fr each blank in the fllwing passage, there are fur wrds r phrases marked A, B,C and D. Fill in each blank with the wrd r phrase that best fits the cntext.
Dealing with Digital Shame
Sme argue shame can be a frceful tl fr change. But when it's weapnized against thers in ____21____digital spaces, these same strategies can turn int hurtful behaviurs, like cyberbullying and nline harassment (骚扰).
Getting called ut, insulted r bullied isn't exactly ____22____. But the Internet's ability t strengthen and permanently ____23____thse messages is. And this tl is nw in the hands f mst yung peple. Here's hw experts recmmend guiding kids and teens thrugh this digital landscape.
1. Think befre yu pst.
In the digital age, what we share can becme ____24____. It's als a way f ____25____urselves t thers, says web safety expert Nancy Willard. ____26____, cnsider what yur scial media ftprint says abut yu. "Write dwn the key wrds that yu wuld like ther peple t use when they describe yu," Willard says. "Then, when yu're ____27____ smething, [ask yurself], 'Des that reflect thse qualities?'"
2. Wrk thrugh scenaris (可能场景) in advance.
If smene attacks yu nline, says Justin W. Patching, c-directr f the Cyberbullying Research Centre, yu might feel the desire -- even the need t respnd. Instead, parents shuld cnsider helping their kids ____28____such situatins befrehand. "Given them a situatin," he says, "t just practice thse skills f ____29____r making a jke f it."
3. Stp and stay calm.
It's easy fr a delicate digital argument t make yur bld bil. "If yu're upset, realize that the threat _____30_____centre f yur brain has taken ver," Willard says. "Unfrtunately, when this happens, yur emtinal _____31_____and yur thinking centres g ffline." But there are ways t remain cl. Take sme deep breaths. Step away frm the keybard. G fr a walk utside.
4. Put yurself in the ther persn' s shes.
If yu're being belittled nline, it may say mre abut the ther persn than it des abut yu, says psychlgist Sherry Turkle. "If yu can keep that in mind," she says, "then the whle experience will seem less _____32_____t yu, emtinally."
5. Empwer yurself with tls.
If yu find yurself being cyberbullied, ften the tech itself can prvide a number f simple ways t respnd: Blcking the _____33_____. Reprting hurtful exchanges. Taking screenshts. Saving message threads. Having that _____34_____can help if the behaviurs d escalate beynd ne hurtful ffense t repeated, lng-standing harassment. It's a lt easier fr authrities t get invlved when they can see _____35_____what's ging n.
21. A. stredB. sharedC. shiftedD. secured
22. A. lcalB. trueC. easyD. new
23. A. dcumentB. defineC. distractD. dminate
24 A. internalB. relevantC. permanentD. virtual
25. A. presentingB. adjustingC. restrictingD. devting
26. A. In cntrastB. In shrtC. In factD. In the end
27. A. printingB. pilingC. pstingD. passing
28. A. substitute frB. appeal tC. recver frmD. prepare fr
29. A. ignringB. islatingC. imitatingD. identifying
30. A. respnseB. reviewC. reliefD. reserve
31. A. integratinB. regulatinC. mdificatinD. interruptin
32. A. cnflictingB. cnfusingC. cnvincingD. cmfrting
33. A. ffenderB. strangerC. spnsrD. partner
34. A. feedbackB. resurceC. inquiryD. evidence
35 A. equallyB. eagerlyC. exactlyD. extremely
【答案】21. B 22. D 23. A 24. C 25. A 26. B 27. C 28. D 29. A 30. A 31. B 32. B 33. A 34. D 35. C
【解析】
【分析】本文是应用文。文章介绍了5个应对网络欺凌和在线骚扰等数字信息空间侮辱行为的办法。
【21题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：但是，当它在共享的数字空间被武器化，针对其他人时，同样的策略可能会变成伤害性行为，如网络欺凌和在线骚扰。A. stred储存的；B. shared共用的；C. shifted被转移的；D. secured获得的。结合常识和第三段“In the digital age, what we share can becme 4 .”可知，数字信息空间是人们共用的(shared)公 共空间。故选B项。
【22题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：被骂、被侮辱或被欺负并不是什么新鲜事。A. lcal当地的；B. true真实的；C. easy容易的；D. new新的。结合常识可知，欺凌和被欺凌行为一直存在，并不是新鲜事。故选D项。
【23题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：但互联网强化和永久记录这些信息的能力却是这样。A. dcument记录；B. define 给……下定义；C. distract使分心；D. dminate统治。结合常识可知，the Internet可以永久记录(dcument)信息。故选A项。
【24题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在数字时代，我们分享的东西可以一直存在。A. internal内部的；B. relevant相关的；C. permanent永久的，一直存在的；D. virtual虚拟的。根据第二段“But the Internet's ability t strengthen and permanently 3 thse messages is.”可知，在数字信息时代，人们分享的东西会一直存在。故选C项。
【25题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：网络安全专家南希·威拉德说，这也是向他人展示自己的一种方式。A. presenting展示；B. adjusting调整；C. restricting限制；D. devting致力于。根据下文“what yur scial media ftprint says abut yu.”可知，人们在数字信息空间的分享会反映自己的情况，也是一种对自己的展示。故选A项。
【26题详解】
考查介词短语词义辨析。句意：简而言之，考虑一下你的社交媒体足迹反映了你什么。A. In cntrast相反；B. In shrt简言之；C. In fact事实上；D. In the end最后。根据语境可知，“cnsider what yur scial media ftprint says abut yu.”是对前文的总结。故选B项。
【27题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：然后，当你发布一些东西的时候，(问问自己)，“它反映了那些品质吗?”。A. printing打印；B. piling堆放；C. psting发布，上传；D. passing传递。根据上文可知，Nancy Willard认为人们在数字信息空间的分享会反映自己的情况，所以在发布(pst)东西前要想清楚是否能达到自己想要的效果，是否能反映出那些自己想要展示的品质。故选C项。
【28题详解】
考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：相反，父母应该考虑帮助他们的孩子提前做好准备。A. substitute fr代替；B. appeal t呼吁；C. recver frm恢复；D. prepare fr为……准备。根据下文“Given them a situatin,”和“t just practice thse skills f 9 r making a jke f it.”可知，Justin建议父母要让孩子提前练习，提前做准备。故选D项。
【29题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：“给他们一个情境，”他说，“练习无视或拿它开玩笑的技巧。”。A. ignring忽视；B. islating使隔离；C. imitating模仿；D. identifying识别。根据“making a jke f it”可推知，面对网络欺凌时，Justin的建议是不要太在意，可以选择无视它或者拿它开玩笑。故选A项。
【30题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果你心烦意乱，要意识到你大脑中的“威胁反应中心”已经占据了主导地位。A. respnse反应；B. review复习；C. relief缓解；D. reserve预订。结合常识可知，生气意味着我们会对威胁作出反应，大脑中“威胁反应中心”开始起作用。故选A项。
【31题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：不幸的是，当这种情况发生时，你的情绪管理和思维中心就会离线。A. integratin结合；B. regulatin管理；C. mdificatin修改；D. interruptin打断。根据上文“the threat 10 centre f yur brain has taken ver”和 “thinking centres g ffline”可推知，生气时情绪管理(regulatin)和思维就会下线，失控。故选B项。
【32题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这样整个经历在情感上对你来说就不会那么困惑了。A. cnflicting相矛盾的；B. cnfusing令人困惑的；C. cnvincing令人信服的；D. cmfrting令人欣慰的。根据上文可知，心理学家Sherry建议换位思考，这样当被贬低时，这件事情就不会那么令人感到困惑(cnfusing)。故选B项。
【33题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：屏蔽冒犯者。A. ffender冒犯者；B. stranger陌生人；C. spnsr资助者；D. partner合伙人。根据“Blcking”可知，要屏蔽的是网络欺凌者，冒犯别人的人。故选A项。
【34题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果这些行为确实从一次伤害性的冒犯升级为反复的、长期的骚扰，有了这些证据会有所帮助。A. feedback反馈；B. resurce资源；C. inquiry调查；D. evidence证明。根据上文“Taking screenshts. Saving message threads.”可知，作者建议留下证据。故选D项。
【35题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：当当局能够清楚地看到正在发生的事情时，他们就更容易介入。A. equally平等地；B. eagerly急切地；C. exactly确切地；D. extremely极度。结合上文和常识可知，作者建议留下证据，这样做的目的是在必要的时候让别人确切地(exactly)看到发生了什么。故选C项。
Sectin B
Directins: Read the fllwing tw passage. Each passage is fllwed by several questins r unfinished statements. Fr each f them there are fur chices marked A, B, C and D. Chse the ne that fits best accrding t the infrmatin given in the passage yu have just read.
(A)
A 47-year-ld Frenchman had an unfrtunate experience while walking arund Cannes. Here he is t tell us all abut it.
The Black Hle
I wrk in the philsphy department at the university. Just last week, I had sme drinks with sme friends in a bar. After a few glasses f wine, but nt t many, mind yu, I felt. It was abut six in the evening, and it was starting t get dark. It had been raining heavily the past few days, but that night it was pleasant s I decided t walk hme. Hwever, I'd just turned the crner int my street when all f a sudden, "whsh", I fell dwn an uncvered manhle.
Flying
It was an incredible experience. It was as if I was flying thrugh the air. I culd feel the cld, wet sides f the drain. Eventually my back was rubbing alng the side, until "splash", I fell int a pl f running water.
A Water Ride
Nw I was mving quite fast. The current was very strng — I guess it was because f all the heavy rain that had flded the drain. Luckily the water wasn't very deep s I culd keep my head abve water. There was nthing I culd d, s I lay back, with my hands behind my head, as if I was n slide in a water park, and just let myself g. It was quite pleasant really, except fr the ccasinal muthful f sickening water, and a hrrible smell. When was it ging t end? I was abut t find ut.
The End f the Ordeal
All f a sudden, I culd see a light at the end f the tunnel. It started ff quite small, but then it gt bigger and bigger. A few secnds later I was sht up vilently ut f the drain, and nt the beach, right belw the luxurius Majestic Htel. I lay there fr a few secnd, shaken, but unharmed. Then I picked myself up, walked up t the htel and tld them what had happened. Of curse, at first it was hard t cnvince them that this dirty, wet middle-aged man with a hrrible smell n him was in fact a dignified university prfessr. Anyway, they eventually believed me and allwed me t clean myself in ne f the rms.
Recvery
Miraculusly, I was uninjured after my 30-minutes ride. I am currently in the prcess f charging the lcal cuncil with failing t warn the public abut the unmarked manhle.
Meanwhile, the twn mayr has blamed "unusually strng rain fall" fr the situatin.
36. Why did the man fall int t manhle?
A. He was walking t fast.B. He had drunk t much wine.
C. The manhle was uncvered.D. The heavy rain blcked his visin.
37. The underlined wrd "rdeal" prbably means________.
A. sufferingB. spinningC. verflwD. ffence
38. What can be learned abut the man?
A. He blamed his misfrtune n the unusually heavy rain.
B. He was lucky enugh t ge sptted by a htel emplyee.
C. He had t swim against the strng current t survive.
D. He is engaged in a legal case against the lcal authrities.
39. Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the article?
A. A Frenchman's Night EncunterB. A Ride dwn the Drain
C. Watch ut fr Hidden DangersD. Defend One's Dignity in Tugh Situatins
【答案】36. C 37. A 38. D 39. B
【解析】
【分析】本文是应用文。文章讲述了47岁的法国大学教授在晚上回家途中掉进地面的检修孔，在下水道里顺水漂流半个小时的不幸遭遇。
【36题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“Hwever, I'd just turned the crner int my street when all f a sudden, "whsh", I fell dwn an uncvered manhle.(然而，我刚拐进我住的那条街，突然，“嗖”的一声，我掉进了一个没有盖的下水道)”可知，下水道的检修孔没有盖上，所以他掉了下去。故选C项。
【37题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第五段“All f a sudden, I culd see a light at the end f the tunnel.(突然间，我在隧道尽头看到了一线亮光)”、“A few secnds later I was sht up vilently ut f the drain, and nt the beach, right belw the luxurius Majestic Htel.(几秒钟后，我从下水道里被猛烈地喷了出来，落到海滩上，就在豪华的Majestic酒店的正下方)”和“Of curse, at first it was hard t cnvince them that this dirty, wet middle-aged man with a hrrible smell n him was in fact a dignified university prfessr.(当然，一开始很难让他们相信，这个脏兮兮、湿漉漉、身上散发着难闻气味的中年男子实际上是一位高贵的大学教授)”可知，本段描写了他如何从下肮脏的下水道脱身，结束了可怕的下水道漂流，所以小标题“The End f the Ordeal”中的rdeal是指“在下水道漂流的痛苦”，suffering与其词义相近，表示“痛苦”。故选A项。
【38题详解】
细节理解题。根据第六段“I am currently in the prcess f charging the lcal cuncil with failing t warn the public abut the unmarked manhle.(我现在正在起诉地方议会没有提醒公众注意未标记的下水道)”可知，他正在起诉地方议会。故选D项。
【39题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章讲述了47岁的法国大学教授在晚上回家途中掉进地面的检修孔，在下水道里顺水漂流半个小时的不幸遭遇，故B项“A Ride dwn the Drain(下水道漂流)”是最佳标题。故选B项。
(B)
Wuld yu like t make ur readers smile? Enter this funny stry-writing cmpetitin and yu culd see yur stry printed in The Week Junir and published in a special dwnladable bk.
Things can feel quite strange and serius at the mment. Smetimes we all need a break frm reality t escape int a stry that makes us laugh ut lud. That's where yu cme in. Guy Bass (authr f Stitch Head and Skeletn Keys) want yu t give him the giggles. Usually it's Guy's jb t make his readers laugh, but nw he's turning the tables as he searchers fr the funniest yung writers wh can give him A WRITELAUGH. He's lking fr nine funny stries written by children aged frm five t 13, t publish in a special bk.
What yu win
There are three age categries: 5-7 years, 8-10 years, and 11-13 years. There will be a first, secnd and third-placed winner in each categry.
The Week Junir's editrial team will be selecting ne f the winning stries t publish in the magazine.
Each f the nine winners will have their stry included in a special e-bk that will be available nline.
Als up fr grabs are stacks f funny bks, and a year's subscriptin t The Week Junir magazine fr the verall winner.
HOW TO ENTER
Stries shuld be n mre than 500 wrds lng. They can be n any tpic, but they must make the judges laugh ut lud.
Ask a parent r guardian t send yur entry t awr itelaugh@littletiger c.uk Dn't frget t include yur name and age.
Befre yu enter the cmpetitin, make sure yur parent r guardian has read the terms and cnditins.
The dsing date fr entries is midnight n Friday 31 December.
Nt sure where t start? Guy has asked lts f his authr friends t supply hints and tips t help get yur creative juices flwing. Visit authrfy.cm/masterclasses/awr itelaugh t watch vide frm Guy Bass, Liz Pichn, A. F. Harrld, Swapna Haddw and many mre!
*Team & Cnditins: A Write Laugh (the "Cmpetitin") is rganized by the Little Tiger Grup. T view the full terms and cnditins and rules fr entry please g t
Privacy: Any persnal data relating t entrants will nt be disclsed t third party withut the individual's permissin. We will nly use the infrmatin yu prvide t determine yur admissibility and t cntact yu in relatin t yur entry. Data relating t entrants will be kept by Little Tiger Grup fr a reasnable perid f time after the cmpetitin clses, t assist Little Tiger Grup t perate the cmpetitin in a steady manner and t deal with any inquiries n the cmpetitin.
40. T enter the cmpetitin, the entrants must________.
A. send his/her stry t awritelaugh@
B. hand in his/her entry n Friday 31 December
C. use ideas frm authfy.cm/masterclasses/awritelaugh
D. write a shrt funny stry n the tpic given by Guy Bass
41. What are the prizes fr the winners?
A. All the first-placed winners' stries will be published in The Week Junir.
B. The winners will see their stries included in an e-bk.
C. The winners will have the chance t talk with famus authrs.
D. The winners can subscribe t The Week Junir at a discunt.
42. Accrding t the terms and cnditins,________.
A. persnal data wn't be disclsed under any circumstance.
B. Little Tiger Grup wns the n all the stries
C. persnal data will be used in relatin t the cmpetitin
D. Litter Tiger Grup will remve all data right after the cmpetitin
【答案】40. A 41. B 42. C
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了《少年周刊》杂志社准备开展一次有趣的故事写作征文比赛，文章对比赛的规则、要求、方式以及奖励等方面进行了详细的说明。
【40题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章HOW TO ENTER部分“Ask a parent r guardian t send yur entry t awr itelaugh@littletiger c.uk ”（ 请家长或监护人将您的报名登记发送至awritelaugh@littletigerc.uk）可知为了参加比赛，参赛者必须将自己的故事发送至awritelaugh@。故选A项。
【41题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章What yu win部分“Each f the nine winners will have their stry included in a special e-bk that will be available nline.“（九位获奖者中的每一位都将把他们的故事写进一本特别的电子书中，这本书将在网上提供。）说明获奖者将在电子书中看到他们的故事。故选B项。
【42题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段“Privacy: Any persnal data relating t entrants will nt be disclsed t third party withut the individual's permissin. We will nly use the infrmatin yu prvide t determine yur admissibility and t cntact yu in relatin t yur entry.”（隐私：未经个人许可，不得向第三方披露与参赛者有关的任何个人数据。我们将仅使用您提供的信息来确定您是否可以参加，并就您的参加事宜与您联系。）说明根据条款和条件，个人数据将用于比赛。故选C项。
(C)
Yu can tell a lt abut peple's general state f mind based n their scial media feeds. Are they always tweeting abut their biggest annyances r psting pictures f particularly cute kitties? In a similar fashin, researchers are turning t Twitter fr clues abut the verall happiness f entire gegraphic cmmunities.
What they're finding is that reginal variatin in the use f cmmn phrases prduces predictins that dn't always reflect the lcal state f well being. But remving frm their analyses just three specific terms — gd, lve and LOL — greatly imprves the accuracy f the methds.
“We're living in a crazy COVID-19 era. And nw mre than ever, we're using scial media t adapt t a new nrmal and reach ut t the friends and family that we can't meet face-t-face.” Kkil Jaidka studies cmputatinal linguistics at the Natinal University f Singapre. “But ur wrds aren't useful just t understand what we, as individuals, think and feel. They're als useful clues abut the cmmunity we live in.”
One f the simpler methds that many scientists use t analyze the data invlves crrelating wrds with psitive r negative emtins. But when thse recrds are cmpared with phne surveys that assess reginal well-being, Jaidka says, they dn't paint an accurate picture f the lcal zeitgeist.
Being able t get an accurate read n the md f the ppulatin is n laughing matter.
“That's particularly imprtant nw in the time f COVID, where we're expecting a mental health crisis and we're already seeing in survey data the largest decrease in subjective well-being in 10 years at least, if nt ever.”
T find ut why, Jaidka and her team analyzed billins f tweets frm arund the United States. And they fund that amng the mst frequently used terms n Twitter are LOL, lve and gd. And they actually thrw the analysis ff. Why the discnnect?
“Internet language is really a different beast than regular spken language. We've adapted wrds frm the English vcabulary t mean different things in different situatins.” says Jaidka. “Take, fr example, LOL. I've tweeted the wrd LOL t express irny, annyance and smetimes just pure surprise. When the methds fr measuring LOL as a marker f happiness were created in the 1990s, it still meant laughing ut lud.”
"There are plenty f terms that are less misleading," says Jaidka. "Our mdels tell us that wrds like excited, fun, great, pprtunity, interesting, fantastic and thse are better wrds fr measuring subjective well-being."
43. The researchers turn t scial media feeds t________.
A. help with the analysis f peple's subjective well-being
B. lcate the mst-frequently used wrds
C. prve the discnnect between language and emtins
D. make the predictin methd mre effective
44. Hw did Jaidka knw the analysis wasn't accurate?
A. It didn't reflect the md f the entire gegraphic cmmunity
B. It didn't match the assessment result f the phne surveys.
C. It didn't cnsider the features f Internet language.
D. It didn't take the reginal variatins int accunt.
45. Which f the fllwing statements will Jaidka mst prbably agree with?
A. Face-t-face cmmunicatin is needed t ensure happiness.
B. Internet use is t blame fr the decrease in subjective well-being.
C. Internet language shuld be abandned as a surce f scientific analysis.
D. Less misleading wrds shuld be used in assessing subjective well-being.
【答案】43. A 44. B 45. D
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了，研究人员利用社交媒体来帮助分析人们的主观幸福感，他们发现，使用常用短语的地区差异所产生的预测并不总是反映当地的幸福状态。
【43题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中“In a similar fashin, researchers are turning t Twitter fr clues abut the verall happiness f entire gegraphic cmmunities.(以类似的方式，研究人员正在Twitter上寻找关于整个地理社区总体幸福感的线索)”可知，研究人员利用社交媒体来帮助分析人们的主观幸福感。故选A。
【44题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中“But when thse recrds are cmpared with phne surveys that assess reginal well-being, Jaidka says, they dn't paint an accurate picture f the lcal zeitgeist. (但当这些记录与评估地区福祉的电话调查相比较时，Jaidka说，它们并不能准确描绘出当地的时代精神)”可知，Jaidka知道分析不准确是因为和电话调查的评估结果不一致。故选B。
【45题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段“"There are plenty f terms that are less misleading," says Jaidka. "Our mdels tell us that wrds like excited, fun, great, pprtunity, interesting, fantastic and thse are better wrds fr measuring subjective well-being." (“有很多术语不那么具有误导性，” Jaidka说，“我们的模型告诉我们，像兴奋、有趣、伟大、机会、有趣、美妙等词是衡量主观幸福感的更好的词。”)”可知，Jaidka可能会认同D选项“在评估主观幸福感时，应该少用误导性的词语”的说法。故选D。
Sectin C
Directins: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a prper sentence given in the bx. Each sentence can be used nly nce. Nte that there are tw mre sentences than yu need.
Nt All Waste Has t G t Waste
Mst f the wrld's 2.22 billin tns f annual trash ends up in landfills r pen dumps. Veena Sahajwalla, a materials scientist and engineer at the University f New Suth Wales in Sydney, Australia, has created a slutin t ur massive trash prblem: waste micrfactries. There little trash prcessrs -- sme as small as 500 square feet -- huse a series f machines that recycle waste and transfrm it int new materials with the new technlgy.
____46____
Sahajwalls launched the wrld's first waste micrfactry targeting electrnic waste, r e-waste, in 2018 in Sydney. A secnd ne began recycling plastics in 2019. Nw, her lab grup is wrking with university and industry partners t cmmercialize their patented micrfactry technlgy.____47____The apprach will als allw cities t recycle waste int new prducts n lcatin, aviding the lng, ften internatinal, high-emissin treks between recycling prcessrs and manufacturing plants. With a micrfactry, gne are the days f needing separate facilities t cllect and stre materials, extract elements and prduce new prducts.
____48____Her inventin evlves this idea by taking materials frm an ld prduct and creating smething different. "The kids dn't lk like the parents," she says.
Fr example, the micrfactry can break dwn ld smartphnes and cmputer mnitrs and extract silica (frm the glass) and carbn (frm the plastic casing), and then cmbine them tgether. This generates a cmmn material with many industrial uses.____49____
In 2019, just 17.4 percent f e-waste was recycled, s they ability t re-frm ffers a crucial new develpment in the challenge recycling cmplex electrnic devices. "[We] can d s much mre with materials," says Sahajwalla.
A. Traditinal recycling has nt wrked fr every recycling challenge, especially the recycling f e-waste.
B. She says the small scale f the machines will make it easier fr them t ne day perate n renewable energy, unlike mst large manufacturing plants.
C. Sahajwalla refers t this prcess as "the furth R", adding "re-frm" t the cmmn phrase "reduce, reuse, recycle."
D Electrnics cntains varius pisnus chemicals and materials that are released int the envirnment if they are nt dealt with prperly.
E. The new all-in-ne apprach culd leave ur current recycling prcesses in the dust.
F. Traditinally, recycling plants break dwn materials fr reuse in similar prducts -- like melting dwn plastic t make mre plastic things.
【答案】46. E 47. B 48. F 49. C
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。传统意义上，大部分垃圾最终都会被填埋或露天倾倒。但本文介绍了一些新的处理垃圾，变废为宝的方式。
【46题详解】
上文“There little trash prcessrs -- sme as small as 500 square feet -- huse a series f machines that recycle waste and transfrm it int new materials with the new technlgy.”，说明下面将要提到一些新的回收垃圾的方法了。另外，根据本段最后一句，“With a micrfactry, gne are the days f needing separate facilities t cllect and stre materials, extract elements and prduce new prducts.”（ 有了一家微型工厂，需要单独设施收集和储存材料、提取元素和生产新产品的日子一去不复返了），可知，此段小标题提到新的方法，并且和老方法完全不一样。故选E.
【47题详解】
上文“Sahajwalls launched the wrld's first waste micrfactry targeting electrnic waste, r e-waste, in 2018 in Sydney.”本段提到Sahajwalls的微工厂，此空前提到“her lab grup is wrking with university and industry partners t cmmercialize their patented micrfactry technlgy.”（ 现在，她的实验室小组正在与大学和行业合作伙伴合作，将他们的专利微工厂技术商业化），此空后als证明了这个微工厂的另一个好处，因此，此空应提到微工厂的好处。故选B.
【48题详解】
下文“Her inventin evlves this idea by taking materials frm an ld prduct and creating smething different.” 她的发明通过从旧产品中提取材料并创造一些不同的东西来发展这一想法 ），本文在说新办法和旧办法的不同，因此，此空应提到以前的传统的方法，像分解类似的产品，分解塑料制成塑料制品。故选F.
【49题详解】
此空前面是一个例子“Fr example, the micrfactry can break dwn ld smartphnes and cmputer mnitrs and extract silica (frm the glass) and carbn (frm the plastic casing), and then cmbine them tgether. This generates a cmmn material with many industrial uses”（ 例如，微工厂可以分解旧的智能手机和电脑显示器，提取二氧化硅（从玻璃中）和碳（从塑料外壳中），然后将它们结合在一起。这产生了一种具有许多工业用途的普通材料），此空是对前的例子的总结归纳，Sahajwalla将这一过程称为“第四个R”，在常用短语“减少、重用、回收”中添加了“重新形成”。故选C。
IV. Summary Writing
50. Directins: Read the fllwing three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main pint(s) f the passage in n mre than 60 wrds. Use yur wn wrds as far as pssible.
Birdsng and Mental Health
Peple ften turn t nature as a healthy way t cpe with stress. Peple als cnsider it relaxing t listen t audi recrdings f running water, waves r singing birds. Sund can have an extensive effect n ur sense f well-being. Accrdingly, scientists have lng sught t understand the effects f certain sunds n peple.
In a recent study, scientists evaluated the effect that hearing birdsng had n hikers. They mnitred a number f hiking trails in a public park with audi recrding devices. This helped them create a bird cunt in the area. They then surveyed visitrs t thse trails abut their impressin f bird diversity. They als asked fr a reprt n the visitrs' sense f well-being.
The next part f the study tk place n the same trails. But the scientists used hidden speakers t play recrdings f birds singing. That gave the impressin that there were mre birds in the area. They then surveyed visitrs wh had heard the recrdings.
The results f the study indicated that there was a direct relatinship between hearing birdsng and an increased sense f well-being. This result builds n prir investigatins int the effects f listening t recrdings f natural sunds n peple. Thse studies have shwn that recrdings f natural sunds can help with stress relief and the ability t fcus. Hwever, the reasn behind the benefit is nt ttally clear.
Perhaps listening t birdsng is cnnected t a sense f calm. After all, we encunter birdsng in the peaceful part f the mrning r fllwing a strm. Or it might relate t a sense f safety prjected by singing birds. They sing when there are n predatrs nearby. Whatever the reasn, listening t birdsng can imprve ur mental health.
The authrs f the hiking study had an interesting bservatin. It was the perceptin f being in nature with a diversity f singing birds that helped. Therefre, they suggested that park managers encurage visitrs t enjy nature quietly as that prvided the greatest benefit.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Versin 1
Scientists lately cnducted a study n the effect f birdsng n mental health. They asked peple hw they felt after hearing birds singing. They cncluded that hearing birdsng culd imprve mental health, prbably because birdsng leads t a sense f calm and safety. Anyway, scientists suggested peple get clser t nature fr it is beneficial t ur sense f well-being.
Versin 2
A study has fund that hearing birdsng imprves peple's sense f well-being after surveying peple expsed t recrdings f birds' singing. The reasns may be that listening t birds singing helps us feel calm r safe. Anyway, the suggestin is that we shuld enjy nature quietly fr the sake f mental health.
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说鸟鸣可以提升人的幸福感。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①In a recent study, scientists evaluated the effect that hearing birdsng had n hikers.
②The results f the study indicated that there was a direct relatinship between hearing birdsng and an increased sense f well-being.
③Perhaps listening t birdsng is cnnected t a sense f calm.
④Or it might relate t a sense f safety prjected by singing birds.
⑤Therefre, they suggested that park managers encurage visitrs t enjy nature quietly as that prvided the greatest benefit.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2两个要点进行重组，将第3、4两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
A study has fund that hearing birdsng imprves peple's sense f well-being after surveying peple expsed t recrdings f birds’ singing.
The reasns may be that listening t birds singing helps us feel calm r safe.
Anyway, the suggestin is that we shuld enjy nature quietly fr the sake f mental health.
【点睛】[高分句型1] A study has fund that hearing birdsng imprves peple's sense f well-being after surveying peple expsed t recrdings f birds’ singing.（that引导的宾语从句）
[高分句型2]The reasns may be that listening t birds singing helps us feel calm r safe.（that引导的表语从句）
V. Translatin
Directins: Translate the fllwing sentences int English, using the wrds given in the brackets.
51. 成功人士对进步的定义是距离目标达成又近了一步。(define) (汉译英）
【答案】Successful peple ften define prgress as getting clser t achieving ne's gal.
【解析】
【详解】考查形容词、动词、短语和名词。表示“成功的”应用形容词Successful；表示“对进步的定义是”短语为define prgress as；表示“近了一步”短语为get clser t，t为介词，后接动名词作宾语；表示“目标达成”短语为achieve ne's gal。故翻译为Successful peple ften define prgress as getting clser t achieving ne's gal.
52. 原来火灾是由天花板上外露的电线引起的。(turn ut) (汉译英）
【答案】It turned ut that the fire was/had been caused by the unprtected (expsed) electricity line n the ceilings.
【解析】
【详解】考查名词性从句、固定短语和动词时态。表示“原来是”应用固定句型it turn ut that...，it为形式主语，that引导主语从句，主句陈述过去发生的事情，使用一般过去时；表示“火灾”应用the fire；表示“引起”应用cause，the fire和cause为被动关系，需用被动语态，从句可以用一般过去时或者过去完成时；表示“由天花板上外露的电线”应用by the unprtected (expsed) electricity line n the ceilings。故翻译成：It turned ut that the fire was/had been caused by the unprtected (expsed) electricity line n the ceilings.
53. 对他们来说，最重要的是知道自己一直在无怨无悔为推广国产品牌而奋斗。(What) (汉译英）
【答案】What matters mst t them is knwing that they have strived t prmte dmestic brands withut regrets r cmplaints.
【解析】
【详解】考查主语从句，时态，宾语从句和短语。分析句子可知，主语用what引导的主语从句，“对他们来说，最重要的是”译为What matters mst t them，根据句意，时态用一般现在时，从句作主语谓语动词用单数is“是”，表语用动名词knwing“知道”，后接宾语从句“自己一直在无怨无悔为推广国产品牌而奋斗”，从句句意完整，成分齐全，用连接词that引导从句，从句主语they，谓语动词strive t d sth.“为……而奋斗”，prmte“推广”，dmestic brands“国产品牌”，withut regrets r cmplaints“无怨无悔”，故译为What matters mst t them is knwing that they have strived t prmte dmestic brands withut regrets r cmplaints.
54. 在这个游客罕至的被叫做现代桃花源的古老村落待的时间越长，他们就越着迷于当地人独特的生活方式。(fascinate) (汉译英）
【答案】The lnger they have stayed in the less visited ancient village, nicknamed/called “the mdern- day Land f Peach Blssm, the mre fascinated they have felt by/with the unique lifestyle f the lcals.
【解析】
【分析】
【详解】考查句子结构。“村落”village有多个定语修饰，“游客罕至的古老的”可译为the less visited ancient，作前置定语；“被叫做现代桃花源的”可译为nicknamed/called “the mdern- day Land f Peach Blssm，用非谓语动词作后置定语；“当地人独特的生活方式”可译为the unique lifestyle f the lcals；本句用到“the+比较级，the+比较级”（越……，越……）句式，“待的时间越长，越着迷……”可译为the lnger they have , the mre fascinated they have felt ；由句意可知本句指过去的动作或状态持续到现在，并对现在造成了影响，因而用现在完成时，故本句可译为The lnger they have stayed in the less visited ancient village, nicknamed/called “the mdern- day Land f Peach Blssm, the mre fascinated they have felt by/with the unique lifestyle f the lcals.
【点睛】
VI. Guided Writing
55. Directins:Write an English cmpsitin in 120-150 wrds accrding t the instructins given belw in Chinese.
假设最近你所在学校颁布了一项新举措，即“教师不得在手机上布置作业或要求学生利用手机完成作业”。与此同时，在 700 名师生中展开了广泛调查，结果如下。请就校方这一新措举发表你的看法，并说明理由。
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Recently, ur schl has enacted a new initiative that teachers are nt allwed t assign hmewrk n cellphnes r require students t cmplete hmewrk using cellphnes. The chart belw clearly demnstrates the prptin in terms f the students' attitude. We can see that the percentage f apprval is the highest. The figure is fllwed by the disapprval, reaching 9%. By cntrast, the lwest percentage is the attitude which means it desn't matter, with nly 5% invlved.
Frm my persnal perspective, the initiative is great fr the students. It is nt difficult t cme up with sme pssible factrs t accunt fr this. First, ur finishing hmewrk n cellphnes is bad fr ur eyesight. Besides, t much screen time will prbably decreases ur sleep quality. On tp f that, it is tended t get distracted frm the nline cntent which is nt helpful t ur study.
All in all, the initiative is bund t favr mst f us.The implementatin effrts f the initiative will be the key t witnessing the achievement f hmewrk refrm.
【解析】
【分析】本篇书面表达属于图表类作文。要求考生就学校颁布的新举措“教师不得在手机上布置作业或要求学生利用手机完成作业”发表自己看法并给出理由。
【详解】1.词汇积累
允许：allw→permit
要求：require →cmmand
表明：demnstrate→indicate
原因：factr→ reasn
2.句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句：We can see that the percentage f apprval is the highest. The figure is fllwed by the disapprval, reaching 9%.
拓展句：We can see that the percentage f apprval is the highest, fllwed by the disapprval, which reaches 9%.
【点睛】【高分句型1】Recently, ur schl has enacted a new initiative that teachers are nt allwed t assign hmewrk n cellphnes r require students t cmplete hmewrk using cellphnes.（运用了that引导同位语从句）
【高分句型2】On tp f that, It is tended t get distracted frm the nline cntent which is nt helpful t ur study.（运用了which引导的定语从句）
A. natural B. substituting C. stable D. disappear E. piece F. transfrming
G returned H. regrwth I. habitats J. flat K. pulled
态度
赞许
不赞许
无所谓
比例
85%
9%
5%
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