专题01.第一章名词（初高区别及衔接）--2024年暑假英语初升高衔接之专题突破（牛津译林版）

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回顾一：名词的分类
名词可分为可数名词(Cuntable Nuns)和不可数名词(Uncuntable Nuns)。不可数名词一般指物质名词、抽象名词和专有名词等，通常没有复数形式，其前面不用冠词a/an或者数词修饰，但可以用sme,any,a lt f,a little等修饰。可数名词是指能以数目计算的名词，包括单数和复数形式。
1.(2021苏州,41)We need t increase ur (知识) f the histry f the Cmmunist Party f China.
2.(2021南京,43)Lulu?s best friend never gives up her (梦想)f being a teacher.
3.(2021常州,48)My daughter’s sweet (嗓音) always makes me relaxed.
4.(2021宿迁,51)I have made much mre (进步) in Physics this term.
回顾二：可数名词的单数和复数
可数名词一般有单数和复数两种形式，有些词的单复数形式相同。单数变复数有规则和不规则两种变化。
1.(2021南京,50)Over the years, Gng Ba Chicken has becme ne f the mst ppular (dish) in Chinese restaurants thrughut the wrld.
2.(2021连云港,55) (参观者) must shw their health QR cdes and check their temperature befre they g int the museum.
3.(2021盐城,70)Scientists have fund that talk t each ther all the time. Their language is a kind f chemical. (plant)
4.(2020连云港,52)Have yu read the reprt? Thse (英雄) stries really tuched me deeply.
回顾三：名词作定语
当一个名词作定语修饰另一个名词时，一般情况下，变复数时只把后一个名词变成复数。
如：an apple tree,five apple trees;a girl friend,tw girl friends.
5.-What kind f ndles wuld yu like?
-I'd like sme ndles
A.carrtsB.beefC.ptatesD.vegetables
回顾四：名词所有格
名词所有格表示所属关系，相当于物主代词，在句中作定语、宾语或主语。它有两种形式，一种是名词词尾加构成（此时的名词多为表示有生命的名词，读音和名词变为复数时是一样的)，一种是f+名词构成（此时的名词多为表示无生命的名词）。
1.(2021扬州,47)The wallpaper with cartn patterns is ideal fr my rm. (sn)
随堂练习
1.(2021南通崇川一模,50)We shuld read all the (说明) carefully befre we prepare t use the medicine.
2.(2021泰州姜堰一模,49)With the develpment f technlgy, Chinese archaelgists have made sme new (discvery) at the Sanxingdui Ruins in Sichuan Prvince.
3.(2021南京联合体一模,45)The Beijing-Xing?an intercity railway cnnects the (首都) f China with the Xing?an New Area.
4.(2021泰州靖江学情检测二,87)Time is running ut. Yu?d better make (decide) right away.
5.(2020盐城亭湖第一次学调,82)He brke his bwl because f his (粗心).
6.(2020苏州张家港网上阅卷适应性测试,40)Our cuntry encurages the (发展) f small businesses.
7.(2019盐城东台5月模拟,64)As Grade Nine students, hard wrk is the key t (成功), s keep trying.
8.(2019常州金坛模拟,48)The restaurant ffers gd service t all its (顾客).
高中知识衔接
高中阶段，在名词方面，还会加强对单复数、所有格的考查，所学内容更深；同时，更注重名词在语境中所表达的含义。题型多为单项填空和语法填空题，个别地区的短文改错题和完形填空题也会对名词进行考查。
知识一：名词单复数
1.有主体的复合名词将主体词变为复数；没有主体词的复合名词在词尾加-。
点拨
(1)passer-by的复数形式为passers-by(过路人)。
she-maker的复数形式为she-makers(鞋匠)。
mther-in-law的复数形式为mthers-in-law(岳母，婆婆)。
(2)g-between的复数形式为g-betweens(中间人)。
grwn-up的复数形式为grwn-ups(成年人)。
frget-me-nt的复数形式为frget-me-nts(勿忘我)。
2.不可数名词一般不分单数和复数，也不能和a,an直接连用。若要表示数量，需要加适当的单位名词或名词词组。
(1)表不定数量时，一般用much,(a)little,a lt f/lts f,sme,any等词修饰。如：
much mney,a little bread,a lt f ice cream,sme juice。
表确定数量时，一般用“数词/冠词+量词+f+不可数名词”。变复数时可以把前面的量词变成复数。如：
a bttle f milk,a glass f water,a can f beer,a piece f paper,tw bttles f milk,tw piecesf paper,tw glasses f water
(2)有些物质名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词，但词义有所变化。如：
clth布一clthes衣服snw雪一一snws积雪
game游戏一一games运动会sand沙子一sands沙滩，沙漠
paper纸一papers报纸，文件，论文wd木头wds森林
range橘汁an range橘子irn铁一一irns脚链，手铐
drink饮料，酒一drinks(几杯)酒 cffee咖啡一一cffees(几杯)咖啡
一般根据上下文来决定其意义。如：
He ate a chicken.他吃了一只鸡。
I dn't like chicken.我不喜欢鸡肉。
A glass is made f glass.玻璃杯是由玻璃制成的。
物质名词在表示不同类别时，可用复数。如：
tea茶一一teas各种茶fruit水果一fruits各种水果
fd食物—-fds各种食物 fish鱼-fishes各种鱼
(3)有些抽象名词变为复数时，词义也有所不同，可以用复数来表示具体的事物。如：
custm风俗一一custms海关manner方式一一manners礼貌
interest兴趣一—interests利益spirit精神一spirits情绪
gd好处，益处一一gds货物difficult困难一一difficulties难做的事
(4)有些抽象名词表示“某种”或“一次”等具体的意思时，可以和不定冠词连用。如：
His mther received a gd educatin.他母亲受过良好的教育。
We will build a great new Anhui.我们要建设一个强大的新安徽。
专有名词一般只用单数形式，但有时也用复数。如：
the Smiths史密斯全家人，史密斯夫妇
There are five Wangs in ur class.我们班有五个姓王的。
经典例题
1.The plice investigated thse abut the accident.
A.stander-byB.stander-bysC.standers-byD.standers-bys
【引申】My sister has tw .
A.tth-brushesB.tth-brushC.teeth-brushesD.teeth-brush
2.Our schl has fifty-six teachers.
A.wmanB.wmenC.wman'sD.wmen's
【分析】此题考查名词作定语时的情况。一般情况下，名词作定语修饰名词时，如果变复数，只将被修饰的名词变为复数即可，作定语的名词不变。而当man,wman作定语修饰名词复数时，不仅被修饰的名词要变为复数，就连man,wman也要变为复数。
【解答】答案为B。
【归纳】当man,wman作定语修饰名词复数时，man,wman也要变为复数。
【引申】
There was a vlleyball match yesterday between the and .
A.man teachers;by students B.men teachers;bys students
C.man teachers;bys studentsD.men teachers;by students
知识二：名词所有格
1.表示有生命的东西的名词所有格
(1)单数名词及不以-s结尾的复数名词后应加-s;以-s结尾的复数名词加“，”；复合名词的所有格和短语的所有格在最后的词后面加-'s。如：
my mther's bag我妈妈的包the children's Palace少年宫
the birds' nests鸟巢the teachers’ desks讲台
the brther-in-law's bike姐夫的自行车a day r tw's stay一两天的逗留
(2)表示两者或两者以上共同的所有关系，仅在最后一个名词词尾加-'s。表示两者或两者以上各自的所有关系，每个名词词尾均需加-'s。如：
Lily and Lucy's mther莉莉和露西的妈妈（两个人共同的妈妈）Lily's and Lucy's bags莉莉和露西的书包（两个人各有各的书包）
(3)表示店铺，某人的家，私人开的诊所、餐厅等，其所有格后的名词可以省略。如：
at my uncle's在我叔叔家at Bill's在比尔家
at the dentist's在牙医诊所the hairdresser's美发店
(4)名词后有同位语的所有格，把-'s加在同位语后。如：
my yunger brther.,Jhn's bike我弟弟约翰的自行车(5)如果名词后面有一个较长定语，尽管名词表示有生命的东西，也可以用f所有格形式。如：
They have the supprt f the peple f the develping cuntries.他们得到发展中国家人民的支持。
拓展
无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词，一般均可用介词f短语来表示所有关系。表示无生命东西的名词所有格，一般与f构成短语，表示前者属于后者。如：
a fine daughter f the Party党的好女儿
2.表示无生命的名词的所有关系，通常用“f+名词”的形式，但是，有些表示时间、距离、集体、城市、国家、团体、机构及某些习惯用语中的名词，也可在词尾加-'表示所属关系。如：
tday's newspaper今天的报纸 ten minutes' break十分钟的课间休息
the Party's call党的号召 Shanghai's industry上海的工业
China's ppulatin中国的人口at a stne's thrw近在咫尺
at an arm's length在伸手可及的地方
3.名词的双重所有格
由名词后加-s和f结构所有格形式构成的“f+n.'s”的结构叫双重所有格。当被修饰的名词前有a(n),tw,several,sme,any,n,what,which,every,such,this,that,these,thse等词修饰时，通常用这种双重所有格。如：
a friend f Jhn's约翰的一个朋友sme bks f my father's我父亲的一些书
That great idea f David's brught us a lt f truble.戴维的那个好主意给我们带来了很多麻烦。
易错点
如果双重所有格中f前面的名词是prtrait,picture,printing,statue,phtgraph等时，是指有关的人所收藏的肖像或照片等，而不是他本人的肖像或照片。如：
This is a prtrait f Mr.White's. 这是怀特先生的一幅画像。（本句指怀特先生所收藏的一幅画像）
This is a prtrait f Mr.White.这是怀特先生的一幅画像。（本句指画中人物是怀特先生）经典例题
1.This is bedrm.It's tidy and nice.
A.Lily's and Lucy'sB.Lily and Lucy'sC.Lily's and LucyD.Lily and Lucy
【引申】Mike and Jhn's .
A.father is a teacherB.fathers are teachers
C.father are teachersD.fathers are teacher
2.There is sme gd news in newspaper.
A.tdayB.tday'sC.tdays'D.tdays
3.The is just arund the crner and yu wn't miss it.
A.bicycle's shpB.bicycle shpC.bicycles shpD.bicycles' shp
知识三：名词的具体含义
以前每年的高考中，都会出现关于名词的考试试题。具体内容都为要求考生从四个选项中选出最符合题意的选项，这样，考生就必须掌握每个名词的具体含义。如：有时会把affair(n.事情；事件；事务)与business,matter,thing,accident,event等意思相近的词放在一起，让考生从选项里面进行选择，有时则意思完全不相近，只是考查学生是否掌握了每个名词的具体含义。
经典例题
He was brn in Germany,but he has made China his
A.familyB.addressC.huseD.hme
【引申】
-Are yu ging ut with Jade tnight?
-That's my . Mind yur wn!
A.fferB.businessC.questinD.chance
知识四：集合名词
英语中的集合名词是高考经常考查的一个考点，它主要涉及集合名词的可数性、单复数意义、主谓一致、恰当的修饰语等。
1.常见情况
(1)形式为单数，但意义可以用为单数或复数
这类集合名词包括family(家庭)，team(队)，class(班)，audience(听众)等，其用法特点为：若视为整体，表示单数意义；若考虑其个体成员，表示复数意义。比较并体会：
This class cnsists f 45 pupils.这个班由45个学生组成。
This class are reading English nw这个班的学生在读英语。
(2)形式为单数，但意义永远为复数
这类集合名词包括cattle(牛；牲畜)，peple(人)，plice(警察)等，其用法特点为：只有单数形式，但却表示复数意义，用作主语时谓语用复数；不与a(n)连用，但可与the连用（表示总括意义和特指)。如：
Many cattle were killed fr this.就因为这个原因宰了不少牲畜。
(3)形式为复数，意义也为复数
这类集合名词包括gds(货物)，clthes(衣服)等，其用法特点是：只有复数形式（当然也表示复数意义，用作主语时谓语也用复数)，但通常不与数词连用。如：
Such clthes are very expensive.那样的衣服很贵。
(4)形式为单数，意义也为单数
这类集合名词包括baggage/luggage(行李)，clthing(衣服)，furniture(家具)，machinery(机器)，petry(诗)，scenery(风景)，jewelry(珠宝)，equipment(设备)等，其用法特点为：是不可数名词，只用单数形式，不用不定冠词（当然更不能用数词），没有复数形式。如：
The hspital has n decent equipment.这家医院没有像样的设备。
注意：machinery,petry,jewelry,scenery等相应的个体可数名词是machine,pem,jewel,scene等。如：
a pem/a piece f petry一首诗
many machines/much machinery/many pieces f machinery许多机器
2.常考的集合名词
(1)hair(头发；毛发)指全部头发或毛发时，为集合名词（不可数）；指几根头发或毛发时，为个体名词（可数）。如：
My hair has grwn very lng.我的头发已长得很长了。
The plice fund tw hairs there.警察在那儿找到了两根头发。
(2)mankind(人类)是一个不可数的集合名词，不用复数形式，也不连用冠词。如：
This is an inventin that benefits mankind.这是一项造福人类的发明。
Mankind has its wn prblems.人类有自己的问题。
(3)fruit(水果)作为集合名词，它通常是不可数的。如：
He is grwing fruit in the cuntry.他在乡下种水果。
但是，当表示种类时，它可视为可数名词，即：a fruit指一种水果，fruits指多种水果。比较：
Sme fruits have thick skins.有些水果皮很厚。
The ptat is a vegetable,nt a fruit.土豆是一种蔬菜，而不是一种水果。
经典例题
That team seldm ,because the team always d best in the cmpetitin.
A.lse;theirB.lse;itsC.lses;themD.lses;it
【引申】
The team having a meeting.
A.isB.areC.amD.be
思考总结
名词是高考中的必考项，在完形填空、语法填空以及短文改错中总是反复考查。根据近年高考试题分析，可知名词的考查呈现的趋势有：
趋势一：根据语境对于名词的辨析
单纯地掌握词汇已经不能满足高中学习的需要了，高中阶段更强调语篇和文本阅读的重要性。在文本阅读的测试中，根据语境对于名词进行辨析是对学生更深入的要求。
趋势二：加强对熟词生义的考查
除了基本含义，名词常有引申义。初中阶段重视学生对于名词基本含义的掌握，而到了高中阶段，引申义成了重要的考查方向。学生需要勤查字典，掌握名词的多项用法。
随堂练习
一．名词的基本用法
Ⅰ.单句填空
1.If yu want t see hw life was back in the ld days, China still has many beautiful water (twn) t visit.
2.They are always gathering in their winter fd in the middle f summer and they are making (preparatin)fr the lng cld winter.
3.Nw, nearly 500 acres f sand is being turned int farms prducing crn, (tmat) and sunflwers.
4.Calligraphy has influenced the wrld widely and has even been intrduced t many neighbring (cuntry).
5.A few dllars can help t fill a (child)hungry stmach.
Ⅱ.单句改错
6. He usually ges t see his parents n Saturday’s evening.
7.Sme f us als made a public speech t tell peple sme knwledges abut prtecting the envirnment.
二，名词构词法
1.The Zhngshan team cmpleted tasks including installatin f and tests fr LiDAR, drilling f ice bedrck, atmspheric sunding (bserve), surveys f birds and aerial explratin carried ut by the fixed-wing aircraft.
2.Yu may nt knw the name Jhn Stith Pembertn, but yu must knw the name f his (invent):Cca-Cla.
3.I was traveling in a small place in New Yrk. That place had n taxi fr a shrt (distant).
4.Once the brush mvement hesitates, a black mark is created, s speed, (strng) and agility (敏捷) is the essence f fine artwrk.
5.Apart frm defense, ther purpses f the Great Wall have included brder cntrl, the (encurage) f trade and the cntrl f immigratin.
6.In 1962, Rachel Carsn’s best-selling bk “Silent Spring” created an (aware) f the dangerus effects f pesticides(农药).
7.Senir experts frm UNESCO were amazed at its unique natural scenery, near perfect ecsystem, and creative (cmbine) f nature and humanism.
三
In China, the histry f peple planting and using bamb can date back t as far as 7,000 years. As early as the Shang dynasty, bamb was being used in ancient 1 (peple)daily lives. 2 was used fr fd, clthing, husing, transprtatin, musical 3 (instrument)and even weapns.
The 4 (apply) f bamb in science and technlgy is thrilling. In 251 BC, Li Bing, in Sichuan, led the lcal peple in building the Dujiang Weirs, the first irrigatin netwrk in the wrld, in which bamb played 5 imprtant rle. The wrld’s ldest water pipe was als made f bamb. During 6 Han dynasty, the peple in Sichuan successfully sank a 100-metre-deep well with thick bamb rpes. This technlgy did nt spread t Eurpe until the 19th century, and it was by using the technlgy that the Americans drilled 7 first il well in Pennsylvania in 1859.
In Chinese culture, bamb is well-knwn as ne f the “fur 8 (gentleman)” in plants. T many distinguished 9 (man), bamb is a symbl f gdness and hnesty. It is always clsely related t peple f psitive spirits. Bamb culture cntributes t encuraging peple t hld n when facing tugh 10 (situatin).
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
四
Dgs are desperate fr human eye cntact. It's hard fr mst peple t resist a flash f puppy-dg eyes. Dgs split ff frm 1 (they) wlf relatives. A paper has fund that dgs' faces are structured fr cmplex 2 (expressin) in a way that 3 (wlf) aren't. There are tw muscles that wrk tgether t widen and pen a dg's eyes, causing 4 (they) t appear bigger, and bjectively cuter. But fr wlves 5 f the tw muscles was present. When dgs wrk these muscles, humans respnd mre psitively. This isn't simply 6 accidental lve stry, where the eyes f tw species just s happen t meet acrss a crwded planet. Like all the best partnerships, this ne mre likely results frm years f evlutin and grwth.
Fr a 7 (species) t change quickly, a pretty pwerful frce must be having effects n 8 . And that's where humans cme in. We cnnect clsely with animals capable f exaggerating the size and 9 (wide) f their eyes, making them lk like ur wn human 10 (baby).
五
短文改错
My friends Wang Le and I planned t travel tgether. We agreed t meet at the train statin. The statin was filled with passengers wh were walking in hurry twards the enter t the statin. They tk me abut 20 minute t get in. When the time came fr check-in, I phned Wang, but he didn't answer. After I waited fr a quarter, she still didn't shw up. Times was running ut, and I had t make a mve himself. Just when I was ging thrugh the gate helplessly,there came an familiar vice—right befre the gate was clsed! He rushed in and explained t me that he had verslept, making he run all the way.