专题08.第八章句子的成分及结构（初高区别及衔接）--2024年暑假英语初升高衔接之专题突破（牛津译林版）

这是一份专题08.第八章句子的成分及结构（初高区别及衔接）--2024年暑假英语初升高衔接之专题突破（牛津译林版），文件包含专题08第八章句子的成分及结构初高区别及衔接教师版--英语初升高衔接大串讲牛津译林版docx、专题08第八章句子的成分及结构初高区别及衔接学生版--英语初升高衔接大串讲牛津译林版docx等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共21页， 欢迎下载使用。
初中知识回顾
初中阶段，我们学习的基本句子成分包括：主谓宾，定状补；我们学习的句子结构主要是主谓宾和主系表；我们学习的句子类型主要是简单句和并列句。
回顾一：句子的基本成分
1.主语：一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，表示句子说的是什么人或什么事。例如：
He is a student.
2.谓语：说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。例如：He likes reading.
3.表语：用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，一般位于系动词之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：She is a girl.
4.宾语：表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：He likes bks.
5.定语：修饰，限制，描述或补充说明名词或代词的词、短语或从句。例如：This is an interesting bk.
6.状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征。状语一般由副词充当。例如：He runs fast.
回顾二：句子的基本句型
句子的基本句型：1.主语+谓语；2.主语+谓语+宾语；3.主语+系动词+表语。例如：
l.Wh cares'?主语+谓语
2.I lve China.主语+谓语+宾语
3.I am a Chinese.主语+系动词+表语
回顾三：句子的类型
1.简单句：含有一个主语和一个谓语的句子。例如：
He ften reads English in the mrning.
2.并列句：包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子，且句子之间有并列连词and/but等或用分号连接。例如：
Yu help him and he helps yu.
高中知识衔接
知识一：句子中的其他成分
1.主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等充当。例如：
(1)One-third f the students in this class are girls.数词
(2)T swim in the river is a great pleasure..不定式
(3)Smking des harm t the health..动名词
(4)The rich shuld help the pr..名词化的形容词
(5)When we are ging t have an English test has nt been decided.主语从句
2.(1)简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。例如：
He practices running every mrning.
The plane tk ff at ten 'clck.
(2)复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。例如：
Yu may keep the bk fr tw weeks.
He has caught a bad cld.
3.系动词用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态、性质特征和身份等。
(1)状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be动词，例如：
He is a teacher.
(2)持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,remain,stay,stand。例如：
He always keep silent at meeting.
(3)感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sund,taste。例如：
This kind f clth feels very sft.
(4)变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有becme.grw,turn,fall,get,g,cme,run。例如：
He became mad after that.
除此之外，还有prve,turn ut,appear,seem等。
The rumr prved false.
His plan turned ut a success
4.双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：
Lend me yur dictinary,please.
He gave me a bk yesterday.
5.从情况、时间、处所、方式、条件、对象、肯定、否定、范围和程度等方面对谓语中心进行修饰或限制，可以构成状语成分。状语一般由副词充当，也可由名词、介词短语、非谓语动词、从句等充当。例如：
(1)Light travels mst quickly.副词及副词性短语
(2)He has lived in the city fr ten years.介词短语
(3)He is prud t have passed the natinal cllege entrance examinatin.不定式
(4)He is in the rm making a mdel plane.分词短语
(5)Wait a minute.名词
(6)Once yu begin,yu must cntinue.从句
9种状语种类如下：
(l)Hw abut meeting again at six?时间状语
(2)Last night she didn't g t the dance party because f the rain.原因状语(3)I shall g there if it desn't rain.条件状语
(4)Mr.Smith lives n the third flr.地点状语
(5)She put the eggs int the basket with great care.方式状语
(6)In rder t catch up with thers,I must wrk harder.目的状语
(7)He was s tired that he fell asleep immediately.结果状语
(8)She wrks very hard thugh she is ld.让步状语(9)I am taller than he is.比较状语
6.同位语是对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，例如：
This is Mr.Zhu,ur headmaster.
We students shuld study hard.
We all are students.
7.插入语是对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有t be hnest(诚实地说)，I think(我认为)等，例如：
T be hnest,I dn't quite agree with yu.
知识二：句子的基本句型
1.句子的基本句型4：主+谓+间宾+直宾。有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，这两个宾语通常一个指人（间接宾语）；一个指物（直接宾语）。例如：
(1)She rdered herself a new dress.
(2)He brught yu a dictinary.
(3)I shwed him my pictures.
(4)I tld him that the bus was late.
(5)He shwed me hw t run the machine.
2.句子的基本句型5：主+谓+宾+宾补。此句型的句子的特点是，动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。例如：
(1)They painted the dr green.
(2)This set them thinking.
(3)They fund the huse deserted.
(4)He asked me t cme back sn.
(5)I saw them getting n the bus.
知识三：句型
一there be 句型
在本句型中,还可将谓语动词be换成某些表示"来往,存在,发生"之类的不及物动词,如 arrive, cme, g, exist, happen, live, remain, seem, stand 等。
1. There is a dictinary n the desk. 2. There stands a big tree in frnt f the classrm.
3. There will be a sprts meet next week.4. There used t be a shp n the crner f the street.
(二)感叹句
感叹句通常有what, hw引导，表示赞美、惊叹、喜 悦、等感情。
what修饰名词，hw 修饰形容词，副词或动词，感叹句结构主要有以下几种：
掌握它的搭配，即掌握了感叹句的重点。
1) adj. + a/an + n.+ s + v Hw clever a by he is!
Hw 2) adj./ adv. + s + v Hw lvely the baby is!
3) S + v Hw time flies!
4) n. + s + v What nise they are making!
5) a + adj. + n. + s + v What a clever by he is!
What 6) adj. + n.pl. + s + v What wnderful ideas (we have)!
7) adj. + u.n. + s + v What cld weather it is!
句型1）、5）可以互相转化。
（三）祈使句
英语中的祈使句常常用来表示请求、命令、建议、劝告和号召等意。对祈使句的考查已成为近几年高考英语的一个热点。其肯定形式是由动词原形开头，否定形式是在动词原形之前加 Dn't。祈使句的主语通常是 yu，但一般并不说出。祈使句的句末用感叹号或句号，朗读时，用降调。为了使语气婉转、客气，常在句首或句末加上please。现将其常见类型和考点归纳如下：祈使句有四种句型：

B型：Be＋表语（名词、形容词等）Be a gd by！ Be quiet, please!
V型：V（行为动词）＋宾语 Cme t schl in yur new clthes tmrrw!
祈使句 L型：Let＋宾语＋动词原形＋其它成分Let’s g t the cinema tnight
D型：Dn't＋动词原形＋其它成分。Dn’t be nisy, will yu?
（四）并列句的分类
含有两个或更多的相互并列的主谓结构的句子叫并列句。换句话说，它是由两个或更多个并列的简单句构成的，各分句靠连词和逗号，分号来连接，其结构是：简单句+并列连词+简单句。
and He helps me and I help him.
1)联合关系： nt als Nt nly is he ur teacher, but als he is ur friend.
Neither did the naughty by g hme nr did his parents cme t search fr him.
r(或者，否则) Will he still be there r will he have gne away?
therwise(否则) Yu must g early; therwise yu will miss the bus.
2)选择 r else(否则) Take this bus r else yu wn't get there in time.
Either Tm is cming r his sisters are.
并列句 but It never rains but it purs.
3) 转折 hwever The bk is expensive; hwever, it's wrth it.
While/still/ yet She said she wuld be late, yet she arrived n time.
注意：but, while不与althugh连用，但yet, still可与althugh连用。
fr I am thirsty, fr it is ht.
4) 因果 s The manager was ill s I went in her place.
therefre He wrked day and night, therefre, he was able t buy the sprts car.
注意：s不与because连用
句子的成分和结构，是英语学习中一个重要却往往被忽视的部分。在高中英语学习中，教师在分析长难句的时候，很多学生茫然不知所措，正是因为对于句子的结构不了解造成的。在初中阶段，英语学习重视对于简单英语知识和语法的学习，而到了高中阶段则侧重于培养综合能力。这就需要我们把学到的知识灵活运用到对语言、文章的理解中，不断提高分析判断能力、逻辑思维能力和语言运用能力。而分析判断能力的基础，就在于阅读中点点滴滴的积累。
随堂练习
一．判断句子基本结构
1. The dumplings tastes gd.
2. I will spend the Spring Festival in the cuntryside.
3. He gave me a birthday cake.
4. I can't make him change his ideas.
5. We finished ur hmewrk.
6. He gt up late.
7. There is a pen.
8. He cmes.
9. He tells us an interesting stry.
10. I find my teachers and classmates friendly.
二．标出下列句子成分
1. Last night, I watched a mvie.
2. Last week, I went there.
3. The mvie was very fantastic.
4. He is talking ludly.
5. Alice has visited many places in America.
6. She makes her mther happy.
7. I , a student, like my teachers.
三．按括号提示的句子结构翻译句子。
1. 我喜欢打篮球。（主+谓+宾）

2. 我的老师让我读这个故事。（主+谓+宾+宾补）

3. 我在中国生活。 （主+谓）

4. 你的想法听起来很棒。（主+系+表）

5. 昨晚，我写了一个故事。 （主+谓+宾）

6. 这个老师教会了我们一个道理。（主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语）

7. 桌子上有一本书和两支笔。 （there be 句型）

四
1.(2020课标全国Ⅰ)Chinese researchers hpe t use the instruments nbard Chang'e-4 (find) and study areas f the Suth Ple-Aitken basin.
2.(2020课标全国Ⅱ)This is why decrating with plants, fruits and flwers (carry) special significance.
3.(2020全国新高考Ⅰ)Often, nly a small part f a museum's cllectin (be) n display. Mst f it is stred away r used fr research.
4.(2020浙江)Agriculture gave peple their first experience f the pwer f technlgy (change) lives.
五
语法填空
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
A
China has becme the first cuntry t land a spacecraft n the far side f the mn. The unmanned Chang'e-4 prbe (探测器)—the name 1 (inspire) by an ancient Chinese mn gddess— 2 (tuch) dwn last week in the Suth Ple-Aitken basin. 3 (land) n the mn's far side is extremely challenging. Because the mn's bdy blcks direct radi cmmunicatin with a prbe, China first had t put a satellite in rbit abve the mn in a spt 4 it culd send signals t the spacecraft and t Earth. The far side f the mn is f particular 5 (interesting) t scientists because it has a lt f deep craters (环形山), mre s 6 the familiar near side. Chinese researchers hpe t use the instruments nbard Chang'e-4 7 (find) and study areas f the Suth Ple-Aitken basin. “This really excites scientists,” Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brwn University, says, “because it 8 (mean) we have the chance t btain infrmatin abut hw the mn 9 (cnstruct).” Data abut the mn's cmpsitin, such as hw much ice and ther treasures it cntains, culd help China decide 10 its plans fr a future lunar (月球的) base are practical.
B
Using scial media t much and psting many selfies (自拍) 1 (cause) a rise in narcissism (自恋) since the scial media became ppular, accrding t a newly published study. Narcissism is when smene becmes very 2 (self) and believes they are very talented and beautiful. They need attentin frm ther peple, 3 (think) they are better than everyne else. Researchers fund that heavy users f scial media like Facebk shwed a 25% rise in narcissism in just fur mnths. They studied hw 74 peple 4 (age) 18 t 34 used scial media and lked at hw their persnalities changed. They said that psting selfies seemed t increase mre levels f narcissism 5 text-messaging.
Prfessr Phil Reed, wh is frm 6 Department f Psychlgy at Swansea University, said:“There have been suggestins f links 7 narcissism and the use f selfies n scial media, but until this study, it wasn't knwn if 8 (use) such platfrms is related t the grwth in narcissism. The results f this study suggest that psting selfies can increase narcissism.” Prfessr Reed said that “nearly 20% f peple may develp narcissism” because they want attentin and 9 (apprve) frm thers after psting a selfie. They als want t shw thers their life is 10 (gd) and that they are mre beautiful r attractive.