新高考英语复习：训练07 概要写作示例与写作训练2新高考英语复习：

这是一份新高考英语复习：训练07 概要写作示例与写作训练2新高考英语复习：，共14页。

【原文呈现】
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Three miles is quick by car, but when thse three miles cnsist f an ld wden fence n a cattle farm that requires a fresh cat f paint, it’s nt as shrt f a distance. Fr the final week f summer heading int my sphmre year f cllege, painting this fence nearly wiped my existence. Luckily, I wasn’t alne in this task; I had the help f Rb, the farm manager. When tw peple are stuck under the relentless August sun fr ten hurs a day, there isn’t much t d t help pass the time. It was in this mment that I truly learned t value the art f cnversatin.
Standing in frnt f this dilapidated(荒废的) fence was the last place n Earth I wanted t be. And spending ver 50 hurs with Rb with nthing t keep yur mind busy but a mindless, tedius task, all we had fr amusement was cnversatin---N phne, n music, nly yur thughts and a little tête-à-tête(促膝长谈).
It started ut simple, talks abut the weather, sprts, and the alike. As the week prgressed, s did ur tpics f discussin. Frm family and funny childhd stries t ur hbbies and career gals, we began t learn mre abut each ther. I knew Rb fr years, but after this jb, I felt I knew him n a different level. I’ve spent plenty f time with peple whether it was ging t sprting events, mvies, r cncerts, but never had I spent s much time with ne persn with abslutely nthing t break the silence. It was uncmfrtable at first, but by the time the final bucket f paint was emptied, I felt like I had made a new friend.
Smetimes we get caught up in trying t keep urselves busy, entertained, r frm getting bred. S seldm d we realize that there is a deeper cnnectin yu get with peple when all yu’re ding is talking, fr life is a cnversatin--- Every sng yu hear, TV shw yu watch, r wrk f art yu bserve, at the simplest level, smene is just trying t cmmunicate with yu.
【思维路径】
[核心内容]
本文是一篇夹叙夹议的文章，全文共四段。第一段主要介绍了事情起因，即作者在大学二年级即将开学之前，要去和Rd一起粉刷一条长三英里的栅栏。第二段讲述了除了与Rd交谈之外的工作中的乏味之处。第三段讲述了作者在粉刷栅栏的过程中，与Rd交谈之后的感受。第四段是作者的评论，并点明了文章的主题，即生活就是对话的过程。
[写作思路]
(1)理清文章的层次。本文有四段话，前三段叙述了作者的一次与Rb一起劳动的经过，第四段总结了自己的感受。根据这一写作顺序，我们可以先确立缩写部分的组织结构，即需要表述事实并同时说明作者的感受。
(2)把握叙述的特点。作者用了三段话来叙述自己的经历。第一段话是交代自己在工作之前的想法，第二段为过程性的一段话，叙述了工作的乏味之处，第三段则叙述了在工作过程中作者是如何与Rb一起克服工作的单调性的。作者的这一叙述方式能够给我们提供一条线索，即“工作之前的想法---工作之中的感受1---工作之中的发现---工作之中的感受2---工作之后的总结”。
(3)提炼文章的主题。 本文是夹叙夹议类的文章，其写作方法是“先叙后议”，所以在阅读的过程中，我们需要先分清哪些是叙事，哪些是在讲道理。根据文章的写作特征，我们可以发现作者在第四段中表达了文章的主题，即“生活就是对话”(Life is a cnversatin)。
(4)确立缩写的结构。由于本文“先叙后议”，所以在缩写的时候，我们也要确定一定的写作顺序与文本结构。文章第一段强调“Painting this fence nearly wiped my existence”(要点1)；第二段进一步阐述工作的乏味之处，即“All we had fr amusement was cnversatin”(要点2)；第三段则交代了作者与Rb谈话的内容及感受，即“As the week prgressed, s did ur tpics f discussin”(要点3)，以及“By the time the final bucket f paint was emptied, I felt like I had made friends with ne persn with whm I nce nearly had abslutely nthing t break the silence(要点4)；第四段则表明了作者的写作主题，即“There is a deeper cnnectin yu get with peple when all yu’re ding is talking, fr life is a cnversatin”(要点5)。在抓住各部分的中心后，我们就要确立各个要点的表述顺利，以理清它们之间的关系。
[参考范文]
Befre my sphmre year f cllege, I went t paint a three-mile fence with Rb, with whm I nce nearly had nthing t break the silence(要点4), which nearly wiped my existence.(要点1)That was because all we had fr amusement was cnversatin.(要点2)Hwever, as ur tpics f discussin prgressed,(要点3), I felt like I had made a new friend.(要点4)Finally, I realized that there is a deeper cnnectin yu get with peple when all yu’re ding is talking, fr life is a cnversatin.(要点5)(78 wrds)
[范文解析]
范文把要点1与要点4的一部分进行整合，保持了叙事的连续性，即“时间---地点---人物---经过…”这样一个连贯的表达，从而使行文更加流畅。范文用“that was because…”把要点2与第一句话进行衔接，这种表述显得非常自然、流畅。范文把要点3与要点4的另外一部分进行了整合，同时也对要点3进行了压缩，这样处理也符合事情发展的顺序；此外“hwever”一词也使范文第三句与前半部分实现了表述的衔接。范文最后一句是结合要点5对整个事情进行点题，其中用“finally”实现了意义的连贯性。
[提炼归纳]
1、准确把握叙事的方式。在缩写的时候，要对叙事部分进行有效的整合和取舍，保留中心部分。例如，范文中的前两句话就实现了对原文前半部分的压缩。同时，在保持原文的中心不变的情况下，也要适当的调整文章的叙述的结构。例如，缩写部分的开头就不是采用原文的开头，而是从原文叙述中的某个部分开始的。
2、 恰当进行要点的重组。“重组”策略是缩写过程中必须使用的策略。由于篇幅有限，所以缩写不可能完全按照原文的顺序展开，因而重组就显得尤为重要。例如，范文中的第一与第三句就实现了对要点的重组。
3、实现表述的有效衔接。语义连贯性始终是缩写的核心之一。在缩写的过程中，要实现语义的连贯，我们就必须使用一些衔接手段。例如，范围中的befre, which, hwever, finally以及that is because等都是有效的衔接方式。语义连贯在叙事的过程中显得更为重要，特别是对事件发展的各个细节的准确把握，这在一定程度上将决定缩写某件事情的成败。
【写作演练】
1.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。
Sugars are ppular in the prcessed fd industry because they add taste, clur and thickness t fd prducts. The studies have shwn that sugars can prvide a surce f energy. The bdy breaks dwn the sugar int simple frms that can be readily used in the bdy. But t much sugar can cntribute t health prblems like besity and tth disease.
Having t much sugar is nt the nly reasn fr besity r being verweight，but it des add t the amunt f kiljules in fd. Eating t much f any fd, withut ding enugh exercise,will cause yu t becme verweight.
Gvernments in the United States and United Kingdm are waging a war n sugar in the interests f public health. Bth cuntries claim that the vercnsumptin f sugar by much f the ppulatin is harmful t peple’s health. On Thursday，the U.S gvernment issued new dietary guidelines that strngly recmmend peple receive less than 10 per cent f their daily calrie intake frm added sugar. On the same day，British Prime Minister David Camern said he has nt ruled ut the idea f a tax n sugar t encurage cnsumers t buy fd with reduced levels f the sweet. Pliticians in the U.K. are debating hw a reductin in the intake f sugar culd help reduce Britain’s rising rates f besity.
The American and British gvernments bth refer t a study cnducted in Mexic that shwed a tax n sugary，carbnated drinks led t a reductin in cnsumptin. The tax was carried ut n January 1，2014 and purchases f the taxed drinks went dwn by 12 per cent by December f that year. Sales f mineral water increased by 4 per cent ver the same perid. An alternative(可替代物) t taxing sugared drinks is t reduce the level f sugar in them. Researchers at Queen Mary University in Lndn say that reducing the sugar cntent in sugar－sweetened drinks by 40 percent ver five years culd prevent ne millin cases f besity in the U.K. Researchers say peple might nt even ntice the changes.




2.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
“Did yu hear what happened t Adam Last Friday?” Lindsey whispers t Tri. With her eyes shining, Tri brags, “Yu bet I did, Sean tld me tw days ag.” Wh are Lindsey and Tri talking abut? It just happened t be yurs truly, Adam Freedman. I can tell yu that what they are saying is (a) nt nice and (b) nt even true. Still, Lindsey and Tri aren’t very different frm mst students here at Lintn High Schl, including me. Many f ur cnversatins are gssip.
An imprtant negative effect f gssip is that it can hurt the persn being talked abut. Usually, gssip spreads infrmatin abut a tpic—breakups, truble at hme, even drpping ut—that a persn wuld rather keep secret. The mre embarrassing r shameful the secret is, the juicier the gssip it makes. Prbably the wrst type f gssip is the abslute lie. Peple ften think f gssipers as harmless, but cruel lies can cause pain.
If we knw that gssip can be harmful, then why d s many f us d it? The answer lies in anther effect f gssip: the satisfactin it gives us. Sharing the latest rumr (传言) can make a persn feel imprtant because he r she knws smething that thers dn’t. Similarly, hearing the latest rumr can make a persn feel like part f the “in grup.”
Gssip als can have a third effect: it strengthens unwritten, unspken rules abut hw peple shuld act. Prfessr David Wilsn explains that gssip is imprtant in plicing behavirs in a grup. Translated int high schl terms, this means that if everybdy yu hang arund with is laughing at what Jhn wre r what Jane said, then yu can bet that wearing r saying smething similar will get yu the same kind f negative attentin. This pressure will certainly frce yu t pay special attentin t yur wn wrds and deeds. The ds and dn’ts cnveyed thrugh gssip will never shw up in any student handbk.
The effects f gssip vary depending n the situatin. The next time yu feel the urge t spread the latest news, think abut why yu want t gssip and what effects yur “juicy stry” might have.




3.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Befre the 1830s, mst newspapers were sld thrugh yearly subscriptins(订阅) in America, usually $ 8 t $ 10 a year. Tday $ 8 r $ 10 seems a small amunt f mney, but at that time the amunts were unaffrdable t mst citizens. Accrdingly, newspapers were read almst nly by rich peple in plitics r the trades. In additin, mst newspapers had little in them that wuld appeal t a large audience. They were dull and visually unpleasant. But the revlutin that was taking place in the 1830s wuld change all that.
The trend, then, was tward the “penny paper”---a term referring t papers made widely available t the public. It meant any inexpensive newspaper; perhaps mre imprtantly it meant newspapers that culd be bught in single cpies n the street.
This develpment did nt take place vernight. It had been pssible(but nt easy) t buy single cpies f newspapers befre 1830, but this usually meant the reader had t g dwn t the printer’s ffice t buy a cpy. Street sales were almst unknwn. Hwever, within a few years street sales f newspapers wuld be cmmnplace in eastern cities. At first the price f single cpy was seldm a penny ---usually tw r three cents was charged --- and sme f the lder well-knwn papers charged five r six cents. But the phrase “penny paper” caught the public’s fancy sn there wuld be papers that did indeed sell fr nly a penny.
This new trend f newspapers fr “the man n the street” did nt begin well. Sme f the early ventures(企业)were immediate failures. Publishers already in business, peple wh were wners f successful papers, had little desire t change the traditin. It tk a few yuthful and daring businessmen t get the ball rlling.




4.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Many Chinese students have studied English fr apprximately ten years, but mst f them cannt even speak English crrectly r fluently. In my pinin, there are several bstacles that have caused this t happen. The main bstacle is fear! Anther is the habit f mentally translating frm Chinese t English and then t change these thughts int spken wrds and sentences. Many f these difficulties are caused by the way Chinese peple study and learn the language.
We must learn t speak as a child des. When we are learning a secnd language, we need t remember hw we learned ur native language. Learning t understand and speak a language is ne f the first skills a child develps. Hw des a child learn the language? He listens fr a time and then he tries t repeat the wrds. Parents give great praise fr the smallest effrt and slightest imprvement. Therefre, the child develps curage and is excited abut learning. It takes a lng time befre he knws anything abut grammar, spelling r frmal sentence structures.
As fr language teachers, they shuld avid criticism and be very encuraging and generus with praise. Criticism r pinting ut faults t ften causes students t lse self-cnfidence and develp a fear f speaking. The best way t mtivate a student is using praise.
The mst imprtant aspect f speaking is having gd self-esteem. Self-esteem is hw yu feel abut yurself. When mst Chinese peple are asked hw their English is, r they are tld their English is very gd, they immediately respnd by saying, "Oh my English is very pr." If yu say this t yurself ften enugh, yu will believe it. When smene cmpliments(称赞) yu, just say “thank yu”.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
A new study warns that abut thirty percent f the wrld’s peple may nt have enugh water by the year 2025.
A private American rganizatin called Ppulatin Actin Internatinal (PAI) did the new study. It says mre than 335 millin peple lack enugh water nw. The peple live in 28 cuntries. Mst f the cuntries are in Africa r the Middle East.
PAI researcher Rbert Engelman says by the year 2025, abut 3,000 millin peple may lack water. At least 18 mre cuntries are expected t have severe water prblems. The demand fr water keeps increasing. Yet the amunt f water n the Earth stays the same.
Mr Engelman says the ppulatin in cuntries that lack water is grwing faster than in ther parts f the wrld. He says ppulatin grwth in these cuntries will cntinue t increase.
The reprt says lack f water in the future may result in several prblems. It may increase health prblems. Lack f water ften means drinking water is nt safe. Mr Engelman says there are prblems all ver the wrld because f diseases, such as chlera which are carried in water.
Lack f water may als result in mre internatinal cnflict. Cuntries may have t cmpete fr water in the future. Sme cuntries nw get sixty percent f their fresh water frm ther cuntries. And the reprt says lack f water wuld affect the ability t imprve their ecnmies. This is because new industries ften need large amunts f water when they are beginning.
The Ppulatin Actin Internatinal study gives several slutins t the water prblem. One way, it says, is t find ways t use water fr mre than ne purpse. Anther way is t teach peple t be careful nt t waste water. A third way is t use less water fr agriculture. The reprt als says lng-term slutins t the water prblem must include cntrls n ppulatin grwth.




答案与解析
1.【参考范文】
Sugar is ppular in fd industry fr its taste, clr and thickness. But t much sugar can cause health prblems. Therefre, gvernment in the US and the UK take measures t reduce the use f sugar, such as having a tax n sugar, reducing the level f sugar in them. Researchers say that the reductin f sugar play a great rle in preventing besity, which is nt nticed by peple.
【解析】
这是一篇说明文，文章主要说了吃大量糖对人类身体的危害，因此美国和英国政府采取措施来减少人们购买糖。
第一步：概括每个段落的大意
第一段主要说明了糖在食物领域很受欢迎，但同时也对人类的健康带来了许多危害，可以用Sugar is ppular in fd industry fr its taste, clr and thickness. But t much sugar can cause health prblems.表示。第三段和第四段美国和英国政府开始采取措施来减少人们对糖的使用，糖的使用减少对抑制人类肥胖有很大的作用，但是人们很难注意到。即Gvernment in the US and the UK take measures t reduce the use f sugar, such as having a tax n sugar, reducing the level f sugar in them. Researchers say that the reductin f sugar play a great rle in preventing besity, which is nt nticed by peple.
第二步：连句成篇(衔接词)
1.表文章结构顺序：First f all, Firstly/First, Secndly/Secnd… And then, Finally, In the end, At last
2.表并列补充关系：What is mre, Besides, Mrever, Furthermre, In additin As well as, nt nly…but (als), including,
3.表转折对比关系：Hwever, On the cntrary, but, Althugh+clause(从句), In spite f+n/ding,On the ne hand…,On the ther hand… Sme…,while thers…,as fr, s…that…
4.表因果关系：Because, As, S, Thus, Therefre, As a result
连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰
2.【参考范文】
High schl cnversatins are mainly gssip. Three effects are fund. One is that gssip harms peple because it is ften embarrassing r even false. Als, the gssipers get a sense f belnging r even superirity thrugh their gssip. The third effect is that gssip cause pressure in scial life, frcing peple t avid thse wrds and behavirs in the rumr. Therefre, we are advised t think twice befre we gssip. (70wrds)
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。介绍了说闲话的消极影响。
第一步：阅读
1.认真阅读给定的原文材料，如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍；阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
2.划出那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子；决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了；对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。
3.简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括概要写作重要的东西。
第二步：写作步骤
1.浏览课文，找出主题：介绍了说闲话的消极影响。
2.分析文章的结构，把它分成几个部分，找出每个部分的主要思想，用你自己的文字简短地写出来。本文主要分为一部分：High schl cnversatins are mainly gssip. Three effects are fund.
3.写下每个主要思想的支持点，不涉及细节。支持点：1. One is that gssip harms peple because it is ften embarrassing r even false. 2. Als, the gssipers get a sense f belnging r even superirity thrugh their gssip. 3. The third effect is that gssip cause pressure in scial life, frcing peple t avid thse wrds and behavirs in the rumr.
4.按照逻辑顺序组织主要和相关的支持点， 使用最短的连接词进行连接。如：als，therefre
第三步：修改成文
草稿拟好以后，对它进行修改。首先，与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了，概要写作中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。其次，如果出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子，删除它们，保持语言简单明了。最后，检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。
【范文点评】
范文内容完整，要点全面，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系。作者在范文中使用了较多主从复合句，如：One is that gssip harms peple because it is ften embarrassing r even false.这句话运用了because引导的状语从句和that引导的表语从句；本文也使用了一些固定词组，如a sense f belnging; in the rumr等。全文中没有中国式英语的句式，显示了很高的驾驭英语的能力。另外，文章思路清晰、层次分明，上下句转换自然，为文章增色添彩。
3.参考范文】
The 1830s saw the revlutin that was happening in the newspaper industry. Just befre then, mst newspapers had been suffering frm a lack f sales due t the high prices and bring cntent in them.(要点一)The “penny paper” was brn at the right mment thugh it experienced a lng prcess . (要点二)Sn the public were fancinated by the phrase “penny paper” fr there wuld be papers sld at such a lw price indeed.(要点三)Traditins need t be changed, and thse few yuthful and daring businessmen felt the bligatin t d s.(要点四)
【解析】
写作步骤
1)细读原文，掌握文章主旨。本文为说明文。本文介绍了十九世纪三十年代美国报纸的一次重要变革，使报纸变得大众化，普及开来。19世纪30年代发生在报纸上的革命，在此之前，大多数报纸由于价格高和内容乏味而销量低迷。虽然经历了一个漫长的过程，但“便士报”的诞生恰逢其时很快被公众所接纳，因为它真的只卖一便士，是那些少数年轻勇敢的商人推动了这项变革。
2)弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。因此一定要弄清文章结构，归纳文章各段大意。
3)列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4)在写作时要特别注意下面几点：
(1)概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。
(2)安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
(3)注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。
(4)不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
(5)计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
4.【参考范文】
Caused by their fear and way f learning, many Chinese students cannt speak English fluently even after ten-years' learning.(要点1) Actually we shuld learn t speak English as a child learns his native language by listening and repeating a lt.(要点2) And teachers shuld praise and encurage rather than criticize students, just as parents d.(要点3) Finally, having gd self-esteem is f vital imprtance in speaking English.(要点4)
5.【参考范文】
A new study shws that abut 30% f the wrld’s peple may suffer a shrtage f water in the fllwing few years. (要点1)Nwadays ver 335 millin peple in 28 cuntries lack enugh water, while the amunt f water remains the same and the ppulatin is grwing faster. (要点2)The shrtage f water will cause health prblems and internatinal cnflict. (要点3) Frtunately, ways are fund t settle the water prblem. (要点4)
【解析】
这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述目前缺水现状以及缺水会带来的问题，最后提出解决缺水问题的方法。
文章的主要结构采用了“提出问题，分析问题，解决问题”的论述方法，主要讲目前缺水现状以及缺水会带来的问题，最后提出解决缺水问题的方法。符合概要写作常规出题思路。
第一段为总述，讲述现象：A new study warns that abut thirty percent f the wrld’s peple may nt have enugh water by the year2025.( 一项新的研究警告说，到2025年，世界上大约30%的人可能没有足够的水。)提出了文章的话题：缺少。可以用到的词汇或句型有：abut thirty percent f the wrld’s peple等。第二段至第四段详细阐述了缺水现状，其中第二段提及缺水人口数量，第三段提及与对水的需求增加相反的是水资源数量的不变性，第四段提及了人口增长。可以用到的词汇或句式有：it says mre than 335 millin peple lack enugh water nw; the amunt f water n the Earth stays the same; ppulatin grwth等。第五段至第六段的主旨句为：The reprt says lack f water in the future may result in several prblems. 讲述了缺水带来的问题：健康问题，国际争端问题以及经济发展问题。可以用到的词汇或句式有：lack f water in the future may result in several prblems; increase health prblems；result in mre internatinal cnflict; affect the ability t imprve their ecnmies等。第七段主旨句为：The Ppulatin Actin Internatinal study gives several slutins t the water prblem. 本段讲了专家们给出了许多解决办法，比如一水多用，不浪费水资源，减少农业用水，控制人口增长等。可以用到的词汇或句式有：several slutins等。
【范文点评】
高分句型1
A new study shws that abut 30% f the wrld’s peple may suffer a shrtage f water in the fllwing few years. (一项新的研究表明，世界上大约30%的人将在未来几年遭受缺水。)
本句中that 引导宾语从句。
高分句型2
Nwadays ver 335 millin peple in 28 cuntries lack enugh water, while the amunt f water remains the same and the ppulatin is grwing faster. (现在28个国家有超过3.35亿人缺水，而水的数量保持不变，人口增长更快。)
本句中“while”可为并列连词，表对比关系。