新高考英语复习：训练19 概要写作示例与写作训练09新高考英语复习：

这是一份新高考英语复习：训练19 概要写作示例与写作训练09新高考英语复习：，共13页。

【原文呈现】
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Studies have shwn that children frm pr families have mre difficulty in schl than ther bys and girls. Children with higher sciecnmic rts seem better prepared and perfrm better n schl tests.
Nw, American researchers may have fund a bilgical reasn fr that difference. They fund differences in the brains f students wh had lw standardized test scres. Their brains had less gray matter and their tempral lbes(颞叶) develped mre slwly than the ther children. The findings were reprted in the jurnal JAMA Pediatrics. Tempral lbes and gray matter are very imprtant brain areas, says researcher Barbara Wlfe. The brain areas are “critical in the sense that they keep develping until individuals are well int their adlescence r early 20s, and critical in the sense that they are imprtant fr executive functin,” she said.
Researchers studied brain images f nearly 400 children and yung adults. The yungest subjects were fur years ld. The ldest were 22. Researchers lked fr a cnnectin between the persn’s sciecnmic status and his r her test results. On average, yung peple frm pr families had test scres between three and fur pints belw what is expected fr their age grup. The prest students scred between eight and 10 pints belw the develpmental nrm.
Ms. Wlfe says there are several reasns why prer students ften have lwer scres. One reasn culd be pr children d nt get the fd they need fr healthy develpment. Pr parents are less likely t stimulate their children’ s brains thrugh talk, play, and activities. Ms. Wlfe als blames the “stress that parents face in trying t deal with pverty, putting fd n the table.” The researchers say that up t 20 percent f the achievement gap, r difference in test perfrmance, culd be tied t pverty.
Ms. Wlfe suggests early actin may imprve the brain develpment f children living in pverty. Reaching ut t children when they are very yung culd help raise their test scres and academic perfrmance when they are lder.
【思维路径】
[核心内容]
这是一篇说明文，全文共分五段。第一段提出本文的主题：据研究，贫困家庭的孩子比家庭经济条件好的孩子学业表现差。第二段介绍了导致这一差异的生理原因。第三段通过具体研究数字证明论点的可信度。第四段提出了穷学生分数低的其它几个原因。第五段是研究者对此提出的建议，即通过早期行动改善贫困儿童的大脑发育。
[写作思路]
(1)理清文章脉络、概括段落大意。理清文章脉络、概括段落大意是写摘要的基础，同学们可以通过找主题句、分析段落的逻辑关系来梳理文章的脉络，概括大意。第一段的主题句是children frm pr families have mre difficulty in schl than ther bys and girls；第二段的主题句是American reserachers may have fund a bilgical reasn fr that difference；第三段的主题句是Researchers lked fr a cnnectin between the persn’s sciecnmic status and his r her test results；第四段的主题句是There are several reasns why prer students ften have have lwer scres；第五段的主题句式Early actin may imprve the brain develpment f children living in pverty。
(2)确定表达要点、灵活准确表达。每段的段落大意都是我们要表达的要点，这可以确保不漏点。本文的摘要要把全文第一句作为一个要点，因为它是全文的逻辑起点。在确定表达要点后要思考如何准确灵活表达，这是难点。因为评分标准要求完全使用自己的语言。灵活表达的重要技巧是对原来的语言进行同义替换(paraphrase)，同时要对相关内容进行整合。本文的摘要把全文第一句作为要点，因为它是全文的中心，也是全文的逻辑起点。根据评分标准要求，我们需要对其进行同义替换。同义替换可以从原句的结构进行分析。如本句的基本结构是mre…than…，我们可以替换为less…than…, nt as … as… 等。要点2在于把造成这一差异的生理原因(bilgical reasn)说清楚，因此我们需要进行准确的概括。要点3用实验中的具体数据值佐证作者观点的真实性。因此，要点1和3具有相关性，我们可以通过调整顺序使缩写更具逻辑性。要点4是学习差异的家庭原因，由于要点2也是造成学习差异的原因，我们需要把要点2，4进行整合。要点5是专家提出的可行性建议，可用prpse，advise等词替换原文中的suggest。
[参考范文]
Recently, a study reveals the link between a child’s sciecnmic backgrund and his academic behavir(要点3), that is, prer students usually have lwer scres than thse frm richer families(要点1). Less gray matter in their brain may cntribute t their learning disability(要点2). Besides, family pressure, fd shrtage and lack f stimulus als accunt fr it(要点4). Frtunately, it is prpsed that early actin is likely t prmte the barin develpment f thse pr students(要点5).
[范文解析]
范文中用backgrund替换了status, link替换了cnnectin, pr students替换了children living in pverty。要点1,3陈述事实，要点1是要点3的进一步解释，因此用that is作为连接。要点2,4都是贫困学生成绩差的原因，要点2是生理原因，要点4是家庭原因，中间用besides连接，表示补充说明。要点5是建议，用frtunately表示这是一个好消息。五个要点以事实、原因、建议的内在逻辑重新组合，使之结构清晰、简洁明了。
[提炼归纳]
1. 语义转换
语义转换是新题型概要写作中很重要的一项基本技能，因为评价标准对“使用自己的语言进行观点的独立表达”有较高的要求。语义转换即包括简单的对词汇的转换，如用cnnectin替换了link，把stress改为pressure等。语义转换也包括对结构的转换，如把Early actin may imprve the brain develpment f children living in pverty转换为The brain develpment f thse wh suffer frm pverty is likely t be realised thrugh early actin等。这样做可以避免重复原文内容，使语言表达更加多样化。
2. 要点整合
为了达到概要写作规定的字数，在准确梳理原文要点的基础上，我们需要对原文的观点进行必要的整合，可以帮助我们更简洁、有效地表达。范文中，没有根据文章原有顺序进行缩写，而是根据其内在的联系进行了要点整合。根据原文，要点1和要点3都是陈述事实，因此把这两点整合在一起。要点2和要点4都是贫困学生成绩差的原因，因此也进行了整合。通过调整顺序和结构，使得范文按照事实、原因、建议的内在逻辑重新组合，从而达到了结构清晰、语言简洁的效果。
【写作演练】
1.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
CLEAN UP YOUR BUTTS AND BAGS
All srts f items becme litter, but tw f the mst cmmn and mst dangerus are cigarette butts and plastic bags. Litter is a big prblem fr ur envirnment, but it is a prblem that individuals can easily d smething abut. Nt littering at all r cleaning up litter, such as cigarette butts and plastic bags, greatly imprves the quality f ur envirnment.
Althugh cigarette butts are small, they are bad fr the envirnment. Over 1,600 billin cigarettes are smked each year in China and large quantities f the butts are thrwn away. Wrldwide, abut 4.5 trillin butts are littered every year. Apart frm the fact that butts spil the beauty f the envirnment, they cntain sme very txic chemicals. These find their way int the water supply where they decrease the quality f the water and endanger plants and animals that live there. Because there are s many butts and because they can take up t 5 years t break dwn, the txic chemicals add up t a large amunt. S, if peple have t smke, they shuld nt thrw away the butts but put them in the rubbish bin instead.
Plastic bags are anther cmmn frm f litter that is a danger t the envirnment. There are several reasns fr this. They are made frm il and gas, which are nn-renewable resurces, if they are nt recycled, these resurces are lst t us. In China, 2 billin plastic bags are used every day. An enrmus number f these becme litter. This is a huge prblem because they last frm 20 t 1,000 years in the envirnment. They flat easily in air and water and travel lng distances. They find their way t rivers, parks, beaches and ceans. Plastic bags kill up t ne millin seabirds, 100,000 sea mammals and cuntless fish each year wrldwide. When the animal dies and breaks dwn, the plastic bag can becme free again t kill anther animal. It is up t peple nt t let plastic bags becme litter. It wuld be better if they used fewer and recycled them.
Cleaning up yur cigarette butts and plastic bags wuld imprve the envirnment. The earth wuld be a better place because it wuld be less plluted. And we wuld knw that we were ding smething t lk after ur planet. Hwever, I believe the best slutin wuld be nt t smke r use plastic bags at all.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
We live in a technlgical sciety where mst gds are mass-prduced by unskilled labr. Because f this, mst peple think that craft (手艺) n lnger exists. One f the ways these peple wrngly supprt their view is by pinting t 100-year-ld hmes which are still slid, and arguing that it is the craftsmanship that is respnsible fr their durability (持久性). “Hmes in thse days were well-built,” they say. There is n dubt that these hmes were well-built, but what these peple have dne is mix up the quality f material used in the huse with the quality f the craftsmanship.
Hmes tday culd be built t last just as lng as thse ld hmes if peple were willing r able t pay the price. Fr example, mre peple can n lnger affrd slid ak stairways, althugh they were nce fairly cmmn in lder hmes. Nr can they affrd the high labr cst f emplying a carpenter t build the stairway. Yet if smene can pay the high cst, there are still plenty f carpenters arund able t make thse stairways. And nt nly wuld these carpenters knw hw t build them, they wuld prbably d a better jb than carpenters f ld.
One thing the mdern carpenter has which enables him t d a better jb is much mre advanced tls. Such tls as laser beams and pwer planes help them lay ut a huse better and make mre precisin cuts (精确切割) n the wd. Als, it is nt uncmmn any mre t find carpenters with cllege degrees and carpenters with a slid knwledge f mathematics, which wuld enable them t deal with mre difficult huse designs.
The prblem f mdern quality, then, really bils dwn t the prblem f material, fr the mdern carpenter is just as able t prduce craftsmanship as the carpenter f fifty years ag, but nly if given prper material.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Getting up early has been regarded as a gd habit since ancient times. Many years ag, peple thught that if we went t bed early and gt up early, we wuld be energetic the whle day. S, getting up early is f great imprtance t us all.
In fact, mrning is the best time f a day. In the mrning, the air is the freshest and peple are usually in the best cnditin. Many f us may have the experiences that we memrize sme things mre quickly and crrectly in the mrning than at any ther time f the day. And it is certain that we find it easier t understand what we learn in the mrning. If we get up early and d sme mrning exercise r nly take a shrt walk in the mrning, withut dubt we can build up ur bdies and becme much healthier. Als we will have enugh time t make a plan and get ready fr ur wrk r study f the day if we get up early. Fr example, if everyne in the family gets up early, wives will have enugh time t prepare the breakfast fr the whle family; children will have enugh time t catch the schl bus, and husbands will never frget t change their dirty shirt. Everything will be in rder. Hwever, if we get up late, we’ll prbably have t d everything in a hurry.
Let us remember getting up early is a gd habit and try ur best t keep it. Late risers may find it difficult t frm the habit f getting up early. They have t make an effrt t d s. If we stick t getting up early every day, we will certainly benefit a lt frm it.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4.阅读短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
The way f Chinese peple’s life has been changed thrugh the China’s “New Fur Great Inventins”. What are “New Fur Great Inventins”? They are High-speed rail, Shared bike, Online shpping and AliPay.
What did the China’s “New Fur Great Inventins” bring t us?
High-speed rail—Mdern transprtatin makes everybdy neighbrs. The inventin f the high-speed railway makes it easy t thusands f miles a day. Tday China’s rail transit technlgy is the best, the China’s daily average f 4, 000 trains, sending abut 4.6 millin passengers.
Shared bike—Shrt walks becme mre cnvenient and faster, and carbn missins are reduced, which is friendly t the envirnment. Yu can dwnlad the APP abut shared bikes, pay sme mney, then yu can use bicycles everywhere in the street. The Chinese shared bicycle prgrams have been becming mre and mre ppular.
Online shpping—Dn’t need t g ut t find the needs fr living. Online shpping, as the name implies, is t pay mney nline. Purchases(购买物) can be sent hme. China has 751 millin internet users, 724 millin mbile phne users; ttal transactins (销售额) n Nvember 11 and December 12 hit a recrd high every year. Online shpping lets Chinese internet users enjy “shpping carnival” every day.
Alipay—A sftware which can replace cash payment. With intelligence phnes’ ppularizatin, AliPay has becme an indispensable (不可或缺的) APP. Thrugh scanning the “QR cde”, AliPay wants t realize the ambitin f “replacing cash payments” gradually. On 11 Nvember 2018, bth the mbile payment accunt and the transactin reached 213.5 billin.
There is n dubt that China has already used its wn pwer f “New Fur Great Inventins” t becme the great pwerful technlgical cuntry, shwing the pwer f China nce again.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
When the pandemic started, sme peple were wndering if the internet culd stand up t the rise in demand. The answer is nt nly a clear “yes” but this whle perid made it even strnger.
Hw wuld ur wrld survive withut Internet in pandemic situatin? The answer is simple: differently but nt better r wrse. We knw that the internet available is changing a lt f things. Thanks t it, peple were able t keep n wrking frm their hme, thers were able t keep cntact with their lved nes and friends and mst fund their entertainment relief thrugh it. Had it nt ever existed, peple wuld have stayed at hme and enjyed their family r created mre since they wuld have had mre time n their hands.
But in tday’s wrld, the internet has becme the ne link that unites us all. It is the reasn why peple were able t frget fr minutes and hurs at a time thrugh the use f Internet. It is the reasn why s many cmpanies will survive and mst prbably grw strnger afterwards, since they were able t plan thrugh Skype and Zm. It is the reasn why lvers did nt fall int full depressin, having t live away frm their partner fr a few mnths, since they were at least able t talk and see each ther while sharing mments f their lives. There cannt be any dubts anymre: The internet is the ne link that unites us all.
In the first three mnths f this year, internet use has grwn by 25% in mst majr cities arund the wrld. This number is reflected in the use f varius applicatins and websites. One f the clearest jumps up is the use f vide calls. This shuld nt be surprising since it is used bth fr business and fr persnal purpses. PC Game stres have als seen a huge increase in their sales during this perid. A bit mre surprising maybe, is the increase f nline grcery stres usage as the stres were breaking dwn under the demand.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
答案与解析
1.【参考范文】
Cigarette butts and plastic bags are the mst serius litter prblems, but peple can help deal with them. Cigarette butts, which destry the beautiful envirnment and endanger life with pisnus chemicals, shuld be put int dustbins. Plastic bags, made frm nn-renewable resurces, can exist in different places fr a lng time, killing cuntless animals. S peple had better use fewer and recycle them. Cleaning up butts and bags will make the wrld better.
【解析】
本篇书面表达是概要写作，要求概括烟头和塑料袋对环境的危害，并呼吁清理烟头或者不吸烟，不使用塑料袋。注意篇幅控制在60词左右。
写之前，需要认真仔细地读几遍原文材料，掌握文章主旨。本文主要说明了香烟和塑料袋对环境有害并分别解释了原因，最后呼吁为了改善环境，我们应该清理烟头或者不吸烟，不使用塑料袋。遵循原文的逻辑顺序，弄清结构，对重要部分的主题、标题、细节进行概括，全面清晰地表明原文信息。注意要点之间的衔接，要使用适当的关联词语贯通全文。切忌只写一些简单的互不相干的句子。不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话表述，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换或者结构上的转换。
2.【参考范文】
Peple wh think highly f carpenters f ancient hld the view that craft is dead in mdern sciety (要点1). Hwever, carpenters tday can still build hmes f gd r even better quality if they are given prper materials and reasnable pay. (要点2)Additinally, mdern carpenters are mre knwledgeable and equipped with advanced tls.(要点3) Therefre, they are sure t prduce craftsmanship better than, r at least as gd as that made in the past. (要点4)
【解析】
这是一篇概要写作，要求考生根据所给关于木匠的内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
完成一篇概要写作，需要经过三个步骤：
1.读懂原文，抓住段落主题句。在阅读过程中，需要准确把握文章的段落大意，学会剔除非重要信息，弄清楚不同体裁的文章内部的逻辑关系以及文章的篇章结构。如本文是属于议论文，议论的段落结构多采用总分结构，即作者先提出一个论点，然后段落其他的拓展句都是围绕这个论点进行展开。如第一段的最后一句“There is n dubt that these hmes were well-built, but what these peple have dne is mix up the quality f material used in the huse with the quality f the craftsmanship.”作者先提出了很多人把建筑材料的质量与手工艺的质量混为一谈，中间论述，最后总结现代木匠可以比之前的老木匠做得一样好甚至更好。
2.组织语言，转换表达，合理合并观点。在找到主题句明确全文中心的基础上，不全盘照抄原文句子，尽量用自己的语言转换表达，组织好语言，注重语言表达的独立性和准确性以及高级性，同时要注意篇幅的比例安排，用较多的文字去表达重要的内容。如本文的第二段主题句“Hmes tday culd be built t last just as lng as thse ld hmes if peple were willing r able t pay the price.”和最后一段的主题句“The prblem f mdern quality, then, really bils dwn t the prblem f material”可以转换合并为“carpenters tday can still build hmes f gd r even better quality if they are given prper materials and reasnable pay.”
3.通读全文，逻辑连贯。要牢记各段落要点之间的逻辑关系和自然衔接，用恰当的关联词，衔接词去连贯全文，如本文在转折时用了hwever作为衔接词，最后做总结的时候用了therefre。
3.【参考范文】
Great imprtance has been attached t getting up early since ancient times. (早起的重要性)(要点1) T begin with, mrning is a fantastic time t enjy the freshest air and have a mre accurate memry. (对记忆的好处) (要点2)In additin, peple wh stick t physical exercise in the mrning will be healthier. (锻炼)(要点三) Last but nt least, getting up early enables us t make gd preparatins fr the day. (做好一天的准备)(要点4)T sum up, we are suppsed t stick t the gd habit , which will benefit us a lt .(建议)(要点5)
【解析】
本文是一篇概要写作。文章告诉我们早起的重要性，会对我们的记忆带来好处，也能够更好的做好一天的准备。
本文是一篇概要写作，要求写出文章的主题大意和要点，要写全要点，抓住重点，要使用自己比较熟悉的词汇、短语和句型，恰当使用过渡词和连接词，以使文章连贯、流畅。要尽量使用高级词汇和句型、各种从句以及非谓语动词等高级形式，以体现较高的写作水平。本文写作时时态采用一般现在时。
在写作时应注意把握本文文章要点：1.早起的重要性；2.早起对于记忆有很大的帮助；3.可以在早晨进行晨练，增强身体素质；4.可以为一天做好准备。写作时应注意上下文连贯及词数要求。
4.【参考范文】
China’s new “Fur Great Inventins”— High-speed rail, Shared bike, Online shpping and AliPay have changed Chinese peple’s life(要点1). High-speed rail makes trips faster than befre(要点2). Meanwhile, Shared bike lets the shrt walks becme faster, mre cnvenient and envirnmentally friendly(要点3). Online shpping creates many business pprtunities n the internet and Alipay will gradually replace cash payment(要点3, 4). Withut dubt, new fur inventins cntribute t a great and pwerful technlgical China(要点5).(68字)
【解析】
文章的主要结构为总-分-总。主要讲中国的新“四大发明”改变了中国人的生活方式，现实了中国的力量。符合概要写作常规出题思路。
第一段讲述了中国的新“四大发明”是什么及它们改变了中国人的生活方式，可以用到的词汇有：new “Fur Great Inventins”，changed，life style等。第三段讲述高铁使得旅行更快速、方便，可以用到的词汇有：trips，faster等。第四段讲述共享单车让短途旅行更方便快捷，并对环境更友好，可以用到的词汇有：shrt walks，faster, mre cnvenient，envirnmentally friendly等。第五段讲述网上购物创造了更多的商机，可以用到的词汇有：business pprtunities等。第六段讲述支付宝正逐步替代现金，可以用到的词汇有：replace，cash等。第七段讲述新“四大发明”显示了中国的科技力量，可以用到的词汇有：cntribute t，pwerful technlgical等。
【范文点评】
[高分句型1]
Bike-sharing is a cnvenient, envirnmentally friendly way fr shrt walks. 共享单车对于短距离旅行是一种方便、环保的方式。envirnmentally friendly对环境友好的。
[高分句型2]
Alipay is launching China int a cashless sciety. 支付宝正把中国推向一个无现金社会。cashless无现金的，launch…int…推……进入……。
5.【参考范文】
The internet supprts the rising demand and grew strnger cnfrnting the pandemic. The life withut internet wuld be then different but nt better r wrse since internet ffers ease t wrk and cnnectin but steals persnal time. Nwadays the internet cnnects us all s that peple frget abut time and distance and cmpanies maintain grwth. In the first quarter f 2020, internet use has surged wrldwide in terms f vide calls, PC games and even nline grcery stres.
【解析】
这是一篇概要写作题型。要求考生根据短文写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
完成一篇概要写作，需要经过三个步骤：
1.读懂原文，抓住段落主题句。在阅读过程中，需要准确把握文章的段落大意，学会剔除非重要信息，弄清楚不同体裁的文章内部的逻辑关系以及文章的篇章结构。如本文是属于说明文，说明文的段落结构多采用总分结构，即作者先提出一个说明的主题，然后段落其他的拓展句都是围绕这个主题句进行展开。如第二段的第一句和第二句“Hw wuld ur wrld survive withut Internet in pandemic situatin? The answer is simple: differently but nt better r wrse.”表示的是我们的世界是如何在疫情之中缺少因特网的情况下生存的呢？答案很简单：不同地但是没有好坏。这是本段的主题句，紧接着其他拓展句就有无因特网的不同生活进行说明。
2.组织语言，转换表达。在找到主题句明确全文中心的基础上，不全盘照抄原文句子，尽量用自己的语言转换表达，组织好语言，注重语言表达的独立性和准确性以及高级性，同时要注意篇幅的比例安排，用较多的文字去表达重要的内容。如本文的第二段主题句是“Hw wuld ur wrld survive withut Internet in pandemic situatin? The answer is simple: differently but nt better r wrse.”，可以转换为“The life withut internet wuld be different but nt better r wrse.”
3.通读全文，逻辑连贯。要牢记各段落要点之间的逻辑关系和自然衔接，用恰当的关联词，衔接词去连贯全文。