新高考英语二轮复习课件+讲义（新高考版） 第1部分 阅读理解与阅读七选五　专题1　第3讲　题型突破——主旨大意题

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第3讲　题型突破——主旨大意题
思维品质体现英语学科核心素养的心智特征，而主旨大意题较好地反映了学生的思维品质。主旨大意题旨在考查考生通过阅读文章正确获取文章主旨，推断文章的主题、标题、段落大意、中心思想的能力，即考查考生归纳概括以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。它既考查阅读理解能力，又考查深层次的推理、概括能力。此类题目可分为三大类：标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。
技法一　标题归纳题——“高度概括”定标题记叙文、说明文和议论文三种文体涉及不同话题的阅读材料都会考查到标题归纳题。
1.What is the best title fr the text?2.Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?3.What can be a suitable title fr the text?4.Which f the fllwing is a suitable title fr the text?5.Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
此类试题的解题流程如下：
(2022·浙江1月·C)The benefits f regular exercise are well dcumented but there’s a new bnus t add t the ever-grwing list.New research fund that middle-aged wmen wh were physically fit culd be nearly 90 percent less likely t develp dementia(痴呆症) in later life—and if they did，it came n a decade later than less sprty wmen.
Lead researcher Dr Helena Hörder，f the University f Gthenburg in Sweden，said：“These findings are exciting because it’s pssible that imprving peple’s cardivascular(心血管的) fitness in middle age culd delay r even prevent them frm develping dementia.”Fr the study，191 wmen with an average age f 50 tk a bicycle exercise test until they were tired ut t measure their peak(最大值的) cardivascular capacity.The average peak wrklad was measured at 103 watts.
A ttal f 40 wmen met the criteria fr a high fitness level with a capacity f 120 watts r higher，while 92 wmen were in the medium fitness categry.A ttal f 59 were f lw fitness level，with a peak wrklad f 80 watts r less，r having their tests stpped because f health prblems.These wmen were then tested fr dementia six times ver the fllwing fur decades.During that time，44 f the wmen develped dementia.Five percent f the highly fit wmen develped dementia，cmpared t 25 percent f the wmen with medium fitness and 32 percent f the wmen with lw fitness.
“Hwever，this study des nt shw cause and effect between cardivascular fitness and dementia，it nly shws an assciatin，” said Hörder.“Mre research is needed t see if imprved fitness culd have a psitive effect n the risk f dementia and als t lk at when during a lifetime a high fitness level is mst imprtant.” She als admitted that a relatively small number f wmen were studied，all f whm were frm Sweden，s the results might nt be applicable t ther grups.
30.Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?A.Mre Wmen Are Exercising t Prevent DementiaB.Middle-Aged Wmen Need t D Mre ExerciseC.Fit Wmen Are Less Likely t Develp DementiaD.Biking Imprves Wmen’s Cardivascular Fitness
标题归纳题。依据“穿珠连串”法，由第一段最后一句可知，新的研究发现，身体健康的中年女性在晚年患痴呆症的可能性要低近90%，而且如果她们患上痴呆症，与不太喜欢运动的女性相比，她们患痴呆症的时间要晚十年。再根据文章后面几段通过列举实验目的、过程、方式、结果等，说明了身体健康的中年女性在老年时患痴呆症的概率会大大降低。故选C。
技法二　文章大意题——“主题句定位”寻主旨说明文、记叙文、议论文三种文体涉及的多种话题，如社会文化类、人物故事类、科普说明类，都会考查文章大意类题目。
1.What is the text mainly abut?2.What message des the authr seem t cnvey in the text?3.What des the passage fcus n?
(2022·全国甲·C)As Ginni Bazlintn reached Antarctica，she fund herself greeted by a grup f little Gent penguins(企鹅) lnging t say hell.These gentle，lvely gatekeepers welcmed her and kick-started what was t be a trip Ginni wuld never frget.
Ever since her childhd，Ginni，nw 71，has had a deep lve fr travel.Thrughut her career(职业) as a prfessinal dancer，she tured in the UK，but always lnged t explre further.When she retired frm dancing and her sns eventually flew the nest，she decided it was time t take the plunge.
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts，Ginni began t travel the wrld，eventually getting wrk teaching English in Japan and Chile.And it was in Chile she discvered she culd get last-minute cheap deals n ships ging t Antarctica frm the islands ff Tierra del Fueg，the suthernmst tip f the Suth American mainland.“I just decided I wanted t g，” she says.“I had n idea abut what I’d find there and I wasn’t nervus.I just wanted t d it.And I wanted t d it alne as I always prefer it that way.”
In March 2008，Ginni barded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met befre，t begin the jurney twards Antarctica. “Frm seeing the wildlife t witnessing sunrises，the whle experience was amazing.Antarctica left an impressin n me that n ther place has，” Ginni says.“I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rse ut f the water like sme prehistric creature and I thught it was smiling at us.Yu culd still hear the peratic sunds it was making underwater.”The realizatin that this is a precius land，t be respected by humans，was ne f the biggest things that hit hme t Ginni.
31.What is the text mainly abut?A.A childhd unfrgettable arund the animals in Antarctica.
主旨大意题。依据“主题句定位”法，通读全文，尤其是第一段中的“These gentle，lvely gatekeepers welcmed her and kick-started what was t be a trip Ginni wuld never frget.”可知，An unfrgettable experience(一次难忘的经历)能够概括文章主旨。故选B。
技法三　段落大意题——首尾兼顾知段意段落大意题常在说明文和议论文中考查。文章的每一个段落都要围绕一个特定的主题按照一定的逻辑顺序展开，所以，段落的结构也有一定的规律性。相对于标题类试题和文章大意类试题，段落大意类试题考查频率较低。
1.What is the last paragraph mainly abut?2.What des paragraph 2 mainly tell us the last paragraph，the authr mainly tells us f the fllwing is the main idea f the secnd paragraph?5.The third paragraph mainly tells us that________.
(2022·全国甲·D片段)Smetime in the early 1960s，a significant thing happened in Sydney，Australia.The city discvered its harbr.Then，ne after anther，Sydney discvered lts f things that were just srt f there—brad parks，superb beaches，and a culturally diverse ppulatin.But it is the harbr that makes the city.
32.What is the first paragraph mainly abut?A.Sydney’s striking cultural diversity f key t Sydney’s ’s turist attractins in the 1960s.
段落大意题。依据“首尾兼顾知段意”原则，即根据第一段中的“Smetime in the early 1960s，a significant thing happened in Sydney，Australia.The city discvered its harbr.”以及“But it is the harbr that makes the city.”可知，本段主要介绍了悉尼发展的关键是港口。故选C。
A(原创题)　选自：Scientific AmericanHumans are nt the nly animals that bear divrce；sme birds g thrugh it as well.A recent study reveals why members f ne such species，the Eurasian blue tit，smetimes break their bnd.
When rnithlgists(鸟类学家) refer t “divrce”，they mean that bth members f a breeding pair survive t the fllwing breeding seasn but end up pairing with new partners rather than reuniting.Great blue herns divrce after every breeding seasn，and emperr penguins split up arund 85 percent f the time.In cntrast，just 9 percent f mallard duck pairs call it quits，and albatrsses almst never break up.Many researchers have fcused n understanding hw these separatins affect reprductive success，but until nw few have fcused n the prcess itself.
Behaviral eclgist Carl Gilsenan f the Max Planck Institute fr Ornithlgy in Germany and her clleagues mnitred hundreds f Eurasian blue tits fr eight years，using artificial nest bxes in a prtected frest in suthern Germany.In their findings，published in Animal Behaviur，64 percent f breeding pairs split up during the study—even thugh faithful pairs prduced mre eggs and reared mre fledglings(幼鸟).If bth members f a pair returned t their previus territry arund the same time，they were mre likely t reunite；if they were n different schedules，they were mre likely t separate.
“If yu turn up early，yu can’t affrd t wait arund，”Gilsenan says.“It culd be that yur frmer mate is injured r even dead.If yu wait，yu may frg a breeding pprtunity，s yu need t pair up.”Adult death rate in blue tits is extremely high—arund 50 percent—s the bird that returns first is mre likely t breed again by finding a new partner rather than risk being left ut entirely.The birds seem t be simply playing the dds.
The researchers als discvered that if pairs maintained cntact utside the breeding seasn，they were mre likely t have synchrnized schedules and therefre t remain faithful t each ther.Jsh A.Firth，a zlgist at the University f Oxfrd，wh was nt invlved with the study，says this analysis apparently rules ut a number f ther pssible causes f bird divrce，including lw reprductive success rates，infidelity，and genetic r behaviral cmpatibility.“In wild animal ppulatins，” he says，“divrce can be driven by cnsequential effects—almst accidentally.”
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。不仅人可以离婚，自然界中的鸟儿也可以“离婚”，这是因为一个交配季节过后，这一对鸟儿就会分开，在下一个交配季节来临时，其中一个可能不回来了，为了繁殖，另一只鸟儿就不再等待，而是去找一个新配偶。
1.Which birds f the fllwing are faithful t their frmer partner?A.Great blue herns.B.Emperr ducks.D.Albatrsses.
推理判断题。由第二段中的“In cntrast，just 9 percent f mallard duck pairs call it quits，and albatrsses almst never break up.”可知，信天翁这类鸟几乎不“离婚”，由此可推断信天翁对自己的伴侣是最忠实的。故选D。
2.What is paragraph 4 mainly abut?A.The result f Carl Gilsenan’s reasn why sme birds will find a new number f birds that pair with new kinds f birds that bear divrce.
段落大意题。由第四段第二、三句“It culd be that yur frmer mate is injured r even dead.If yu wait，yu may frg a breeding pprtunity，s yu need t pair up.”可知，本段主要告诉我们鸟儿为什么在新的交配季节去找新的伴侣。故选B。
3.What is the best title fr this passage?A.Birds Break and Nature
标题归纳题。由第一段第一句“Humans are nt the nly animals that bear divrce；sme birds g thrugh it as well.”以及下文多次提到鸟儿divrce，break up，find a new partner可知，A项适合作为本文的标题。故选A。
4.In which f the fllwing wuld this passage mst likely be fund?A.Science fictin. D.Website.
文章出处题。本文主题语境是人与自然，向我们讲述了鲜为人知的鸟儿也“离婚”现象，所以最有可能是杂志上的一篇文章。故选C。
B(2022·浙江七彩联盟联考)Frgiveness is imprtant in children and adults fr restring relatinships and limiting future cnflicts.A recent study suggests that teaching children t understand ther peple’s perspectives culd make it easier fr them t learn hw t frgive ther peple.The study als fund that teaching children t make sincere aplgies can help them receive frgiveness frm thers.
Mulvey，an assciate prfessr f psychlgy at Nrth Carlina State University，led the study.Her team enlisted 185 children，aged between 5 and 14，in the study.Researchers cnducted in an interview with each child that cllected backgrund infrmatin and assessed the child’s “thery f mind” skills. Thery f mind is yur ability t understand that smene else’s beliefs，intentins and desires are different frm yur wn.
Researchers then led each child thrugh a series f scenaris(设想情况) invlving ther children wh are “in-grup” and “ut-grup”.Specifically，each participant was tld they were part f a grup，such as the green team.During interviews，researchers described sme children as als being n the green team(making them in-grup)，while ther children were n the yellw team(making them ut-grup).In each scenari，interviewers asked study participants whether they were willing t frgive a grup that left them ut f a game r activity.
There were three main findings.First，children are mre likely t frgive smene if he/she has aplgized.Secnd，children are mre likely t frgive peple wh are “in-grup”.Third，the mre advanced a child’s thery f mind skills are，the mre likely they are t frgive thers.The researchers identified tw things that parents and teachers may want t fcus n related t frgiveness.One is helping kids understand hw imprtant it is t aplgize in a meaningful way.The secnd fcus area is helping kids understand the perspectives f ther peple，even if they are different frm yu.
Mulvey says，“One f the biggest implicatins f ur study is that teachers and parents need t actively help children cultivate thery f mind skills，which will aid them in navigating a diverse and cmplex wrld in the future.”
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文，介绍了北卡罗来纳州立大学通过对185名儿童进行观察，研究帮助儿童学会宽恕行为的方法。一是教会孩子们进行诚挚的道歉；二是帮助孩子理解其他人的不同观点。
5.What d we knw abut the study participants?A.They were divided int tw grups based n the needed t ffer sme f their persnal had t fill in a questinnaire abut real-life tk part in a game r activity befre each interview.
细节理解题。根据第二段第三句可知，参与研究的孩子需要提供个人的背景资料，故选B。
6.Accrding t the study，children ________ are mre likely t frgive higher scial backgrundsB.having the habit f aplgizingC.with better thery f mind skillsD.belnging t a different grup
细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句可知，孩子的心理理论技能越高级，他们就越有可能原谅他人，故选C。
7.What is the last paragraph mainly abut?A.The pssible effect f the limitatin f the theretical basis f the fcus f future studies.
段落大意题。根据最后一段内容可知，本段主要讲的是这项研究可能产生的影响。故选A。