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最新高考英语一轮复习【讲通练透】 第18讲 阅读理解主旨大意题（讲通）
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这是一份最新高考英语一轮复习【讲通练透】 第18讲 阅读理解主旨大意题（讲通），文件包含第18讲阅读理解主旨大意题讲通教师版docx、第18讲阅读理解主旨大意题讲通学生版docx等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共19页， 欢迎下载使用。
2、抓课堂、重效率、要求学生紧跟老师的节奏。一轮复习是将重点知识提炼，容量大，速度快。所以，学生的思路必须时时刻刻跟随着老师的思路，要快速地用脑思，用心听、用嘴说，用手写，才能达到高效。
3、抓自习、重过程、增强得分的意识。学案都是在规定的时间内完成，重视规范的做题步骤，重视思考过程。更重要的是，做完题后要对做过的题目进行反思、整理。
4、抓阅读、重反思、全面提高成绩。得阅读者得天下。阅读是强化英语思维的最佳途径之一。一轮复习，重视基础知识的同时，要坚持阅读训练，促进英语成绩的整体提高。
5、抓时间，重效果，扎实做好每个复习环节。一轮复习时间紧，任务重，需要同学们充分抢抓时间，利用时间，紧跟复习进度。英语的进步并非一蹴而就，需要每天坚持把每件事情做扎实。做到这一点，成功只是早晚的事！
►第18讲 主旨大意题
（讲义）
【复习目标】
掌握主旨大意两大类题型特征
区分主旨大意题的正确选项和干扰项特征
掌握主旨大意题不同文体的解题技巧
掌握主旨大意题不同题型的解题技巧
【考情分析】
【网络构建】
主旨大意题概述
命题规律：
主旨大意题即考查细节理解能力, 又考查深层次的推理、概括能力,难度较大。不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。
题型和考查角度：
1.主题类：文章大意题和段落大意题(概括文章或段落的主旨大意)
2.标题类：标题判断题（选择最佳标题）。
要做好主旨大意题，我们首先必须了解其正确选项和干扰选项的特征。
选项特征：
命题方式：
What is the text mainly abut?
What is the best title fr the text?
What can be a suitable title fr the text?
What's the mainly abut?
What's the main idea discussed in the first/secnd/.. paragraph?
不同文体解题技巧：
议论文或说明文：议论文或说明文的主题句一般在文首,但有的在文尾,也有的首尾呼应。
新闻报道： 新闻报道的主题句就是导语,即文章的首句或首段。
正文采取倒金字塔形式--最重要事实, 次要事实,最次要事实
科研报告或调查报告：反映科学实验或调研结果的报道或科普类说明文，内容主要包括“科研实验 结果或调查结果+实验研究过程或调查的具体情况”两大部分,文章主旨就是科研或调查结果，因此主题句通常在首段,且常伴有 accrding t a study, a study shwed/prved, this is suggested by the results f new research n, scientists recently reprted, a study claimed 等。
记叙文：纯记叙文通常没有主题句,需要读者自己领悟,从中归纳提炼;但有的在文尾作者会发表感慨、感悟或就此发表议论,主旨也就在此;还有的先发表某种议论或感慨再讲一个故事或经历,主旨就在文首。
知识点 一 文章大意题
根据位置确定主题句:
主题句在文首
文章开门见山，给出了主题句，随之用细节对其进行解释、支撑。作者在首段常常亮出观点、表明立场。大多数文章的主题句就是文章的首句,所以要认真阅读文章首句。
主题句在文末
有的主题句放在文章的末尾,先摆出事实细节，最后总结, 从而形成强有力的结论, 要求考生耐心地读完全文。
有时主题句首尾呼应，开篇先提出主题，结尾再次升华主题。
主题句在文中或隐含
主题句在段中间或隐含在文中, 让读者很难发现, 这种情况难度较大,考生要通观全文,分清主旨细节,进行归纳推理。最后概括出来的中心意思一定要涵盖全文或整个段落,切忌以偏概全或离题太远、太笼统。解答此类题时考生需要把握作者的观点、态度、语气等,分析文章的篇章结构,抓住文章开头的主题句或文章最后的结论,捕捉与题目有关的信息,从而找出能概括文章主旨的题目和中心思想。
【真题典例】 （2023年新高考II卷B篇）
Turning sil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sund like tugh wrk fr middle and high schl kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramill, wh with anther teacher started Urban Spruts, a schl garden prgram at fur lw-incme schls. The prgram aims t help students develp science skills, envirnmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles.
Jaramill’s students live in neighbrhds where fresh fd and green space are nt easy t find and fast fd restaurants utnumber grcery stres. “The kids literally cme t schl with bags f snacks and large bttles f sft drinks,” she says. “They cme t us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Thugh sme are initially scared f the insects and turned ff by the dirt, mst are eager t try smething new.
Urban Spruts’ classes, at tw middle schls and tw high schls, include hands-n experiments such as sil testing, flwer-and-seed dissectin, tastings f fresh r dried prduce, and wrk in the garden. Several times a year, students ck the vegetables they grw, and they ccasinally make salads fr their entire schls.
Prgram evaluatins shw that kids eat mre vegetables as a result f the classes. “We have students wh say they went hme and talked t their parents and nw they’re eating differently,” Jaramill says.
She adds that the prgram’s benefits g beynd nutritin. Sme students get s interested in gardening that they bring hme seeds t start their wn vegetable gardens. Besides, wrking in the garden seems t have a calming effect n Jaramill’s special educatin students, many f whm have emtinal cntrl issues. “They get utside,” she says, “and they feel successful.”
27. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Rescuing Schl GardensB. Experiencing Cuntry Life
C. Grwing Vegetable LversD. Changing Lcal Landscape
【答案】B
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段的“And at first it is, says Abby Jaramill, wh with anther teacher started Urban Spruts, a schl garden prgram at fur lw-incme schls. The prgram aims t help students develp science skills, envirnmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles.(起初是这样的，艾比·哈拉米洛说，她和另一位老师在四所低收入学校启动了“Urban Spruts”学校花园项目。该项目旨在帮助学生培养科学技能、环保意识和健康的生活方式。)”以及下文内容可知，文章主要讲述了Abby Jaramill等老师在低收入学校发起的培养学生科学能力，环保意识以及健康生活方式的Urban Spruts花园项目，让学生体验乡村生活，对学生影响深远。因此推断B项“体验乡村生活”符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。故选B。
知识点 二 段落大意题
通过结构或暗示概括段落大意
根据逻辑结构概括段落大意：要准确概括段落大意，务必知道该段落的逻辑结构。如该段为总分顺序组织，则主题句在段首；如该段为分总顺序组织，则主题句在段尾；如该段为分总分顺序组织，则主题句在段中；如该段对比各事物，则其异同点即为该段大意。一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头,其后是论证性细节。在说明文、论述文或新闻报道中多采用这种形式
通过暗示揣摩段落大意：有时，作者不直接写出主题句，而是通过情感态度等方法暗示性地体现主题，此时要根据文中所叙述的事实和线索综合判断去揣摩并概括出段落大意。
【真题典例】
(2020年全国卷ⅢB篇)
The creative team behind “Apes” used mtincapture (动作捕捉) technlgy t create digitalized animals, spending tens f millins f dllars n technlgy that recrds an actr's perfrmance and later prcesses it with cmputer graphics t create a final image (图像). In this case, ne f a realisticlking ape.
25．What des paragraph 2 mainly talk abut?
A．The cst f making “Apes.”
B．The creatin f digitalized apes.
C．The publicity abut “Apes.”
D．The perfrmance f real apes.
【答案】B
【解析】段落大意题。 根据本段第一句可知，“人猿”背后的创作团队利用动作捕捉技术来创造数字化动物，在记录演员表演和后期加工处理上花费了上千万美元，最后创造出了猿的图像。由此可知，本段主要是关于数字化人猿的创造。故选B。
知识点三 标题归纳题
三大方法定标题
最佳标题应具备以下三大特征：
① 概括--准确而又简短;
② 针对性--标题外延正好与文章内容相符;
③ 题目--能引发读者的阅读欲望。
三大方法：
① 正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；
② 反面否定法：撇开原文，设想各选项写出来应是什么样的文章，然后和原文比对，逐一排除不符项；
③ 研读备选项：认真研读备选项里的中心词、结构、概括性、修饰词的变化，查看与中心思想是否相符。
【真题典例】
(2021年全国乙卷C篇)
Yu've heard that plastic is plluting the ceans—between 4.8 and 12.7 millin tnnes enter cean ecsystems every year. But des ne plastic straw r cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Vn Wng wants yu t knw that it des. He builds massive sculptures ut f plastic garbage, frcing viewers t reexamine their relatinship t singleuse plastic prducts.
At the beginning f the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpcalypse，” a pair f 10fttall plastic waves, frzen midcrash. Made f 168，000 plastic straws cllected frm several vlunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shpping center in H Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Just 9% f glbal plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by n means the biggest surce (来源) f plastic pllutin, but they've recently cme under fire because mst peple dn't need them t drink with and, because f their small size and weight, they cannt be recycled. Every straw that's part f Vn Wng's artwrk likely came frm a drink that smene used fr nly a few minutes. Once the drink is gne, the straw will take centuries t disappear.
In a piece frm 2018, Vn Wng wanted t illustrate (说明) a specific statistic: Every 60 secnds, a trucklad's wrth f plastic enters the cean. Fr this wrk, titled “Trucklad f Plastic，” Vn Wng and a grup f vlunteers cllected mre than 10，000 pieces f plastic, which were then tied tgether t lk like they'd been dumped (倾倒) frm a truck all at nce.
Vn Wng hpes that his wrk will als help pressure big cmpanies t reduce their plastic ftprint.
31．Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A．Artists' Opinins n Plastic Safety
B．Media Interest in Cntemprary Art
C．Respnsibility Demanded f Big Cmpanies
D．Ocean Plastics Transfrmed int Sculptures
【答案】D
【解析】标题判断题。通读全文可知，作者讲述了艺术家Benjamin Vn Wng(本杰明·冯·王)用塑料垃圾制作巨型雕塑以期望唤起人们对环保问题的关注的事迹，因此D项(海洋塑料变雕塑)适合作文章标题。故选D。
考向一 文章大意和段落大意题
1.（2023年湖北武汉校考阶段练习）
Blinkist, a website and an app, nw summarizes nnfictin titles in the frm f quick takes labeled “blinks”. The end result is mre than ne sentence, but nt by much. Sarah Bakewell’s “At the Existentialist Café” is brken int 11 screens f infrmatin; Michelle Obama’s “Becming” fills 13.
What is Paragraph 2 mainly abut?
A．What Blinkist is.B．Why Blinkist is ppular.
C．Hw t use Blinkist.D．Where yu can use Blinkist.
【答案】A
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第二段(Blinkist，一个网站和一个应用程序，现在号称为“blinks”的快速形式总结非小说标题。最终的结果是不止一句话，但不多。莎拉·贝克威尔的《在存在主义咖啡馆》被分解成11个信息屏幕；米歇尔·奥巴马的《成为》占了13个屏幕)”可知，第二段主要介绍了什么是Blinkist。故选A。
考向二 标题判断题
（2023年浙江绍兴高三统考）
Recycling is a great way f ding yur bit fr the envirnment and helping t prtect the earth’s precius resurces. Hwever, a new study has revealed that ur desire t be sustainable maybe ding mre harm than gd. Accrding t waste cmpany Biffa, this is because f “wish-cycling” — assuming that items such as dispsable cffee cup sand pizza bxes will be recycled if put in the recycling bin. In fact, pllutin frm thse items r ther nn-recyclables can result in recyclable items that have been put in the crrect bin ging t landfill. David Heatn, a business directr at Biffa, said: “Pllutin happens when items are dispsed f in the wrng bins r haven’t been cleaned befre being recycled.”
Experts at Biffa analyzed the amunts f nn-target and nn-recyclable materials that entered UK material recycling facilities between 2016 and 2020. It was fund that, in 2016, the average pllutin rate f recycling waste was 13.4 percent, rising ver fur years t 17 percent by the end f 2020. This shws that, even as peple are becming mre ec-cnscius, wish-cycling is increasing bth in husehlds and businesses.
The Biffa experts say that ne f the best ways t prevent pllutin f recycling is t clean recyclable waste befre putting it in the bin. They suggest cutting ff the tp f ld pizza bxes and nly recycling that part t avid pllutin frm the grease (油脂). Check the n-packaging recycling label t check it can actually be recycled When it cmes t plastics, Biffa recmmends checking the resin cde, the number in the plastic triangle, t knw whether it shuld g in the recycling bin. In general, resin cdes 1, 2, 4 and 5 are recyclable, while 3, 6 and 7 are nt. Larger items, like electrnics, furniture and batteries, can als be recycled but ften can nt g in husehld recycling bins as they need specialist separating. These will need t be taken t recycling centers r sustainable waste management cmpanies.
“It’s vital as a natin that we get better at effective ‘pre-cycling’— srting waste crrectly befre cllectin t reduce pllutin rates,” added Mr. Heatn.
Which is the mst suitable title fr the text?
A．Recycling: a Big PrjectB．Wish-cycling: a New Trend
C．Wish-cycling: a Grwing CncernD．Pre-cycling: an Effective Methd
【答案】C
【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“Hwever, a new study has revealed that ur desire t be sustainable maybe ding mre harm than gd. Accrding t waste cmpany Biffa, this is because f “wish-cycling” — assuming that items such as dispsable cffee cup sand pizza bxes will be recycled if put in the recycling bin. In fact, pllutin frm thse items r ther nn-recyclables can result in recyclable items that have been put in the crrect bin ging t landfill. (然而，一项新的研究表明，我们对可持续发展的渴望可能弊大于利。据废品处理公司 Biffa 称，这是因为“希望循环”——假设一次性咖啡杯和比萨饼盒等物品如果放入回收箱就会被回收利用。事实上，来自这些物品或其他不可回收物品的污染会导致已经放入正确垃圾箱的可回收物品被送往垃圾填埋场)”可知，文章主要讲述了“希望回收”所带来的问题，同时文章就如何正确回收提出建议，由此可推知，C项“希望循环：一个日益关注的问题”适合做文章标题。故选C。
（2023年新高考I卷D篇）
This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t always the same. Sme peple will tend t verestimate, and sme t underestimate. When enugh f these errrs are averaged tgether, they cancel each ther ut, resulting in a mre accurate estimate. If peple are similar and tend t make the same errrs, then their errrs wn’t cancel each ther ut. In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent. If fr whatever reasns, peple’s errrs becme crrelated r dependent, the accuracy f the estimate will g dwn.
22. What is paragraph 2 f the text mainly abut?
A. The methds f estimatin.B. The underlying lgic f the effect.
C. The causes f peple’s errrs.D. The design f Galtn’s experiment.
【答案】B
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第二段内容：这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降。)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而导致更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。
2.（2022年新高考I卷C篇）
Analyses f a language database als cnfirmed that there was a glbal change in the sund f wrld languages after the Nelithic age, with the use f “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thusand years. These sunds are still nt fund in the languages f many hunter-gatherer peple tday.
34．What is paragraph 5 mainly abut?
A．Supprting evidence fr the research results.
B．Ptential applicatin f the research findings.
C．A further explanatin f the research methds.
D．A reasnable dubt abut the research prcess.
【答案】A
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“Analyses f a language database als cnfirmed that there was a glbal change in the sund f wrld languages after the s Nelithic age, with the use f “f” and “v”increasing remarkably during the last few thusand years. These sunds are still nt fund in the languages f many hunter-gatherer peple tday.(对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，在过去几千年里，“f”和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然没有发现)”可知，此段主要是通过介绍语言数据库的分析结果来证实语音是发生了很大变化，有些以前使用的语音，现在不一定找得到，因此此处主要是通过相关证据进一步证明研究结果。故选A项。年份
卷别
题号
主旨大意题
2023
新高考I卷
32
1
2023
新高考II卷
27
1
2022
新高考I卷
34
1
2022
新高考II卷
31
1
2021
新高考I卷
31
1
2021
新高考II卷
31
1
正确选项特征
涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。
确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。
精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩
语言精练，若是标题类，则应当醒目且语言具有概括性和针对性。
干扰项特征
过于笼统
范围太大，超出文章内容。
以偏概全
只是文章的某一部分或者某一个细节，或是某一个段落的要点或者部分。
主观臆断
与文章内容无关，只是涉及个别单词或按现实生活生搬硬套。
文章大意题
借助各段段落主题句归纳
段首；段中；段尾
借助文章主题段进行归纳
首段（新闻报道、说明文、议论文）；尾段（记叙文、议论文）
借助主题词或关键句归纳
文中出现频率较高的关键词进行归纳，多为主题词
2、抓课堂、重效率、要求学生紧跟老师的节奏。一轮复习是将重点知识提炼，容量大，速度快。所以，学生的思路必须时时刻刻跟随着老师的思路，要快速地用脑思，用心听、用嘴说，用手写，才能达到高效。
3、抓自习、重过程、增强得分的意识。学案都是在规定的时间内完成，重视规范的做题步骤，重视思考过程。更重要的是，做完题后要对做过的题目进行反思、整理。
4、抓阅读、重反思、全面提高成绩。得阅读者得天下。阅读是强化英语思维的最佳途径之一。一轮复习，重视基础知识的同时，要坚持阅读训练，促进英语成绩的整体提高。
5、抓时间，重效果，扎实做好每个复习环节。一轮复习时间紧，任务重，需要同学们充分抢抓时间，利用时间，紧跟复习进度。英语的进步并非一蹴而就，需要每天坚持把每件事情做扎实。做到这一点，成功只是早晚的事！
►第18讲 主旨大意题
（讲义）
【复习目标】
掌握主旨大意两大类题型特征
区分主旨大意题的正确选项和干扰项特征
掌握主旨大意题不同文体的解题技巧
掌握主旨大意题不同题型的解题技巧
【考情分析】
【网络构建】
主旨大意题概述
命题规律：
主旨大意题即考查细节理解能力, 又考查深层次的推理、概括能力,难度较大。不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。
题型和考查角度：
1.主题类：文章大意题和段落大意题(概括文章或段落的主旨大意)
2.标题类：标题判断题（选择最佳标题）。
要做好主旨大意题，我们首先必须了解其正确选项和干扰选项的特征。
选项特征：
命题方式：
What is the text mainly abut?
What is the best title fr the text?
What can be a suitable title fr the text?
What's the mainly abut?
What's the main idea discussed in the first/secnd/.. paragraph?
不同文体解题技巧：
议论文或说明文：议论文或说明文的主题句一般在文首,但有的在文尾,也有的首尾呼应。
新闻报道： 新闻报道的主题句就是导语,即文章的首句或首段。
正文采取倒金字塔形式--最重要事实, 次要事实,最次要事实
科研报告或调查报告：反映科学实验或调研结果的报道或科普类说明文，内容主要包括“科研实验 结果或调查结果+实验研究过程或调查的具体情况”两大部分,文章主旨就是科研或调查结果，因此主题句通常在首段,且常伴有 accrding t a study, a study shwed/prved, this is suggested by the results f new research n, scientists recently reprted, a study claimed 等。
记叙文：纯记叙文通常没有主题句,需要读者自己领悟,从中归纳提炼;但有的在文尾作者会发表感慨、感悟或就此发表议论,主旨也就在此;还有的先发表某种议论或感慨再讲一个故事或经历,主旨就在文首。
知识点 一 文章大意题
根据位置确定主题句:
主题句在文首
文章开门见山，给出了主题句，随之用细节对其进行解释、支撑。作者在首段常常亮出观点、表明立场。大多数文章的主题句就是文章的首句,所以要认真阅读文章首句。
主题句在文末
有的主题句放在文章的末尾,先摆出事实细节，最后总结, 从而形成强有力的结论, 要求考生耐心地读完全文。
有时主题句首尾呼应，开篇先提出主题，结尾再次升华主题。
主题句在文中或隐含
主题句在段中间或隐含在文中, 让读者很难发现, 这种情况难度较大,考生要通观全文,分清主旨细节,进行归纳推理。最后概括出来的中心意思一定要涵盖全文或整个段落,切忌以偏概全或离题太远、太笼统。解答此类题时考生需要把握作者的观点、态度、语气等,分析文章的篇章结构,抓住文章开头的主题句或文章最后的结论,捕捉与题目有关的信息,从而找出能概括文章主旨的题目和中心思想。
【真题典例】 （2023年新高考II卷B篇）
Turning sil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sund like tugh wrk fr middle and high schl kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramill, wh with anther teacher started Urban Spruts, a schl garden prgram at fur lw-incme schls. The prgram aims t help students develp science skills, envirnmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles.
Jaramill’s students live in neighbrhds where fresh fd and green space are nt easy t find and fast fd restaurants utnumber grcery stres. “The kids literally cme t schl with bags f snacks and large bttles f sft drinks,” she says. “They cme t us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Thugh sme are initially scared f the insects and turned ff by the dirt, mst are eager t try smething new.
Urban Spruts’ classes, at tw middle schls and tw high schls, include hands-n experiments such as sil testing, flwer-and-seed dissectin, tastings f fresh r dried prduce, and wrk in the garden. Several times a year, students ck the vegetables they grw, and they ccasinally make salads fr their entire schls.
Prgram evaluatins shw that kids eat mre vegetables as a result f the classes. “We have students wh say they went hme and talked t their parents and nw they’re eating differently,” Jaramill says.
She adds that the prgram’s benefits g beynd nutritin. Sme students get s interested in gardening that they bring hme seeds t start their wn vegetable gardens. Besides, wrking in the garden seems t have a calming effect n Jaramill’s special educatin students, many f whm have emtinal cntrl issues. “They get utside,” she says, “and they feel successful.”
27. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Rescuing Schl GardensB. Experiencing Cuntry Life
C. Grwing Vegetable LversD. Changing Lcal Landscape
【答案】B
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段的“And at first it is, says Abby Jaramill, wh with anther teacher started Urban Spruts, a schl garden prgram at fur lw-incme schls. The prgram aims t help students develp science skills, envirnmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles.(起初是这样的，艾比·哈拉米洛说，她和另一位老师在四所低收入学校启动了“Urban Spruts”学校花园项目。该项目旨在帮助学生培养科学技能、环保意识和健康的生活方式。)”以及下文内容可知，文章主要讲述了Abby Jaramill等老师在低收入学校发起的培养学生科学能力，环保意识以及健康生活方式的Urban Spruts花园项目，让学生体验乡村生活，对学生影响深远。因此推断B项“体验乡村生活”符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。故选B。
知识点 二 段落大意题
通过结构或暗示概括段落大意
根据逻辑结构概括段落大意：要准确概括段落大意，务必知道该段落的逻辑结构。如该段为总分顺序组织，则主题句在段首；如该段为分总顺序组织，则主题句在段尾；如该段为分总分顺序组织，则主题句在段中；如该段对比各事物，则其异同点即为该段大意。一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头,其后是论证性细节。在说明文、论述文或新闻报道中多采用这种形式
通过暗示揣摩段落大意：有时，作者不直接写出主题句，而是通过情感态度等方法暗示性地体现主题，此时要根据文中所叙述的事实和线索综合判断去揣摩并概括出段落大意。
【真题典例】
(2020年全国卷ⅢB篇)
The creative team behind “Apes” used mtincapture (动作捕捉) technlgy t create digitalized animals, spending tens f millins f dllars n technlgy that recrds an actr's perfrmance and later prcesses it with cmputer graphics t create a final image (图像). In this case, ne f a realisticlking ape.
25．What des paragraph 2 mainly talk abut?
A．The cst f making “Apes.”
B．The creatin f digitalized apes.
C．The publicity abut “Apes.”
D．The perfrmance f real apes.
【答案】B
【解析】段落大意题。 根据本段第一句可知，“人猿”背后的创作团队利用动作捕捉技术来创造数字化动物，在记录演员表演和后期加工处理上花费了上千万美元，最后创造出了猿的图像。由此可知，本段主要是关于数字化人猿的创造。故选B。
知识点三 标题归纳题
三大方法定标题
最佳标题应具备以下三大特征：
① 概括--准确而又简短;
② 针对性--标题外延正好与文章内容相符;
③ 题目--能引发读者的阅读欲望。
三大方法：
① 正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；
② 反面否定法：撇开原文，设想各选项写出来应是什么样的文章，然后和原文比对，逐一排除不符项；
③ 研读备选项：认真研读备选项里的中心词、结构、概括性、修饰词的变化，查看与中心思想是否相符。
【真题典例】
(2021年全国乙卷C篇)
Yu've heard that plastic is plluting the ceans—between 4.8 and 12.7 millin tnnes enter cean ecsystems every year. But des ne plastic straw r cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Vn Wng wants yu t knw that it des. He builds massive sculptures ut f plastic garbage, frcing viewers t reexamine their relatinship t singleuse plastic prducts.
At the beginning f the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpcalypse，” a pair f 10fttall plastic waves, frzen midcrash. Made f 168，000 plastic straws cllected frm several vlunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shpping center in H Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Just 9% f glbal plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by n means the biggest surce (来源) f plastic pllutin, but they've recently cme under fire because mst peple dn't need them t drink with and, because f their small size and weight, they cannt be recycled. Every straw that's part f Vn Wng's artwrk likely came frm a drink that smene used fr nly a few minutes. Once the drink is gne, the straw will take centuries t disappear.
In a piece frm 2018, Vn Wng wanted t illustrate (说明) a specific statistic: Every 60 secnds, a trucklad's wrth f plastic enters the cean. Fr this wrk, titled “Trucklad f Plastic，” Vn Wng and a grup f vlunteers cllected mre than 10，000 pieces f plastic, which were then tied tgether t lk like they'd been dumped (倾倒) frm a truck all at nce.
Vn Wng hpes that his wrk will als help pressure big cmpanies t reduce their plastic ftprint.
31．Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A．Artists' Opinins n Plastic Safety
B．Media Interest in Cntemprary Art
C．Respnsibility Demanded f Big Cmpanies
D．Ocean Plastics Transfrmed int Sculptures
【答案】D
【解析】标题判断题。通读全文可知，作者讲述了艺术家Benjamin Vn Wng(本杰明·冯·王)用塑料垃圾制作巨型雕塑以期望唤起人们对环保问题的关注的事迹，因此D项(海洋塑料变雕塑)适合作文章标题。故选D。
考向一 文章大意和段落大意题
1.（2023年湖北武汉校考阶段练习）
Blinkist, a website and an app, nw summarizes nnfictin titles in the frm f quick takes labeled “blinks”. The end result is mre than ne sentence, but nt by much. Sarah Bakewell’s “At the Existentialist Café” is brken int 11 screens f infrmatin; Michelle Obama’s “Becming” fills 13.
What is Paragraph 2 mainly abut?
A．What Blinkist is.B．Why Blinkist is ppular.
C．Hw t use Blinkist.D．Where yu can use Blinkist.
【答案】A
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第二段(Blinkist，一个网站和一个应用程序，现在号称为“blinks”的快速形式总结非小说标题。最终的结果是不止一句话，但不多。莎拉·贝克威尔的《在存在主义咖啡馆》被分解成11个信息屏幕；米歇尔·奥巴马的《成为》占了13个屏幕)”可知，第二段主要介绍了什么是Blinkist。故选A。
考向二 标题判断题
（2023年浙江绍兴高三统考）
Recycling is a great way f ding yur bit fr the envirnment and helping t prtect the earth’s precius resurces. Hwever, a new study has revealed that ur desire t be sustainable maybe ding mre harm than gd. Accrding t waste cmpany Biffa, this is because f “wish-cycling” — assuming that items such as dispsable cffee cup sand pizza bxes will be recycled if put in the recycling bin. In fact, pllutin frm thse items r ther nn-recyclables can result in recyclable items that have been put in the crrect bin ging t landfill. David Heatn, a business directr at Biffa, said: “Pllutin happens when items are dispsed f in the wrng bins r haven’t been cleaned befre being recycled.”
Experts at Biffa analyzed the amunts f nn-target and nn-recyclable materials that entered UK material recycling facilities between 2016 and 2020. It was fund that, in 2016, the average pllutin rate f recycling waste was 13.4 percent, rising ver fur years t 17 percent by the end f 2020. This shws that, even as peple are becming mre ec-cnscius, wish-cycling is increasing bth in husehlds and businesses.
The Biffa experts say that ne f the best ways t prevent pllutin f recycling is t clean recyclable waste befre putting it in the bin. They suggest cutting ff the tp f ld pizza bxes and nly recycling that part t avid pllutin frm the grease (油脂). Check the n-packaging recycling label t check it can actually be recycled When it cmes t plastics, Biffa recmmends checking the resin cde, the number in the plastic triangle, t knw whether it shuld g in the recycling bin. In general, resin cdes 1, 2, 4 and 5 are recyclable, while 3, 6 and 7 are nt. Larger items, like electrnics, furniture and batteries, can als be recycled but ften can nt g in husehld recycling bins as they need specialist separating. These will need t be taken t recycling centers r sustainable waste management cmpanies.
“It’s vital as a natin that we get better at effective ‘pre-cycling’— srting waste crrectly befre cllectin t reduce pllutin rates,” added Mr. Heatn.
Which is the mst suitable title fr the text?
A．Recycling: a Big PrjectB．Wish-cycling: a New Trend
C．Wish-cycling: a Grwing CncernD．Pre-cycling: an Effective Methd
【答案】C
【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“Hwever, a new study has revealed that ur desire t be sustainable maybe ding mre harm than gd. Accrding t waste cmpany Biffa, this is because f “wish-cycling” — assuming that items such as dispsable cffee cup sand pizza bxes will be recycled if put in the recycling bin. In fact, pllutin frm thse items r ther nn-recyclables can result in recyclable items that have been put in the crrect bin ging t landfill. (然而，一项新的研究表明，我们对可持续发展的渴望可能弊大于利。据废品处理公司 Biffa 称，这是因为“希望循环”——假设一次性咖啡杯和比萨饼盒等物品如果放入回收箱就会被回收利用。事实上，来自这些物品或其他不可回收物品的污染会导致已经放入正确垃圾箱的可回收物品被送往垃圾填埋场)”可知，文章主要讲述了“希望回收”所带来的问题，同时文章就如何正确回收提出建议，由此可推知，C项“希望循环：一个日益关注的问题”适合做文章标题。故选C。
（2023年新高考I卷D篇）
This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t always the same. Sme peple will tend t verestimate, and sme t underestimate. When enugh f these errrs are averaged tgether, they cancel each ther ut, resulting in a mre accurate estimate. If peple are similar and tend t make the same errrs, then their errrs wn’t cancel each ther ut. In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent. If fr whatever reasns, peple’s errrs becme crrelated r dependent, the accuracy f the estimate will g dwn.
22. What is paragraph 2 f the text mainly abut?
A. The methds f estimatin.B. The underlying lgic f the effect.
C. The causes f peple’s errrs.D. The design f Galtn’s experiment.
【答案】B
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第二段内容：这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降。)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而导致更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。
2.（2022年新高考I卷C篇）
Analyses f a language database als cnfirmed that there was a glbal change in the sund f wrld languages after the Nelithic age, with the use f “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thusand years. These sunds are still nt fund in the languages f many hunter-gatherer peple tday.
34．What is paragraph 5 mainly abut?
A．Supprting evidence fr the research results.
B．Ptential applicatin f the research findings.
C．A further explanatin f the research methds.
D．A reasnable dubt abut the research prcess.
【答案】A
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“Analyses f a language database als cnfirmed that there was a glbal change in the sund f wrld languages after the s Nelithic age, with the use f “f” and “v”increasing remarkably during the last few thusand years. These sunds are still nt fund in the languages f many hunter-gatherer peple tday.(对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，在过去几千年里，“f”和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然没有发现)”可知，此段主要是通过介绍语言数据库的分析结果来证实语音是发生了很大变化，有些以前使用的语音，现在不一定找得到，因此此处主要是通过相关证据进一步证明研究结果。故选A项。年份
卷别
题号
主旨大意题
2023
新高考I卷
32
1
2023
新高考II卷
27
1
2022
新高考I卷
34
1
2022
新高考II卷
31
1
2021
新高考I卷
31
1
2021
新高考II卷
31
1
正确选项特征
涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。
确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。
精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩
语言精练，若是标题类，则应当醒目且语言具有概括性和针对性。
干扰项特征
过于笼统
范围太大，超出文章内容。
以偏概全
只是文章的某一部分或者某一个细节，或是某一个段落的要点或者部分。
主观臆断
与文章内容无关，只是涉及个别单词或按现实生活生搬硬套。
文章大意题
借助各段段落主题句归纳
段首；段中；段尾
借助文章主题段进行归纳
首段（新闻报道、说明文、议论文）；尾段（记叙文、议论文）
借助主题词或关键句归纳
文中出现频率较高的关键词进行归纳，多为主题词
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