最新高考英语考点一遍过（讲义） 考点45 阅读理解说明文

这是一份最新高考英语考点一遍过（讲义） 考点45 阅读理解说明文，共35页。学案主要包含了细节理解题，语意猜测题，主旨大意题，判断推理题等内容，欢迎下载使用。

要求学生重视并充分利用每单元学案、课本上的重点词汇、短语和句型，以及每单元的综合训练，认真对其辨析、总结和归纳，查漏补缺，坚持积累，最重要的是能够在合适的语境中正确、灵活地运用。保证课堂高效。
2、抓课堂、重效率、要求学生紧跟老师的节奏
一轮复习是将重点知识提炼，容量大，速度快。所以，学生的思路必须时时刻刻跟随着老师的思路，要快速地用脑思，用心听、用嘴说，用手写，才能达到高效。
3、抓自习、重过程、增强得分的意识
学案都是在规定的时间内完成，重视规范的做题步骤，重视思考过程。更重要的是，做完题后要对做过的题目进行反思、整理。大量的、甚至可能是枯燥的训练是做题速度和准确度的保证。希望老师要保证所有同学从每套题中都获得最大收获。
4、抓阅读、重反思、全面提高成绩
得阅读者得天下。阅读是强化英语思维的最佳途径之一。一轮复习中，重视基础知识的同时，要坚持阅读训练，促进英语成绩的整体提高。
5、抓时间，重效果，扎实做好每个复习环节
一轮复习时间紧，任务重，需要同学们充分抢抓时间，利用时间，紧跟复习进度。同时，重视复习效果，做到做一件事，有一点收获。英语成绩的进步并非一蹴而就，需要每天坚持把每件事情做扎实。只要做到这一点，成功只是早晚的事！
考点45 阅读理解说明文
高考频度：★★★★★
说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事理，达到教人以知识的目的，在结构上往往采用总分、递进等方式按一定的顺序（如时间、空间、从现象到本质）进行说明。说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特点等。最近五年，说明文的出现变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的前沿问题；高科技领域的科研成果；人们比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方式，因此说明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。阅读理解试题的中要考点之一是考查学生对词汇和句式的掌握。说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同一词的不同词性的用法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了4-5%。不过考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来帮助理解语篇，例如，下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号（如破折号、冒号都有表示解释和说明）等。
命题方式
考向一 细节理解题
说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点：⑴在列举处命题，如用first(1y)、secnd(1y)、third(1y)finally、nt nly„but als、then、in additin等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。⑵在例证处命题，句中常用由as、such as、fr example、fr instance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。⑶在转折对比处命题，一般通过hwever、but、yet、in fact等词语来引导。对比用unlike、until、nt s much…as等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。⑷在比较处命题，无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。⑸在复杂句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系。
细节类问题一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句成句型表达相同的意思。
考向二 语意猜测题
说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以the underlined part … in paragraph…refers t…或what des the underlined wrd mean?或what is the meaning f the underlined wrd?为设问方式。解题时考生应认真阅读原文，分析其对某些科学原理是如何定义、如何解释的，并以此为突破口抽象概括出生词词义。也可以通过上下文来猜测某个陌生词语的语意。或者找出某个词语在文章中的同义词。要注意破折号、同位语从句、定语从句、插入语等具有解释、说明作用的语言成分。说明文在阐述说明对象时易发生动作变换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常以it，they，them 等代词为命题点，因此考生要根据上下文语境，认真阅读原文，分析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同执行者，以便准确判断代词的其实际指代对象。
考向三 主旨大意题
说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归纳。主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以this passage mainly talks abut ____. what is the main idea f the passage? 为设问方式。
答题时首先阅读题干，掌握问题的类型，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。
考向四 判断推理题
这种试题常以(1)the passage is intended t...(2) the authr suggests that...(3) the stry implies that…(4) which pint f view may the authr agree t?(5) frm the passage we can cnclude that...(6) the purpse f the passage is t...为设问方式。这种题型的答案在原文中不是直接就能找到的，它要求考生进行合理的推断。如因果关系，文中的某些用词、语气也往往具有隐含意义，考生要将这种含义读出来。说明文常出现图示判断题，这种试题可以事物之间正确的依赖关系为命题点，要求考生判断其正确的流程顺序相互关系等。考生一定要认真阅读原文，并对照原文介绍的情况，弄清图示的差异，根据题干需要最终做出正确判断。如：动物介绍性说明文常出现动物能力判断题，考查考生对特定动物所具有能力的判断。解题时考生应认真阅读原文对动物形态活动能力的判断，了解动物的生存环境和是否会使用工具，是否善于爬行、飞翔和游泳等。 观点态度题也是判断推理题考查的内容之一。说明文的对象为客观事实,但设题以议论的表达方式抒发对该说明对象的想法。如对某种新发明的赞赏,或对某个事物的批判。这类题目常见的题干表达方式有what was the authr’s attitude twards 等。学科*网
高考阅读理解中，说明文为主要体裁之一。高考阅读理解题的设问主要围绕以下四方面：细节事实题、主旨大意题、推理判断题、猜测词义题。其中，说明文主要以细节事实、主旨大意和猜测词义三方面问题为主。
一、词义猜测类题型
阅读理解题中常要求学生猜测某些单词或短语的意思。历年英语高考题中均有此类题目，有的文章尽管没有专门设题，但由于文章中常常出现生词，因此，词义的猜测还是贯穿在文章的阅读理解之中。解这类题目一般是通过上下文去理解或根据构词法去猜测。判断一个单词的意思不但离不开句子，而且还需要把句子放在上下文中，根据上下文提供的线索加以猜测。运用构词法,语境等推测关键词义，可以根据以下几种方法猜测：
（一）内在逻辑关系
根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义。
1.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词
通过同义词猜词，一是要看由and或r连接的同义词词组，如happy and gay，即使我们不认识gay这个词，也可以知道它是愉快的意思.这是高三册第八单元阅读第五段的句子：
The wrd ＂secure＂ in paragraph 5 line is clsest in meaning t_________.
freefrmanxiety B. anxius C. nervus D. happy
根据上下文和同义词，可以选出答案A。
二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词，如Man has knwn smething abut the planets Venus，Mars，and Jupiter with the help f spaceships. 此句中的Venus（金星）,Mars（火星）,Jupiter（木星）均为生词，但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于＂行星＂这一义域.通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but，while，hwever等；二是看与nt搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，如：He is s hmely，nt at all as handsme as his brther.根据nt at 我们不难推测出hmely的意思，即不英俊,不漂亮的意思。
2.根据因果关系猜测词义
通过因果关系猜词，首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词（如because，as，since，fr，s，thus，as a result，f curse，therefre等等）表示前因后果。例如：
Yu shuldn’t have blamed him fr that，fr it wasn’t his fault.通过fr引出的句子所表示的原因（那不是他的错），可猜出blame的词义是＂责备＂。
3.通过定义或释义关系来推测词义
例如：But smetimes，n rain falls fr a lng，lng time. Then there is a dry perid，r drught.
从drught所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即drught，由此可见drught意思为＂久旱＂，＂旱灾＂。而a dry perid和drught是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is，r，that is，in ther wrds，be called或破折号等来表示。
4.通过句法功能来推测词义
例如：Bananas，ranges，pineapples，ccnuts and sme ther kind f fruit grw in warm areas.假如pineapples和ccnuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples，ccnuts和bananas，ranges是同类关系，同属fruit类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，是菠萝和椰子。
5.通过描述猜词
描述即作者为帮助读者更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例如The penguin is a kind f sea bird living in the Suth Ple. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Althugh it cannt fly，it can swim in the icy water t catch the fish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类.后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。
（二）外部相关因素
外部相关因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他知识，有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如：The snakes lithered thrugh the grass.根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出slither词义为＂爬行＂。
（三）构词法
在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根,前缀,后缀,合成等构词法知识，这些问题便不难解决了。
1.根据前缀猜测词义
例如：He fell int a ditch and lay there，semi-cnscius，fr a few minutes.根据词根cnscius（清醒的，有意识的），结合前缀semi（半，部分的，不完全的），我们便可猜出semicnscius词义＂半清醒的，半昏迷的。＂I’m illiterate abut such things.词根lit-erate意为＂有文化修养的，通晓的＂，前缀il表示否定，因此illiterate指＂一窍不通，不知道的＂。
2.根据后缀猜测词义
例如：Insecticide is applied where it is needed.后缀cide表示＂杀者，杀灭剂＂，结合大家熟悉的词根insect（昆虫），不难猜出insecticide意为＂杀虫剂＂。Then the vapr may change int drplets.后缀let表示＂小的＂，词根drp指＂滴，滴状物＂。将两个意思结合起来，便可推断出drplet词义＂小滴，微滴＂。
3.根据复合词的各部分猜测词义
例如：Grwing ecnmic prblems were high-lighted by a slwdwn in il utput. Hightlight或许是一个生词，但是分析该词结构后，就能推测出其含义。它是由high（高的，强的）和light（光线）两部分组成，合在一起便是＂以强光照射，使突出＂的意思。Bullfight is very ppular in Spain. Bull（公牛）和fight（打，搏斗）结合在一起，指一种在西班牙颇为流行的体育运动—斗牛。
二、主旨大意类题型
主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎样把握主旨大意题呢？通常有以下几种方法：
（一）阅读文章的标题或副标题
文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。
（二）寻找文章的主题句
分析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句,即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题.若短文由若干段组成，除仔细阅读第一段的首句外，还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句，即段落中心.通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用来说明和阐述主题句。因此，在确定文章的中心思想时，要求学生重视阅读文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常贯穿在全文中，因此要求学生综观全文，对段落的内容要融会贯通，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结。主题句的特点是：1.相对于其他句子，它表达的意思比较概括；2.主题句一般结构简单；3.段落中其他句子必定是用来解释,支撑或发展主题句所表达的思想的。
总之，为提高阅读理解能力，在阅读时应抓中心思想,作者意图及关键词语，运用联想、比较、归纳、推测等方法，得出最佳结论，选择最佳答案，不能主观臆测，把自己的观点强加进去，与文章的观点混为一谈。经过长时间有计划,有目的的系统训练，使学生加快阅读速度，提高阅读的正确性，使两者有机地统一起来，以提高学生阅读英语和运用英语进行交际的能力，为继续学习和运用英语切实打好基础.阅读是一种综合性很强的语言实际活动。我们只有进行大量的课内外阅读，掌握一定的阅读技巧，正确运用阅读方法，才能有效地提高阅读理解能力。
题组一（2018年高考真题）
Passage1(2018·全国新课标卷I，D)
We may think we’re a culture that gets rid f ur wrn technlgy at the first sight f smething shiny and new, but a new study shws that we keep using ur ld devices (装置) well after they g ut f style. That’s bad news fr the envirnment – and ur wallets – as these utdated devices cnsume much mre energy than the newer nes that d the same things.
T figure ut hw much pwer these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her clleagues at the Rchester Institute f Technlgy in New Yrk tracked the envirnmental csts fr each prduct thrughut its life – frm when its minerals are mined t when we stp using the device. This methd prvided a readut fr hw hme energy use has evlved since the early 1990s. Devices were gruped by generatin. Desktp cmputers, basic mbile phnes, and bx-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived n the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phnes, and LCD TVs entered hmes in 2002, befre tablets and e-readers shwed up in 2007.
As we accumulated mre devices, hwever, we didn’t thrw ut ur ld nes. “The living-rm televisin is replaced and gets planted in the kids’ rm, and suddenly ne day, yu have a TV in every rm f the huse,” said ne researcher. The average number f electrnic devices rse frm fur per husehld in 1992 t 13 in 2007. We’re nt just keeping these ld devices – we cntinue t use them. Accrding t the analysis f Babbitt’s team, ld desktp mnitrs and bx TVs with cathde ray tubes are the wrst devices with their energy cnsumptin and cntributin t greenhuse gas emissins (排放) mre than dubling during the 1992 t 2007 windw.
S what’s the slutin (解决方案)? The team’s data nly went up t 2007, but the researchers als explred what wuld happen if cnsumers replaced ld prducts with new electrnics that serve mre than ne functin, such as a tablet fr wrd prcessing and TV viewing. They fund that mre n-demand entertainment viewing n tablets instead f TVs and desktp cmputers culd cut energy cnsumptin by 44%.
32. What des the authr think f new devices?
A. They are envirnment-friendly.B. They are n better than the ld.
C. They cst mre t use at hme.D. They g ut f style quickly.
33. Why did Babbitt’s team cnduct the research?
A. T reduce the cst f minerals.
B. T test the life cycle f a prduct.
C. T update cnsumers n new technlgy.
D. T find ut electricity cnsumptin f the devices.
34. Which f the fllwing uses the least energy?
A. The bx-set TV.B. The tablet.C. The LCD TV.D. The desktp cmputer.
35. What des the text suggest peple d abut ld electrnic devices?
A. Stp using them.B. Take them apart.
C. Upgrade them.D. Recycle them.
Passage2(2018·全国新课标卷I，B)
Gd Mrning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used t grilling guests n the sfa every mrning, but she is cking up a strm in her latest rle — shwing families hw t prepare delicius and nutritius meals n a tight budget.
In Save Mney: Gd Fd, she visits a different hme each week and with the help f chef Matt Tebbutt ffers tp tips n hw t reduce fd waste, while preparing recipes fr under £5 per family a day. And the Gd Mrning Britain presenter says she’s been able t put a lt f what she’s leant int practice in her wn hme, preparing meals fr sns, Sam,14, Finn,13, and Jack, 11.
"We lve Mexican churrs, s I buy them n my phne frm my lcal Mexican takeaway restaurant," she explains. "I pay £5 fr a prtin(一份), but Matt makes them fr 26p a prtin, because they are flur, water, sugar and il. Everybdy can buy takeaway fd, but smetimes we’re nt aware hw cheaply we can make this fd urselves. "
The eight-part series(系列节目), Save Mney: Gd Fd, fllws in the ftsteps f ITV’s Save Mney: Gd Health, which gave viewers advice n hw t get value frm the vast range f health prducts n the market.
With fd ur biggest weekly husehld expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tnight’s Easter special they cme t the aid f a family in need f sme delicius inspiratin n a budget. The team transfrms the family’s lng weekend f celebratin with less expensive but still tasty recipes.
24. What d we knw abut Susanna Reid?
A. She enjys embarrassing her guests.B. She has started a new prgramme.
C. She dislikes wrking early in the mrning. D. She has had a tight budget fr her family.
25. Hw des Matt Tebbutt help Susanna?
A. He buys cking materials fr her.B. He prepares fd fr her kids.
C. He assists her in cking matters.D. He invites guest families fr her.
26. What des the authr intend t d in paragraph 4?
A. Summarize the previus paragraphs.B. Prvide sme advice fr the readers.
C. Add sme backgrund infrmatin.D. Intrduce a new tpic fr discussin.
27. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Keeping Fit by Eating SmartB. Balancing Our Daily Diet
C. Making yurself a Perfect ChefD. Cking Well fr Less
C. Making Yurself a Perfect ChefD. Cking Well fr Less
Passage3(2018·全国新课标卷II，B)
Many f us lve July because it’s the mnth when nature’s berries and stne fruits are in abundance. These clurful and sweet jewels frm British Clumbia’s fields are little pwerhuses f nutritinal prtectin.
Of the cmmn berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, althugh, because f their seeds, raspberries cntain a little mre prtein (蛋白质), irn and zinc (nt that fruits have much prtein). Blueberries are particularly high in antixidants (抗氧化物质). The yellw and range stne fruits such as peaches are high in the cartenids we turn int vitamin A and which are antixidants. As fr cherries (樱桃), they are s delicius wh cares? Hwever, they are rich in vitamin C.
When cmbined with berries f slices f ther fruits, frzen bananas make an excellent base fr thick, cling fruit shakes and lw fat “ice cream”. Fr this purpse, select ripe bananas fr freezing as they are much sweeter. Remve the skin and place them in plastic bags r cntainers and freeze. If yu like, a squeeze f fresh lemn juice n the bananas will prevent them turning brwn. Frzen bananas will last several weeks, depending n their ripeness and the temperature f the freezer.
If yu have a juicer, yu can simply feed in frzen bananas and sme berries r sliced fruit. Out cmes a “sft-serve” creamy dessert, t be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity fr a children’s party; they lve feeding the fruit and frzen bananas int the tp f the machine and watching the ice cream cme ut belw.
24. What des the authr seem t like abut cherries?
A. They cntain prtein. B. They are high in vitamin A.
C. They have a pleasant taste. D. They are rich in antixidants.
25. Why is fresh lemn juice used in freezing bananas?
A. T make them smell better. B. T keep their clur.
C. T speed up their ripening. D. T imprve their nutritin.
26. What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph?
A. A dessert. B. A drink.
C. A cntainer. D. A machine.
27. Frm which is the text prbably taken?
A. A bilgy textbk. B. A health magazine.
C. A research paper. D. A travel brchure.
Passage4(2018·北京卷，B)
Find Yur Adventure at the Space and Aviatin(航空) Center
If yu’re lking fr a unique adventure, the Space and Aviatin Center (SAC) is the place t be. The Center ffers prgrams designed t challenge and inspire with hands-n tasks and lts f fun.
Mre than 750,000 have graduated frm SAC, with many seeking emplyment in engineering, aviatin, educatin, medicine and a wide variety f ther prfessins. They cme t camp, wanting t knw what it is like t be an astrnaut r a pilt, and they leave with real-wrld applicatins fr what they’re studying in the classrm.
Fr the trainees, the prgrams als ffer a great way t earn merit badges(荣誉徽章). At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Explratin badge as they build and fire mdel rckets, learn abut space tasks and try simulated(模拟) flying t space with the crew frm all ver the wrld. The Aviatin Challenge prgram gives trainees the chance t earn their Aviatin badge. They learn the principles f flight and test their perating skills in the cckpit(驾驶舱) f a variety f flight simulatrs. Trainees als get a gd start n their Wilderness Survival badge as they learn abut water- and land-survival thrugh designed tasks and their search and rescue f ＂dwned＂ pilt.
With all the prgrams, teamwrk is key as trainees learn the imprtance f leadership and being part f a bigger task.
All this fun is available fr ages 9 t 18. Families can enjy the experience tgether, t, with Family Camp prgrams fr families with children as yung as 7.
Stay an hur r stay a week — there is smething here fr everyne!
Fr mre details, please visit us nline at www. ursac. cm.
40. Why d peple cme t SAC?
A. T experience adventures.
B. T lk fr jbs in aviatin.
C. T get a degree in engineering.
D. T learn mre abut medicine.
41. T earn a Space Explratin badge, a trainee needs t .
A. fly t space
B. get an Aviatin badge first
C. study the principles f flight
D. build and fire mdel rckets
42. What is the mst imprtant fr trainees?
A. Leadership. B. Team spirit.
C. Task planning. D. Survival skills.
题组二（2017年高考真题）
Passage1(2017·全国新课标卷I，D)
A build-it-yurself slar still（蒸馏器） is ne f the best ways t btain drinking water in areas where the liquid is nt readily available. Develped by tw dctrs in the U.S. Department f Agriculture, it’s an excellent water cllectr. Unfrtunately, yu must carry the necessary equipment with yu, since it’s all but impssible t find natural substitutes. The nly cmpnents required, thugh, are a 5＇5＇ sheet f clear r slightly milky plastic, six feet f plastic tube, and a cntainer — perhaps just a drinking cup — t catch the water. These pieces can be flded int a neat little pack and fastened n yur belt.
T cnstruct a wrking still, use a sharp stick r rck t dig a hle fur feet acrss and three feet deep. Try t make the hle in a damp area t increase the water catcher’s prductivity. Place yur cup in the deepest part f the hle. Then lay the tube in place s that ne end rests all the way in the cup and the rest f the line runs up — and ut — the side f the hle.
Next, cver the hle with the plastic sheet, securing the edges f the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center dwn with a rck. The plastic shuld nw frm a cne(圆锥体) with 45-degree-angled sides. The lw pint f the sheet must be centered directly ver, and n mre than three inches abve, the cup.
The slar still wrks by creating a greenhuse under the plastic. Grund water evaprates (蒸发) and cllects n the sheet until small drps f water frm, run dwn the material and fall ff int the cup. When the cntainer is full, yu can suck the refreshment ut thrugh the tube, and wn’t have t break dwn the still every time yu need a drink.
32. What d we knw abut the slar still equipment frm the first paragraph?
A. It’s delicate. B. It’s expensive.
C. It’s cmplex. . D. It’s prtable.
33. What des the underlined phrase ＂the water catcher＂ in paragraph 2 refer t?
A. The tube. B. The still.
C. The hle. D. The cup.
34. What’s the last step f cnstructing a wrking slar still?
A. Dig a hle f a certain size. B. Put the cup in place.
C. Weight the sheet’s center dwn. D. Cver the hle with the plastic sheet.
35. When a slar still wrks, drps f water cme int the cup frm .
A. the plastic tube B. utside the hle
C. the pen air D. beneath the sheet
Passage2(2017·全国新课标卷II，B)
Terrafugia Inc. said Mnday that its new flying car has cmpleted its first flight, bringing the cmpany clser t its gal f selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle —named the Transitin – has tw seats, fur wheels and wings that fld up s it can be driven like a car. The Transitin, which flew at 1,400 feet fr eight minutes last mnth, can reach arund 70 miles per hur n the rad and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-galln tank f gas and burns 5 gallns per hur in the air. On the grund, it gets 35 miles per galln.
Arund 100 peple have already put dwn a $10,000 depsit t get a Transitin when they g n sale, and thse numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia intrduces the Transitin t the public later this week at the New Yrk Aut Shw. But dn’t expect it t shw up in t many driveways. It’s expected t cst $279,000.And it wn’t help if yu’re stuck in traffic. The car needs a runway.
Inventrs have been trying t make flying cars since the 1930s, accrding t Rbert Mann, an airline industry expert. But Mann thinks Terrafugia has cme clser than anyne t making the flying car a reality. The gvernment has already permitted the cmpany t use special materials t make it easier fr the vehicle t fly. The Transitin is nw ging thrugh crash tests t make sure it meets federal safety standards.
Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviatin Administratin’s decisin five years ag t create a separate set f standards fr light sprt aircraft, which are lwer than thse fr pilts f larger planes. Terrafugia
says an wner wuld need t pass a test and cmplete 20 hurs f flying time t be able t fly the Transitin, a requirement pilts wuld find relatively easy t meet.
28. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. The basic data f the Transitin.
B. The advantages f flying cars.
C. The ptential market fr flying cars.
C. The designers f the Transitin.
29. Why is the Transitin unlikely t shw up in t many driveways?
A. It causers traffic jams.
B. It is difficult t perate.
C. It is very expensive.
D. It burns t much fuel.
30. What is the gvernment’s attitude t the develpment f the flying car?
A. Cautius B. Favrable.
C. Ambiguus. D. Disapprving.
31. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Flying Car at Aut Shw
B. The Transitin’s First Flight
C. Pilts’ Dream Cming True
D. Flying Car Clser t Reality
Passage3(2017·全国新课标卷II，D)
When a leafy plant is under attack, it desn’t sit quietly. Back in 1983, tw scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reprted that yung maple trees getting bitten by insects send ut a particular smell that neighbring plants can get. These chemicals cme frm the injured parts f the plant and seem t be an alarm. What the plants pump thrugh the air is a mixture f chemicals knwn as vlatile rganic cmpunds, VOCs fr shrt.
Scientists have fund that all kinds f plants give ut VOCs when being attacked .It’s a plant’s way f crying ut. But is anyne listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighburs react.
Sme plants pump ut smelly chemicals t keep insects away. But thers d duble duty. They pump ut perfumes designed t attract different insects wh are natural enemies t the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker wh was lunching nw becmes lunch.
In study after study, it appears that these chemical cnversatins help the neighbrs .The damage is usually mre serius n the first plant, but the neighbrs, relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what t d.
Des this mean that plants talk t each ther? Scientists dn’t knw. Maybe the first plant just made a cry f pain r was sending a message t its wn branches, and s, in effect, was talking t itself. Perhaps the neighbrs just happened t ＂verhear＂ the cry. S infrmatin was exchanged, but it wasn’t a true, intentinal back and frth.
Charles Darwin, ver 150 years ag, imagined a wrld far busier, nisier and mre intimate(亲密的)
than the wrld we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whle lt ging n.
32. What des a plant d when it is under attack?
A. It makes nises. B. It gets help frm ther plants.
C. It stands quietly D. It sends ut certain chemicals.
33. What des the authr mean by ＂the tables are turned＂ in paragraph 3?
A. The attackers get attacked.
B. The insects gather under the table.
C. The plants get ready t fight back.
D. The perfumes attract natural enemies.
34.Scientists find frm their studies that plants can .
A. predict natural disasters
B. prtect themselves against insects
C. talk t ne anther intentinally
D. help their neighbrs when necessary
35.what can we infer frm the last paragraph?
A. The wrld is changing faster than ever.
B. Peple have strnger senses than befre
C. The wrld is mre cmplex than it seems
D. Peple in Darwin’s time were imaginative.
Passage4(2017·全国新课标卷III，C)
After years f heated debate, gray wlves were reintrduced t Yellwstne Natinal Park. Furteen wlves were caught in Canada and transprted t the park. By last year, the Yellwstne wlf ppulatin had grwn t mre than 170 wlves.
Gray wlves nce were seen here and there in the Yellwstne area and much f the cntinental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human develpment. By the 1920s, wlves had practically disappeared frm the Yellwstne area. They went farther nrth int the deep frests f Canada, where there were fewer humans arund.
The disappearance f the wlves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk ppulatins — majr fd surces (来源) fr the wlf — grew rapidly. These animals cnsumed large amunts f vegetatin (植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence f wlves, cyte ppulatins als grew quickly. The cytes killed a large percentage f the park’s red fxes, and cmpletely drve away the park’s beavers.
As early as 1966, bilgists asked the gvernment t cnsider reintrducing wlves t Yellwstne Park. They hped that wlves wuld be able t cntrl the elk and cyte prblems. Many farmers ppsed the plan because they feared that wlves wuld kill their farm animals r pets.
The gvernment spent nearly 30 years cming up with a plan t reintrduce the wlvers. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully mnitrs and manages the wlf packs in Yellwstne. Tday, the debate cntinues ver hw well the gray wlf is fitting in at Yellwstne. Elk, deer, and cyte ppulatins are dwn, while beavers and red fxes have made a cmeback. The Yellwstne wlf prject has been a valuable experiment t help bilgists decide whether t reintrduce wlves t ther parts f the cuntry as well.
28. What is the text mainly abut?
A. Wildlife research in the United States.
B. Plant diversity in the Yellwstne area.
C. The cnflict between farmers and gray wlves.
D. The reintrductin f wlves t Yellwstne Park.
29. What des the underlined wrd ＂displaced＂ in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Tested.B. Separated.
C. Frced ut.D. Tracked dwn.
30. What did the disappearance f gray wlves bring abut?
A. Damage t lcal eclgy.
B. A decline in the park’s incme.
C. Preservatin f vegetatin.
D. An increase in the variety f animals.
31. What is the authr’s attitude twards the Yellwstne wlf prject?
A. Dubtful. B. Psitive.
C. Disapprving. D. Uncaring.
题组三（2016年高考真题）
Passage 1（2016•全国新课标ⅡC）
Reading can be a scial activity. Think f the peple wh belng t bk grups. They chse bks t read and then meet t discuss them. Nw, the website BkCrssing.cm turns the page n the traditinal idea f a bk grup.
Members g n the site and register the bks they wn and wuld like t share. BkCrssing prvides an identificatin number t stick inside the bk. Then the persn leaves it in a public place, hping that the bk will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader wh finds it.
Bruce Pedersn, the managing directr f BkCrssing, says, ＂The tw things that change yur life are the peple yu meet and bks yu read. BkCrssing cmbines bth.＂
Members leave bks n park benches and buses, in train statins and cffee shps. Whever finds their bk will g t the site and recrd where they fund it.
Peple wh find a bk can als leave a jurnal entry describing what they thught f it.E-mails are then sent t the BkCrssers t keep them updated abut where their bks have been fund. Bruce Pedersn says the idea is fr peple nt t be selfish by keeping a bk t gather dust n a shelf at hme.
BkCrssing is part f a trend amng peple wh want t get back t the ＂real＂ and nt the virtual(虚拟). The site nw has mre than ne millin members in mre than ne hundred thirty-five cuntries.
1.Why des the authr mentin bk grups in the first paragraph?
A. T explain what they are.
B. T intrduce BkCrssing.
C. T stress the imprtance f reading.
D. T encurage readers t share their ideas.
2.What des the underlined wrd ＂it＂ in Paragraph 2 refer t?
A. The bk.B. An adventure.
C.A public place.D. The identificatin number.
3.What will a BkCrsser d with a bk after reading it?
A. Meet ther readers t discuss it.
B. Keep it safe in his bkcase.
C. Pass it n t anther reader.
D. Mail it back t its wner.
4.What is the best title fr the text?
A. Online Reading: A Virtual Tur
B. Electrnic Bks: A New Trend
C.A Bk Grup Brings Traditin Back
D.A Website Links Peple thrugh Bks
Passage 2 （2016•北京卷C）
Califrnia Cndr’s Shcking Recvery
Califrnia cndrs are Nrth America’s largest birds, with wing-length f up t 3 meters. In the 1980s, electrical lines and lead pisning(铅中毒) nearly drve them t dying ut. Nw, electric shck training and medical treatment are helping t rescue these big birds.
In the late 1980s, the last few cndrs were taken frm the wild t be bred(繁殖). Since 1992, there have been multiple reintrductins t the wild, and there are nw mre than 150 flying ver Califrnia and nearby Arizna, Utah and Baja in Mexic.
Electrical lines have been killing them ff. ＂As they g in t rest fr the night, they just dn’t see the pwer lines,＂ says Bruce Rideut f San Dieg Z. Their wings can bridge the gap between lines, resulting in electrcutin(电死) if they tuch tw lines at nce.
S scientists have cme up with a shcking idea. Tall ples, placed in large training areas, teach the birds t stay clear f electrical lines by giving them a painful but undeadly electric shck. Befre the training was intrduced, 66% f set-free birds died f electrcutin. This has nw drpped t 18%.
Lead pisning has prved mre difficult t deal with. When cndrs eat dead bdies f ther animals cntaining lead, they absrb large quantities f lead. This affects their nervus systems and ability t prduce baby birds, and can lead t kidney(肾) failure and death. S cndrs with high levels f lead are sent t Ls Angeles Z, where they are treated with calcium EDTA, a chemical that remves lead frm the bld ver several days. This wrk is starting t pay ff. The annual death rate fr adult cndrs has drpped frm 38% in 2000 t 5.4% in 2011.
Rideut’s team thinks that the Califrnia cndrs’ average survival time in the wild is nw just under eight years. ＂Althugh these measures are nt effective frever, they are vital fr nw,＂ he says. ＂They are truly gd birds that are wrth every effrt we put int recvering them.＂
1.Califrnia cndrs attract researchers’ interest because they __________.
A. are active at night
B. had t be bred in the wild
C. are fund nly in Califrnia
D. almst died ut in the 1980s
2.Researchers have fund electrical lines are___________.
A. blcking cndrs’ jurney hme
B. big killers f Califrnia cndrs
C. rest places fr cndrs at night
D. used t keep cndrs away
3.Accrding t Paragraph 5, lead pisning___________.
A. makes cndrs t nervus t fly
B. has little effect n cndrs’ kidneys
C. can hardly be gtten rid f frm cndrs’ bld
D. makes it difficult fr cndrs t prduce baby birds
4.This passage shws that________.
A. the average survival time f cndrs is satisfactry
B. Rideut’s research interest lies in electric engineering
C. the effrts t prtect cndrs have brught gd results
D. researchers have fund the final answers t the prblem
Passage 3 （2016•天津卷C）
When Jhn was grwing up, ther kids felt srry fr him. His parents always had him weeding the garden, carrying ut the garbage and delivering newspapers. But when Jhn reached adulthd, he was better ff than his childhd playmates. He had mre jb satisfactin, a better marriage and was healthier. Mst f all, he was happier. Far happier.
These are the findings f a 40-year study that fllwed the lives f 456 teenage bys frm Bstn. The study shwed that thse wh had wrked as bys enjyed happier and mre prductive lives than thse wh had nt. ＂Bys wh wrked in the hme r cmmunity gained cmpetence(能力) and came t feel they were wrthwhile members f sciety,＂ said Gerge Vaillant, the psychlgist(心理学家) wh made the discvery. ＂And because they felt gd abut themselves, thers felt gd abut them.＂
Vaillant’s study fllwed these males in great detail. Interviews were repeated at ages 25,31 and 47. Under Vaillant, the researchers cmpared the men’s mental-health scres with their byhd-activity scres. Pints were awarded fr part-time jbs, husewrk, effrt in schl, and ability t deal with prblems.
The link between what the men had dne as bys and hw they turned ut as adults was surprisingly sharp. Thse wh had dne the mst byhd activities were twice as likely t have warm relatins with a wide variety f peple, five times as likely t be well paid and 16 times less likely t have been unemplyed. The researchers als fund that IQ and family scial and ecnmic class made n real difference in hw the bys turned ut.
Wrking — at any age — is imprtant. Childhd activities help a child develp respnsibility, independence, cnfidence and cmpetence — the underpinnings(基础) f emtinal health. They als help him understand that peple must cperate and wrk tward cmmn gals. The mst cmpetent adults are thse wh knw hw t d this. Yet wrk isn’t everything. As Tlsty nce said, ＂One can live magnificently in this wrld if ne knws hw t wrk and hw t lve, t wrk fr the persn ne lves and t lve ne’s wrk.＂
1.What d we knw abut Jhn?
A. He enjyed his career and marriage.
B. He had few childhd playmates.
C. He received little lve frm his family.
D. He was envied by thers in his childhd.
2.Vaillant’s wrds in Paragraph 2 serve as________.
A. a descriptin f persnal values and scial values
B.an analysis f hw wrk was related t cmpetence
C.an example fr parents’ expectatins f their children
D.an explanatin why sme bys grew int happy men
3.Vaillant’s team btained their findings by________.
A. recrding the bys’ effrt in schl
B. evaluating the men’s mental health
C. cmparing different sets f scres
D. measuring the men’s prblem slving ability
4.What des the underlined wrd ＂sharp＂ prbably mean in Paragraph 4?
A. Quick t react.B. Having a thin edge.
C. Clear and definite.D. Sudden and rapid.
5.What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A. Cmpetent adults knw mre abut lve than wrk.
B. Emtinal health is essential t a wnderful adult life.
C. Lve brings mre jy t peple than wrk des.
D. Independence is the key t ne’s success.
Passage 4 （2016•浙江卷C）
A scientist wrking at her lab bench and a six-mnth-ld baby playing with his fd might seem t have little in cmmn. After all, the scientist is engaged in serius research t uncver the very nature f the physical wrld, and the baby is, well, just Perhaps, but sme develpmental psychlgists (心理学家)have argued that this ＂play＂ is mre like a scientific investigatin than ne might think.
Take a clser lk at the baby playing at the table. Each time the bwl f rice is pushed ver the table edge, it falls t the grund — and, in the prcess, it brings ut imprtant evidence abut hw physical bjects interact(相互作用):bwls f rice d nt flat in mid-air, but require supprt t remain stable. It is likely that babies are nt brn knwing this basic fact f the universe; nr are they ever clearly taught it. Instead, babies may frm an understanding f bject supprt thrugh repeated experiments and then build n this knwledge t learn even mre abut hw bjects interact. Thugh their ranges and tls differ, the baby’s investigatin and the scientist’s experiment appear t share the same aim (t learn abut the natural wrld), verall apprach (gathering direct evidence frm the wrld), and lgic (are my bservatins what I expected?).
Sme psychlgists suggest that yung children learn abut mre than just the physical wrld in this way — that they investigate human psychlgy and the rules f language using similar means. Fr example, it may nly be thrugh repeated experiments, evidence gathering, and finally verturning a thery, that a baby will cme t accept the idea that ther peple can have different views and desires frm what he r she has, fr example, unlike the child, Mmmy actually desn’t like Dve chclate.
Viewing childhd develpment as a scientific investigatin thrws light n hw children learn, but it als ffers an inspiring lk at science and scientists. Why d yung children and scientists seem t be s much alike? Psychlgists have suggested that science as an effrt — the desire t explre, explain, and understand ur wrld — is simply smething that cmes frm ur babyhd. Perhaps evlutin(进化) prvided human babies with curisity and a natural drive t explain their wrlds, and adult scientists simply make use f the same drive that served them as children. The same cgnitive(认知的) systems that make yung children feel gd abut figuring smething ut may have been adpted by adult scientists. As sme psychlgists put it, ＂It is nt that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children.＂
1.Accrding t sme develpmental psychlgists, ______________.
A. a baby’s play is nthing mre than a game
B. scientific research int babies’ games is pssible
C. the nature f babies’ play has been thrughly investigated
D. a baby’s play is smehw similar t a scientist’s experiment
2.We learn frm Paragraph 2 that___________.
A. scientists and babies seem t bserve the wrld differently
B. scientists and babies ften interact with each ther
C. babies are brn with the knwledge f bject supprt
D. babies seem t cllect evidence just as scientists d
3.Children may learn the rules f language by__________.
A. explring the physical wrld
B. investigating human psychlgy
C. repeating their wn experiments
D. bserving their parents’ behavirs
4.What is the main idea f the last paragraph?
A. The wrld may be mre clearly explained thrugh children’s play.
B. Studying babies’ play may lead t a better understanding f science.
C. Children may have greater ability t figure ut things than scientists.
D. One’s drive fr scientific research may becme strnger as he grws.
5.What is the authr’s tne when he discusses the cnnectin between scientists’ research and babies’ play?
A. Cnvincing.B. Cnfused.
C. Cnfident.D. Cautius.
题组四（名校模拟题）
Passage 1(湖南省三湘名校教育联盟2019届高三大联考)
Nt nly des the use f plastic water bttles hurt yur wallet, it als increases pllutin and wastes energy and water. Only 23 % f all plastic in America ends up in a recycling bin， meaning ver $ 1 billin wrth f plastic is treated as rubbish a year. Recently, Skipping Rcks Lab has invented a kind f water bttle called Oh.
It is a cnvenient, clear water bttle that can either be drunken r eaten. T drink it, yu can either peel ff the membrane(薄膜）r tear a hle in the membrane with yur teeth t pur the water int yur muth. T eat it，yu simply put the whle bttle in yur muth. One prblem the scientists have run int is hw t ship large amunts f Oh bubbles(水泡）withut arriving with a very wet truck. Hwever，they have attempted t package units f individual bubbles tgether inside a larger and thicker membrane. It is targeting large utdr events» such as marathns» music festivals，and sprting events， where tns f plastic bttles are used，and frequently left behind as litter. And t much plastic is sure t d harm t the envirnment，which culd accunt fr their purpse f such a new inventin.
The team has been wrking fr the past tw years t develp the technlgy and materials needed t prduce Oh； they have recently applied a patent fr their new advancements. The price fr an individual bubble r a unit f bubbles has nt been set yet, but they cst abut tw cents t create a unit, which is cheaper than plastic bttles* It has appeared at events in Lndn, San Francisc , Bstn, at cnferences, festivals，and s n.
Oh is catching many peple’s attentin and has raised ver $ 1 millin and gained 1，000 investrs in nly three days. It is mstly being sld at events at the mment t keep the cnsumer’s interest while the prductin machine is getting up and running. It is quickly making a rise, s keep an eye ut this year fr these bttles f the future.
1.Hw is mst plastic dealt with in America?
A. It’s sld. B. It’s recycled.
C. It’s buried. D. It’s wasted.
2.Why did the team invent Oh?
A. T make a prfit fr a cmpany. B. T prtect the envirnment.
C. T make peple eat as they drink. D. T reduce the cst f plastic bttle.
3.What can we infer abut Oh frm the text?
A. It is easy and safe t ship it in large amunts.
B. It has becme ppular since it began t be sld.
C. It might be sld at a lwer price than plastic bttles.
D. It cst the team a lt f mney t develp the technlgy.
4.What des the authr really want t say in the last paragraph?
A. Oh is t be a success in the future.
B. Oh is being supprted by smart peple.
C. Oh is taking the place f plastic bttles nw.
D. Oh is being prduced t attract mre investrs,
Passage 2（滨州市2018届高三5月第二次模拟 ）
Educatrs acrss the US are calling fr majr changes t the admissins prcess in higher educatin. The Harvard schl f Greduate Educatin, alng with 80 ther schls and rganizatins, released a reprt called "Turning the Tide Making Caring Cmmn” in January, 2016. The reprt argues that the prcess schls use t chse students causes majr prblems.
David Hawkins is the Executive Directr fr Educatinal Cntent and Plicy at the Natinal Assciatin fr Cllege Admissins Cunseling. Hawkins tld Vice f America that mst clleges and universities require many things frm students when they apply. Schls usually ask fr an essay describing a student's interests r why they want t study at that schl. The schls als ask fr letters frm teachers r ther respnsible adults describing why a student is a gd candidate. But, Hawkins says, the area that schls are mst cncerned abut is a student's high schl grades and standardized test results.
The reprt suggests that paying attentin t academic success ver ther qualities wrks well fr sme students but hurts thers. In additin, academic success is nt the mst imprtant quality a student shuld have. Mre attentin shuld be paid t shwing whether r nt a student wants t d well in the wrld, accrding t the reprt.
The reprt ges n t state that the best way t change the admissins prcess is by changing cllege applicatins. It suggests that schls shuld ask fr evidence that students care abut ther peple. But the reprt des have its critics. Bb Schaeffer, Public Educatin Directr fr the Natinal Center fr Fair and Open Testing, said that every few years, smene makes the same argument fr changes, but n real change has happed yet. Even many f the schls that agree with the reprt still make n changes.
Llyd Thacker, Executive Directr f the Educatin Cnservancy, said that until a majrity f schls agree t make the changes, there will still be prblems. Hwever, he said, the admissins prcess was better in the past. If bad changes can affect the prcess, s can gd nes.
1.What is the prblems f the admissins prcess accrding t the reprt?
A. The schls ask t many things frm the applying students.
B. The schls attach t much imprtance t students’ academic recrds
C. The number f students getting admitted is t small
D. Admissins fficers cnsider t many unimprtant factrs
2.What is usually missing in an essay?
A. The reasns t attend the schl
B.A descriptin f interests
C. Recmmendatin letters frm adults
D. Evidence that students care abut thers
3.Bb Schaeffer argues that _________.
A. nt all changes are gd
B. the largest schls are expected t make changes first
C.n schls currently agree with the reprt
D. sme schls dn’t make changes even if they agree
4.What’s Llyd Thacker’s attitude tward the pssible change in the admissins prcess?
A. Cnfident B. Negative
C. Dubtful D. Unclear
Passage 3（2017届河北省衡水中学高三下学期第三次摸底考试）
We had a TV series in Lndn. One f ur fellw TV presenters seriusly upset the camera crew when they arrived at his huse. He was rude and uncncerned, treating them like lwly wrkers. Minutes later, when the camera was turned n, he became the perfectly smiling spiritual figure he was publicly knwn t be. But, as the crew tld us later, he had already shwn them that he didn't walk his talk.
In cntrast, Ed was meeting with J, ur TV prducer, in a small Lndn cafe. If yu have ever been t Lndn yu'll knw that in such cafe the tables are very clse. Tw well dressed African men sat dwn next t them, which effectively meant they were sharing the same table. Ed asked the tw strangers where they were frm and ne said, ＂Suth Africa. ＂ The man pulled ut his business card—his name was Jacb Zuma wh, at that time, was the President f the ANC but is nw the President f Suth Africa.
Usually, if yu sit next t smene in a big city cafe, yu dn't even make eye cntact, let alne cnversatin. Jacb had never met Ed befre s he culd have been distant and plite, he certainly didn't have t talk, let alne maintain cmmunicatin, which he did ver the fllwing few years. He even hugged him!
Hw we walk ur talk shws far mre than just ur public behavir. Rather, it highlights hw we view the wrld and ur place in it. Jacb Zuma shwed us hw he treats thers—with the fairness, cnsideratin and respect that he treats all beings. N matter wh we are, whether a street cleaner r a president, we are all equal, here tgether as ne human family.
1.What can we learn abut the TV presenter?
A. He felt upset befre the camera.
B. He was knwn fr his being implite.
C. His deeds didn't agree with his wrds.
D. He pretended t be plite t the camera crew.
2.Which wrd can best describe Jacb Zuma accrding t the text?
A. Friendly.B. Humrus.
C. Generus.D. Serius.
3.Why did Ed g t the small Lndn cafe?
A. T film a TV series.
B. T interview Jacb Zuma.
C. T meet with a TV prducer.
D. T bserve peple's public behavir.
4.What is the text mainly abut?
A.TV presenters are ften t prud.
B. There still exists inequality in sciety.
C. Learned peple are mre likely t be plite.
D. Peple shuld treat thers with equal respect.
Passage 4（2017届江西省临川一中高三下学期5月底模拟考试）
Everyne knws that if a dg’s ears are up and its tail is wagging vigrusly, it is definitely pleased t see yu. but nw scientists using a rbt have fund that the way dgs use their tails is mre cmplicated than we thught, and that dgs which wag them t the left may be mre friendly. The animal psychlgists discvered that when real dgs apprached a life-sized rbt dg, they were less cautius abut it when it was wagging its tail t the left, while if it was wagging its tail t the right, far fewer dgs apprached it in a cnfident manner.
In the first experiments, 56 percent f the animals apprached the mdel withut hesitatin when the tail was wagged t the left, while nly 21 percent did s in the ther situatin. When the researchers excluded(排除)wners frm being present, the result were: 31 percent f the dgs apprached cntinuusly when the tail was wagging t the left, while nly 18 percent did s when it was n the right.
Animal psychlgist Rger Mugfrd said it added t the grwing evidence that dgs were even mre cmplicated cmmunicatrs than the animals mre clsely related t man such as mnkeys. He said, ＂We knw that dgs, in a sense, have languages, but it is mre cmplicated because it is nt just them wagging their tails, but als giving ut chemical displays.＂
He adds, ＂The research cnfirms earlier studies suggesting that dgs, like humans, had a left-side preference. If yu are ging t present a signal t a dg, it is sensible t put it n yur left-hand side because that is where dgs, unlike mst ther animals, tend t lk. It is anther example f the similarity between dgs and humans. They are a lt mre human than we give them credit fr.＂
1.What des it tell us if a dg wags its tail t the right?
A. It was very energetic.B. It was in a gd md.
C. It might be unfriendly.D. It must be cnfident.
2.What can be inferred frm the secnd paragraph?
A. Few dgs apprached the rbt dg cnfidently.
B. Mre dgs apprached the rbt withut their wners present.
C. Sme dgs lacked cnfidence with their wners present.
D. Dg wners may influence the behaviur f their dgs.
3.What can we learn frm animal psychlgist’s experiments?
A. Dgs can cmmunicate mre than human beings.
B. Dgs have mre cmplicated emtins than mnkeys.
C. Dgs’ tail-wagging cnveys mre infrmatin than previusly believed.
D. Dgs’ intelligence can be much higher than any ther kind f animal.
4.What d Rger Mugfrd’s wrds mean?
A. The Left-side preference shuld be studied further.
B. Dgs have mre in cmmn with humans than we think.
C. N ther animals shw the left-side preference except dgs.
D. Dgs have a mre cmplicated language than we peple d.
题组一
Passage1
【文章大意】本文是一篇科普说明文。文章讲述了新旧电子设备的差别，旧电子设备耗能高、不环保。所以作者主张使用新电子设备。
33.D 【解析】细节理解题。 根据文章第二段中的T figure ut hw much pwer these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her clleagues at the Rchester Institute f Technlgy in New Yrk tracked the envirnmental csts fr each prduct thrughut its life可知，Babbitt’s team研究的目的是弄清楚这些设备用了多少电。故选D。
34.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中的They fund that mre n-demand entertainment viewing n tablets instead f TVs and desktp cmputers culd cut energy cnsumptin by 44%.可知，平板电脑是耗能最少的电子设备，可以降低44%的耗能。故选B。
35.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章的整体内容可知，因为旧的电子设备耗能高，不环保。所以作者建议停止使用旧的电子设备。故选A。学科*网
Passage 2
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一档英国系列电视节目，给观众介绍如何减少食物浪费以及如何以较少的预算做出美味佳肴。
24.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第一段知道Gd Mrning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used t grilling guests n the sfa every mrning, but she is cking up a strm in her latest rle可知，她开辟了一个新的节目。故选B。
26.C 【解析】写作意图题。根据文章第四段中的which gave viewers advice n hw t get value frm the vast range f health prducts n the market.可知，Save Mney: Gd Fd节目是Save Mney: Gd Health节目之后，给观众一些建议：如何从众多的市场上的健康产品中获取价值。故选C。
27.D 【解析】主旨要义题。根据文章的整体内容可知，文章作者一直在讲如何用较少的钱做出好的食物。根据文章中的prepare delicius and nutritius meals n a tight budget. 在资金紧张的情况下，准备可口且有营养的饭菜； hw t reduce fd waste, while preparing recipes fr under £5 per family a day. 如何减少食物浪费同时给每日生活费低于5英镑的每个家庭准备食谱； hw cheaply we can make this fd urselves. 我们自己做这种食物有多便宜； less expensive but still tasty recipes.不贵可仍然可口的食谱。可以推知D正确。
Passage 3
【文章大意】本文是一篇日常生活类说明文。文章主要介绍并比较了几种水果各自的营养价值和健康功效，并列出了一些食用这些水果的方法。
24.C 【解析】细节理解题。题干问的是，作者喜欢樱桃什么。根据第二段中As fr cherries (樱桃), they are s delicius wh cares?（至于樱桃，因为它们很好吃谁在乎呢?）可知，作者在乎的是它的美味。故选C。
25.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中的If yu like, a squeeze f fresh lemn juice n the bananas will prevent them turning brwn.可知，往香蕉上滴新鲜的柠檬汁是为了防止香蕉变成褐色，故新鲜的柠檬汁是被用来保持香蕉的颜色的。故选B。
26.D 【解析】词义猜测题。根据最后一段中they lve feeding the fruit and frzen bananas int the tp f the machine and watching the ice cream cme ut belw可知，孩子们喜欢把一些水果和冷冻的香蕉放入到这台机器的上部，然后看到冰激凌从下面出来。故可以推出a juicer就是一台机器。故选D。
Passage 4
【文章大意】本文为说明文。文章主要介绍了宇航中心培训项目简介，命题时从读者的真实需求出发，着重考查培训项目的相关内容和特点。激发考生的航天梦想，探险精神和团队合作精神。。
40.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第一段第一句If yu’re lking fr a unique adventure, the Space and Aviatin Center (SAC) is the place t be. 可知，人们来SAC是为了寻找与众不同的冒险体验，故选A。
41.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第三段At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Explratin badge as they build and fire mdel rckets, learn abut space tasks and try simulated(模拟) flying t space with the crew frm all ver the wrld. 可知，要想获得太空探险徽章需要建造和发射火箭模型，学习空间任务，尝试与飞行员模拟太空飞行等，故选D。
42.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第四段With all the prgrams, teamwrk is key as trainees learn the imprtance f leadership and being part f a bigger task. 可知，对于受训者来说，团队合作是关键，故团队精神是最重要的，故选B。
题组二
Passage1
【文章大意】本文主要介绍了一种自己可以亲手制作的简单易行的太阳能蒸馏器的方法，并介绍了它的工作原理。这种蒸馏器所需的材料简单，适用于任何缺水的地方。
32.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句话These pieces can be flded int a neat little pack and fastened n yur belt.可知制作蒸馏器的东西可以叠放在一个小包里，系在腰间，这说明制作蒸馏器的设备很轻便，prtable表示＂轻便的；手提的＂，故选D。
34.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段Next, cver the hle with the plastic sheet, securing the edges f the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center dwn with a rck.可知最后一步是weighting the sheet’s center dwn with a rck(放一块石头在覆盖膜的中间，把它压下去)，故选C。
35.D 【解析】推理判断题。结合第四段中的Grund water evaprates (蒸发) and cllects n the sheet until small drps f water frm, run dwn the material and fall ff int the cup可知地下水蒸发，在覆盖膜上聚集起来，直到形成小水滴落在杯子里，覆盖膜是在杯子上面的，水滴落入杯子里，所以水滴是聚在覆盖膜的下面。故选D。
Passage2
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了Terrafugia公司研制出了飞车，试飞成功，预计将于明年进行销售。本文主要对飞车的历史由来及其构架进行了介绍。
28.A 【解析】段落大意题。根据＂The vehicle—named the Transitin – has tw seats wheels and wings that fld up s it can be driven like a car. The Transitin, which flew at 1,400 feet fr eight minutes last mnth, can reach arund 70 miles per hur n the rad and 115 in the flies using a 23-galln tank f gas and bums 5 gallns per hur in the air. On the grund, it gets 35 miles per galln.＂可知选A。
29.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据＂But dn’t expect it t shw up in t many driveways. It’s expected t cst
$279,000＂可知，因为Transitin 的价格较高，所以不太可能在太多的马路上出现。故选C。
30.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据＂the gvernment has already permitted the cmpany t use special materials t
make it easier fr the vehicle t fly＂以及＂Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviatin Administratin’s decisin five years ag t create a separate set f standards fr light sprt aircraf＂可知，政府对于飞车的研发是比较支持的。故选B。
31.D 【解析】标题归纳题。浏览全文，主要从飞车的试飞成功、飞车的构架以及多年以前人们对飞车的
设想至今成为现实展开说明。故选D。
Passage3
【文章大意】本文是一篇科普说明文。研究发现，当植物受到攻击时，会发出VOCs，以此来保护自己或者与周围的植物通过化学物质进行交流。
33.A 【解析】词义推测题。根据＂Once they arrive,the tables are turned.The attacker wh was lunching nw
becmes lunch＂，一旦它们到达这里，这些攻击者就会受到植物的攻击，故选A。
34.B 【解析】细节理解题，根据＂Scientists have fund that all kinds f plants give ut VOCs when being
attacked＂ 及＂Sme plants pump ut smelly chemicals t keep insects away... ＂可知答案选B。
35.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据＂imagined a wrld far busier, nisier and mre intimate(亲密的) than the wrld
we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whle lt ging n＂可知，这个世界远比我们看到或听到的更热闹、更亲密，我们认知能力有限，有很多事仍在继续发生，远比我们想象的要复杂。故选C。
Passage4
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了美国黄石公园重新引进灰狼的事情。人类活动的影响使灰狼的数量逐渐减少，鹿群数量逐渐增加，从而导致植被被大量破坏。
28. D 【解析】主旨大意题。文章开门见山地提出黄石公园引进灰狼的举措，然后在下文中详细介绍其原因以及带来的良好的转机，由此判断本文的中心话题是美国黄石公园对灰狼的引进。
29. C 【解析】词义猜测题。根据本段后两句可知，因为人类的发展，侵占了灰狼的领域，灰狼逐渐向北迁徙，由此推断灰狼被人类排挤走了。
30. A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段的内容可知，灰狼的减少造成了鹿群的增多，从而植被遭到了破坏；造成了土狼数量的快速增长，它们猎杀了大量的赤狐，赶走了海狸，由此可推断出灰狼的消失导致了当地生态平衡被破坏。
31.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章末段的最后一句可知，作者认为引进灰狼的项目是很有价值的实验，因此可推知作者对这一举措持肯定的态度。
题组三
Passage 1
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了BkCrssing.cm网站帮助喜爱读书的人们互相交流和传递图书的内容。
1.B 【解析】考查推理判断。根据第一段的＂Nw, the website BkCrssing.cm turns the page n the traditinal idea f a bk grup＂可知,作者提到bk grups是为了引出BkCrssing。故选B项。
2.A【解析】考查代词指代。根据第二段中的＂hping that the bk will have an adventure, traveling far and wide...＂可知,此处的＂it＂指的是＂the bk＂。故选A项。
4.D 【解析】考查主旨大意。根据第一段的最后一句＂Nw, the website BkCrssing.cm turns the page n the traditinal idea f a bk grup＂以及其余的内容可知,本篇文章主要介绍了BkCrssing.cm网站的功
能及其创建的意义。故选D项。
Passage2
【文章大意】美国加利福尼亚州的秃鹫因为各种原因濒临灭绝，但在科研人员的帮助下，秃鹫的种群逐渐恢复生机。
1.D 【解析】考查推理判断。文章没有直接说美国加利福尼亚州秃鹫引起了研究人员的兴趣，但是结合第一段和下文的＂S scientists have cme up with a shcking idea＂可推断，因为电线和铅中毒，20世纪80
年代加利福尼亚州秃鹫濒临灭绝，因此它们引起了科研人员的兴趣。
2.B 【解析】考查细节理解。从题干中的electrical lines可知，答案应定位在第三段。电线能使秃鹫丧命，因为秃鹫晚上休息的时候看不见电线，而如果它们宽大的翅膀同时搭在两根电线上，它们就会被电死，因此选B。
3.D 【解析】考查细节理解。第五段讲述了铅中毒对秃鹫的危害:影响秃鹫的神经系统(A错)，影响秃鹫繁衍 后代的能力(D正确)，导致秃鹫肾衰竭(B错)。科研人员给秃鹫使用一种化学药物，帮助它们排出了体
内的铅(C错)。因此选D。
4.C 【解析】考查主旨大意。本文介绍了美国加州秃鹫濒临灭绝的原因以及科研人员为挽救秃鹫而开展的
研究工作。另外，文章的标题也直接表明了本文的主题:保护秃鹫的工作正让秃鹫以令人惊讶的速度
恢复生机。因此选C。
Passage3
【文章大意】一项研究表明，小时候劳动的男孩长大后更容易享受快乐的生活。
1.A 【解析】考查细节理解。根据第一段中的＂He had mre jb satisfactin, a better marriage and was healthier＂可知，约翰享受工作和婚姻带来的快乐。
3.C【解析】考查细节理解。根据第三段的内容可知，Vaillant的团队通过比较几组不同的得分情况得出了他们的结论。
4.C【解析】考查词义猜测。根据画线词后面的＂Thse wh had dne the mst byhd likely t have been unemplyed＂可知，孩提时代的劳动和长大后的生活之间的联系是显而易见的。
5.B【解析】考查推理判断。根据最后一段的内容可知，孩提时代的劳动能够培养一个人多方面的能力，这
些能力正是情感健康的基础，同时也能帮助他们过上更快乐的生活。由此可推断出情感健康对享受精
彩的成年生活十分重要。
【名师点睛】
这篇文章内容和学生自己的生活密切相关，而且是通过调查研究的方式给出，更加有说服力，虽然是考试题，学生应该有兴趣阅读，文章篇幅适中。考查比较全面，除了理解细节题，还需要适当的推理，还有词义辨析类的题目，对学生能力考查比较全面。
做词义辨析类的题目，要仔细阅读这个词所在的前后的句子，发现有没有关联的同义词，反义词或是这个词的定义，分析这篇阅读的4题，要求判断sharp的含义，这个词不是陌生的单词，高中教材上出现过，它的意思是＂锋利的，尖锐的，敏捷的，聪明的＂，但是代入后，发现这些意思都不符合，而结合所在句子，特别是下文的Thse wh had dne the mst byhd activities were twice as likely t have warm relatins with a wide variety f peple, five times as likely t be well paid and 16 times less likely t have been unemplyed.可知和上文的观点是一致的，也就是这些人在孩子的时候做的事情和他们成人后是怎样的人之间的关联是令人惊讶地明显。答案也不难得出。
Passage4
【文章大意】本文探讨了科学家和六个月大的婴儿之间的关联。
1.D【解析】考查推理判断。从文章第一段的＂but sme develpmental psychlgists(心理学家) have argued that this ‘play’ is mre like a scientific investigatin than ne might think＂可知,一些发展心理学家认为，婴儿的游戏在某种程度上类似于科学家的实验，所以选D项。
3.C【解析】考查细节理解。从第三段的＂they investigate human psychlgy and the rules f language using similar repeated experiments...＂可知，孩子们可能会通过不停地尝试他们自己
的＂实验＂来习得语言规则，故选C项。
4.B【解析】考查段落大意。 at science and scientists＂可知，研究孩子们的游戏可能有助于更好地理解科学，所以B项正确。
5.D【解析】考查观点态度。通读全文特别是最后一段的＂Perhaps evlutin(进化) prvided...＂可知，作者的态度是很谨慎的，所以选D项。
题组四
Passage1
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了Skipping Rcks Lab发明的新型环保储水容器Oh，它是一个能携带液体资源的球面薄膜，它的制作成本很低，强韧且环保、可生物降解而且可食用。
1.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段的Only 23 % f all plastic in America ends up in a recycling bin， meaning ver $ 1 billin wrth f plastic is treated as rubbish a year.可知在美国，只有23%的塑料资源被回收利用，大部分的塑料都被当作垃圾扔掉了，故选D。
2.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段的it als increases pllutin and wastes energy and water.和第二段
And t much plastic is sure t d harm t the envirnment，which culd accunt fr their purpse f such a new inventin.可知Skipping Rcks Lab发明新型环保的储水容器Oh，它是一个能携带液体资源的球面薄膜，它的制作成本很低，强韧且环保、可生物降解而且可食用。因此可知其目的是保护环境，故选B。
3.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段的The price fr an individual bubble r a unit f bubbles has nt been set yet, but they cst abut tw cents t create a unit, which is cheaper than plastic bttles可知制造储水容器Oh的成本比塑料矿泉水瓶低得多，因此可以推断出其市场售价可能会比塑料瓶低，故选C。
4.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容尤其是It is quickly making a rise，s keep an eye ut this year fr these bttles f the future.这一句话可知许多投资商看好储水容器Oh的市场前景，作者也相信它一定会成功的，故选A。学科*网
Passage2
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。美国高等教育的招生过程中存在问题，教育工作者呼吁对此进行改变。
2.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段中It suggests that schls shuld ask fr evidence that students care abut ther peple.可知，报告还指出，学校应该要求学生关心他人的证据。故选D。
3.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段中said that every few years, smene makes the same argument fr changes, but n real change has happed yet. Even many f the schls that agree with the reprt still make n changes.可知，Bb Schaeffer认为，有些学校即使同意，也不会做出改变。故选D。
4.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据全文可知，作者只是对于录取过程中的问题进行了描述，没有进行自己的评论，因此是中立的。分析选项可知A项是正确的。故选A。
Passage3
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过举例讲述了我们如何做到言行一致，礼貌待人。我们的谈话方式是我们的公共行为，表明我们如何看待世界和我们在社会中的地位，因此我们应该公平的、体贴的、尊重地对待别人。
1.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段的He was rude and uncncerned, treating them like lwly wrkers. Minutes later, when the camera was turned n, he became the perfectly smiling spiritual figure he was publicly knwn t be.可知，这位电视节目主持人对待同事粗鲁不礼貌，当面对镜头，他就成了众所周知的完美的精神形象。因此推断他是一个言行不一的人。故选C。
2.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据最后第一段的Jacb Zuma shwed us hw he treats thers—with the fairness, cnsideratin and respect that he treats all beings.可知，Jacb向我们表明对待别人应该是公正的、体贴的和尊重的。因此推断他是友好的。故选A。
3.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段第一句In cntrast, Ed was meeting with J, ur TV prducer, in a small Lndn cafe.可知，Ed去咖啡馆是为了见一个电视节目制片人。故选C。
4.D 【解析】主旨大意题。纵观全文可知，文章通过举例讲述了我们如何做到言行一致，礼貌待人。我们的谈话方式是我们的公共行为，表明我们如何看待世界和我们在社会中的地位，因此我们应该公平的、体贴的、尊重地对待别人。故选D。
Passage4
【文章大意】本文为说明文。讲述的是研究表明狗摇尾巴包含的信息比我们以前认为的要更多更复杂，而且与人类相似，狗也有左侧偏爱。
2.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段可知当狗的主人在场时与不在场时，狗靠近模型狗的比例不同，由此可知狗的主人可能对狗的行为有影响，故选D。
3.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段第一句话中的＂…but nw scientists using a rbt have fund that the way dgs use their tails is mre cmplicated than we thught,＂可知C项正确，故选C。
4.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句话中的＂The research cnfirms earlier studies suggesting that dgs, like humans, had a left-side preference.＂和最后一段最后两句话可知狗人与类之间的共同之处比我们认为的要多，故选B。