专题一 阅读理解-2024五年高考题分类训练（英语）

这是一份专题一 阅读理解-2024五年高考题分类训练（英语），共149页。
Turning sil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sund like tugh wrk fr middle and high schl kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramill, wh with anther teacher started Urban Spruts, a schl garden prgram at fur lw-incme schls. The prgram aims t help students develp science skills, envirnmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles.
Jaramill's students live in neighbrhds where fresh fd and green space are nt easy t find and fast fd restaurants utnumber grcery stres. "The kids literally cme t schl with bags f snacks and large bttles f sft drinks," she says. "They cme t us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful." Thugh sme are initially scared f the insects and turned ff by the dirt, mst are eager t try smething new.
Urban Spruts' classes, at tw middle schls and tw high schls, include hands-n experiments such as sil testing, flwer-and-seed dissectin, tastings f fresh r dried prduce, and wrk in the garden. Several times a year, students ck the vegetables they grw, and they ccasinally make salads fr their entire schls.
Prgram evaluatins shw that kids eat mre vegetables as a result f the classes. "We have students wh say they went hme and talked t their parents and nw they're eating differently," Jaramill says.
She adds that the prgram's benefits g beynd nutritin. Sme students get s interested in gardening that they bring hme seeds t start their wn vegetable gardens. Besides, wrking in the garden seems t have a calming effect n Jaramill's special educatin students, many f whm have emtinal cntrl issues." They get utside," she says, "and they feel successful."
1. What d we knw abut Abby Jaramill?( D )
A. She used t be a health wrker.B. She grew up in a lw-incme family.
C. She wns a fast fd restaurant.D. She is an initiatr f Urban Spruts.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"says Abby Jaramill, wh with anther teacher started Urban Spruts"可知，Abby Jaramill是Urban Spruts项目的发起人之一。故D项正确。
2. What was a prblem facing Jaramill at the start f the prgram?( C )
A. The kids' parents distrusted her.B. Students had little time fr her classes.
C. Sme kids disliked garden wrk.D. There was n space fr schl gardens.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段中的"The t us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful" "sme are ff by the dirt"可知，这个项目刚开始时面临的一个问题就是一些学生不喜欢干菜园的活儿。故C项正确。
3. Which f the fllwing best describes the impact f the prgram?( A )
A. Far-reaching.B. Predictable.C. Shrt-lived.D. Unidentifiable.
[解析]推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，这个学校菜园项目不仅能让学生吃得更有营养，而且对接受特殊教育的学生有镇静作用。由此可推知，该项目的影响是深远的。故A项正确。
4. What can be a suitable title fr the text?( C )
A. Rescuing Schl GardensB. Experiencing Cuntry Life
C. Grwing Vegetable LversD. Changing Lcal Landscape
[解析]标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述了Abby Jaramill 发起Urban Spruts项目，带领学生种植蔬菜的故事，学生们开始对园艺感兴趣，而且获得了很多好处。因此C项"蔬菜种植爱好者"适合作为本文标题。
解读：本文主要介绍了学校菜园项目Urban Spruts的启动背景、目的、内容和意义。
Passage 2 [2023全国卷甲，B，8分]
Terri Bltn is a dab hand when it cmes t DIY（d-it-yurself）.Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing tgether furniture, she never pays smene else t d a jb she can d herself.
She credits these skills t her late grandfather and builder Derek Llyd. Frm the age f six, Terri, nw 26, accmpanied Derek t wrk during her schl hlidays. A day's wrk was rewarded with ￡5 in pcket mney. She says: "I'm sure I wasn't much f a help t start with. But when Derek built ur family huse abut eight years ag, I was heavily invlved（参与）, painting the rms and putting dwn the flring thrughut the huse. It tk weeks and it was backbreaking wrk, but I knw he was prud f my skills."
Terri, wh nw rents a huse with friends in Wandswrth, Suth West Lndn, says DIY als saves her frm lsing any depsit when a tenancy（租期） cmes t an end. She adds: "I've mved huse many times and I always like t persnalise my rm and put up pictures. S, it's been useful t knw hw t cver up hles and repaint a rm t avid any charges when I've mved ut."
With millins f peple likely t take n DIY prjects ver the cming weeks, new research shws that mre than half f peple are planning t make the mst f the lng, warm summer days t get jbs dne. The average spend per prject will be arund ￡823. Tw thirds f peple aim t imprve their cmfrt while at hme. A fifth wish t increase the value f their huses. Thugh DIY has traditinally been seen as a male hbby, the research shws it is wmen nw leading the charge.
1. Which is clsest in meaning t "a dab hand" in paragraph 1?( C )
A. An artist.B. A winner.C. A specialist.D. A pineer.
[解析]词义猜测题。根据第一段的"Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing tgether furniture, she never pays smene else t d a jb she can d herself"可知，Terri Bltn擅长搭架子和拼装家具，她自己能做的工作从不付钱给别人做。据此可知，她是DIY方面的专家，故画线部分意为"专家"。
2. Why did Terri's grandfather give her ￡5 a day?( B )
A. Fr a birthday gift.B. As a treat fr her wrk.
C. T supprt her DIY prjects.D. T encurage her t take up a hbby.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段的"A day's wrk was rewarded with ￡ 5 in pcket mney"可知，一天的工作使她得到五镑零用钱的奖励。据此可知，她外祖父给她零钱是为了奖励她一天的工作。故B项正确。
3. Hw did Terri avid lsing the depsit n the huse she rented?( A )
A. By making it lk like befre.B. By furnishing it herself.
C. By splitting the rent with a rmmate.D. By cancelling the rental agreement.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段Terri Bltn所说的话"S, it's been useful t knw hw t cver up hles and repaint a rm t avid any charges when I've mved ut"可知，知道如何掩盖漏洞和重新粉刷房间是很有用的，这样搬出去的时候就可以避免任何费用。据此可知，她通过使房子看起来和入住时一样来避免损失押金。故A项正确。
4. What trend in DIY des the research shw?( D )
A. It is becming mre cstly.B. It is getting mre time-cnsuming.
C. It is turning int a seasnal industry.D. It is gaining ppularity amng females.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第四段的"Thugh DIY has traditinally been seen as a male hbby, the research shws it is wmen nw leading the charge"可知，尽管DIY传统上被认为是男性的爱好，但研究表明，现在是女性主导了这一潮流。据此可推知，DIY当前深受女性欢迎。故D项正确。
解读：Terri Bltn是DIY的能手，她擅长搭架子和拼装家具，这一能力得益于小时候她外祖父对她的培养。利用这一技能，她修补房子，减少押金损失。研究表明，自己动手已经成为暑期的项目，女性成为这一项目的潮流领导者。
【核心词汇】put up搭建；举起 accmpany v.陪伴，陪同；伴随
reward n.奖励，回报；赏格，悬赏金v.酬谢，奖赏
depsit v.放下，放置；储蓄；存放n.押金
【熟词新义】credit 常用义：n.信用，信贷；信任，相信
本文义：vt.认为是……的功劳，把……归于
题组二
Passage 1 [2022全国卷甲，C，8分]
As Ginni Bazlintn reached Antarctica, she fund herself greeted by a grup f little Gent penguins（企鹅） lnging t say hell. These gentle, lvely gatekeepers welcmed her and kick-started what was t be a trip Ginni wuld never frget.
Ever since her childhd, Ginni, nw 71, has had a deep lve fr travel. Thrughut her career（职业） as a prfessinal dancer, she tured in the UK, but always lnged t explre further. When she retired frm dancing and her sns eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time t take the plunge
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began t travel the wrld, eventually getting wrk teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discvered she culd get last-minute cheap deals n ships ging t Antarctica frm the islands ff Tierra del Fueg, the suthernmst tip f the Suth American mainland. "I just decided I wanted t g," she says. "I had n idea abut what I'd find there and I wasn't nervus. I just wanted t d it. And I wanted t d it alne as I always prefer it that way."
In March 2008, Ginni barded a ship with 48 passengers she'd never met befre, t begin the jurney twards Antarctica. "Frm seeing the wildlife t witnessing sunrises, the whle experience was amazing. Antarctica left an impressin n me that n ther place has," Ginni says. "I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rse ut f the water like sme prehistric creature and I thught it was smiling at us. Yu culd still hear the peratic sunds it was making underwater."
The realizatin that this is a precius land, t be respected by humans, was ne f the biggest things that hit hme t Ginni.
1. Which f the fllwing best explains "take the plunge" underlined in paragraph 2?( A )
A. Try challenging things.B. Take a degree.
C. Bring back lst memries.D. Stick t a prmise.
[解析]词义猜测题。根据第二段最后一句话 "When she retired frm dancing and her sns eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time t take the plunge"可知，当Ginni退休，儿子们离家独立后，她决定是时候冒险尝试，踏上旅途了。故选A。
2. What made Ginni decide n the trip t Antarctica?( C )
A. Lvely penguins.B. Beautiful scenery.
C. A discunt fare.D. A friend's invitatin.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段中的"it was in Chile she discvered she culd get last-minute cheap deals n ships ging t Antarctica"和"I just decided I wanted t g"可知，发现可以得到打折船票是Ginni决定去南极洲的原因。故选C。
3. What des Ginni think abut Antarctica after the jurney?( C )
A. It culd be a hme fr her.B. It shuld be easily accessible.
C. It shuld be well preserved.D. It needs t be fully intrduced.
[解析]推理判断题。根据文章最后一段"The realizatin that this is a precius land, t be respected by humans, was ne f the biggest things that hit hme t Ginni"可知，Ginni意识到南极洲是一片净土，应该受到人类的尊重。由此可推知，她认为南极洲应该被好好保护。故选C。
4. What is the text mainly abut？( B )
A. A childhd dream.B. An unfrgettable experience.
C. Sailing arund the wrld.D. Meeting animals in Antarctica.
[解析]主旨大意题。文章提及Ginni喜欢旅行，着重介绍了Ginni难忘的南极洲奇遇。A项"一个童年梦想"，与全文主题不符；C项"环游世界"，范畴超过了本文内容；D项"遇见南极洲的动物"，以偏概全。故选B。
解读：本文讲述了Ginni Bazlintn难忘的南极洲之旅。
【核心词汇】kick-start v.使……尽快启动，促使……开始
last-minute adj.紧急关头的，最后一分钟才完成（或决定、安排好）的
take the plunge 决定冒险一试，果断行事
hit hme t sb. 使某人深受触动
Passage 2 [2021浙江，A，7.5分]
Leslie Nielsen's childhd was a difficult ne, but he had ne particular shining star in his life — his uncle, wh was a well-knwn actr. The admiratin and respect his uncle earned inspired Nielsen t make a career （职业） in acting. Even thugh he ften felt he wuld be discvered t be a n-talent, he mved frward, gaining a schlarship t the Neighbrhd Playhuse and making his first televisin appearance a few years later in 1948. Hwever, becming a full-time, successful actr wuld still be an uphill battle fr anther eight years until he landed a number f film rles that finally gt him nticed.
But even then, what he had wasn't quite what he wanted. Nielsen always felt he shuld be ding cmedy but his gd lks and distinguished vice kept him busy in dramatic rles. It wasn't until 1980 — 32 years int his career — that he landed the rle it wuld seem he was made fr in Airplane! That mvie led him int the secnd half f his career where his cmedic presence alne culd make a mvie a financial success even when mvie reviewers wuld nt rate it highly.
Did Nielsen then feel cntent in his career? Yes and n. He was thrilled t be ding the cmedy that he always felt he shuld d, but even during his last few years, he always had a sense f curisity, wndering what new rle r challenge might be just arund the crner. He never stpped wrking, never retired.
Leslie Nielsen's devtin t acting is wnderfully inspiring. He built a hugely successful career with little mre than plain ld hard wrk and determinatin. He shwed us that even a single desire, never given up n, can make fr a remarkable life.
1. Why did Nielsen want t be an actr?( C )
A. He enjyed watching mvies.B. He was eager t earn mney.
C. He wanted t be like his uncle.D. He felt he was gd at acting.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"The admiratin and respect his uncle earned inspired Nielsen t make a career（职业） in acting"可知，Nielsen的叔叔是他的榜样，激励他从事演艺事业，故选C。
2. What d we knw abut Nielsen in the secnd half f his career?( D )
A. He directed sme high quality mvies.B. He avided taking n new challenges.
C. He fcused n playing dramatic rles.D. He became a successful cmedy actr.
[解析]细节理解题。根据题干中的"the secnd half f his career"可将答题线索定位于第二段中的"That mvie led him int the secnd half f his career where his cmedic presence alne culd make a "，在Nielsen演艺生涯的后半段，由他饰演喜剧角色的电影即使评价不高，票房也很高。由此可推知，他成了一名成功的喜剧演员。故选D。
3. What des Nielsen's career stry tell us?( D )
A. Art is lng, life is shrt.B. He wh laughs last laughs lngest.
C. It's never t late t learn.D. Where there's a will there's a way.
[解析]推理判断题。根据文章最后一段可知，通过自己不懈的努力和坚定的信念，Nielsen的演艺事业获得了成功。这正应了那句老话"有志者，事竟成"，故选D。A项表示"人生短暂，艺术长存"；B项表示"笑到最后的人笑得最好"；C项表示"活到老，学到老"，都不符合题意。
解读：文章主要讲述了演员Leslie Nielsen通过自己不懈的努力和坚定的信念，成就了自己的演艺事业。
【核心词汇】 uphill adj. 漫长而艰难的，费力的 cmedy n. 喜剧
financial adj. 金融的，财务的 arund the crner 即将到来
题组三
Passage 1 [2021浙江1月，B，7.5分]
At the start f the 20th century, an American engineer named Jhn Elfreth Watkins made predictins abut life tday. His predictins abut slwing ppulatin grwth, mbile phnes and increasing height were clse t the mark. But he was wrng in ne predictin: that everybdy wuld walk 10 miles a day.
Tday, in Australia, mst children n average fall 2,000 steps shrt f the physical activity they need t avid being verweight. In the early 1970s, 40 per cent f children walked t schl, while in 2010, it was as lw as 15 per cent.
The decline is nt because we have all becme lazy. Families are pressed fr time, many with bth parents wrking t pay fr their huse, ften wrking hurs nt f their chsing, living in car-dependent neighbrhds with limited public transprt.
The ther side f the cin is equally a deprivatin: fr health and well-being, as well as lst pprtunities（机会） fr children t get t knw their lcal surrundings. And fr parents there are lst pprtunities t walk and talk with their yung schlar abut their day.
Mst parents will have eagerly asked their child abut their day, nly t meet with a "gd", quickly fllwed by "I'm hungry". This is als my experience as a mther. But smewhere ver the daily walk mre abut my sn's day cmes ut. I hear him making sense f friendship and its limits. This is the unexpected and rare parental pprtunity t hear mre.
Many primary schls supprt walking schl-bus rutes（路线）, with days f regular, parent-accmpanied walks. Ding just ne f these a few times a week is better than nthing. It can be tugh t begin and takes a little planning — running shes by the frnt dr, lunches made the night befre, umbrellas n rainy days and hats n ht nes — but it's certainly wrth trying.
1. Why des the authr mentin Watkins' predictins in the first paragraph?( B )
A. T make cmparisns.B. T intrduce the tpic.
C. T supprt her argument.D. T prvide examples.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第一段中的"But he was wrng in ne predictin: that everybdy wuld walk 10 miles a day"以及下文对孩子们行走步数大幅下降及其影响的介绍可知，作者提到Watkins的预测是为了引出话题。
2. What has caused the decrease in Australian children's physical activity?( C )
A. Plain laziness.B. Health prblems.C. Lack f time.D. Security cncerns.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段中的"The decline is nt because we have all becme lazy. Families are pressed fr time"可知，在澳大利亚，孩子们的体育活动变少是因为时间不足。
3. Why des the authr find walking with her sn wrthwhile?( D )
A. She can get relaxed after wrk.B. She can keep physically fit.
C. She can help with her sn's study.D. She can knw her sn better.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第五段中的"But smewhere ver the daily hear mre"可知，作者在与儿子一起散步时，儿子会跟她分享自己的想法，从而使作者能够更好地了解儿子，因此作者认为与儿子一起散步是值得的。
解读：由于生活节奏快、时间不足，澳大利亚的很多孩子行走步数大大减少，这对孩子的身心健康不利。文中作者通过自己的经历证明了和孩子一起步行的好处，并建议人们尽可能多步行。
Passage 2 [2020全国卷Ⅰ，B，8分]
Returning t a bk yu've read many times can feel like drinks with an ld friend. There's a welcme familiarity — but als smetimes a slight suspicin that time has changed yu bth， and thus the relatinship. But bks dn't change， peple d. And that's what makes the act f rereading s rich and transfrmative.
The beauty f rereading lies in the idea that ur bnd with the wrk is based n ur present mental register. It's true， the lder I get， the mre I feel time has wings. But with reading， it's all abut the present. It's abut the nw and what ne cntributes t the nw， because reading is a give and take between authr and reader. Each has t pull their wn weight.
There are three bks I reread annually. The first, which I take t reading every spring， is Ernest Hemingway's A Mveable Feast. Published in 1964， it's his classic memir f 1920s Paris. The language is almst intxicating（令人陶醉的）， an aging writer lking back n an ambitius yet simpler time. Anther is Annie Dillard's Hly the Firm， her petic 1975 ramble（随笔） abut everything and nthing. The third bk is Juli Crtázar's Save Twilight：Selected Pems， because petry. And because Crtázar.
While I tend t buy a lt f bks， these three were given t me as gifts， which might add t the meaning I attach t them. But I imagine that， while mney is indeed wnderful and necessary， rereading an authr's wrk is the highest currency a reader can pay them. The best bks are the nes that pen further as time passes. But remember， it's yu that has t grw and read and reread in rder t better understand yur friends.
1. Why des the authr like rereading?( D )
A. It evaluates the writer-reader relatinship.B. It's a windw t a whle new wrld.
C. It's a substitute fr drinking with a friend.D. It extends the understanding f neself.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第一段及第二段内容，尤其是第一段的倒数第二句（但是书籍未变，而人变了），以及第二段的首句（重读的美妙之处在于我们与作品的联系基于我们目前的精神状态）可推知，重读书籍可以让一个人更好地审视自己、了解自己。
【干扰项分析】 A项无中生有，原文并没有提到重读可以评估作者与读者的关系。B项是常理项，但是原文中没有信息支撑这个选项。C项（它可替代和朋友喝酒）与原文首句中的"感觉就像和老朋友一起喝酒一样"不符。
2. What d we knw abut the bk A Mveable Feast?( B )
A. It's a brief accunt f a trip.
B. It's abut Hemingway's life as a yung man.
C. It's a recrd f a histric event.
D. It's abut Hemingway's friends in Paris.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段中的"Published in 1964, it's his classic memir f 1920s aging writer lking back n an ambitius yet simpler time"可知，A Mveable Feast讲述的是海明威回忆年轻时在巴黎度过的日子，故选B。
3. What des the underlined wrd "currency" in paragraph 4 refer t?( B )
A. Debt.B. Reward.C. Allwance.D. Face value.
[解析]词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句可知，虽然金钱确实是美妙而必要的，但重读作家的作品就是读者给予作家的最高"回报"（reward）。
4. What can we infer abut the authr frm the text?( A )
A. He lves petry.B. He's an editr.
C. He's very ambitius.D. He teaches reading.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第三段倒数第三句中的"petic"及倒数第二句中的"because petry"可推知，作者喜爱诗歌。
解读：重读一本读过很多次的书，感觉就像和老朋友一起喝酒一样。重读的美妙之处在于，我们与作品的联系是建立在我们当前的精神状态之上的， 重读能让我们重新认识自我。
题组四
Passage 1 [2020全国卷Ⅱ，D，8分]
I have a special place in my heart fr libraries. I have fr as lng as I can remember. I was always an enthusiastic reader, smetimes reading up t three bks a day as a child. Stries were like air t me and while ther kids played ball r went t parties, I lived ut adventures thrugh the bks I checked ut frm the library.
My first jb was wrking at the Ukiah Library when I was 16 years ld. It was a dream jb and I did everything frm shelving bks t reading t the children fr stry time.
As I grew lder and became a mther, the library tk n a new place and an added meaning in my life. I had several children and bks were ur main surce （来源） f entertainment. It was a big deal fr us t lad up and g t the lcal library, where my kids culd pick ut bks t read r bks they wanted me t read t them.
I always read, using different vices, as thugh I were acting ut the stries with my vice and they lved it! It was a special time t bnd with my children and it filled them with the wnderment f bks.
Nw, I see my children taking their children t the library and I lve it that the excitement f ging t the library lives n frm generatin t generatin.
As a nvelist, I've fund a new relatinship with libraries. I encurage readers t g t their lcal library when they can't affrd t purchase a bk. I see libraries as a safe haven （避风港） fr readers and writers, a bridge that helps put tgether a reader with a bk. Libraries, in their wn way, help fight bk piracy （盗版行为） and I think all writers shuld supprt libraries in a significant way when they can. Encurage readers t use the library. Share library annuncements n yur scial media. Frequent them and talk abut them when yu can.
1. Which wrd best describes the authr's relatinship with bks as a child?( C )
A. Cperative.B. Uneasy.C. Inseparable.D. Casual.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第一段中的"Stries were like air t me"（对我来说，故事就像空气一样重要）可推知，作者小时候与书形影不离。故选C。
2. What des the underlined phrase "an added meaning" in paragraph 3 refer t？( B )
A. Pleasure frm wrking in the library.
B. Jy f reading passed n in the family.
C. Wnderment frm acting ut the stries.
D. A clser bnd develped with the readers.
[解析]词义猜测题。根据画线词组所在段可知，作者当时已是几个孩子的母亲，图书馆对作者来说多了一项新的意义。第三、四、五段讲述了作者有了孩子之后，图书馆给她及孩子们带来的新的变化。再结合第五段中的"the excitement f ging t the library lives n frm generatin t generatin"可知，此处指"家庭中传承的阅读的快乐"。
3. What des the authr call n ther writers t d?( C )
A. Spnsr bk fairs.B. Write fr scial media.
C. Supprt libraries.D. Purchase her nvels.
[解析]细节理解题。根据最后一段中的"I think all writers shuld supprt libraries in a significant way when they can"可知，作者呼吁其他作家支持图书馆。故选C。
4. Which can be a suitable title fr the text?( D )
A. Reading: A Surce f KnwledgeB. My Idea abut Writing
C. Library: A Haven fr the YungD. My Lve f the Library
[解析]标题判断题。阅读全文可知，"library"是本文的线索，文章描述了作者从孩提时代到青少年时期，再到为人母、祖母时期，都有图书馆相伴，并且从图书馆中获得了无尽的快乐，由此可推知作者对图书馆充满了热爱。故D项作为标题最为合适。
解读：本文叙述了作者在不同的人生阶段作为不同的角色与图书馆的不解之缘。在图书馆看书使作者和她的家人获得了快乐，而这项传统也在她的家族中代代相传。
译文：对我们来说，装上东西去当地的图书馆是件大事，在那里我的孩子们可以挑选书来读，或者挑选他们想让我读给他们听的书。
Passage 2 [2020新高考卷Ⅰ，B，10分]
Jennifer Mauer has needed mre willpwer than the typical cllege student t pursue her gal f earning a nursing degree. That willpwer bre fruit when Jennifer graduated frm University f Wiscnsin-Eau Claire and became the first in her large family t earn a bachelr's degree.
Mauer, f Edgar, Wiscnsin, grew up n a farm in a family f 10 children. Her dad wrked at a jb away frm the farm, and her mther ran the farm with the kids. After high schl, Jennifer attended a lcal technical cllege, wrking t pay her tuitin（学费）, because there was n extra mney set aside fr a cllege educatin. After graduatin, she wrked t help her sisters and brthers pay fr their schling.
Jennifer nw is married and has three children f her wn. She decided t g back t cllege t advance her career and t be able t better supprt her family while ding smething she lves：nursing. She chse the UW-Eau Claire prgram at Ministry Saint Jseph's Hspital in Marshfield because she was able t pursue her fur-year degree clse t hme. She culd drive t class and be hme in the evening t help with her kids. Jennifer received great supprt frm her family as she wrked t earn her degree： Her husband wrked tw jbs t cver the bills, and her 68-year-ld mther helped take care f the children at times.
Thrugh it all, she remained in gd academic standing and graduated with hnrs. Jennifer sacrificed（牺牲） t achieve her gal, giving up many nights with her kids and missing imprtant events t study. "Sme nights my heart was breaking t have t pick between my kids and studying fr exams r papers," she says. Hwever, her children have learned an imprtant lessn witnessing their mther earn her degree. Jennifer is a first-generatin graduate and an inspiratin t her family — and that's pretty pwerful.
1. What did Jennifer d after high schl?( C )
A. She helped her dad with his wrk.
B. She ran the family farm n her wn.
C. She supprted herself thrugh cllege.
D. She taught her sisters and brthers at hme.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段第三句中的"After high schl, Jennifer attended a lcal technical cllege, wrking t pay her tuitin（学费）"可知，Jennifer 在高中毕业之后上了一所当地的技术学院，自己打工挣学费。
2. Why did Jennifer chse the prgram at Ministry Saint Jseph's Hspital in Marshfield?( A )
A. T take care f her kids easily. B. T learn frm the best nurses.
C. T save mney fr her parents. D. T find a well-paid jb there.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段中的"She she was able t pursue her fur-year degree clse t with her kids"可知，Jennifer选择了离家近的"UW-Eau Claire"项目，是为了能在学习的同时照顾孩子，故选A。
【干扰项分析】 有的考生选择D项，是对第三段第二句中的"better supprt her family"的曲解，她深造后很有可能会获得更好的工作，从而让家里的经济情况得到改善，但并不是说在学习之地找工作，所以D项中的"there"是明显的错误。
3. What did Jennifer sacrifice t achieve her gal?( B )
A. Her health. B. Her time with family.
C. Her reputatin. D. Her chance f prmtin.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第四段第二句中的"giving up many nights with her kids and missing imprtant events t study"可知，Jennifer为了达成目标牺牲了很多，为了学习，在很多个晚上没有办法陪伴孩子，还错过了许多重要活动，故选B。
4. What can we learn frm Jennifer's stry?( C )
A. Time is mney. B. Lve breaks dwn barriers.
C. Hard wrk pays ff. D. Educatin is the key t success.
[解析]推理判断题。文章介绍了Jennifer在经济困难的情况下依靠自己完成了学业，婚后她既要照顾家庭又想深造,在这种情况下，她凭借顽强的意志坚持学习，最终获得了护理学学士学位。她的经历表明一个人的努力付出是会有回报的，故C项"努力终有回报/天道酬勤"符合题意。
解读：本文介绍了Jennifer Mauer不管身处哪个年龄阶段都克服困难坚持学习的事迹。她的经历告诉我们，一个人的努力付出是会有回报的。
【核心词汇】 bear fruit 取得成果，成功
set aside省出，留出（钱或时间） advance v. 促进，推动
standing n. 地位，名声 witness v. 见证 pay ff成功，奏效
译文：高中毕业之后，Jennifer上了一所当地的技术学院，自己打工以支付学费，因为家里没有余钱供她上大学。
题组五
Passage 1 [2020新高考卷Ⅱ，B，10分]
The end f the schl year was in sight and spirits were high. I was back teaching after an absence f 15 years, dealing with the varius kinds f "frbidden fruit" that cme ut f bk bags. Nw was the spring f the water pistl （手枪）.
I decided t think up a methd f dealing with frbidden fruit.
"Please bring that pistl t me," I said. "I'm ging t put it in my Grandma's Bx."
"What's that?" they asked.
"It's a large wden chest full f tys fr my grandchildren," I replied.
"Yu dn't have grandchildren," smene said.
"I dn't nw," I replied. "But smeday I will. When I d, my bx will be full f wnderful things fr them."
My imaginary Grandma's Bx wrked like magic that spring, and later. Smetimes students wuld ask me t describe all the things I had in it. Then I wuld try t remember the different pssessins I suppsedly had taken away — since I seldm actually kept them. Usually the ffender wuld appear at the end f the day, and I wuld return the belnging.
The years went by, and my first grandchild Grdn was brn. I shared my jy with that year's class. Then smene said, "Nw yu can use yur Grandma's Bx." Frm then n, instead f cming t ask their pssessins back, the students wuld say, "That's kay. Put it in yur Grandma's Bx fr Grdn."
I lved talking abut the imaginary bx, nt nly with my students but als with my wn children. They enjyed hearing abut all the frbidden fruit I had cllected. Then ne Christmas I received a surprise gift — a large, beautifully made wden chest. My sn Bruce had made my Grandma's Bx a reality.
1. What was the authr's purpse in having the cnversatin with the students?( A )
A. T cllect the water pistl. B. T talk abut her grandchildren.
C. T recmmend sme tys.D. T explain her teaching methd.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"dealing with the varius kinds f ‘frbidden fruit’ that cme ut f bk bags. Nw was the spring f the water pistl （手枪）"以及第三段中的"Please bring that pistl t me"可知,作者与学生对话的目的是将水枪收上来，故A项正确。
2. What d the underlined wrds "the ffender" in paragraph 8 refer t?( D )
A. The student's parent. B. The maker f the Grandma's Bx.
C. The authr's grandchild. D. The wner f the frbidden fruit.
[解析]推理判断题。根据画线词后的"I wuld return the belnging"并结合画线词所在句可知，通常违反纪律的学生会在一天结束的时候出现，然后作者就会归还物品。据此可知，画线词指的是"违禁品的拥有者"，故D项正确。
3. What did the students d after they learned abut the birth f Grdn?( D )
A. They went t play with the baby. B. They asked t see the Grandma's Bx.
C. They made a present fr Grdn.D. They stpped asking their tys back.
[解析]细节理解题。根据倒数第二段尾句可知，在得知作者的孙子出生以后，他们不再向作者要回玩具了，故D项正确。
4. What can we infer abut the authr?( B )
A. She enjys telling jkes. B. She is a strict and smart teacher.
C. She lves ding wdwrk.D. She is a respnsible grandmther.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第一段到第七段的描述可知，针对学生携带"违禁品"的问题，作者严格处理，要求他们上交"违禁品"，据此可以推知，作者是一位严格的老师；根据第八、九段的描述可知，作者虚拟出的"奶奶的大木箱"非常有用，据此可以推知，作者是一位聪明的老师。故B项正确。
解读：每次没收学生的"违禁品"（玩具）时，"我"都告诉他们，"我"会将它们放进"奶奶的大木箱"里，送给"我"的孙子玩。学生们也乐意将他们的玩具放进"奶奶的大木箱"里。这些都成了温馨的记忆……
Passage 2 [2019全国卷Ⅰ，B，8分]
Fr Canaan Elementary's secnd grade in Patchgue, N.Y., tday is speech day, and right nw it's Chris Palaez's turn. The 8-year-ld is the jker f the class. With shining dark eyes, he seems like the kind f kid wh wuld enjy public speaking.
But he's nervus. "I'm here t tell yu tday why yu " Chris trips n the "-ld," a prnunciatin difficulty fr many nn-native English speakers. His teacher, Thmas Whaley, is next t him, whispering supprt. " " Except fr sme stumbles, Chris is ding amazingly well. When he brings his speech t a nice cnclusin, Whaley invites the rest f the class t praise him.
A sn f immigrants, Chris started learning English a little ver three years ag. Whaley recalls（回想起） hw at the beginning f the year, when called upn t read, Chris wuld excuse himself t g t the bathrm.
Learning English as a secnd language can be a painful experience. What yu need is a great teacher wh lets yu make mistakes. "It takes a lt fr any student," Whaley explains, "especially fr a student wh is learning English as their new language, t feel cnfident enugh t say,‘I dn't knw, but I want t knw.’"
Whaley gt the idea f this secnd-grade presidential campaign prject when he asked the children ne day t raise their hands if they thught they culd never be a president. The answer brke his heart. Whaley says the prject is abut mre than just learning t read and speak in public. He wants these kids t learn t bast（夸耀） abut themselves.
"Basting abut yurself, and yur best qualities," Whaley says, "is very difficult fr a child wh came int the classrm nt feeling cnfident."
1. What made Chris nervus?( B )
A. Telling a stry.B. Making a speech.
C. Taking a test.D. Answering a questin.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"tday is speech Palaez's turn"和第二段中的"But he's nervus"可知，Chris在进行演说，这让他感到紧张。
2. What des the underlined wrd "stumbles" in paragraph 2 refer t?( A )
A. Imprper pauses.B. Bad manners.C. Spelling mistakes.D. Silly jkes.
[解析]词义猜测题。根据第二段中的"I'm here t tell yu tday why yu "和" "，尤其是其中的省略号可知，Chris因为紧张，演说时结结巴巴，有些不恰当的停顿，因此选A。
3. We can infer that the purpse f Whaley's prject is t A
A. help students see their wn strengthsB. assess students' public speaking skills
C. prepare students fr their future jbsD. inspire students' lve fr plitics
[解析]推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的"Whaley says the prject is abut mre than just learning t read and speak in public. He wants these kids t learn t bast（夸耀）abut themselves"和最后一段的内容可推知，老师让学生参加竞选演说不仅仅是让学生们学会在公开场合演说，更重要的是让他们学会夸自己，发现自己的长处，从而树立自信。
4. Which f the fllwing best describes Whaley as a teacher?( C )
A. Humrus.B. Ambitius.C. Caring.D. Demanding.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第二段可知，当Chris发表竞选演说遇到问题时，老师小声鼓励他，并且文章最后两段解释了老师举办这项活动的初衷，由此我们可以判断这个老师是关心他人的人，因此选C。
解读：本文由学生Chris发表竞选演说的经历引出老师Thmas Whaley利用竞选演说鼓励同学们学会赞美自己，提升自信。
【核心词汇】 trip v. 绊倒。本文中引申为"结巴"。
bring sth. t a cnclusin结束某事 excuse neself 请求准予离开
主题2 人与自我·做人与做事
题组一
Passage 1 [2023全国卷乙，B，8分]
Living in Iwa and trying t becme a phtgrapher specializing in landscape（风景） can be quite a challenge, mainly because the crn state lacks gegraphical variatin.
Althugh landscapes in the Midwest tend t be quite similar, either farm fields r highways, smetimes I find distinctive character in the hills r lakes. T make sme f my landscape shts, I have traveled up t fur hurs away t sht within a 10-minute time frame. I tend t travel with a few f my friends t state parks r t the cuntryside t g n adventures and take phts alng the way.
Being at the right place at the right time is decisive in any style f phtgraphy. I ften leave early t seek the right destinatins s I can set up early t avid missing the mment I am attempting t phtgraph. I have missed plenty f beautiful sunsets/sunrises due t being n the spt nly five minutes befre the best mment.
One time my friends and I drve three hurs t Devil's Lake, Wiscnsin, t climb the purple quartz（石英） rck arund the lake. After we fund a crazy-lking rad that hung ver a bunch f rcks, we decided t phtgraph the scene at sunset. The psitin enabled us t lk ver the lake with the sunset in the backgrund. We managed t leave this spt t climb higher because f the spare time until sunset. Hwever, we did nt mark the rute（路线） s we ended up almst missing the sunset entirely. Once we fund the place, it was stressful getting lights and cameras set up in the limited time. Still, lking back n the phts, they are sme f my best shts thugh they culd have been s much better if I wuld have been prepared and managed my time wisely.
1. Hw des the authr deal with the challenge as a landscape phtgrapher in the Midwest?( B )
A. By teaming up with ther phtgraphers.
B. By shting in the cuntryside r state parks.
C. By studying the gegraphical cnditins.
D. By creating settings in the crn fields.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段中的"T make sme f my landscape state parks r t the cuntryside t g n adventures and take phts alng the way"可知，作者和他的朋友们到州公园或农村去拍照，以此来应对中西部缺少地理多样性的挑战。故B项正确。
2. What is the key t successful landscape phtgraphy accrding t the authr?( A )
A. Prper time management.B. Gd shting techniques.
C. Adventurus spirit.D. Distinctive styles.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段第一句可知，恰当的地点和恰当的时间对于拍摄任何风格的照片都起着决定性的作用。第三段的最后一句进一步验证了作者所说。故A项正确。
3. What can we infer frm the authr's trip with friends t Devil's Lake?( C )
A. They went crazy with the purple quartz rck.
B. They felt stressed while waiting fr the sunset.
C. They reached the shting spt later than expected.
D. They had prblems with their equipment.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第四段中的"Hwever, we did nt mark the rute（路线） was stressful getting lights and cameras set up in the limited time"可知，文中描述的是几乎彻底错过了日落，之后安置拍摄设备的时间就非常有限了，也就是说他们比预想的到达得晚。故C项正确。
4. Hw des the authr find his phts taken at Devil's Lake?( B )
A. Amusing.B. Satisfying.C. Encuraging.D. Cmfrting.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第四段中的"Still, lking back n the I wuld have been prepared and managed my time wisely"可知，虽然有准备不充分和时间管理不明智等方面的遗憾，作者依然将这些照片归属到自己拍的最好的照片中。故B项正确。
解读：本文叙述了美国爱荷华州的一位摄影师的拍摄日常，为了拍出优秀的风景照，摄影师付出了很多，其中不乏艰辛，当然有收获也有遗憾。
【核心词汇】 specialize in 专攻，专门研究 distinctive adj.独特的
n the spt在现场 a bunch f 一串,一束;大量
Passage 2 [2022浙江，C，10分]
Many peple believe that wrking t the maximum is the secret t success, but research has fund that mderatin （适度）als gets results n the jb.
In a study led by Ellen Langer f Harvard University, researchers asked peple t translate sentences int a new made-up language. Subjects wh practiced the language mderately befrehand made fewer errrs than thse wh practiced extensively r nt at all. High levels f knwledge can make peple t attached t traditinal ways f viewing prblems acrss fields — the arts, sciences, and plitics. High cnscientiusness is related t lwer jb perfrmance, especially in simple jbs where it desn't pay t be a perfectinist.
Hw lng we stay n the clck and hw we spend that time are under careful examinatin in many wrkplaces. The yung banker wh eats lunch at his desk is prbably seen as a g-getter, while his clleagues wh chat ver a relaxed cnference-rm meal get dirty lks frm the crner ffice. "Peple frm cultures that value relatinships mre than urs des are shcked by the thught f eating alne in frnt f a cmputer," says Art Markman, a prfessr f psychlgy at the University f Texas, Austin. Scial interactin has been shwn t lift md（情绪）and get peple thinking in new directins and in ways that culd help imprve any pst-lunch effrt.
Markman als prmtes ff-task time. "Part f being a gd thinker is experiencing things that are seemingly unrelated t what yu are wrking n at the mment but give yu fresh ideas abut yur wrk," he says. "Als, there is a lt f research shwing that a psitive md leads t higher levels f prductivity and creativity. S, when peple d things t increase their life satisfactin, they als make themselves mre effective at wrk."
1. What des Ellen Langer's study shw?( D )
A. It is wrthwhile t be a perfectinist.B. Translatin makes peple knwledgeable.
C. Simpler jbs require greater cautin.D. Mderate effrt prduces the best result.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"research has fund that mderatin（适度）als gets results n the jb"和第二段中的研究结果"Subjects wh practiced the language mderately befrehand made fewer at all"可知，适当的努力可以带来最好的结果，故D项正确。
2. The underlined wrd "g-getter" in paragraph 3 refers t smene wh B
A. is gd at handling pressureB. wrks hard t becme successful
C. has a natural talent fr his jbD. gets n well with his c-wrkers
[解析]词义猜测题。由画线词后的"while"可知，画线词所在分句与后一分句形成了对比。根据后一分句中的"his clleagues wh chat ver a relaxed cnference-rm meal get dirty lks frm the crner ffice"可以推测，"eats lunch at his desk"的"yung banker"会被看作一个努力工作、想要实现成功的好员工，故B项正确。g-getter"（尤指商业上的）实干家，志在必得的人"。
【熟词新义】 dirty在此表示"令人厌恶的；卑鄙的；不诚实的"。give sb. a dirty lk 厌恶地瞪某人一眼，给某人一个白眼。
3. What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?( C )
A. A gd thinker is able t inspire ther peple.
B. Experience unrelated t yur jb is useless.
C. A cheerful md helps make a creative mind.
D. Fcusing n what yu d raises prductivity.
[解析]推理判断题。根据最后一段中的"a psitive md leads t higher levels f prductivity and creativity"可知，积极的心态会让一个人更有效率和创造力，故C项正确。
4. What des the text seem t advcate?( A )
A. Middle-f-the-rad wrk habits.B. Balance between wrk and family.
C. Lng-standing cultural traditins. D. Harmny in the wrk envirnment.
[解析]推理判断题。结合首段中的研究结果"mderatin（适度）als gets results n the jb"和下文的描述,尤其是最后一段中的"Markman als prmtes ff-task time"可以推断，本文旨在说明适度的努力和良好的心情有助于提升工作效率和效果，故本文似乎在提倡适中的工作习惯。middle-f-the-rad"不极端的；多数人能接受的"。
解读：研究发现,适当的努力和积极的情绪有助于提升工作效率。
题组二
Passage 1 [2022北京，B，8分]
My name is Alice. Early last year, I was trubled by an anxiety that crippled （削弱） my ability t d anything. I felt like a strm clud hung ver me. Fr almst a year I struggled n, cnstantly staring at this wall that faced me. My perfectinist tendencies were the main rt f this: I wanted t be perfect at whatever I did, which bviusly in life is nt pssible, but it cnsumed me.
One day, I attended a presentatin by wildlife cnservatinist Grant Brwn at my high schl. His presentatin nt nly awed and inspired me, but als helped emerge an inner desire t make a difference in the wrld. I jined a pre-presentatin dinner with him and that smaller setting allwed me t slwly build up my curage t speak ne-n-ne with him — an idea that had seemed cmpletely impssible. This first cntact was where my stry began.
A mnth later, Brwn invited me t attend the Wrld Yuth Wildlife Cnference. Lking back, I nw see that this wuld be the first in a series f timely pprtunities that my ld self wuld have let pass, but that this new and mre cnfident Alice enthusiastically seized. Shrtly after I received his invitatin, applicatins t jin the Yuth fr Nature and the Yuth fr Planet grups were sent arund thrugh my high schl. I decided t cmmit t cmpleting the applicatins, and sn I was a part f a grwing glbal team f yung peple wrking t prtect nature. Each f these new steps cntinued t grw my cnfidence.
I am writing this just six mnths since my jurney began and I've realised that my biggest bstacle （障碍） this whle time was myself. It was that vice in the back f my head telling me that ne phrase that has stpped s many peple frm reaching their ptential: I can't. They say gd things cme t thse wh wait; I say: grab every pprtunity with everything yu have and be impatient. After all, nature des nt require ur patience, but ur actin.
1. What was the main cause fr Alice's anxiety?( C )
A. Her inability t act her age.B. Her habit f cnsumptin.
C. Her desire t be perfect.D. Her lack f inspiratin.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"My perfectinist tendencies were the main rt f this: I wanted t be perfect at whatever I did"可知，Alice焦虑的主要原因是她渴望完美。
【解题线索】 题干中的the main cause与文中的the main rt含义一致。rt表示"根源，起因"。
2. Hw did Grant Brwn's presentatin influence Alice?( A )
A. She decided t d smething fr nature.B. She tasted the sweetness f friendship.
C. She learned abut the harm f desire.D. She built up her curage t speak up.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段中的"His presentatin the wrld"可知，Grant Brwn的讲座不仅让Alice肃然起敬，鼓舞了她，也让她萌生了改变世界的想法。由此可知，受Grant Brwn讲座的影响，Alice希望能为大自然做点事情。
【干扰项分析】 考生易错选D项。根据第二段中的"I jined a pre-presentatin dinner with him and that smaller setting allwed me t slwly build up my curage t speak ne-n-ne with him"可知，是演讲前的晚宴使Alice鼓起勇气交谈。
3. The activities Alice jined in helped her t becme mre B
A. intelligentB. cnfidentC. innvativeD. critical
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段中的"but that this new and mre cnfident Alice enthusiastically seized""Each f these new steps cntinued t grw my cnfidence"可知，Alice参加的这些活动帮助她变得更加自信。
4. What can we learn frm this passage?( C )
A. Practice makes perfect.B. Patience is a cure f anxiety.
C. Actin is wrry's wrst enemy.D. Everything cmes t thse wh wait.
[解析]推理判断题。通读全文可知，完美主义者Alice非常焦虑，受野生动物保护主义者Grant Brwn的影响，她决定为保护自然做贡献，通过参加活动她变得更加自信，也克服了焦虑。由此可推知，行动是克服焦虑的好办法，故C项正确。
解读：Alice曾经是一个完美主义者，凡事都追求完美，这导致她很焦虑。受野生动物保护主义者Grant Brwn的启发，她决定为保护自然做贡献。通过参加活动她变得更加自信，最终也克服了焦虑。
【核心词汇】 perfectinist n.完美主义者
emerge v.（从隐蔽处或暗处）出现，浮现；显露
ptential n.潜力;可能性 adj.潜在的；可能的
【词缀变形】enthusiastically adv.热心地，满腔热情地→enthusiastic adj.热心的；热情的→enthusiasm n. 热情
impatient adj.不耐烦的；没有耐心的；急于；热切期待→impatience n.不耐烦，无耐心→patient adj.能忍耐的；有耐心的
Passage 2 [2022浙江1月，A，7.5分]
Fr nearly a decade nw, Merebeth has been a self-emplyed pet transprt specialist. Her pet transprt jb was brn f the financial crisis（危机） in the late 2000s. The dwnturn hit the real estate（房地产） firm where she had wrked fr ten years as an ffice manager. The firm went brke and left her lking fr a new jb. One day, while driving near her hme, she saw a dg wandering n the rad, clearly lst. She tk it hme, and her sister in Denver agreed t take it. This was a lving hme fr sure, but 1,600 miles away. It didn't take lng fr Merebeth t decide t drive the dg there herself. It was her first rad trip t her new jb.
Merebeth's pet delivery service satisfies her wanderlust. It has taken her t every state in the US except Mntana, Washingtn and Oregn, she says prudly. If she wants t visit a new place, she will simply find a pet with transprt needs there. She travels in all weathers. She has driven thrugh 55 mph winds in Wyming, heavy flding and strms in Alabama and ttal whiteut cnditins in Kansas.
This wanderlust is inherited frm her father, she says. He mved their family frm Canada t Califrnia when she was ne year ld, because he wanted them t explre a new place tgether. As sn as she graduated frm high schl she left hme t live n Catalina Island ff the Califrnia cast, away frm her parents, where she enjyed a life f sailing and ff-rad biking.
It turns ut that pet transprting pays quite well at abut $30,000 per year befre tax. She desn't wrk in summer, as it wuld be unpleasantly ht fr the animals in the car, even with air cnditining. As autumn cmes, she gets restless — the same ld wanderlust returning. It's a call she must handle alne, thugh. Merebeth says, "When I'm n the rad I'm just in my wn wrld. I've always been independent-spirited and I just feel strngly that I must help animals."
1. Why did Merebeth change her jb?( D )
A. She wanted t wrk near her hme.
B. She was tired f wrking in the ffice.
C. Her sister asked her t mve t Denver.
D. Her frmer emplyer was ut f business.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"The firm went brke and left her lking fr a new jb"可知，Merebeth换工作是因为她原来工作的公司倒闭了，故选D。
2. The wrd "wanderlust" in paragraph 2 means a desire t D
A. make mneyB. try varius jbs
C. be clse t natureD. travel t different places
[解析]词义猜测题。根据画线词前的"pet delivery service satisfies her"及画线词后的"taken her t every state in the "可以推知，画线词的含义与去不同地方旅游的欲望有关，故选D。
3. What can we learn abut Merebeth in her new jb?( C )
A. She has chances t see rare animals.B. She wrks hard thrughut the year.
C. She relies n herself the whle time.D. She earns a basic and tax-free salary.
[解析]细节理解题。各选项分析如下：
解读：Merebeth的新工作——宠物递送服务不仅满足了她想要四处旅游的愿望，还为她带来了可观的收入。
题组三
Passage 1 [2021新高考卷Ⅰ，B，10分]
By day, Rbert Titterman is a lawyer. In his spare time thugh he ges n stage beside pianist Maria Rasppva — nt as a musician but as her page turner. "I'm nt a trained musician, but I've learnt t read music s I can help Maria in her perfrmance."
Mr Titterman is chairman f the Omega Ensemble but has been the grup's fficial page turner fr the past fur years. His jb is t sit beside the pianist and turn the pages f the scre s the musician desn't have t break the flw f sund by ding it themselves. He said he became just as nervus as thse playing instruments n stage.
"A lt f skills are needed fr the jb. Yu have t make sure yu dn't turn tw pages at nce and make sure yu find the repeats in the music when yu have t g back t the right spt," Mr Titterman explained.
Being a page turner requires plenty f practice. Sme pieces f music can g fr 40 minutes and require up t 50 page turns, including back turns fr repeat passages. Silent nstage cmmunicatin is key, and each pianist has their wn style f "ndding" t indicate a page turn which they need t practise with their page turner.
But like all perfrmances, there are mments when things g wrng. "I was turning the page t get ready fr the next page, but the draft wind frm the turn caused the spare pages t fall ff the stand," Mr Titterman said. "Luckily I was able t catch them and put them back."
Mst page turners are pian students r up-and-cming cncert pianists, althugh Ms Rasppva has nce asked her husband t help her ut n stage.
"My husband is the wrst page turner," she laughed. "He's absrbed in the music, feeling every nte, and I have t say:‘Turn, turn!’ Rbert is the best page turner I've had in my entire life."
1. What shuld Titterman be able t d t be a page turner?( A )
A. Read music.B. Play the pian.
C. Sing sngs.D. Fix the instruments.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"I'm nt a trained musician, but I've learnt t read music s I can help Maria in her perfrmance"可知，Rbert Titterman作为翻谱员，要会识乐谱，故A项正确。
2. Which f the fllwing best describes Titterman's jb n stage?( C )
A. Bring.B. Well-paid.C. Demanding.D. Dangerus.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第三段中的"A lt f skills are needed fr the jb"和第四段中的"Being a page turner requires plenty f practice"以及文中对翻乐谱工作的具体描述可以推断，Titterman在舞台上的工作要求颇高。demanding意为"要求高的，需要高技能的"，故C项正确。
3. What des Titterman need t practise?( B )
A. Cunting the pages.B. Recgnizing the "ndding".
C. Catching falling bjects.D. Perfrming in his wn style.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第四段中的"Silent nstage cmmunicatin is key, and each pianist has their wn style f ‘ndding’ t indicate a page turn which they need t practise with their page turner"可知，钢琴家和翻谱员在舞台上的无声交流很重要，Titterman需要在领会钢琴师的"点头示意"上多加练习，故B项正确。
4. Why is Ms Rasppva's husband "the wrst page turner"?( D )
A. He has very pr eyesight.B. He ignres the audience.
C. He has n interest in music.D. He frgets t d his jb.
[解析]细节理解题。根据最后一段中的"He's absrbed in the music, feeling every nte, and I have t say: ‘Turn, turn!’"可知，Rasppva女士的丈夫沉浸在音乐中以至于忘了自己要翻乐谱的事情，所以Rasppva女士称其为"最糟糕的翻乐谱工作者"，故D项正确。
解读：本文主要讲述了律师Rbert Titterman利用自己的业余时间去帮钢琴师翻乐谱的故事。翻乐谱看似是一份简单的工作，但是也需要进行很多练习，尤其要与每位钢琴师默契配合。
【核心词汇】 by day在白天，日间 indicate v.表明，暗示，示意
up-and-cming adj. 积极进取的，有前途的
be absrbed in专心致志于，全神贯注于
【熟词新义】 scre常用义：n.得分，分数 v.得分
本文义：n.总谱，曲谱
Passage 2 [2019北京，B，8分]
Alice Mre is a teenager entrepreneur（创业者）, wh in May 2015 set up her business AilieCandy. By the time she was 13, her cmpany was wrth millins f dllars with the inventin f a super-sweet treat that culd save kids' teeth, instead f destrying them.
It all began when Mre visited a bank with her dad. On the uting, she was ffered a candy bar. Hwever, her dad reminded her that sugary treats were bad fr her teeth. But Mre was sick f missing ut n candies. S she desired t get rund the warning. "Why can't I make a healthy candy that's gd fr my teeth s that my parents can't say n t it?"With that in mind, Mre asked her dad if she culd start her wn candy cmpany. He recmmended that she d sme research and talk t dentists abut what a healthier candy wuld cntain.
With her dad's permissin, she spent the next tw years researching nline and cnducting trials t get a recipe that was bth tasty and tth-friendly. She als apprached dentists t learn mre abut teeth cleaning. Cnsequently, she succeeded in making a kind f candy nly using natural sweeteners, which can reduce ral bacteria.
Mre then used her savings t get her business ff the grund. Afterwards, she and her father secured their first business meeting with a supermarket wner, wh finally agreed t sell Mre's prduct — CanCandy.
As CanCandy's success grws, s des Mre's credibility as a yung entrepreneur. Mre is enthusiastic abut the candy she created, and she's als psitive abut what the future might bring. She hpes that every kid can have a clean muth and a brad smile.
Meanwhile, with her parents' help, Mre is generally able t live a nrmal teenage life. Althugh she funded her cmpany early n in life, she wasn't driven primarily by prfit. Mre wants t use her unique talent t help thers find their smiles. She dnates 10% f AilieCandy's prfits t Big Smiles. With her talent and determinatin, it appears that the sky culd be the limit fr Alice Mre.
1. Hw did Mre react t her dad's warning?( B )
A. She argued with him.B. She tried t find a way ut.
C. She paid n attentin.D. She chse t cnsult dentists.
[解析]细节理解题。根据题干可把答案定位到第二段。根据该段内容可知，Mre听到爸爸的提醒之后就想："为什么我不能制作出一种对我的牙齿有益的健康糖果以使我的父母不会对它说不呢？"由此可知，她想找一个方法解决这个问题。
2. What is special abut CanCandy?( A )
A. It is beneficial t dental health.B. It is free f sweeteners.
C. It is sweeter than ther candies.D. It is prduced t a dentists' recipe.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段的内容可知，Mre用两年时间在线研究、做试验、咨询牙医，终于成功地生产出一种只使用天然的甜味剂，且能够减少口腔细菌的糖果，这与A项"它对牙齿健康有益"吻合。
【干扰项分析】 文章中说CanCandy使用天然的甜味剂，故B项错误；C项文中未提及；文章提到她进行研究、做试验以制作配方的过程，由此可知D项错误。
3. What des Mre expect frm her business?( B )
A. T earn mre mney.B. T help thers find smiles.
C. T make herself stand ut.D. T beat ther candy cmpanies.
[解析]细节理解题。根据题干中的"expect frm her business"可把答案定位到最后一段，该段谈到Mre想用自己独特的天赋帮助别人找到微笑（t help thers find their smiles），因此选B。
4. What can we learn frm Alice Mre's stry?( C )
A. Fame is a great thirst f the yung.
B. A yuth is t be regarded with respect.
C. Psitive thinking and actin result in success.
D. Success means getting persnal desires satisfied.
[解析]推理判断题。通读全文可知，Mre在父亲提醒她吃甜食对牙齿不好后，就积极地思考并行动，成功地制作出了一种对牙齿有益的糖，由此可推知C项正确。
解读：少女Alice Mre因为父亲提醒她吃甜食对牙齿不好，想到发明一种健康的糖。之后，通过努力，她成功地开办了自己的糖果公司，并将获得的部分利润用来推动牙齿健康项目的发展。
主题3 人与社会·社会服务与人际沟通
题组一
Passage 1 [2022新高考卷Ⅰ，C，10分]
The elderly residents（居民） in care hmes in Lndn are being given hens t lk after t stp them feeling lnely.
The prject was dreamed up by a lcal charity（慈善组织） t reduce lneliness and imprve elderly peple's wellbeing. It is als being used t help patients suffering dementia, a serius illness f the mind. Staff in care hmes have reprted a reductin in the use f medicine where hens are in use.
Amng thse taking part in the prject is 80-year-ld Ruth Xavier. She said:" I used t keep hens when I was yunger and had t prepare their breakfast each mrning befre I went t schl.
"I like the prject a lt. I am dwn there in my wheelchair in the mrning letting the hens ut and dwn there again at night t see they've gne t bed.
"It's gd t have a different fcus. Peple have been bringing their children in t see the hens and residents cme and sit utside t watch them. I'm enjying the creative activities, and it feels great t have dne smething useful."
There are nw 700 elderly peple lking after hens in 20 care hmes in the Nrth East, and the charity has been given financial supprt t rll it ut cuntrywide.
Wendy Wilsn, extra care manager at 60 Penfld Street, ne f the first t embark n the prject, said:"Residents really welcme the idea f the prject and the creative sessins. We are lking frward t the benefits and fun the prject can bring t peple here."
Lynn Lewis, directr f Ntting Hill Pathways, said:"We are happy t be taking part in the prject. It will really help cnnect ur residents thrugh a shared interest and creative activities."
1. What is the purpse f the prject?( D )
A. T ensure harmny in care hmes.B. T prvide part-time jbs fr the aged.
C. T raise mney fr medical research.D. T prmte the elderly peple's welfare.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第二段中的"The prject was dreamed up by a lcal charity（慈善组织） t reduce lneliness and imprve elderly peple's wellbeing"可知，这个项目的目的是减少老年人的孤独感，改善老年人的健康。故选D。
2. Hw has the prject affected Ruth Xavier?( B )
A. She has learned new life skills.B. She has gained a sense f achievement.
C. She has recvered her memry.D. She has develped a strng persnality.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第五段中Ruth的话"it feels great t have dne smething useful"可知，做了一些有用的事情，Ruth感觉很棒，由此可知，Ruth很有成就感。故选B。
3. What d the underlined wrds "embark n" mean in paragraph 7?( C )
A. Imprve.B. Oppse.C. Begin.D. Evaluate.
[解析]词义猜测题。由Wendy Wilsn的管理人身份，画线词前的ne f the first和她的话可知，她是首批"启动"这个项目的人之一。故选C。
4. What can we learn abut the prject frm the last tw paragraphs?( A )
A. It is well received.B. It needs t be mre creative.
C. It is highly prfitable.D. It takes ages t see the results.
[解析]推理判断题。根据题干我们可以定位到文章的最后两段，最后两段讲述了一些组织参与到这个项目的感受。根据Wendy Wilsn和Lynn Lewis两位负责人说的话可知，这个项目得到了好评。故选A项。
解读：养老院通过让老人养鸡来使他们减少孤独感，改善健康状况。
【核心词汇】 financial adj. 财务的 dream up 创造，设计
in use 使用中
Passage 2 [2022全国卷乙，B，8分]
In 1916, tw girls f wealthy families, best friends frm Auburn, N.Y. — Drthy Wdruff and Rsamnd Underwd — traveled t a settlement in the Rcky Muntains t teach in a ne-rm schlhuse. The girls had gne t Smith Cllege. They wre expensive clthes. S fr them t mve t Elkhead, Cl. t instruct the children whse shes were held tgether with string was a surprise. Their stay in Elkhead is the subject f Nthing Daunted：The Unexpected Educatin f Tw Sciety Girls in the West by Drthy Wickenden, wh is a magazine editr and Drthy Wdruff's granddaughter.
Why did they g then? Well， they wanted t d smething useful. Sn， hwever， they realized what they had undertaken.
They mved in with a lcal family， the Harrisns， and， like them， had little privacy， rare baths， and a blanket f snw n their quilt when they wke up in the mrning. Sme mrnings， Rsamnd and Drthy wuld arrive at the schlhuse t find the children weeping frm the cld. In spring， the snw was replaced by mud ver ice.
In Wickenden's bk， she expanded n the histry f the West and als n feminism，which f curse influenced the girls' decisin t g t Elkhead. A hair-raising sectin cncerns the building f the railrads， which entailed（牵涉） drilling thrugh the Rckies， ften in blinding snwstrms. The bk ends with Rsamnd and Drthy's return t Auburn.
Wickenden is a very gd stryteller. The sweep f the land and the sticism（坚忍） f the peple mve her t sme beautiful writing. Here is a picture f Drthy Wdruff， n her hrse， lking dwn frm a hill tp："When the sun slipped behind the muntains， it shed a rsy glw all arund them. Then a full mn rse. The snw was marked nly by small animals：fxes， cytes， mice， and varying hares， which turned white in the winter."
1. Why did Drthy and Rsamnd g t the Rcky Muntains?( A )
A. T teach in a schl.B. T study American histry.
C. T write a bk.D. T d sightseeing.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段的"In 1916, tw girls f wealthy t a settlement in the Rcky Muntains t teach in a ne-rm schlhuse"可知，Drthy 和Rsamnd 去落基山脉是为了到一所学校教学。
2. What can we learn abut the girls frm paragraph 3?( D )
A. They enjyed much respect.B. They had a rm with a bathtub.
C. They lived with the lcal kids.D. They suffered severe hardships.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第三段内容可知，她们和当地的一户人家一起生活，和他们一样，几乎没有隐私，很少洗澡，早上醒来的时候，被子上都是雪。有时候她们早上到学校后，发现孩子们冻得直哭。春天，雪被泥取代。由此可推知，她们在那里受了很多苦。
3. Which part f Wickenden's writing is hair-raising?( C )
A. The extreme climate f Auburn.B. The living cnditins in Elkhead.
C. The railrad building in the Rckies.D. The natural beauty f the West.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第四段的"A hair-raising sectin cncerns the building f the railrads, which entailed（牵涉）drilling thrugh the Rckies, ften in blinding snwstrms"可知，书中描述的惊险的部分应是在落基山脉修建铁路的过程。
4. What is the text?( B )
A. A news reprt.B. A bk review.C. A children's stry.D. A diary entry.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第四段中的"In Wickenden's bk, she expanded"和"The bk ends with Rsamnd and Drthy's return t Auburn"以及最后一段的"Wickenden is a very gd stryteller"可知，本文是一篇书评，介绍名为Nthing Daunted: The Unexpected Educatin f Tw Sciety Girls in the West的一本书。
解读：本文介绍了Drthy Wickenden 写的一部书的主要内容：两个富裕家庭长大的女孩子去落基山脉的一个村落当老师，她们住在当地人的家里，和他们一样过着艰辛的生活。
题组二
Passage 1 [2021新高考卷Ⅱ，C，10分]
A British wman wh wn a $1 millin prize after she was named the Wrld's Best Teacher will use the cash t bring inspiratinal figures int UK schls.
Andria Zafiraku, a nrth Lndn secndary schl teacher, said she wanted t bring abut a classrm revlutin （变革）. "We are ging t make a change," she said. "I've started a prject t prmte the teaching f the arts in ur schls."
The prject results frm the difficulties many schls have in getting artists f any srt — whether an up-and-cming lcal musician r a majr mvie star — int schls t wrk with and inspire children.
Zafiraku began the prject at Alpertn Cmmunity Schl, her place f wrk fr the past twelve years."I've seen thse magic mments when children are talking t smene they are inspired by — their eyes are shining and their faces light up,"she said. "We need artists mre than ever in ur schls."
Artist Michael Craig-Martin said： "Andria's brilliant prject t bring artists frm all fields int direct cntact with children is particularly welcme at a time when the arts are being dwngraded in schls." It was a mistake t see the arts as unnecessary, he added.
Histrian Sir Simn Schama is als a supprter f the prject. He said that arts educatin in schls was nt just an add-n. "It is abslutely necessary. The future depends n creativity and creativity depends n the yung. What will remain f us when artificial intelligence takes ver will be ur creativity, and it is ur creative spirit, ur visinary sense f freshness, that has been ur strength fr centuries."
1. What will Zafiraku d with her prize mney?( C )
A. Make a mvie.B. Build new schls.
C. Run a prject.D. Help lcal musicians.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"use the cash t bring inspiratinal figures int UK schls"和第二段中的"I've started a prject t prmte the teaching f the arts in ur schls"可知，Zafiraku用她的奖金开展了一个把艺术人士引进校园的项目。故C项正确。
2. What des Craig-Martin think f the teaching f the arts in UK schls?( D )
A. It is particularly difficult.B. It increases artists' incme.
C. It pens children's mind.D. It deserves greater attentin.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第五段尾句可知，Craig-Martin认为，把艺术当作不必要的课程是错误的,也就是说他认为艺术教育应该得到更多的关注。故D项正确。
3. What shuld be stressed in schl educatin accrding t Schama?( C )
A. Mral principles.B. Interpersnal skills.
C. Creative abilities.D. Psitive wrldviews.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第六段中的"The future depends n centuries"可知，他认为学校教育应该强调创造力。故C项正确。
4. Which f the fllwing is a suitable title fr the text?( A )
A. Bring Artists t SchlsB. When Histrians Meet Artists
C. Arts Educatin in BritainD. The Wrld's Best Arts Teacher
[解析]主旨大意题。本文主要讲述一位英国女教师把获得的奖金用于开展把艺术人士引进校园的项目，以推动学校艺术教育发展。故A项正确。
解读：一位英国女教师用自己的奖金开展了一个项目。该项目旨在将艺术人士引进校园，以推动学校的艺术教育发展。
译文：当人工智能接管时，留给我们的将是我们的创造力。我们的创造精神，我们对新鲜事物的远见，数百年来一直是我们的优势。
Passage 2 [2021北京，B，8分]
I remember the day during ur first week f class when we were infrmed abut ur semester （学期） prject f vlunteering at a nn-prfit rganizatin. When the teacher intrduced us t the different rganizatins that needed ur help, my last chice was Operatin Iraqi Children （OIC）. My first impressin f the rganizatin was that it was nt ging t make enugh f a difference with the plans I had in mind.
Then, an OIC representative gave us sme details, which smewhat interested me. After ding sme research, I believed that we culd really d smething fr thse kids. When I went nline t the OIC website, I saw pictures f the Iraqi children. Their faces were s pwerful in sending a message f their despair （绝望） and need that I jined this prject withut hesitatin. We decided t cllect as many schl supplies as pssible, and make them int kits — ne kit, ne child.
The mst rewarding day fr ur grup was prject day, when all the effrts we put int cllecting the items finally came tgether. When I saw the varius supplies we had cllected, it hit me that every kit we were t build that day wuld eventually be in the hands f an Iraqi child. Over the past fur mnths, I had never imagined hw I wuld feel nce ur prject was cmpleted. While making the kits, I realized that I had lst sight f the true meaning behind it. I had nly fcused n the fact that it was anther schl prject and ne I wanted t get a gd grade n. When the kits were cmpleted, and ready t be sent verseas, the warm feeling I had was ne I wuld never frget.
In the beginning, I dared myself t make a difference in the life f anther persn. Nw that ur prject is ver, I realize that I have affected nt nly ne life, but ten. With ur effrts, ten yung bys and girls will nw be able t further their educatin.
1. Hw did the authr feel abut jining the OIC prject in the beginning?( D )
A. It wuld affect his/her initial plans.
B. It wuld invlve traveling verseas.
C. It wuld nt bring him/her a gd grade.
D. It wuld nt live up t his/her expectatins.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"my last chice was Operatin Iraqi Children（OIC）"和本段尾句"My first had in mind"可知，作者一开始认为该组织与心中的期望不符，故D项正确。
2. What mainly helped the authr change his/her attitude tward the prject?( A )
A. Images f Iraqi children.B. Research by his/her classmates.
C. A teacher's intrductin.D. A representative's cmments.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段第四句"Their faces were hesitatin"可知，伊拉克儿童的面孔有力地传达了他们的绝望和需要，所以作者毫不犹豫地加入了这个项目。据此可知，伊拉克儿童的形象改变了作者对这一项目的态度，故A项正确。
3. The authr's OIC prject grup wuld help ten Iraqi children t B.
A. becme OIC vlunteersB. further their educatin
C. study in freign cuntriesD. influence ther children
[解析]细节理解题。根据本文尾句"With ur their educatin"可知，在作者和其他志愿者的努力下，十名伊拉克儿童得以继续接受教育，故B项正确。
4. What can we cnclude frm this passage?( B )
A. One's ptential cannt always be underrated.
B. First impressin cannt always be trusted.
C. Actins speak luder than wrds.
D. He wh hesitates is lst.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第一段尾句"My first mind"可知，作者对伊拉克儿童行动组织的第一印象并不好，认为该组织与自己的期望不符；根据第二段第四句"Their faces hesitatin"可知，当看到伊拉克儿童有力地传达了绝望和需要的面孔时，作者决定加入这一组织；再根据尾段可知，通过加入这一组织，作者影响了十名伊拉克儿童。据此可以推知，第一印象并不可信。故B项正确。
解读：在网站上看到伊拉克儿童的面孔后作者感受到了他们的绝望和需求。于是，作者和其他志愿者决定为伊拉克儿童尽可能多地收集学习用品，这使得十名伊拉克儿童得以继续接受教育。
译文：当我看到我们收集的各种物资时，我突然想到，我们那天要做的每一套用具最终都将送到伊拉克儿童的手中。
题组三
Passage 1 [2019全国卷Ⅰ，D，8分]
During the rsy years f elementary schl（小学）, I enjyed sharing my dlls and jkes, which allwed me t keep my high scial status. I was the queen f the playgrund. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cl kids. They rse in the ranks nt by being friendly but by smking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jkes n thers, amng whm I sn fund myself.
Ppularity is a well-explred subject in scial psychlgy. Mitch Prinstein, a prfessr f clinical psychlgy srts the ppular int tw categries: the likable and the status seekers. The likables' plays-well-with-thers qualities strengthen schlyard friendships, jump-start interpersnal skills and, when tapped early, are emplyed ever after in life and wrk. Then there's the kind f ppularity that appears in adlescence: status brn f pwer and even dishnrable behavir.
Enviable as the cl kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein's studies shw unpleasant cnsequences. Thse wh were highest in status in high schl, as well as thse least liked in elementary schl, are "mst likely t engage（从事）in dangerus and risky behavir."
In ne study, Dr. Prinstein examined the tw types f ppularity in 235 adlescents, scring the least liked, the mst liked and the highest in status based n student surveys（调查研究）. "We fund that the least well-liked teens had becme mre aggressive ver time tward their classmates. But s had thse wh were high in status. It clearly shwed that while likability can lead t healthy adjustment, high status has just the ppsite effect n us."
Dr. Prinstein has als fund that the qualities that made the neighbrs want yu n a play date — sharing, kindness, penness — carry ver t later years and make yu better able t relate and cnnect with thers.
In analyzing his and ther research, Dr. Prinstein came t anther cnclusin: Nt nly is likability related t psitive life utcmes, but it is als respnsible fr thse utcmes, t. "Being liked creates pprtunities fr learning and fr new kinds f life experiences that help smebdy gain an advantage," he said.
1. What srt f girl was the authr in her early years f elementary schl?( C )
A. Unkind.B. Lnely.C. Generus.D. Cl.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第一段的第一句"During the rsy years f elementary schl（小学）, I enjyed sharing my dlls and jkes, which allwed me t keep my high scial status"可知，作者在小学时乐于分享。unkind"不友好的"，lnely"孤独的"，generus"慷慨的，大方的"，cl"酷的"，故选C。
2. What is the secnd paragraph mainly abut?( A )
A. The classificatin f the ppular.B. The characteristics f adlescents.
C. The imprtance f interpersnal skills.D. The causes f dishnrable behavir.
[解析]段落大意题。根据第二段的第二句"Mitch Prinstein, a prfessr f clinical psychlgy srts the ppular int tw categries: the likable and the status seekers"可知，受欢迎的人被分为两类——受人喜爱的人和追求地位的人，接着第三、四句分别描述了两类受欢迎的人的特征，故A项最能概括本段主要内容。
【干扰项分析】 B项意为"青少年的特征"，可排除；第二段没有提到人际交往能力的重要性和不光彩行为的原因，故可排除C、D。
3. What did Dr. Prinstein's study find abut the mst liked kids?( B )
A. They appeared t be aggressive.B. They tended t be mre adaptable.
C. They enjyed the highest status.D. They perfrmed well academically.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第四段的最后一句"It clearly shwed that while likability can lead t healthy adjustment, high status has just the ppsite effect n us"可知，受人喜爱会带来良好的适应力，故选B。
【干扰项分析】 根据第四段的第二句可知，最不受欢迎的青少年变得越来越好斗，故可排除A；原文没有信息支撑C、D两项，可排除。
4. What is the best title fr the text?( A )
A. Be Nice — Yu Wn't Finish LastB. The Higher the Status, the Better
C. Be the Best — Yu Can Make ItD. Mre Self-Cntrl, Less Aggressiveness
[解析]标题判断题。根据全文内容尤其是最后一段的第一句"In analyzing his and ther research，Dr. Prinstein came t anther cnclusin: Nt nly is likability related t psitive life utcmes, but it is als respnsible fr thse utcmes, t"可知，受人喜爱与积极的人生结果相关，是这些结果的成因。因此，对人友好，你的人生不会太差，故选A。
解读：本文主要探讨了青少年小学与中学阶段的受欢迎类型及其影响。
【长难句解读】Dr. Prinstein's studies shw unpleasant cnsequences.
译文：尽管那些酷酷的孩子可能看起来让人羡慕，但Prinstein博士的研究显示了令人不快的结果。
Passage 2 [2019全国卷Ⅱ，B，8分]
"Yu can use me as a last resrt（选择）, and if nbdy else vlunteers, then I will d it." This was an actual reply frm a parent after I put ut a request fr vlunteers fr my kids 'lacrsse（长曲棍球） club.
I guess that there's prbably sme demanding wrk schedule, r scial anxiety arund stepping up t help fr an unknwn sprt. She may just need a little persuading. S I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mentin the single parent with fur kids running the shw and Italk abut the dad caching a team that his kids aren't even n... At this pint the unwilling parent speaks up," Alright. Yes, I'll d it."
I'm secretly relieved because I knw there's real pwer in sharing vlunteer respnsibilities amng many. The unwilling parent rganizes the meal schedule, sends ut emails, and cllects mney fr end-f-seasn gifts. Smewhere alng the way, the same parent ends up becming an invaluable member f the team. The cach is able t fcus n the kids while the ther parents are relieved t be ff the hk fr anther seasn. Handing ut sliced ranges t bldthirsty kids can be as exciting as watching yur wn kid scre a gal.
Still, mst f us vlunteers breathe a sigh f relief when the seasn cmes t a clse. That relief is cupled with a deep understanding f why the same peple keep cming back fr mre: Cnnecting t the cmmunity （社区） as yu freely give yur time, mney, skills, r services prvides a real jy. Vlunteering just feels s gd.
In that sense, I'm pretty sure vlunteering is mre f a selfish act than I'd freely like t admit. Hwever, if thers benefit in the prcess, and I get sme reward t, des it really matter where my mtivatin lies?
1. What can we infer abut the parent frm her reply in paragraph 1?( C )
A. She knws little abut the club.B. She isn't gd at sprts.
C. She just desn't want t vlunteer.D. She's unable t meet her schedule.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第一段第一句"Yu can use me as a last resrt（选择）, and if nbdy else vlunteers，then I will d it"和第二段中的"the unwilling parent"可推断，这位家长不想做志愿者工作。故选C。
2. What des the underlined phrase "tug at the heartstrings" in paragraph 2 mean?( B )
A. Encurage teamwrk.B. Appeal t feelings.
C. Prmte gd deeds.D. Prvide advice.
[解析]词义猜测题。根据前一句"She may just need a little persuading"以及后文作者在劝这位家长时所列举的感人事迹可知，tug at the heartstrings的意思是"打动（她）"。
3. What can we learn abut the parent frm paragraph 3?( D )
A. She gets interested in lacrsse.B. She is prud f her kids.
C. She'll wrk fr anther seasn.D. She becmes a gd helper.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段第三句中的"the same parent ends up becming an invaluable member f the team"可知，这位家长最后成了一个好帮手。
4. Why des the authr like ding vlunteer wrk?( B )
A. It gives her a sense f duty.B. It makes her very happy.
C. It enables her t wrk hard.D. It brings her material rewards.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第四段中的"Cnnecting t the cmmunity（社区）as yu freely give yur time, mney, skills, r services prvides a real jy. Vlunteering just feels s gd"可知，作者觉得做志愿者工作很快乐。所以选B。
解读：本文介绍作者自己参与并鼓励他人参与志愿者工作的经历，论述了志愿者工作的独特意义。
【熟词新义】clse常用义：v.关闭 adj.亲密的 adv.靠近
本文义：n. 结束，终结
译文：然而，如果别人在这个过程中受益，而且我也得到了一些回报，那么我的动机是什么真的重要吗？
主题4 人与社会·文学、艺术与体育
题组一
Passage 1 [2023新课标卷Ⅰ，C，10分]
The gal f this bk is t make the case fr digital minimalism, including a detailed explratin f what it asks and why it wrks, and then t teach yu hw t adpt this philsphy if yu decide it's right fr yu.
T d s, I divided the bk int tw parts. In part ne, I describe the philsphical fundatins f digital minimalism, starting with an examinatin f the frces that are making s many peple's digital lives increasingly intlerable, befre mving n t a detailed discussin f the digital minimalism philsphy.
Part ne cncludes by intrducing my suggested methd fr adpting this philsphy： the digital declutter. This prcess requires yu t step away frm ptinal nline activities fr thirty days. At the end f the thirty days, yu will then add back a small number f carefully chsen nline activities that yu believe will prvide massive benefits t the things yu value.
In the final chapter f part ne, I'll guide yu thrugh carrying ut yur wn digital declutter. In ding s, I'll draw n an experiment I ran in 2018 in which ver 1,600 peple agreed t perfrm a digital declutter. Yu'll hear these participants' stries and learn what strategies wrked well fr them, and what traps they encuntered that yu shuld avid.
The secnd part f this bk takes a clser lk at sme ideas that will help yu cultivate（培养） a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the imprtance f slitude（独处） and the necessity f cultivating high-quality leisure t replace the time mst nw spent n mindless device use. Each chapter cncludes with a cllectin f practices, which are designed t help yu act n the big ideas f the chapter. Yu can view these practices as a tlbx meant t aid yur effrts t build a minimalist lifestyle that wrks fr yur particular circumstances.
1. What is the bk aimed at?( B )
A. Teaching critical thinking skills.B. Advcating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Slving philsphical prblems.D. Prmting the use f a digital device.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第一段中的"The gal f this bk is t make the case fr digital minimalism"可知，本书旨在倡导一种简单的数字生活方式。故选B项。make the case fr... 为……阐明理由。
2. What des the underlined wrd "declutter" in paragraph 3 mean?( A )
A. Clear-up.B. Add-n.C. Check-in.D. Take-ver.
[解析]词义猜测题。根据画线词后面的"step away frm"可知，画线词表示"清除，清理"，A项含义与画线词含义相近。
3. What is presented in the final chapter f part ne?( C )
A. Theretical mdels.B. Statistical methds.
C. Practical examples.D. Histrical analyses.
[解析]细节理解题。根据题干中的"In the final chapter f part ne"可定位第四段。通读第四段可知，作者在第一部分的最后一章会利用2018年做的一次实验，实验中有1 600人进行了数字简化（生活）。根据"Yu'll hear these participants' stries"可知，第一部分的最后一章提供了真实的例子。
4. What des the authr suggest readers d with the practices ffered in part tw?( A )
A. Use them as needed.B. Recmmend them t friends.
C. Evaluate their effects.D. Identify the ideas behind them.
[解析]推理判断题。根据最后一段中的"Yu can view these practices as a tlbx meant t aid yur effrts t build a minimalist lifestyle that wrks fr yur particular circumstances"可知，作者建议读者把这些方法当成帮助自己实现极简生活的工具，即在需要的时候使用这些方法。故选A项。
解读：本文向读者介绍了一本书，该书解释了何为数字极简主义并提供了实现数字极简生活的方法。
Passage 2 [2023新课标卷Ⅱ，C，10分]
Reading Art: Art fr Bk Lvers is a celebratin f an everyday bject — the bk, represented here in almst three hundred artwrks frm museums arund the wrld. The image f the reader appears thrughut histry, in art made lng befre bks as we nw knw them came int being. In artists' representatins f bks and reading, we see mments f shared humanity that g beynd culture and time.
In this " bk f bks," artwrks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these cnnectins between different eras and cultures. We see scenes f children learning t read at hme r at schl, with the bk as a fcus fr relatins between the generatins. Adults are prtrayed （描绘） alne in many settings and pses — absrbed in a vlume, deep in thught r lst in a mment f leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds f years ag, but they recrd mments we can all relate t.
Bks themselves may be used symblically in paintings t demnstrate the intellect（才智）, wealth r faith f the subject. Befre the wide use f the printing press, bks were treasured bjects and culd be wrks f art in their wn right. Mre recently, as bks have becme inexpensive r even thrwaway, artists have used them as the raw material fr artwrks — transfrming cvers, pages r even cmplete vlumes int paintings and sculptures.
Cntinued develpments in cmmunicatin technlgies were nce believed t make the printed page utdated. Frm a 21st-century pint f view, the printed bk is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-pwered e-reader. T serve its functin, a bk must be activated by a user: the cver pened, the pages parted, the cntents reviewed, perhaps ntes written dwn r wrds underlined. And in cntrast t ur increasingly netwrked lives where the infrmatin we cnsume is mnitred and tracked, a printed bk still ffers the chance f a whlly private, "ff-line" activity.
1. Where is the text mst prbably taken frm?( A )
A. An intrductin t a bk.B. An essay n the art f writing.
C. A guidebk t a museum.D. A review f mdern paintings.
[解析]出处判断题。根据全文内容尤其是第一段第一句"Reading Art: Art fr Bk Lvers is a hundred artwrks frm museums arund the wrld"可知，《阅读艺术:书籍爱好者的艺术》这本书里展示了来自世界各地博物馆的近300件艺术品，本文主要是对该书内容的介绍。故可以推知，本文最有可能摘自一本书的序言。
2. What are the selected artwrks abut?( C )
A. Wealth and intellect.B. Hme and schl.
C. Bks and reading.D. Wrk and leisure.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句中的"In artists' representatins f bks and reading"可知，被选中的艺术品强调的是图书和阅读，故C项正确。
3. What d the underlined wrds "relate t" in paragraph 2 mean?( A )
A. Understand.B. Paint.C. Seize.D. Transfrm.
[解析]词义猜测题。根据第二段尾句"These scenes may have been painted hundreds f years ag, but they recrd mments we can all relate t"中的but表达的语境可知，这些场景可能是数百年前绘制的，但它们记录了我们都能理解的时刻。故画线词意为"理解"，A项正确。
4. What des the authr want t say by mentining the e-reader?( A )
A. The printed bk is nt ttally ut f date.
B. Technlgy has changed the way we read.
C. Our lives in the 21st century are netwrked.
D. Peple nw rarely have the patience t read.
[解析]推理判断题。根据本文尾句"And in cntrast t ur increasingly netwrked the chance f a whlly private, ‘ff-line’ activity"可知，在我们日益网络化的生活中，我们所消费的信息被监控和跟踪，与之相反，印刷书仍然提供了一个完全私人的、"离线"活动的机会。该句强调了印刷书的价值，据此可知，作者提及电子书旨在说明印刷书并未完全过时，故A项正确。
解读：《阅读艺术:书籍爱好者的艺术》让我们看到了超越文化与时间的共同人性。网络化的生活中，电子书的推广并不能取代印刷书的使用，阅读印刷书仍然是完全私人的活动。
【核心词汇】celebratin n.庆典，庆祝活动,庆祝
cme int being 形成 emphasize v.强调，着重
deep in thught 陷入沉思 demnstrate v.证明；示范，演示
题组二
Passage 1 [2023全国卷甲，C，8分]
I was abut 13 when an uncle gave me a cpy f Jstein Gaarder's Sphie's Wrld. It was full f ideas that were new t me, s I spent the summer with my head in and ut f that bk. It spke t me and brught me int a wrld f philsphy（哲学）.
That lve fr philsphy lasted until I gt t cllege. Nthing kills the lve fr philsphy faster than peple wh think they understand Fucault, Baudrillard, r Cnfucius better than yu — and then try t explain them.
Eric Weiner's The Scrates Express: In Search f Life Lessns frm Dead Philsphers reawakened my lve fr philsphy. It is nt an explanatin, but an invitatin t think and experience philsphy.
Weiner starts each chapter with a scene n a train ride between cities and then frames each philspher's wrk in the cntext（背景） f ne thing they can help us d better. The end result is a read in which we learn t wnder like Scrates, see like Threau, listen like Schpenhauer, and have n regrets like Nietzsche. This, mre than a bk abut understanding philsphy, is a bk abut learning t use philsphy t imprve a life.
He makes philsphical thught an appealing exercise that imprves the quality f ur experiences, and he des s with plenty f humr. Weiner enters int cnversatin with sme f the mst imprtant philsphers in histry, and he becmes part f that crwd in the prcess by decding（解读） their messages and adding his wn interpretatin.
The Scrates Express is a fun, sharp bk that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thughts n desire, lneliness, and aging. The invitatin is clear: Weiner wants yu t pick up a cffee r tea and sit dwn with this bk. I encurage yu t take his ffer. It's wrth yur time, even if time is smething we dn't have a lt f.
1. Wh pened the dr t philsphy fr the authr?( C )
A. Fucault.B. Eric Weiner.C. Jstein Gaarder.D. A cllege teacher.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"an uncle gave me a cpy f Jstein Gaarder's Sphie's Wrld"和"It spke t me and brught me int a wrld f philsphy（哲学）"可知，Jstein Gaarder的《苏菲的世界》把作者带进了一个哲学的世界。故Jstein Gaarder为作者打开了哲学大门。
2. Why des the authr list great philsphers in paragraph 4?( D )
A. T cmpare Weiner with them.
B. T give examples f great wrks.
C. T praise their writing skills.
D. T help readers understand Weiner's bk.
[解析]推理判断题。通读第四段，特别是该段尾句"This, mre than a bk abut understanding philsphy, is a bk abut learning t use philsphy t imprve a life"可知，在列举了几位伟大的哲学家后，作者指出，这不仅仅是一本关于理解哲学的书，更是一本关于学习如何运用哲学来改善生活的书。据此可以推知，作者列举几位伟大的哲学家是为了帮助读者更好地理解Weiner的这本书。
3. What des the authr like abut The Scrates Express?( B )
A. Its views n histry are well-presented.B. Its ideas can be applied t daily life.
C. It includes cmments frm readers.D. It leaves an pen ending.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第五段的"He makes philsphical thught an appealing exercise that imprves the quality f ur experiences"可知，在《苏格拉底快车》这本书中，作者使哲学思考成为一种吸引人的体验，可以提高我们的（人生）经历的质量。结合常识可以推知，《苏格拉底快车》的思想可以用于日常生活中，故B项正确。
4. What des the authr think f Weiner's bk?( D )
A. Objective and plain.B. Daring and ambitius.
C. Serius and hard t fllw.D. Humrus and straightfrward.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第五段的"he des s with plenty f humr"可知，该书 使用了大量幽默的语言；根据尾段第一句"The Scrates Express is a fun, sharp bk that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thughts n desire, lneliness, and aging" 可知，《苏格拉底快车》因显而易见的简单而吸引读者，并逐渐将他们带入对欲望、孤独和衰老的更深层次的思考。据此可以推知，Weiner的书幽默且易懂，故D项正确。
解读：本文重点介绍了哲学著作《苏格拉底快车》，该书语言幽默，陈述直白，却能让读者深刻思考日常生活中的欲望、孤独等哲学问题。
【核心词汇】 reawaken vt.勾起，唤起；再次引发（感情、回忆等）
cnversatin n.（非正式的）谈话，交谈
prcess n.过程，进程；步骤，程序
apparent adj.显而易见的，易懂的；貌似的，表面上的
pick up 拿起；学会；接人
Passage 2 [2022新高考卷Ⅱ，D，10分]
As we age, even if we're healthy, the heart just isn't as efficient in prcessing xygen as it used t be. In mst peple the first signs shw up in their 50s r early 60s. And amng peple wh dn't exercise, the changes can start even sner.
"Think f a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer fr 20 years and it will becme dry and easily brken," says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University f Texas. That's what happens t the heart. Frtunately fr thse in midlife, Levine is finding that even if yu haven't been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape nw may help imprve yur aging heart.
Levine and his research team selected vlunteers aged between 45 and 64 wh did nt exercise much but were therwise healthy. Participants were randmly divided int tw grups. The first grup participated in a prgram f nnaerbic （无氧） exercise — balance training and weight training — three times a week. The secnd grup did high-intensity aerbic exercise under the guidance f a trainer fr fur r mre days a week. After tw years, the secnd grup saw remarkable imprvements in heart health.
"We tk these 50-year-ld hearts and turned the clck back t 30- r 35-year-ld hearts," says Levine. "And the reasn they gt s much strnger and fitter was that their hearts culd nw fill a lt better and pump （泵送） a lt mre bld during exercise." But the hearts f thse wh participated in less intense exercise didn't change, he says.
"The sweet spt in life t start exercising, if yu haven't already, is in late middle age when the heart still has flexibility," Levine says. "We put healthy 70-year-lds thrugh a yearlng exercise training prgram, and nthing happened t them at all."
Dr. Nieca Gldberg, a spkeswman fr the American Heart Assciatin, says Levine's findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs t be repeated with far larger grups f peple t determine exactly which aspects f an exercise rutine make the biggest difference.
1. What des Levine want t explain by mentining the rubber band?( D )
A. The right way f exercising.B. The causes f a heart attack.
C. The difficulty f keeping fit.D. The aging prcess f the heart.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段Dr. Ben Levine的话"Think f a rubber band... it will becme dry and easily brken"以及"That's what happens t the heart"可知，Levine想通过橡皮筋来解释心脏的衰老过程，故选D项。
2. In which aspect were the tw grups different in terms f research design?( C )
A. Diet plan.B. Prfessinal backgrund.
C. Exercise type.D. Previus physical cnditin.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段中的"The first grup... mre days a week"可知，第一组每周参加三次无氧运动——平衡训练和重量训练，第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多天的高强度有氧运动。由此可知，两组在研究设计上的差异是运动类型不同，故选C项。
3. What des Levine's research find?( A )
A. Middle-aged hearts get yunger with aerbic exercise.
B. High-intensity exercise is mre suitable fr the yung.
C. It is never t late fr peple t start taking exercise.
D. The mre exercise we d, the strnger ur hearts get.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段中的"The secnd grup ... in heart health"可知，第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多天的高强度有氧运动。两年后，第二组的心脏健康状况有了显著改善。再根据第四段中的"We tk hearts"可知，这些50岁的心脏回到了30或35岁时的状态。由此可知，Levine的研究发现了通过有氧运动，中年人的心脏会变得更年轻，故选A项。
4. What des Dr. Nieca Gldberg suggest?( C )
A. Making use f the findings.B. Interviewing the study participants.
C. Cnducting further research.D. Clarifying the purpse f the study.
[解析]推理判断题。根据最后一段中的"But the study ... the biggest difference"可知，这项研究的规模很小，需要在更大的人群中重复进行，以确定日常锻炼的哪些方面会产生最大的影响。由此可知，Nieca Gldberg博士建议进行进一步的研究。故选C项。
解读：研究发现，锻炼对心脏有好处。
【核心词汇】efficient adj. 有能力的，效率高的
enthusiastic adj.热情的；热烈的；满腔热忱的
randmly adv.随意地 participate v.参与；参加
remarkable adj.显著的；引人注目的；非凡的
flexibility n.灵活性 aspect n.方面
【熟词新义】age 常用义：n. 年龄 本文义：v. 变老
译文：幸运的是，对于那些中年人来说，Levine发现，即使你不热衷锻炼，现在锻炼身体也可能有助于改善你衰老的心脏。
题组三
Passage 1 [2022全国卷甲，A，6分]
Theatres and Entertainment
St David's Hall
St David's Hall is the award-winning Natinal Cncert Hall f Wales standing at the very heart f Cardiff's entertainment centre. With an impressive 2,000-seat cncert hall, St David's Hall is hme t the annual Welsh Prms Cardiff. It presents live entertainment, including pp, rck, flk, jazz, musicals, dance, wrld music, films and classical music.
The Hayes, Cardiff CF10 1AH
The Glee Club
Every weekend this is "Wales" premier cmedy club where having a great time is the rder fr bth audiences and cmedy stars alike. It is hard t name a cmedy star wh hasn't been n the stage here. If yu are lking fr the best cmedies n tur and brilliant live music, yu shuld start here.
Mermaid Quay, Cardiff Bay, Cardiff CF10 5BZ
Sherman Cymru
Sherman Cymru's theatre in the Cathays area f Cardiff repened in February 2012. This special building is a place in which theatre is made and where children, artists, writers and anyne else have the pprtunity （机会） t d creative things. Sherman Cymru is excited t present a packed prgramme f the very best theatre, dance, family shws and music frm Wales and the rest f the wrld.
Senghennydd Rad, Cardiff CF24 4YE
New Theatre
The New Theatre has been the hme f quality drama, musicals, dance and children's shws fr mre than 100 years. Presenting the best f the West End alng with the pick f the UK's turing shws, the New Theatre is Cardiff's ldest surviving traditinal theatre. Be sure t pay a visit as part f yur stay in the city.
Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3LN
1. Where is the Welsh Prms Cardiff hsted?( D )
A. At the New Theatre.B. At the Glee Club.
C. At Sherman Cymru.D. At St David's Hall.
[解析]细节理解题。根据St David's Hall部分中的"With an impressive 2,000-seat cncert hall, St David's Hall is hme t the annual Welsh Prms Cardiff"可知答案，故选D项。
2. What can peple d at the Glee Club?( B )
A. Watch musicals.B. Enjy cmedies.C. See family shws.D. D creative things.
[解析]细节理解题。根据The Glee Club部分中的"cmedy club" "If yu are lking fr the best cmedies"可知，人们在这里可以欣赏到喜剧。故选B项。
【干扰项分析】 A属"偷梁换柱"，文中提到的是"live music"；C和D属"张冠李戴"，将Sherman Cymru中的信息错误匹配到 The Glee Club中。
3. Which website can yu visit t learn abut Cardiff's ldest surviving theatre?( A )
A. B.
C. D.
[解析]细节理解题。根据New Theatre部分中的"the New Theatre is Cardiff's ldest surviving traditinal theatre"可知,New Theatre是加的夫现存最古老的剧院，所以人们可以从网站上了解它的相关信息。故选A项。
解读：本文是对英国加的夫市四家艺术剧院的介绍。
Passage 2 [2021全国卷乙，A，6分]
The Biggest Stadiums in the Wrld
Peple have been puring int stadiums since the days f ancient Greece. In arund 80 A.D., the Rmans built the Clsseum, which remains the wrld's best knwn stadium and cntinues t infrm cntemprary design. Rme's Clsseum was 157 feet tall and had 80 entrances, seating 50,000 peple. Hwever, that was small fry cmpared with the city's Circus Maximus, which accmmdated arund 250,000 peple.
These days, safety regulatins — nt t mentin the mdern sprts fan's desire fr a gd view and a cmfrtable seat — tend t keep stadium capacities （容量）slightly lwer. Even sccer fans tend t have a seat each; gne are the days f thusands standing t watch the match.
Fr the biggest stadiums in the wrld, we have used data supplied by the Wrld Atlas list s far, which ranks them by their stated permanent capacity, as well as updated infrmatin frm fficial stadium websites.
All these stadiums are still functinal, still pen and still hsting the biggest events in wrld sprt.
·Rungrad 1st f May Stadium, Pyngyang, Capacity: 150,000. Opened： May 1,1989.
·Michigan Stadium, Ann Arbr, Michigan, U.S. Capacity: 107,601. Opened: Octber 1, 1927.
·Beaver Stadium, State Cllege, Pennsylvania, U.S. Capacity: 106,572. Opened: September 17,1960.
·Ohi Stadium, Clumbus, Ohi, U.S. Capacity: 104,944. Opened: Octber 7, 1922.
·Kyle Field, Cllege Statin, Texas, U.S. Capacity: 102,512. Opened: September 24，1927.
1. Hw many peple culd the Circus Maximus hld?( D )
A. 104，944.B. 107,601.C. Abut 150,000.D. Abut 250,000.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句"Hwever, that was small fry cmpared with the city's Circus Maximus, which accmmdated arund 250，000 peple"可知，Circus Maximus能容纳大约250 000人，故D项正确。
【解题指导】 题干问Circus Maximus能够容纳多少人，可将答案定位在文中出现Circus Maximus的位置：第一段最后一句中的"the city's Circus Maximus, which accmmdated arund 250,000 peple"。由此本题答案显而易见。
2. Of the fllwing stadiums, which is the ldest?( C )
A. Michigan Stadium. B. Beaver Stadium.C. Ohi Stadium.D. Kyle Field.
[解析]细节理解题。本题问哪个体育场最古老。根据文章最后一部分列举的五大体育场信息中的"Ohi Stadium， Clumbus， Ohi， U.S. Capacity：104，944. Opened：Octber 7，1922"可知，Ohi Stadium 于1922年开放；据文中信息可知，A、B、D项的体育场分别于1927年、1960年和1927年开放。故C项正确。
【解题指导】 题干问以下哪个体育场最古老，可将答案定位在文章最后列举的这几个体育场的"开放时间"信息上：A对应的是Octber 1, 1927；B对应的是September 17,1960；C对应的是Octber 7, 1922；D对应的是September 24，1927。很显然，最早的是1922年，故Ohi Stadium是这几个体育场中最古老的。
3. What d the listed stadiums have in cmmn?( A )
A. They hst big games.B. They have becme turist attractins.
C. They were built by Americans.D. They are favred by architects.
[解析]细节理解题。题干问文中所提到的几个体育场的共同之处是什么。根据第四段的"All these stadiums are still functinal, still pen and still hsting the biggest events in wrld sprt"可知，这些体育场现今还举办世界上的大型体育赛事。故A项正确。
【干扰项分析】 文中没有提到这些体育场成了旅游胜地，所以排除B项；文中只提到了所列体育场的位置、容量及开放年份等信息，C、D项无信息支撑，可排除。
解读：本文从著名的罗马斗兽场谈起，为读者介绍了世界上最大的几个体育场及其相关信息。
【核心词汇】 accmmdate v.容纳，为……提供住宿，为……提供空间
functinal adj. 实用的，工作的，运转的，（能）起作用的
译文：现在，安全规章通常会使得体育场容量稍微降低，且不说现代的体育爱好者想要好的视野和舒适的座椅。
译文：甚至足球迷往往每个人都有座位；上千人站着看比赛的时代已经一去不复返了。
题组四
Passage 1 [2021全国卷甲，C，8分]
When I was 9, we packed up ur hme in Ls Angeles and arrived at Heathrw, Lndn n a gray January mrning. Everyne in the family settled quickly int the city except me. Withut my belved beaches and endless blue-sky days, I felt at a lss and ut f place. Until I made a discvery.
Suthbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center f British skatebarding, where the cntinuus crashing f skatebards left yur head ringing. I lved it. I sn made friends with the lcal skaters. We spke ur wn language. And my favrite: Safe. Safe meant cl. It meant hell. It meant dn't wrry abut it. Once, when trying a certain trick n the beam（横杆）, I fell nt the stnes, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Tby came ver, helping me up: Safe, man. Safe. A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their bards lud, shuting: "Safe! Safe! Safe!" And that's what mattered — landing tricks, being a gd skater.
When I was 15, my family mved t Washingtn. I tried skatebarding there, but the lcals were far less welcming. Within a cuple f years, I'd given it up.
When I returned t Lndn in 2004, I fund myself wandering dwn t Suthbank, spending hurs there. I've traveled back several times since, mst recently this past spring. The day was cld but clear； turists and Lndners stpped t watch the skaters. Weaving（穿梭）amng the kids wh rushed by n their bards, I fund my way t the beam. Then a rail-thin teenager, in a baggy white T-shirt, skidded（滑）up t the beam. He sat next t me. He seemed nt t ntice the man next t him. But sn I caught a few f his glances. "I was a lcal here 20 years ag," I tld him. Then, slwly, he began t nd his head. "Safe, man. Safe."
"Yeah，" I said. "Safe."
1. What can we learn abut the authr sn after he mved t Lndn?( A )
A. He felt disappinted.B. He gave up his hbby.
C. He liked the weather there.D. He had disagreements with his family.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"Withut my belved beaches and endless blue-sky days, I felt at a lss and ut f place"可知，作者搬到伦敦后，因那里没有自己钟爱的海滩和蔚蓝的天空而感到不知所措和格格不入，所以，作者是失望的，故A项正确。
2. What d the underlined wrds "Safe! Safe! Safe!" prbably mean?( B )
A. Be careful!B. Well dne!C. N way!D. Dn't wrry!
[解析]词义猜测题。根据画线词后的"And that's what mattered — landing tricks, being a gd skater"可知，这是成为一名优秀滑冰运动员重要的着陆技巧。再结合画线词前的"when I landed the trick,my "可知，作者成功做了那个动作后，朋友们大声敲打自己的滑板，并大喊"Safe! Safe! Safe!"，故画线词应该是在夸赞作者表现好，故B项能解释画线词的意义。
3. Why did the authr like t spend time in Suthbank when he returned t Lndn?( D )
A. T jin the skatebarding.B. T make new friends.
C. T learn mre tricks.D. T relive his childhd days.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第三段和第四段可知，作者15岁的时候搬到了华盛顿，那里没有玩滑板的氛围，于是，作者放弃了滑板运动。后来他回伦敦时总会去南岸看孩子们玩滑板，重温儿时玩滑板的快乐时光，故D项正确。
4. What message des the authr seem t cnvey in the text?( C )
A. Children shuld learn a secnd language.B. Sprt is necessary fr children's health.
C. Children need a sense f belnging.D. Seeing the wrld is a must fr children.
[解析]推理判断题。综观全文可知，作者9岁那年搬家之后，滑板让作者找到了归属感。15岁时，作者搬到了华盛顿，由于当地没有玩滑板的氛围，作者放弃了这一爱好，但是每次回到伦敦，滑板还是可以让作者找回儿时的记忆和美好，找到归属感，所以整篇文章作者想传递的信息就是儿童需要有归属感，故C项正确。
解读：本文主要讲作者儿时随家人搬到伦敦以后，倍感失落，后来他在泰晤士河南岸结识了玩滑板的新朋友，找到了归属感。作者15岁时搬到了华盛顿，那里没有玩滑板的氛围，于是作者放弃了滑板运动。之后，作者又回了几次伦敦，并去了南岸，看着孩子们滑滑板，听着熟悉的语言，他又找回了归属感。
【核心词汇】 pack up打点（行装） at a lss不知所措
ut f place不合时宜，格格不入 cntinuus adj.连续的，持续的
cme ver过来；顺便来访
Passage 2 [2021浙江，B，10分]
We live in a twn with three beaches. There are tw parks less than 10 minutes' walk frm hme where neighburhd children gather t play. Hwever, what my children want t d after schl is pick up a screen — any screen — and stare at it fr hurs. They are nt alne. Tday's children spend an average f fur and a half hurs a day lking at screens, split between watching televisin and using the Internet.
In the past few years, an increasing number f peple and rganisatins have begun cming up with plans t cunter this trend. A cuple f years ag，film-maker David Bnd realised that his children, then aged five and three, were attached t screens t the pint where he was able t say "chclate" int his three-year-ld sn's ear withut getting a respnse. He realised that smething needed t change, and, being a Lndn media type, appinted himself "marketing directr fr Nature". He dcumented his jurney as he set abut treating nature as a brand t be marketed t yung peple. The result was Prject Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth f the Wild Netwrk, a grup f rganisatins with the cmmn gal f getting children ut int nature.
"Just five mre minutes utdrs can make a difference," David Bnd says. "There is a lt f really interesting evidence which seems t be suggesting that if children are inspired up t the age f seven, then being utdrs will be a habit fr life." His wn children have gt int the habit f playing utside nw:"We just send them ut int the garden and tell them nt t cme back in fr a while."
Summer is upn us. There is an amazing wrld ut there, and it needs ur children as much as they need it. Let us get them ut and let them play.
1. What is the prblem with the authr's children?( D )
A. They ften anny the neighburs.
B. They are tired f ding their hmewrk.
C. They have n friends t play with.
D. They stay in frnt f screens fr t lng.
[解析]细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的"Hwever, what my up a screen — any screen — and stare at it fr hurs"可知，作者的孩子长时间看电子产品（屏幕），故选D项。
2. Hw did David Bnd advcate his idea?( A )
A. By making a dcumentary film.B. By rganizing utdr activities.
C. By advertising in Lndn media.D. By creating a netwrk f friends.
[解析]细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的 "He realised that smething needed t dcumented his jurney result was Prject Wild Thing"可知，为了改变孩子们长时间看电子产品的现状，David Bnd利用自身的职业优势，制作了纪录片Prject Wild Thing，故选A项。
【解题线索】 此处dcument用作动词，表示"记录，记载"；与A项中的dcumentary相对应。
3. Which f the fllwing can replace the underlined wrd "charts" in paragraph 2?( A )
A. recrdsB. predictsC. delaysD. cnfirms
[解析]词义猜测题。根据文章第二段中画线词前的"a film"及画线词后的"the birth f the Wild Netwrk, a grup f rganisatins"可推知，这部纪录片记录了Wild Netwrk的诞生，chart此处意思同recrd，故选A项。
【解题指导】 chart的常见含义是"图表"，是名词，很显然，此处的charts并不是此意。文中的charts在定语从句（which charts the birth f the Wild Netwrk）中作谓语，所以chart在此是动词，结合charts的前后信息（a film和the birth f the Wild Netwrk）可知，chart在此意为"记录，跟踪（进展或发展）"。
4. What can be a suitable title fr the text?( C )
A. Let Children Have FunB. Yung Children Need Mre Free Time
C. Market Nature t ChildrenD. David Bnd: A Rle Mdel fr Children
[解析]标题判断题。根据全文内容可知，本文主要提倡让孩子们走出家门，摆脱电子产品的诱惑，走向大自然，故C项能较好地概括全文，适合作文章标题。
解读：文章讲述了电影制作人David Bnd看到自己的孩子沉迷于电子产品，于是他通过纪录片，鼓励孩子们走进大自然。
题组五
Passage 1 [2020新高考卷Ⅰ，C，10分]
In the mid-1990s, Tm Bissell taught English as a vlunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven mnths, physically brken and having lst his mind. A few years later, still attracted t the cuntry, he returned t Uzbekistan t write an article abut the disappearance f the Aral Sea.
His visit, hwever, ended up invlving a lt mre than that. Hence this bk, Chasing the Sea: Lst Amng the Ghsts f Empire in Central Asia, which talks abut a rad trip frm Tashkent t Karakalpakstan, where millins f lives have been destryed by the slw drying up f the sea. It is the stry f an American travelling t a strange land, and f the peple he meets n his way：Rustam, his translatr, a lvely 24-year-ld wh picked up his clrful English in Califrnia, Oleg and Natasha, his hsts in Tashkent, and a string f freign aid wrkers.
This is a quick lk at life in Uzbekistan, made f friendliness and warmth, but als its darker side f sciety. In Samarkand, Mr Bissell admires the architectural wnders, while n his way t Bukhara he gets a taste f plice methds when suspected f drug dealing. In Ferghana, he attends a muntain funeral（葬礼） fllwed by a strange drinking party. And in Karakalpakstan, he is saddened by the dust strms, diseases and fishing bats stuck miles frm the sea.
Mr Bissell skillfully rganizes histrical insights and cultural references, making his tale a well-runded picture f Uzbekistan, seen frm Western eyes. His judgment and references are decidedly American, as well as his delicate stmach. As the authr explains, this is neither a travel nr a histry bk, r even a piece f reprtage. Whatever it is, the result is a fine and vivid descriptin f the purest f Central Asian traditins.
1. What made Mr Bissell return t Uzbekistan?( B )
A. His friends' invitatin. B. His interest in the cuntry.
C. His lve fr teaching. D. His desire t regain health.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"still attracted t the cuntry, he returned t Uzbekistan"可知，出于对乌兹别克斯坦这个国家的兴趣，他回到了这里，故B项符合题意。
2. What des the underlined wrd "that" in paragraph 2 refer t?( D )
A. Develping a serius mental disease.B. Taking a guided tur in Central Asia.
C. Wrking as a vlunteer in Uzbekistan.D. Writing an article abut the Aral Sea.
[解析]代词指代题。由第一段最后一句可知，他回乌兹别克斯坦是为了写一篇咸海消失的文章。由第二段首句可知，然而他的访问最终涉及的远不止那件事。由此可推知，那件事就是指"写一篇关于咸海的文章"。
3. Which f the fllwing best describes Mr Bissell's rad trip in Uzbekistan?( B )
A. Rmantic.B. Eventful.C. Pleasant. D. Dangerus.
[解析]推理判断题。第三段中描述了Mr Bissell领略了Samarkand的建筑奇迹，在去往Bukhara的路上被警察怀疑贩毒，在Ferghana参加了一场葬礼随之而来的是一个奇怪的酒会，在Karakalpakstan遭遇沙尘暴、疾病等经历，由此可知，在此途中他经历了很多事情，故B项"充满事件的，多事的"可以表达此意。
4. What is the purpse f this text?( A )
A. T intrduce a bk.B. T explain a cultural phenmenn.
C. T remember a writer.D. T recmmend a travel destinatin.
[解析]写作意图题。文章开头引出Tm Bissell写书的背景，后面三段介绍了这本书的概要、主要内容和对这本书的评价。尤其是文章最后两句提到：这不是一本游记，也不是一本历史书。不管它是什么，它都形象地描述了中亚地区的传统。全文围绕这本书展开，目的就是向读者介绍这本书，故选A。
解读：曾在乌兹别克斯坦做志愿者的Tm Bissell出于对这个国家的兴趣几年后再次回到这里，并写了一本书叙述其在该国旅行中的见闻。本文对这本书进行了简要介绍。
Passage 2 [2020全国卷Ⅰ，C，8分]
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running， research shws， while mst likely cntributing t fewer injuries. It des, hwever, have its wn prblem.
Race walkers are cnditined athletes. The lngest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilmeter race walk, which is abut five miles lnger than the marathn. But the sprt's rules require that a race walker's knees stay straight thrugh mst f the leg swing and ne ft remain in cntact（接触） with the grund at all times. It's this strange frm that makes race walking such an attractive activity, hwever, says Jaclyn Nrberg, an assistant prfessr f exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says. Accrding t mst calculatins, race walkers mving at a pace f six miles per hur wuld burn abut 800 calries（卡路里） per hur, which is apprximately twice as many as they wuld burn walking, althugh fewer than running, which wuld prbably burn abut 1,000 r mre calries per hur.
Hwever, race walking des nt pund the bdy as much as running des, Dr. Nrberg says. Accrding t her research, runners hit the grund with as much as fur times their bdy weight per step, while race walkers, wh d nt leave the grund, create nly abut 1.4 times their bdy weight with each step.
As a result, she says, sme f the injuries assciated with running, such as runner's knee, are uncmmn amng race walkers. But the sprt's strange frm des place cnsiderable stress n the ankles and hips, s peple with a histry f such injuries might want t be cautius in adpting the sprt. In fact, anyne wishing t try race walking shuld prbably first cnsult a cach r experienced racer t learn prper technique, she says. It takes sme practice.
1. Why are race walkers cnditined athletes?( C )
A. They must run lng distances.B. They are qualified fr the marathn.
C. They have t fllw special rules.D. They are gd at swinging their legs.
[解析]细节理解题。由题干中的关键词cnditined athletes可将解题信息定位至第二段，根据该段中的"But the sprt's rules require that a race walker's knees stay straight thrugh mst f the leg swing and ne ft remain in cntact（接触） with the grund at all times"可知，竞走运动的规则要求竞走者的膝关节在腿摆动的大部分时间里伸直，同时一只脚始终保持与地面接触。据此可知，竞走者必须遵循一些特殊的运动规则，故C项正确。
2. What advantage des race walking have ver running?( D )
A. It's mre ppular at the Olympics.B. It's less challenging physically.
C. It's mre effective in bdy building.D. It's less likely t cause knee injuries.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第五段中的"sme f the injuries assciated with running, such as runner's knee, are uncmmn amng race walkers"可知，一些与跑步有关的损伤，如跑步者的膝盖（受伤），在竞走者中并不常见。据此可知，竞走不太可能导致膝盖受伤，故D项正确。
3. What is Dr. Nrberg's suggestin fr smene trying race walking?( A )
A. Getting experts' pinins.B. Having a medical checkup.
C. Hiring an experienced cach.D. Ding regular exercises.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第五段中的"anyne wishing t try race walking shuld prbably first cnsult a cach r experienced racer t learn prper technique"可知, Nrberg博士建议任何希望尝试竞走的人或许应该首先咨询下教练或有经验的竞走者，以学习正确的技巧，故A项正确。
4. Which wrd best describes the authr's attitude t race walking?( B )
A. Skeptical.B. Objective.C. Tlerant.D. Cnservative.
[解析]观点态度题。根据全文内容可知，作者提到了竞走这项运动的好处，同时也指出了它的一些危害，故作者对竞走的态度是客观的（Objective），B项正确。 skeptical怀疑的；tlerant宽容的；cnservative保守的。
解读：本文介绍了竞走运动的特点及其利弊。
【核心词汇】 fitness n. 健康
demanding adj. （工作）要求高的，费力的，（人）苛求的
calculatin n. 计算，估计 apprximately adv. 大约
cnsiderable adj. 相当大的，相当多的
译文： 根据大多数计算,以每小时六英里的速度移动的竞走者每小时会消耗大约800卡路里,这大约是他们走路燃烧的卡路里的两倍,虽然它比跑步消耗的卡路里少,跑步可能每小时消耗大约1 000卡路里或更多。
主题5 人与社会·历史、社会与文化
题组一
Passage 1 [2023全国卷乙，C，8分]
What cmes int yur mind when yu think f British fd? Prbably fish and chips, r a Sunday dinner f meat and tw vegetables. But is British fd really s uninteresting? Even thugh Britain has a reputatin fr less-than-impressive cuisine, it is prducing mre tp class chefs wh appear frequently n ur televisin screens and whse recipe bks frequently tp the best seller lists.
It's thanks t these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britns are turning away frm meat-and-tw-veg and ready-made meals and becming mre adventurus in their cking habits. It is recently reprted that the number f thse sticking t a traditinal diet is slwly declining and arund half f Britain's cnsumers wuld like t change r imprve their cking in sme way. There has been a rise in the number f students applying fr fd curses at UK universities and clleges. It seems that TV prgrammes have helped change what peple think abut cking.
Accrding t a new study frm market analysts, 1 in 5 Britns say that watching ckery prgrammes n TV has encuraged them t try different fd. Almst ne third say they nw use a wider variety f ingredients（配料） than they used t, and just under 1 in 4 say they nw buy better quality ingredients than befre. One in fur adults say that TV chefs have made them much mre cnfident abut expanding their ckery knwledge and skills, and yungpeple are als getting mre interested in cking. The UK's bsessin（痴迷） with fd is reflected thrugh televisin scheduling. Ckery shws and dcumentaries abut fd are bradcast mre ften than befre. With an increasing number f male chefs n TV, it's n lnger "uncl" fr bys t like cking.
1. What d peple usually think f British fd?( A )
A. It is simple and plain.B. It is rich in nutritin.
C. It lacks authentic tastes.D. It deserves a high reputatin.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第一段中的"But is British fd really s uninteresting? Even thugh Britain has a reputatin fr less-than-impressive cuisine"可知，人们通常认为英国的食物简单、不吸引人。故选A。
2. Which best describes ckery prgrammes n British TV?( D )
A. Authritative.B. Creative.C. Prfitable.D. Influential.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句"It seems that TV prgrammes have helped change what peple think abut cking"可知，英国的烹饪类电视节目对观众影响很大，改变了他们对烹饪的看法。故选D。authritative"权威性的"；creative"富有创意的"；prfitable"有利可图的"；influential"有很大影响的"。
3. Which is the percentage f the peple using mre diverse ingredients nw?( D )
A. 20%.B. 24%.C. 25%.D. 33%.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段第二句"Almst ne third say they nw use a wider variety f ingredients（配料） than they used t"可知，近三分之一的人表示他们现在使用的配料比以前更丰富了，故选D。
4. What might the authr cntinue talking abut?( B )
A. The art f cking in ther cuntries.B. Male chefs n TV prgrammes.
C. Table manners in the UK.D. Studies f big eaters.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句"With an increasing number f male chefs n TV, it's n lnger ‘uncl’ fr bys t like cking"可知，随着越来越多的男厨师出现在电视上，男孩喜欢烹饪不再是"不酷"的事了。因此可推断，接下来作者可能会介绍一些电视节目中的男厨师。故选B。
解读：英国的一些烹饪类电视节目使更多的英国人改变饮食习惯并爱上烹饪。
【核心词汇】 have a reputatin fr 以……著称
cuisine n.烹饪；菜肴 turn away frm sth. 停止使用某物;拒绝
【长难句解读】It's thanks t these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britns are turning away frm meat-and-tw-veg and ready-made meals and becming mre adventurus in their cking habits.
分析：本句是一个强调句，被强调部分是"thanks t these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign"。
译文：多亏了这些电视节目的厨师们，而不是任何广告宣传活动，英国人正在对一荤两素和现成的饭菜失去兴趣，且在烹饪习惯上变得更有冒险精神。
Passage 2 [2023全国卷乙，D，8分]
If yu want t tell the histry f the whle wrld, a histry that des nt privilege ne part f humanity, yu cannt d it thrugh texts alne, because nly sme f the wrld has ever had texts, while mst f the wrld, fr mst f the time, has nt. Writing is ne f humanity's later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate（有文字的）scieties recrded their cncerns nt nly in writing but in things.
Ideally a histry wuld bring tgether texts and bjects, and sme chapters f this bk are able t d just that, but in many cases we simply can't. The clearest example f this between literate and nn-literate histry is perhaps the first cnflict, at Btany Bay, between Captain Ck's vyage and the Australian Abriginals. Frm the English side, we have scientific reprts and the captain's recrd f that terrible day. Frm the Australian side, we have nly a wden shield（盾） drpped by a man in flight after his first experience f gunsht. If we want t recnstruct what was actually ging n that day, the shield must be questined and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reprts.
In additin t the prblem f miscmprehensin frm bth sides, there are victries accidentally r deliberately twisted, especially when nly the victrs knw hw t write. Thse wh are n the lsing side ften have nly their things t tell their stries. The Caribbean Tain, the Australian Abriginals, the African peple f Benin and the Incas, all f whm appear in this bk, can speak t us nw f their past achievements mst pwerfully thrugh the bjects they made: a histry tld thrugh things gives them back a vice. When we cnsider cntact（联系） between literate and nn-literate scieties such as these, all ur first-hand accunts are necessarily twisted, nly ne half f a dialgue. If we are t find the ther half f that cnversatin, we have t read nt just the texts, but the bjects.
1. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?( A )
A. Hw past events shuld be presented.B. What humanity is cncerned abut.
C. Whether facts speak luder than wrds.D. Why written language is reliable.
[解析]段落大意题。根据文章首段可知，如果你想讲述一段不偏袒人类历史上任何一方的世界历史，你就不能仅依靠文字。文字是人类的后期成果之一，直到最近甚至许多有文字的社会不仅用文字，还用实物来记载他们的重要的事情。所以此段是说过去的历史事件应结合文字和实物来呈现，不能仅靠文字，故A项正确。
2. What des the authr indicate by mentining Captain Ck in paragraph 2?( D )
A. His reprt was scientific.B. He represented the lcal peple.
C. He ruled ver Btany Bay.D. His recrd was ne-sided.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第二段的第三、四句"Frm the English side, we have scientific reprts and the captain's recrd f that terrible day. Frm the Australian side, we have nly a wden shield（盾） drpped by a man in flight after his first experience f gunsht"可知，从英国和澳大利亚两方，我们看到的是不同的信息，也就是说，库克船长的记录是片面的。故D项正确。
3. What des the underlined wrd "cnversatin" in paragraph 3 refer t?( B )
A. Prblem.B. Histry.C. Vice.D. Sciety.
[解析]词义猜测题。题干问的是画线词cnversatin在文中的意思。根据第三段中的"a histry tld thrugh things gives them back a vice"（实物能还原历史事实）和 "all ur first-hand accunts are necessarily twisted, nly ne half f a dialgue. If we are t find the ther half f that cnversatin, we have t read nt just the texts, but the bjects"（我们所有的第一手描述无法避免地会被歪曲，它只是对话的一半。如果我们想找到另一半，就必不能只解读文字，还要解读实物）可知，cnversatin指的是历史，故B项正确。
4. Which f the fllwing bks is the text mst likely selected frm?( C )
A. Hw Maps Tell Stries f the WrldB. A Shrt Histry f Australia
C. A Histry f the Wrld in 100 ObjectsD. Hw Art Wrks Tell Stries
[解析]主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文讲述的重点是强调历史实物考证的重要性，故C项"《100件实物中的世界历史》"正确。
【干扰项分析】 A项《地图如何讲述世界的故事》和D项《艺术作品如何讲述故事》和文章内容不符；B项《澳大利亚简史》以偏概全，漏失信息。故C项正确。
解读：对于历史事件的考证不能仅凭文字记录，要注重文字记录和实物相互印证，以重现真实的历史。
【核心词汇】 frm ne's side 从某人的观点或角度来看
twist v.曲解，歪曲; 转动，旋转；盘绕; 扭伤
accunt n. 报告，描述; 账户
【长难句解读】 If yu want t tell the histry f the whle wrld, a histry that des nt privilege ne part f humanity, yu cannt d it thrugh texts alne, because nly sme f the wrld has ever had texts, while mst f the wrld, fr mst f the time, has nt.
分析：这是一个复合句，If引导条件状语从句，同位语a histry后面是一个定语从句。because引导原因状语从句，其中while表示前后两种情况的对比。
译文：如果你想讲述世界历史，一段不偏袒人类历史上任何一方的历史，你不能仅仅依靠文本记录，因为世界上只有一些地方有文字记载，然而世界上的多数地方绝大部分时候没有文字记载。
题组二
Passage 1 [2023浙江1月，B，10分]
Live with rmmates? Have friends and family arund yu? Chances are that if yu're lking t live a mre sustainable lifestyle, nt everyne arund yu will be ready t jump n that bandwagn.
I experienced this when I started switching t a zer waste lifestyle five years ag, as I was living with my parents, and I cntinue t experience this with my husband, as he is nt cmpletely zer waste like me. I've learned a few things alng the way thugh, which I hpe yu'll find encuraging if yu're ding yur best t figure ut hw yu can make the change in a nt-always-supprtive husehld.
Zer waste was a radical lifestyle mvement a few years back. I remember shwing my parents a vide f Bea Jhnsn, sharing hw cl I thught it wuld be t buy grceries with jars, and have s little trash! A few days later, I came back with my first jars f zer waste grceries, and my dad cmmented n hw silly it was fr me t carry jars everywhere. It came ff as a bit discuraging.
Yet as the mnths f reducing waste cntinued, I did what I culd that was within my wn reach. I had my wn bedrm, s I wrked n remving things I didn't need. Since I had my wn tiletries（洗漱用品）, I was able t start persnalising my rutine t be mre sustainable. I als ffered t ck every s ften, s I prtined ut a bit f the cupbard fr my wn zer waste grceries. Perhaps yur husehld wn't entirely make the switch, but yu may have sme cntrl ver yur wn persnal spaces t make the changes yu desire.
As yu make yur lifestyle changes, yu may find yurself wanting t speak up fr yurself if thers cmment n what yu're ding, which can turn itself int a whle husehld debate. If yu have individuals wh are nt n bard, yur wrds prbably wn't d much and can ften leave yu feeling mre discuraged.
S here is my advice: Lead by actin.
1. What d the underlined wrds "jump n that bandwagn" mean in the first paragraph?( B )
A. Share an apartment with yu.B. Jin yu in what yu're ding.
C. Transfrm yur way f living.D. Help yu t make the decisin.
[解析]词义猜测题。根据画线部分前的"Live with rmmates？""Have friends and family arund yu?"及"lking t live a mre sustainable lifestyle"提及的对生活方式的渴望，再根据下文描述的作者在生活方式的选择上与家人不同时的经历可推断，此处表示当你想选择更加可持续的生活方式时，不是身边的所有人都会加入其中，故B项与画线词组的意思最为接近。
2. What was the attitude f the authr's father tward buying grceries with jars?( A )
A. He disapprved f it.B. He was sympathetic t it.
C. He was tlerant f it.D. He didn't care abut it.
[解析]观点态度题。根据第三段中的"my dad cmmented n hw silly it was fr me t carry jars everywhere"可知，父亲不赞同作者买带罐子的杂货，故A项正确。
【解题线索】 silly带有贬义色彩，由此可知作者的父亲并不认可作者的做法。
3. What can we infer abut the authr?( D )
A. She is quite gd at cking.B. She respects thers' privacy.
C. She enjys being a husewife.D. She is a determined persn.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第三段中的"hw silly it was""a bit discuraging"可知，家人并不认可作者的生活方式。根据第四段中的"Yet as the mnths f reducing waste cntinued, I did what I culd that was within my wn reach"可知,作者仍然坚持自己的生活方式。由此可知，作者是一个意志坚定的人，故D项正确。
4. What is the text mainly abut?( C )
A. Hw t get n well with ther family members.
B. Hw t have ne's wn persnal space at hme.
C. Hw t live a zer waste lifestyle in a husehld.
D. Hw t cntrl the budget when buying grceries.
[解析]主旨大意题。文章第一、二段讲述了在家庭生活中实行"零浪费"生活方式可能遭遇反对，第三、四段讲述了作者自身如何通过行动在家庭中改变生活方式，第五段讲述了当你改变生活方式时你可能遭遇的情况，第六段讲述了作者给读者的建议;再根据第二段尾句中的"hw yu can make the change in a nt-always-supprtive husehld"可知，文章主要内容与如何在家庭生活中实现"零浪费"生活方式有关，故C项正确。
解读：作者在最开始尝试"零浪费"生活方式时，家人并不理解她的做法，但她仍然坚持并建议读者用行动引领生活方式的转变。
【核心词汇】 radical adj. 全新的；彻底的；激进的
cmment n 作出评论 prtin sth. ut 把……分成若干份
speak up fr 明确表态；为……说好话，辩护 n bard 支持
译文：然而，在这一过程中，我也学到了一些东西。如果你正尽最大努力想出如何在一个不总是赞同你的家庭中做出改变的话，希望这些能令你感到鼓舞。
Passage 2 [2022新高考卷Ⅰ，B，10分]
Like mst f us, I try t be mindful f fd that ges t waste. The arugula（芝麻菜） was t make a nice green salad, runding ut a rast chicken dinner. But I ended up wrking late. Then friends called with a dinner invitatin. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even wrse, I had unthinkingly bught way t much; I culd have made six salads with what I threw ut.
In a wrld where nearly 800 millin peple a year g hungry, "fd waste ges against the mral grain," as Elizabeth Ryte writes in this mnth's cver stry. It's jaw-drpping hw much perfectly gd fd is thrwn away — frm "ugly" （but quite eatable） vegetables rejected by grcers t large amunts f uneaten dishes thrwn int restaurant garbage cans.
Prducing fd that n ne eats wastes the water, fuel, and ther resurces used t grw it. That makes fd waste an envirnmental prblem. In fact, Ryte writes, "if fd waste were a cuntry, it wuld be the third largest prducer f greenhuse gases in the wrld."
If that's hard t understand, let's keep it as simple as the arugula at the back f my refrigeratr. Mike Curtin sees my arugula stry all the time — but fr him, it's mre like 12 bxes f dnated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO f DC Central Kitchen in Washingtn, D.C., which recvers fd and turns it int healthy meals. Last year it recvered mre than 807,500 punds f fd by taking dnatins and cllecting blemished（有瑕疵的） prduce that therwise wuld have rtted in fields. And the strawberries? Vlunteers will wash, cut, and freeze r dry them fr use in meals dwn the rad.
Such methds seem bvius, yet s ften we just dn't think. "Everyne can play a part in reducing waste, whether by nt purchasing mre fd than necessary in yur weekly shpping r by asking restaurants t nt include the side dish yu wn't eat," Curtin says.
1. What des the authr want t shw by telling the arugula stry?( B )
A. We pay little attentin t fd waste.B. We waste fd unintentinally at times.
C. We waste mre vegetables than meat.D. We have gd reasns fr wasting fd.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段的故事可知，作者不假思索地买了太多芝麻菜;作者本可以用扔掉的芝麻菜做六份沙拉。由此可知，我们有时会无意中浪费食物。故选B项。
2. What is a cnsequence f fd waste accrding t the text?( B )
A. Mral decline.B. Envirnmental harm.
C. Energy shrtage.D. Wrldwide starvatin.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段中的"That makes fd waste an envirnmental prblem"可知，食物浪费的后果是环境问题，故选B。
3. What des Curtin's cmpany d?( D )
A. It prduces kitchen equipment.B. It turns rtten arugula int clean fuel.
C. It helps lcal farmers grw fruits.D. It makes meals ut f unwanted fd.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第四段中的"Curtin is it int healthy meals"可知，该公司回收食物并将其转变为健康食品。由此可推知，Curtin的公司把一些人们不想要的东西变成可以吃的健康食物。故选D项。
4. What des Curtin suggest peple d?( A )
A. Buy nly what is needed.B. Reduce fd cnsumptin.
C. G shpping nce a week.D. Eat in restaurants less ften.
[解析]推理判断题。根据最后一段中Curtin说的话可推知，Curtin建议人们减少食物浪费。故选A项。
解读：在每年有近8亿人挨饿的世界上，"食物浪费违背了道德准则"。令人瞠目结舌的是，很多食物被扔掉了——从"丑陋"（但还可以吃）的蔬菜被杂货店拒绝，到大量没吃完的菜被扔进餐馆的垃圾桶。作者用种种事例呼吁人们不要浪费食物。
【核心词汇】mindful adj. 留心的；记住的；警觉的 reject v.拒绝
rt v. 腐烂 rund ut 完成 end up ding sth. 以……而告终 thrw ut 扔掉 turn sth. int sth.将某物转变为某物
题组三
Passage 1 [2022新高考卷Ⅰ，D，10分]
Human speech cntains mre than 2,000 different sunds, frm the cmmn "m" and "a" t the rare clicks f sme suthern African languages. But why are certain sunds mre cmmn than thers? A grund-breaking, five-year study shws that diet-related changes in human bite led t new speech sunds that are nw fund in half the wrld's languages.
Mre than 30 years ag, the schlar Charles Hckett nted that speech sunds called labidentals, such as "f" and "v", were mre cmmn in the languages f scieties that ate sfter fds. Nw a team f researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University f Zurich, Switzerland, has fund hw and why this trend arse.
They discvered that the upper and lwer frnt teeth f ancient human adults were aligned（对齐）， making it hard t prduce labidentals, which are frmed by tuching the lwer lip t the upper teeth. Later, ur jaws changed t an verbite structure（结构）， making it easier t prduce such sunds.
The team shwed that this change in bite was cnnected with the develpment f agriculture in the Nelithic perid. Fd became easier t chew at this pint. The jawbne didn't have t d as much wrk and s didn't grw t be s large.
Analyses f a language database als cnfirmed that there was a glbal change in the sund f wrld languages after the Nelithic age, with the use f "f" and "v" increasing remarkably during the last few thusand years. These sunds are still nt fund in the languages f many hunter-gatherer peple tday.
This research verturns the ppular view that all human speech sunds were present when human beings evlved arund 300,000 years ag. "The set f speech sunds we use has nt necessarily remained stable since the appearance f human beings, but rather the huge variety f speech sunds that we find tday is the prduct f a cmplex interplay f things like bilgical change and cultural evlutin," said Steven Mran, a member f the research team.
1. Which aspect f the human speech sund des Damián Blasi's research fcus n?( D )
A. Its variety.B. Its distributin.C. Its quantity.D. Its develpment.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第二段中的"Nw a team f researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University f Zurich, Switzerland, has fund hw and why this trend arse"可知，Damián Blasi的研究发现了发音趋势发生的过程和原因，由此可知，他的研究集中在语音的发展上。
2. Why was it difficult fr ancient human adults t prduce labidentals?( C )
A. They had fewer upper teeth than lwer teeth.
B. They culd nt pen and clse their lips easily.
C. Their jaws were nt cnveniently structured.
D. Their lwer frnt teeth were nt large enugh.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段中的"They discvered that the upper and lwer frnt teeth f ancient human adults were aligned（对齐），making it hard t prduce labidentals"可知，古人的上下门牙是对齐的，很难发出唇齿音，也就是下巴构造导致的，故C项正确。
3. What is paragraph 5 mainly abut?( A )
A. Supprting evidence fr the research results.
B. Ptential applicatin f the research findings.
C. A further explanatin f the research methds.
D. A reasnable dubt abut the research prcess.
[解析]段落大意题。由第五段内容可知，对语言数据库的分析也证实，新石器时代之后，国际语言的发音发生了全球性的变化。第五段主要列出一些可以使研究结果更令人信服的证据。故选A项。
4. What des Steven Mran say abut the set f human speech sunds?( C )
A. It is key t effective cmmunicatin.B. It cntributes much t cultural diversity.
C. It is a cmplex and dynamic system.D. It drives the evlutin f human beings.
[解析]推理判断题。根据文章的最后一段可知，Steven Mran认为：自人类出现以来，我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，今天我们发现的各种语音都是像生物变化和文化进化这样的事物相互作用的产物。由此可推知，他认为人类语音是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C项。
解读：本文介绍了人类语音的演变与人类的饮食变化之间的关联研究。
Passage 2 [2022全国卷乙，D，8分]
The Gvernment's sugar tax n sft drinks has brught in half as much mney as Ministers first predicted it wuld generate， the first fficial data n the plicy has shwn.
First annunced in April， 2016， the tax which applies t sft drinks cntaining mre than 5g f sugar per 100ml, was intrduced t help reduce childhd besity（肥胖）.It is believed that tday's children and teenagers are cnsuming three times the recmmended level f sugar， putting them at a higher risk f the disease.
Initially the sugar tax was expected t make ￡520m a year fr the Treasury. Hwever， data f the first six mnths shwed it wuld make less than half this amunt. At present it is expected t generate ￡240m fr the year ending in April 2019， which will g t schl sprts.
It cmes after mre than half f sft drinks sld in shps have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers（制造商） s they can avid paying the tax. Drinks nw cntain 45 millin fewer kils f sugar as a result f manufacturers' effrts t avid the charge， accrding t Treasury figures. Since April drinks cmpanies have been frced t pay between 18p and 24p fr every litre f sugary drink they prduce r imprt， depending n the sugar cntent.
Hwever， sme high sugar brands， like Classic Cca Cla， have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing t change fr fear f upsetting cnsumers. Fruit juices， milk-based drinks and mst alchlic drinks are free f the tax， as are small cmpanies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.
Tday's figures， accrding t ne gvernment fficial， shw the psitive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millins f punds fr sprts facilities（设施） and healthier eating in schls. Helping the next generatin t have a healthy and active childhd is f great imprtance， and the industry is playing its part.
1. Why was the sugar tax intrduced?( C )
A. T cllect mney fr schls.B. T imprve the quality f drinks.
C. T prtect children's health.D. T encurage research in educatin.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段中的"First annunced in April, 2016, the tax which applies t sft drinks cntaining mre than 5g f sugar per 100ml，was intrduced t help reduce childhd besity（肥胖）"可知，征收糖税是为了降低孩子的肥胖率，即为了保护孩子的健康。
2. Hw did sme drinks cmpanies respnd t the sugar tax?( D )
A. They turned t verseas markets.
B. They raised the prices f their prducts.
C. They cut dwn n their prductin.
D. They reduced their prducts' sugar cntent.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第四段中的"It cmes after mre than half f sft drinks sld in shps have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers（制造商）s they can avid paying the tax"可知，一些饮料制造商为避税，降低了所生产饮料的含糖量。
3. Frm which f the fllwing is the sugar tax cllected?( D )
A. Mst alchlic drinks.B. Milk-based drinks.
C. Fruit juices.D. Classic Cke.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第五段中的"Hwever, sme high sugar brands, like Classic Cca Cla, have accepted the sugar tax"可知，可口可乐公司是需要缴税的。
4. What can be inferred abut the adptin f the sugar tax plicy?( B )
A. It is a shrt-sighted decisin.B. It is a success stry.
C. It benefits manufacturers.D. It upsets custmers.
[解析]推理判断题。根据最后一段首句可以推测出,糖税的征收是一个成功的案例。
解读：英国政府通过对部分软饮料征收糖税来降低儿童肥胖率，并直接将税收用于改进学校体育设施和保证更健康的饮食。
【段意梳理】
第一段：从官方的数据来看，糖税带来的收入比预期的数目少一半。
第二段：介绍了该税收征收的背景。
第三段：财政部预期的年征税额为五亿二千万英镑，而从前6个月的税收数据来看，预期税收收入将不及半数，预计到2019年4月税收收入仅有两亿四千万英镑。
第四段：阐述了税收不达预期的原因。
第五段：像可口可乐这样生产高含糖量饮料的大公司不在乎这些糖税，且不改变它们的配方。此外，果汁饮料、奶制品饮料、大部分含酒精饮料免征糖税。
第六段：一位政府官员表示此项征税已经显示了它的积极意义。
【核心词汇】 cnsume v. 消耗；吃；喝 initially adv. 开始; 最初
bring in 赚得 fr fear f唯恐，以免
题组四
Passage 1 [2022全国卷甲，D，8分]
Smetime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discvered its harbr. Then, ne after anther, Sydney discvered lts f things that were just srt f there — brad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse ppulatin. But it is the harbr that makes the city.
Andrew Reynlds, a cheerful fellw in his early 30s， pilts Sydney ferrybats fr a living. I spent the whle mrning shuttling back and frth acrss the harbr. After ur third run Andrew shut dwn the engine, and we went ur separate ways — he fr a lunch break, I t explre the city.
"I'll miss these ld bats," he said as we parted.
"Hw d yu mean?" I asked.
"Oh, they're replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they're nt s elegant, and they're nt fun t pilt. But that's prgress, I guess."
Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and prgress are the watchwrds （口号）, and traditins are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city's fficial histrian, tld me that in its rush t mdernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much f its past, including many f its finest buildings. "Sydney is cnfused abut itself," she said."We can't seem t make up ur minds whether we want a mdern city r a traditinal ne. It's a cnflict that we aren't getting any better at reslving （解决）."
On the ther hand, being yung and ld at the same time has its attractins. I cnsidered this when I met a thughtful yung businessman named Anthny. "Many peple say that we lack culture in this cuntry," he tld me. "What peple frget is that the Italians, when they came t Australia, brught 2000 years f their culture, the Greeks sme 3000 years, and the Chinese mre still. We've gt a fundatin built n ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism f a yung cuntry. It's a pretty hard cmbinatin t beat."
He is right, but I can't help wishing they wuld keep thse ld ferries.
1. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?( C )
A. Sydney's striking architecture.B. The cultural diversity f Sydney.
C. The key t Sydney's develpment.D. Sydney's turist attractins in the 1960s.
[解析]段落大意题。根据第一段中的"a significant thing happened in it is the harbr that makes the city"可知，本段主要讲述了悉尼发展过程中的关键，故C项正确。
2. What can we learn abut Andrew Reynlds?( D )
A. He ges t wrk by bat.B. He lks frward t a new life.
C. He pilts catamarans well.D. He is attached t the ld ferries.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第三段中的"I'll miss these ld bats"可知，Andrew Reynlds会怀念这些旧渡船，由此可推知，他很喜欢这些旧渡船，故D项正确。
3. What des Shirley Fitzgerald think f Sydney?( A )
A. It is lsing its traditins.B. It shuld speed up its prgress.
C. It shuld expand its ppulatin.D. It is becming mre internatinal.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第六段中的"Sydney swept aside much f its past, including many f its finest buildings"可以看出，Shirley Fitzgerald觉得悉尼在发展过程中丢弃了太多过去的事情，故A项正确。
4. Which statement will the authr prbably agree with?( A )
A. A city can be yung and ld at the same time.
B. A city built n ancient cultures is mre dynamic.
C. Mdernity is usually achieved at the cst f elegance.
D. Cmprmise shuld be made between the lcal and the freign.
[解析]推理判断题。根据最后两段中的"being yung and ld at the same time has its attractins"及"I can't help wishing they wuld keep thse ld ferries"可知，作者认为新旧交融自有其魅力，希望悉尼能够保留那些旧渡船，故作者很可能认同A项"一个城市可以新旧交融在一起"。
解读：澳大利亚城市悉尼在发展过程中丢弃了很多传统，但作者认为城市发展不应丢弃传统，新旧交融自有其魅力。
Passage 2 [2022浙江，A，7.5分]
Pasta and pizza were n everyne's lunch menu in my native land f Italy. Everyne wh had such a lunch was fair-skinned and spke Italian. A few years later, as I std in the lunch line with my kindergarten class in a schl in Brklyn, I realized things were n lnger that simple. My classmates ranged frm thse kids with pale skin and large blue eyes t thse with rich brwn skin and dark hair. The fd chices were almst as diverse as the students. In frnt f me was an array f fds I culdn't even name in my native language. Fearing that I wuld pick ut smething awful, I desperately tried t ask the by ahead f me fr a recmmendatin. Unfrtunately, between us std the barrier f language.
Althugh my kindergarten experience feels like a century ag, the lessns I learned will stick in my mind frever. Fr the past three summers, I have wrked in a gvernment agency in New Yrk. New immigrants much like the little girl in the lunch line flded ur ffice seeking help. I ften had t be an interpreter fr the Italian-speaking nes. As I served the rle f vital cmmunicatin link, I was reminded f my desperate struggle t cnverse befre I learned English. I watched with great sympathy as elderly Italians tried t hld a cnversatin in Italian with peple wh did nt speak the language. It suddenly became very clear t me hw lucky I was t be fluent in tw languages.
In New Yrk, a multicultural city, students like me are blessed with a chance t wrk with a diverse ppulatin. In my English t Italian translatins, I've learned abut scial prgrams that I didn't knw existed. This wrk expanded my mind in ways that are impssible inside the fur walls f a classrm. Walking thrugh the streets f Brklyn tday, I am n lnger cnfused by this city's sunds and smells. Instead, I enjy its diversity.
1. What did the authr realize after entering schl in Brklyn?( D )
A. Time passed quickly.B. English was hard t learn.
C. The fd was terrible.D. Peple were very different.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"I realized things were n lnger that simple"以及后面两句中不同肤色和食物可知，作者在布鲁克林上学后意识到人是非常不同的，故D项正确。
2. Wh des "the little girl" in paragraph 2 refer t?( C )
A. An Italian teacher.B. A gvernment fficial.
C. The authr herself.D. The authr's classmate.
[解析]推理判断题。"the little girl in the lunch line"意为"排队打午饭的小女孩"，结合第一段中讲到的"I std in the lunch line with my kindergarten class in a schl in Brklyn"可知，排队打午饭的小女孩指的正是作者本人，故C项正确。
3. Hw did the summer jb benefit the authr?( C )
A. It strengthened her lve fr schl.B. It helped sharpen her sense f directin.
C. It pened her eyes t the real wrld.D. It made her childhd dream cme true.
[解析]细节理解题。根据最后一段中的"This wrk expanded my mind in ways that are impssible inside the fur walls f a classrm"可知，在纽约政府机构的夏季工作拓展了作者的思维，让作者认识了现实世界，故C项正确。
【解题线索】 expand ne's mind与pen nes' eyes意义相近，可直接得出答案。
解读：作者作为一个意大利人在纽约布鲁克林求学和工作的时候，逐渐意识到社会是多元化的，她也喜欢上了这种多样性。
【核心词汇】 barrier n. 障碍；屏障；隔阂；分界线
cnverse v. 交谈 pick ut挑选
题组五
Passage 1 [2022 浙江1月，B，7.5分]
The United States rse t glbal pwer n the strength f its technlgy, and the lifebld f that technlgy has lng been electricity. By prviding lng-distance cmmunicatin and energy, electricity created the mdern wrld. Yet prperly understd, the age f electricity is merely the secnd stage in the age f steam, which began a century earlier.
"It is curius that n ne has put tgether a histry f bth the steam and electric revlutins," writes Maury Klein in his bk The Pwer Makers: Steam, Electricity, and the Men Wh Invented Mdern America. Klein, a nted histrian f technlgy, spins a narrative（叙述） s lively that at times it reads like a nvel.
The stry begins in the last years f the 18th century in Sctland, where Watt perfected "the machine that changed the wrld." Klein writes, "America did nt invent the steam engine, but nce they grasped its pssibilities they put it t mre uses than anyne else."
Meanwhile, ver the curse f the 19th century, electricity went frm mere curisity t a basic necessity. Mrse invented a cde fr sending messages ver an electrmagnetic circuit. Bell then gave the telegraph a vice. Edisn perfected an incandescent bulb（白炽灯泡） that brught electric light int the American hme.
Mst imprtantly, Edisn realized that success depended n mass electrificatin, which he shwed in New Yrk City. With help frm Tesla, Westinghuse's firm develped a system using alternating current（交流电）, which sn became the majr frm f pwer delivery.
T frame his stry, Klein creates the character f Ned, a fictinal witness t the prgress brught abut by the steam and electric revlutins in America during ne man's lifetime. It's a technique that helps turn a lng narrative int an interesting ne.
1. What is Klein's understanding f the age f electricity?( A )
A. It is clsely linked t the steam age.B. It began earlier than peple thught.
C. It is a little-studied perid f histry.D. It will cme t an end sner r later.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段中Klein的话"It is curius that n ne has put "可知，Klein认为没有人把蒸汽革命和电力革命的历史放在一起是很奇怪的，由此可知，他认为电气时代和蒸汽时代是密切相关的，故选A。
2. What can be inferred abut Ned?( D )
A. He was brn in New Yrk City.B. He wrte many interesting stries.
C. He created an electricity cmpany.D. He lived mainly in the 19th century.
[解析]推理判断题。根据题干中的Ned可将解题信息定位至最后一段。根据"Klein creates the character f revlutins in America during ne man's lifetime"可知，Ned在他的一生中见证了蒸汽和电力革命给美国带来的进步。再结合第三段和第四段的内容可知，Klein在书中描绘了18世纪末期和19世纪蒸汽和电力的发展。由此可推知，Ned主要生活在19世纪。
3. What is the text?( B )
A. A bigraphy.B. A bk review.C. A shrt stry.D. A science reprt.
[解析]文章类型题。文章首段通过电力和蒸汽引出Maury Klein的书，接下来对该书内容进行了介绍，最后一段提到为了构建他的故事，Klein创造了Ned这个虚构的角色。由此可推知，本文是一篇书评。
解读：通过提供远程通信和能源，电力创造了现代世界。电气时代仅仅是一个世纪前开始的蒸汽时代的第二个阶段。Maury Klein在他的书中描述了有关电气和蒸汽的变革。
【核心词汇】 lifebld n. 命脉 revlutin n. 革命，重大变革
【熟词新义】 perfect 常用义： adj. 完美的
本文义： v. 使完美，使完善
Passage 2 [2021新高考卷Ⅰ，D，10分]
Ppularizatin has in sme cases changed the riginal meaning f emtinal（情感的） intelligence. Many peple nw misunderstand emtinal intelligence as almst everything desirable in a persn's makeup that cannt be measured by an IQ test, such as character, mtivatin, cnfidence, mental stability, ptimism and "peple skills." Research has shwn that emtinal skills may cntribute t sme f these qualities, but mst f them mve far beynd skill-based emtinal intelligence.
We prefer t describe emtinal intelligence as a specific set f skills that can be used fr either gd r bad purpses. The ability t accurately understand hw thers are feeling may be used by a dctr t find hw best t help her patients, while a cheater might use it t cntrl ptential victims. Being emtinally intelligent des nt necessarily make ne a mral persn.
Althugh ppular beliefs regarding emtinal intelligence run far ahead f what research can reasnably supprt, the verall effects f the publicity have been mre beneficial than harmful. The mst psitive aspect f this ppularizatin is a new and much needed emphasis（重视）n emtin by emplyers, educatrs and thers interested in prmting scial well-being. The ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence has helped bth the public and researchers re-evaluate the functinality f emtins and hw they serve peple adaptively in everyday life.
Althugh the cntinuing ppular appeal f emtinal intelligence is desirable, we hpe that such attentin will excite a greater interest in the scientific and schlarly study f emtin. It is ur hpe that in cming decades, advances in science will ffer new perspectives（视角）frm which t study hw peple manage their lives. Emtinal intelligence, with its fcus n bth head and heart, may serve t pint us in the right directin.
1. What is a cmmn misunderstanding f emtinal intelligence?( D )
A. It can be measured by an IQ test.B. It helps t exercise a persn's mind.
C. It includes a set f emtinal skills.D. It refers t a persn's psitive qualities.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"Many peple nw misunderstand emtinal intelligence as almst everything desirable ...‘peple skills’"可知，许多人误认为情商是一个人身上无法通过智商测试衡量的几乎所有的良好品质，故D项正确。
【解题指导】 如上题,根据题干中的"misunderstanding"可迅速将答案定位在文章首段中单词misunderstand所在的句子，其中desirable（可取的）对应D项中的psitive（良好的，正面的），such as后的 "character, mtivatin, cnfidence, mental stability, ptimism and ‘peple skills.’"是psitive qualities的一些具体内容。
2. Why des the authr mentin "dctr" and "cheater" in paragraph 2?( B )
A. T explain a rule.B. T clarify a cncept.
C. T present a fact.D. T make a predictin.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第二段首句"We prefer t describe emtinal intelligence as a specific set f skills that can be used fr either gd r bad purpses"可知，作者首先介绍了情商这一概念，我们更喜欢将情商描述为一系列既可用于好的目的也可用于坏的目的的特定技能，然后作者通过医生和骗子这一好一坏两个例子来阐明（clarify）这一概念，故B项正确。
3. What is the authr's attitude t the ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence?( A )
A. Favrable.B. Intlerant.C. Dubtful.D. Unclear.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第三段中的"the verall effects f the publicity have been mre beneficial than helped bth the public and researchers... in everyday life"可知，情商的普及利大于弊，第四段首句作者希望对情商的关注能引发人们对情商研究的兴趣，由此可推知，作者对情商普及化的态度是支持的，故A项正确。favrable "肯定的，赞同的，支持的"；intlerant"不容忍的"；dubtful"怀疑的"；unclear"不确定的，不清楚的"。
4. What des the last paragraph mainly talk abut cncerning emtinal intelligence?( B )
A. Its appeal t the public.B. Expectatins fr future studies.
C. Its practical applicatin.D. Scientists with new perspectives.
[解析]段落大意题。根据最后一段的内容，尤其是"we hpe... study f emtin. It is ur hpe that... pint us in the right directin"可知，情商的普及利大于弊，第四段首句作者希望对情商的关注能引发人们对情商研究的兴趣，由此可推知本段主要讲述了作者对未来有关情商的研究的期待，故B项正确。
解读：在某些情况下，情商的普及改变了其原来的含义。情感技巧可以促成我们身上一些良好品质的形成，情商的普及总体上利大于弊，同时作者也希望未来对情感的研究可以更科学、更学术一些，希望科学的进步能为此类研究提供新的视角。
【熟词新义】1.makeup常用义：n.化妆品 本文义：n.性格，气质
2.excite常用义：v.使激动，使兴奋 本文义：v.激发，引发，引起
【长难句解读】
译文：我们希望在未来的几十年，科学的进步会为我们研究人们如何经营生活提供新的视角。
题组六
Passage 1 [2021全国卷乙，B，8分]
When almst everyne has a mbile phne, why are mre than half f Australian hmes still paying fr a landline（座机）？
These days yu'd be hard pressed t find anyne in Australia ver the age f 15 wh desn't wn a mbile phne. In fact plenty f yunger kids have ne in their pcket. Practically everyne can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime.
Still, 55 percent f Australians have a landline phne at hme and nly just ver a quarter （29%） rely nly n their smartphnes, accrding t a survey（调查）. Of thse Australians wh still have a landline, a third cncede that it's nt really necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case f emergencies. I think my hme falls int that categry.
Mre than half f Australian hmes are still chsing t stick with their hme phne. Age is naturally a factr（因素） — nly 58 percent f Generatin Ys still use landlines nw and then, cmpared t 84 percent f Baby Bmers wh've perhaps had the same hme number fr 50 years. Age isn't the nly factr; I'd say it's als t d with the makeup f yur husehld.
Generatin Xers with yung families, like my wife and I, can still find it cnvenient t have a hme phne rather than prviding a mbile phne fr every family member. That said, t be hnest the nly peple wh ever ring ur hme phne are ur Baby Bmers parents, t the pint where we play a game and guess wh is calling befre we pick up the phne（using Caller ID wuld take the fun ut f it）.
Hw attached are yu t yur landline? Hw lng until they g the way f gas street lamps and mrning milk deliveries?
1. What des paragraph 2 mainly tell us abut mbile phnes?( B )
A. Their target users.B. Their wide ppularity.
C. Their majr functins.D. Their cmplex design.
[解析]段落大意题。根据第二段中的关键信息"yu'd be hard pressed t find desn't wn a mbile phne" "plenty f yunger kids have ne"和"everyne can make and receive calls"可知，手机在澳大利亚非常普遍，故B项正确。A项（手机的目标用户）、C项（手机的主要功能）和D项（手机的复杂设计）在第二段都没有涉及。
2. What des the underlined wrd "cncede" in paragraph 3 mean?( A )
A. Admit.B. Argue.C. Remember.D. Remark.
[解析]词义猜测题。根据画线词后的"it's nt really necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket... in case f emergencies"可知，调查显示，在仍然使用座机的澳大利亚人中，有三分之一的人认为座机并不是真的有必要，他们只是把座机看作一种安全保障。由此可推断，画线词cncede的含义与admit相近，表示"承认"，故A项正确。
【技巧点拨】常用的解答词义猜测题的方法有：①利用句间逻辑关系（如同义逻辑关系、反义逻辑关系、因果逻辑关系等）猜测词义；②利用语法关系（如下定义、同位语、举例、定语从句和标点符号等）猜测词义；③利用构词法则（合成法、派生法和转化法等）猜测词义。
3. What can we say abut Baby Bmers?( C )
A. They like smartphne gamesB. They enjy guessing callers' identity.
C. They keep using landline phnes.D. They are attached t their family.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第四段的关键信息"84 percent f Baby Bmers wh've perhaps had the same hme number fr 50 years"可推知Baby Bmers坚持用座机的时间已经很长了；第五段的"the nly peple wh ever ring ur hme phne are ur Baby Bmers parents"可进一步证实，Baby Bmers一直在使用座机，故C项正确。
4. What can be inferred abut the landline frm the last paragraph?( B )
A. It remains a family necessity.B. It will fall ut f use sme day.
C. It may increase daily expenses.D. It is as imprtant as the gas light.
[解析]推理判断题。根据文章最后一句"Hw lng until they g the way f gas street lamps and mrning milk deliveries?"可知，座机迟早会像煤气路灯和晨间牛奶递送服务一样退出我们的生活。故B项正确。
【解题指导】 本段提到了 "g the way f gas street lamps and mrning milk deliveries"，我们首先要了解"gas street lamps"已不复存在，"mrning milk deliveries"也已消失。作者以问句的形式将座机与两者相比较，暗示了座机的未来，由此可推知座机有一天也会像它们一样不再被使用。
解读：现在，几乎每个人都有一部手机，但超过半数的澳大利亚家庭仍然使用座机。
【核心词汇】 be hard pressed t d sth.做某事有困难
categry n.类别，种类 stick with继续使用,不放弃
that said（用以缓和语气）话虽如此
attached adj.依恋，爱慕，附属于
【高级句式】
Passage 2 [2021全国卷乙，D，8分]
During an interview fr ne f my bks， my interviewer said smething I still think abut ften. Annyed by the level f distractin（干扰） in his pen ffice， he said， "That's why I have a membership at the cwrking space acrss the street — s I can fcus." His cmment struck me as strange. After all， cwrking spaces als typically use an pen ffice layut（布局）. But I recently came acrss a study that shws why his apprach wrks.
The researchers examined varius levels f nise n participants as they cmpleted tests f creative thinking. They were randmly divided int fur grups and expsed t varius nise levels in the backgrund， frm ttal silence t 50 decibels（分贝）， 70 decibels， and 85 decibels. The differences between mst f the grups were statistically insignificant； hwever， the participants in the 70 decibels grup — thse expsed t a level f nise similar t backgrund chatter in a cffee shp — significantly utperfrmed the ther grups. Since the effects were small， this may suggest that ur creative thinking des nt differ that much in respnse t ttal silence and 85 decibels f backgrund nise.
But since the results at 70 decibels were significant， the study als suggests that the right level f backgrund nise — nt t lud and nt ttal silence — may actually imprve ne's creative thinking ability. The right level f backgrund nise may interrupt ur nrmal patterns f thinking just enugh t allw ur imaginatins t wander， withut making it impssible t fcus. This kind f "distracted fcus" appears t be the best state fr wrking n creative tasks.
S why d s many f us hate ur pen ffices? The prblem may be that， in ur ffices， we can't stp urselves frm getting drawn int thers' cnversatins while we're trying t fcus. Indeed， the researchers fund that face-t-face interactins and cnversatins affect the creative prcess， and yet a cwrking space r a cffee shp prvides a certain level f nise while als prviding freedm frm interruptins.
1. Why des the interviewer prefer a cwrking space?( A )
A. It helps him cncentrate.B. It blcks ut backgrund nise.
C. It has a pleasant atmsphere.D. It encurages face-t-face interactins.
[解析]细节理解题。由题干中的"cwrking space"可把解题信息定位在第一段中的"That's why I the cwrking I can fcus",由此可知采访者之所以喜欢共享办公区域是因为他能集中注意力。
2. Which level f backgrund nise may prmte creative thinking ability?( C )
A. Ttal silence.B. 50 decibels.C. 70 decibels.D. 85 decibels.
[解析]细节理解题。由题干中的"prmte creative thinking ability"可把解题信息定位在第三段首句"But since the results at 70 decibels were right level f backgrund actually imprve ne's creative thinking ability"，再结合第二段的"50 decibels（分贝）， 70 decibels，and 85 participants in the 70 decibels utperfrmed the ther grups"可知，在70分贝的噪声背景环境中，人们的创造性思维可能会得到更好的发挥。
3. What makes an pen ffice unwelcme t many peple?( D )
A. Persnal privacy unprtected.B. Limited wrking space.
C. Restrictins n grup discussin.D. Cnstant interruptins.
[解析]细节理解题。题干内容与第四段首句信息一致。根据第四段中的"The can't stp urselves frm getting drawn int thers' cnversatins while we're trying t fcus"以及"a cwrking space r a cffee freedm frm interruptins"可知，在开放办公室办公，人们易受打扰。
4. What can we infer abut the authr frm the text?( D )
A. He's a news reprter.B. He's an ffice manager.
C. He's a prfessinal designer.D. He's a published writer.
[解析]推理判断题。根据文章首句"During an interview fr ne f my bks, my "可以推测出作者的身份是一位出版作家。
解读：本文讲述了作者对人们放弃使用自己的开放办公室，而选择在共享办公区域办公的思考。
【核心词汇】 randmly adv.随意地 chatter n. 喋喋不休，唠叨的话
utperfrm v. 做得比……好，胜过
distracted adj. 思想不集中的，心烦意乱的
get drawn int 使卷入，使参与
题组七
Passage 1 [2021全国卷甲，D，8分]
Wh is a genius? This questin has greatly interested humankind fr centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almst the internatinal symbl fr genius. But we want t g beynd ne man and explre the nature f genius itself. Why is it that sme peple are s much mre intelligent r creative than the rest f us? And wh are they?
In the sciences and arts, thse praised as geniuses were mst ften white men, f Eurpean rigin. Perhaps this is nt a surprise. It's said that histry is written by the victrs, and thse victrs set the standards fr admissin t the genius club. When cntributins were made by geniuses utside the club — wmen, r peple f a different clr r belief — they were unacknwledged and rejected by thers.
A study recently published by Science fund that as yung as age six, girls are less likely than bys t say that members f their gender（性别）are "really, really smart." Even wrse, the study fund that girls act n that belief: Arund age six they start t avid activities said t be fr children wh are "really, really smart." Can ur planet affrd t have any great thinkers becme discuraged and give up? It desn't take a genius t knw the answer: abslutely nt.
Here's the gd news. In a wired wrld with cnstant glbal cmmunicatin, we're all psitined t see flashes f genius wherever they appear. And the mre we lk, the mre we will see that scial factrs（因素）like gender, race, and class d nt determine the appearance f genius. As a writer says, future geniuses cme frm thse with "intelligence, creativity, perseverance（毅力）, and simple gd frtune, wh are able t change the wrld."
1. What des the authr think f victrs' standards fr jining the genius club?( A )
A. They're unfair.B. They're cnservative.
C. They're bjective.D. They're strict.
[解析]推理判断题。题干中的"victrs' standards fr jining the genius club"与第三段中的"thse victrs set the standards fr admissin t the genius club"信息一致，可将解题信息定位在该段中，由该段首句中的" were mst ften white men, f Eurpean rigin"及尾句中的"wmen, r peple f a different clr r belief — they were unacknwledged and rejected by thers"可知，历史是由胜利者书写的，被认定为天才的大多是有欧洲血统的白人男性，而做出贡献的女人或其他肤色的人则不被认可，因此作者认为这样的标准并不公平，故A项正确。cnservative"保守的"；bjective"客观的"。
2. What can we infer abut girls frm the study in Science?( D )
A. They think themselves smart.
B. They lk up t great thinkers.
C. They see gender differences earlier than bys.
D. They are likely t be influenced by scial beliefs.
[解析]推理判断题。题干中的"the study in Science"与第四段中的"A study recently published by Science "信息一致。由该段内容尤其是"Even wrse, the study fund that girls act n that belief... smart.’"可推知，女孩很可能是受到社会观念的影响，故D项正确。lk up t"仰慕"。
3. Why are mre geniuses knwn t the public?( A )
A. Imprved glbal cmmunicatin.B. Less discriminatin against wmen.
C. Acceptance f victrs' cncepts.D. Changes in peple's scial psitins.
[解析]细节理解题。根据最后一段中的"In a wired wrld with cnstant glbal cmmunicatin, we're all psitined t see flashes f genius wherever they appear"可知，现代社会的全球通信使得越来越多的天才能够为人所知，故A项正确。discriminatin"歧视"。
4. What is the best title fr the text?( B )
A. Geniuses Think AlikeB. Genius Takes Many Frms
C. Genius and IntelligenceD. Genius and Luck
[解析]标题判断题。本文在第一段提出了数百年来人们一直关注的问题：什么样的人是天才。接着作者讲述了过去人们对天才的认定以及社会观念对天才的影响，最后作者讲到随着时代的发展、全球通信的加强，天才可以是各行各业任意一个能够改变世界的人，故B项适合作本文的标题。
解读：本文讲述了过去人们对天才的认定以及社会观念对天才的影响，但是，随着时代的发展、全球交流的加强，天才可以是各行各业任意一个能够改变世界的人。
【核心词汇】 be praised as被誉为
act n根据……行事，对……起作用
wired adj.（与计算机系统）联网的，连线的
译文：最近发表在《科学》上的一项研究发现，早在六岁，比起男孩来，女孩就不太可能说其他女孩"非常非常聪明"。
Passage 2 [2020新高考卷Ⅰ，D，10分]
Accrding t a recent study in the Jurnal f Cnsumer Research, bth the size and cnsumptin habits f ur eating cmpanins can influence ur fd intake. And cntrary t existing research that says yu shuld avid eating with heavier peple wh rder large prtins（份）, it's the beanples with big appetites yu really need t avid.
T test the effect f scial influence n eating habits, the researchers cnducted tw experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate wmen were individually invited int a lab t stensibly（表面上） participate in a study abut mvie viewership. Befre the film began, each wman was asked t help herself t a snack. An actr hired by the researchers grabbed her fd first. In her natural state, the actr weighed 105 punds. But in half the cases she wre a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight t 180 punds.
Bth the fat and thin versins f the actr tk a large amunt f fd. The participants fllwed suit, taking mre fd than they nrmally wuld have. Hwever, they tk significantly mre when the actr was thin.
Fr the secnd test, in ne case the thin actr tk tw pieces f candy frm the snack bwls. In the ther case, she tk 30 pieces. The results were similar t the first test：the participants fllwed suit but tk significantly mre candy when the thin actr tk 30 pieces.
The tests shw that the scial envirnment is extremely influential when we're making decisins. If this fellw participant is ging t eat mre, s will I. Call it the "I'll have what she's having" effect. Hwever, we'll adjust the influence. If an verweight persn is having a large prtin, I'll hld back a bit because I see the results f his eating habits. But if a thin persn eats a lt, I'll fllw suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I?
1. What is the recent study mainly abut?( D )
A. Fd safety.B. Mvie viewership.
C. Cnsumer demand.D. Eating behavir.
[解析]主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章第一段为全文的主题段。我们同伴的体型和饮食习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量，而且我们要避免同食量大的瘦人一起用餐。结合全文内容可知，本文主要介绍了饮食行为，故D项正确。
2. What des the underlined wrd "beanples" in paragraph 1 refer t?( D )
A. Big eaters.B. Overweight persns.
C. Picky eaters.D. Tall thin persns.
[解析]词义猜测题。根据第一段第二句可知，现有的研究表明你应该避免和食量大的胖人一起吃饭。又根据前面的提示内容"cntrary t existing research"可知，后面提到的内容恰好与前面的相反，由此可推知，真正需要避免一起用餐的是那些胃口大的瘦高个。beanples的词义与heavier peple相对，故D项（瘦高个的人）切题。A:大胃王；B:超重的人；C:吃饭挑剔的人。
3. Why did the researchers hire the actr?( A )
A. T see hw she wuld affect the participants.
B. T test if the participants culd recgnize her.
C. T find ut what she wuld d in the tw tests.
D. T study why she culd keep her weight dwn.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段首句"T test the effect f scial influence n eating habits, the researchers cnducted tw experiments"可知，为了验证社交影响对饮食习惯的影响，研究人员进行了两个实验；再结合下文介绍的两个实验可知，雇用演员参与是为了看看她是如何影响参与者的饮食习惯的，故A项正确。
4. On what basis d we "adjust the influence" accrding t the last paragraph?( C )
A. Hw hungry we are.B. Hw slim we want t be.
C. Hw we perceive thers.D. Hw we feel abut the fd.
[解析]推理判断题。根据尾段中的"If this fellw participant is ging t eat mre, s will I see the results f his eating habits"可知，如果这个同伴打算吃更多，我也会吃更多；但是，我们将调整这种影响。如果一个超重的人在吃很多，我会稍微保留一点，因为我看到了他饮食习惯的结果。据此可以推知，我们对自己饮食的调整是以分析他人的饮食习惯和结果（即如何看待他人）为基础的，故C项正确。
解读：研究表明，与你一同用餐的同伴会影响你的饮食习惯，想要减肥的人应当避免同食量大的瘦人一起用餐。
【核心词汇】 cnsumptin n. 吃，喝，（能量、食物或材料的）消耗，消耗量
题组八
Passage 1 [2020新高考卷Ⅱ，C，10分]
In May 1987 the Glden Gate Bridge had a 50th birthday party. The bridge was clsed t mtr traffic s peple culd enjy a walk acrss it. Organizers expected perhaps 50,000 peple t shw up. Instead, as many as 800,000 crwded the rads t the bridge. By the time 250,000 were n the bridge, engineers nticed smething terrible: the radway was flattening under what turned ut t be the heaviest lad it had ever been asked t carry. Wrse, it was beginning t sway（晃动）. The authrities clsed access t the bridge and tens f thusands f peple made their way back t land. A disaster was avided.
The stry is ne f stries in T Frgive Design: Understanding Failure, a bk that is at nce a lve letter t engineering and a paean （赞歌） t its breakdwns. Its authr, Dr. Henry Petrski, has lng been writing abut disasters. In this bk, he includes the lss f the space shuttles（航天飞机）Challenger and Clumbia, and the sinking f the Titanic.
Thugh he acknwledges that engineering wrks can fail because the persn wh thught them up r engineered them simply gt things wrng, in this bk Dr. Petrski widens his view t cnsider the larger cntext in which such failures ccur. Smetimes devices fail because a gd design is cnstructed with lw quality materials incmpetently applied. Or perhaps a design wrks s well that it is adpted elsewhere again and again, with seemingly harmless imprvements, until, suddenly, it des nt wrk at all anymre.
Readers will encunter nt nly stries they have heard befre, but sme new stries and a mving discussin f the respnsibility f the engineer t the public and the ways yung engineers can be helped t grasp them.
"Success is success but that is all that it is," Dr. Petrski writes. It is failure that brings imprvement.
1. What happened t the Glden Gate Bridge n its 50th birthday?( A )
A. It carried mre weight than it culd.B. It swayed vilently in a strng wind.
C. Its radway was damaged by vehicles.D. Its access was blcked by many peple.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段第五句"By the time 250,000 were n the bridge, engineers nticed smething terrible: the radway was flattening under what turned ut t be the heaviest lad it had ever been asked t carry"可知，当25万人在大桥上时，由于承载过重，桥面开始变平。据此可知，在金门大桥五十岁生日时，它承载的重量超过了它能承受的重量。
【干扰项分析】 根据第一段第六句"Wrse, it was beginning t sway（晃动）"可知，大桥的晃动不是因为大风，故B项错误；根据第五句中的"By the time 250,000 were n the bridge"可知，是25万人在大桥上，而不是车辆，故C项错误；D项文中没有提及。
2. Which f the fllwing is Dr. Petrski's idea accrding t paragraph 3?( C )
A. N design is well received everywhere.
B. Cnstructin is mre imprtant than design.
C. Nt all disasters are caused by engineering design.
D. Imprvements n engineering wrks are necessary.
[解析]细节理解题。通读第三段可知，Dr. Petrski考虑到了工程事故背后更多的原因，比如使用劣质材料；据此可知，并不是所有的灾难都是由工程设计引起的，故C项正确。
3. What des the last paragraph suggest?( A )
A. Failure can lead t prgress.B. Success results in vercnfidence.
C. Failure shuld be avided.D. Success cmes frm jint effrts.
[解析]推理判断题。根据尾段中的"It is failure that brings imprvement"可知，失败带来了进步。据此可以推知，A项正确。
4. What is the text?( C )
A. A news reprt.B. A shrt stry.C. A bk review.D. A research article.
[解析]推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章先以金门大桥的事故为例，引出T Frgive Design: Understanding Failure这本书；接着介绍了作者在该书中表述的对工程事故背后的原因的看法及读者从这本书中能获取的内容。文章第二段首句"The stry is ne f stries in T Frgive Design: Understanding Failure, a bk that is at nce a lve letter t engineering and a paean（赞歌） t its breakdwns"为全文的主题句，是对这本书的评价。据此可知，本文属于书评，故C项正确。
解读：Henry Petrski所著的T Frgive Design: Understanding Failure列举了许多工程失败的案例，包括挑战者号和哥伦比亚号航天飞机的失事、泰坦尼克号的沉没、金门大桥的事故等。书中他分析了工程失败的原因，并指出失败的价值：失败带来了进步。
【长难句解读】
译文：尽管他承认，工程项目会失败是因为想出或设计它们的人只不过犯了错误，但在这本书中，Dr. Petrski延伸了他的观点，考虑了此类失败发生的更广泛的背景。
Passage 2 [2020全国卷Ⅲ，C，8分]
With the yung unable t affrd t leave hme and the ld at risk f islatin（孤独）， mre families are chsing t live tgether.
The drway t peace and quiet, fr Nick Bright at least, leads straight t his mther-in-law: she lives n the grund flr, while he lives upstairs with his wife and their tw daughters.
Fur years ag they all mved int a three-strey Victrian huse in Bristl — ne f a grwing number f multigeneratinal families in the UK living tgether under the same rf. They share a frnt dr and a washing machine, but Rita Whitehead has her wn kitchen, bathrm, bedrm and living rm n the grund flr.
"We flated the idea t my mum f sharing a huse,"says Kathryn Whitehead. Rita cuts in:"We spke mre with Nick because I think it's a big thing fr Nick t live with his mther-in-law."
And what des Nick think? "Frm my standpint, it all seems t wrk very well. Wuld I recmmend it? Yes, I think I wuld."
It's hard t tell exactly hw many peple agree with him, but research indicates that the numbers have been rising fr sme time. Official reprts suggest that the number f husehlds with three generatins living tgether had risen frm 325,000 in 2001 t 419,000 in 2013.
Other varieties f multigeneratinal family are mre cmmn. Sme peple live with their elderly parents; many mre adult children are returning t the family hme, if they ever left. It is said that abut 20% f 25-34-year-lds live with their parents, cmpared with 16% in 1991. The ttal number f all multigeneratinal husehlds in Britain is thught t be abut 1.8 millin.
Stries like that are mre cmmn in parts f the wrld where multigeneratinal living is mre firmly rted. In India, particularly utside cities, yung wmen are expected t mve in with their husband's family when they get married.
1. Wh mainly uses the grund flr in the Victrian huse in Bristl?( B )
A. Nick.B. Rita.C. Kathryn.D. The daughters.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段可知，Nick的岳母住在the grund flr，他和妻女一起住在楼上。第四段提到了Nick岳母的名字是Rita，且再根据第三段最后一句中的"but Rita Whitehead has her wn kitchen, bathrm, bedrm and living rm n the grund flr"可知，一楼主要由Rita使用，故选B。
2. What is Nick's attitude twards sharing the huse with his mther-in-law?( A )
A. Psitive.B. Carefree.C. Tlerant.D. Unwilling.
[解析]观点态度题。根据第五段中的"Frm my standpint, it all seems t wrk very well. Wuld I recmmend it? Yes, I think I wuld"可以判断，Nick对于与岳母住在一起持积极的（psitive）态度。carefree 无忧无虑的；tlerant 宽容的；unwilling不情愿的。
3. What is the authr's statement abut multigeneratinal family based n?( C )
A. Family traditins.B. Financial reprts.C. Published statistics.D. Public pinins.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第六段中的"Official reprts suggest that the number f husehlds with three generatins living tgether had risen frm 325,000 in 2001 t 419,000 in 2013"和第七段中的"It is said that abut 20% f 25-34-year- 1.8 millin"可推知，作者在阐述多代同住家庭的情况时依据的是"已发布的数据"。
4. What is the text mainly abut?( D )
A. Lifestyles in different cuntries.B. Cnflicts between generatins.
C. A husing prblem in Britain.D. A rising trend f living in the UK.
[解析]主旨大意题。本文以Rita三代人同住一起为例，介绍了英国多代人同住的这一社会现象，根据研究报告可知这种现象呈上升趋势，尤其是文章首段也提及了这种上升趋势。故D项切题。
解读：文章通过讲述Nick一家与岳母共同生活的事例，说明了英国有更多的家庭在选择多代同住的生活方式。
【熟词新义】 flat 常用义：v. 漂浮 本文义：v. 提出
题组九
Passage 1 [2020全国卷Ⅲ，D，8分]
We are the prducts f evlutin, and nt just evlutin that ccurred billins f years ag. As scientists lk deeper int ur genes（基因）， they are finding examples f human evlutin in just the past few thusand years. Peple in Ethipian highlands have adapted t living at high altitudes. Cattle-raising peple in East Africa and nrthern Eurpe have gained a mutatin（突变） that helps them digest milk as adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team f researchers reprted a new kind f adaptatin — nt t air r t fd, but t the cean. A grup f sea-dwelling peple in Sutheast Asia have evlved int better divers. The Bajau, as these peple are knwn, number in the hundreds f thusands in Indnesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditinally lived n husebats; in recent times, they've als built huses n stilts（支柱）in castal waters."They are simply a stranger t the land," said Rdney C.Jubilad, a University f Hawaii researcher wh studies the Bajau.
Dr. Jubilad first met the Bajau while grwing up n Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing r harvesting shellfish. "We were s amazed that they culd stay underwater much lnger than us lcal islanders," Dr. Jubilad said. "I culd see them actually walking under the sea."
In 2015, Melissa Ilard, then a graduate student in genetics at the University f Cpenhagen, heard abut the Bajau. She wndered if centuries f diving culd have led t the evlutin f physical characteristics that made the task easier fr them. "It seemed like the perfect chance fr natural selectin t act n a ppulatin," said Dr. Ilard. She als said there were likely a number f ther genes that help the Bajau dive.
1. What des the authr want t tell us by the examples in paragraph 1?( B )
A. Envirnmental adaptatin f cattle raisers.
B. New knwledge f human evlutin.
C. Recent findings f human rigin.
D. Significance f fd selectin.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第一段的前两句可知，人类的进化不只发生在数十亿年前，在过去几千年里也一直在进化，下面举的例子就在说明这一点，即人类进化的新知识。
2. Where d the Bajau build their huses?( D )
A. In valleys.B. Near rivers.C. On the beach.D. Off the cast.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段中的"They have traditinally lived n husebats; in recent times, they've als built huses n stilts （支柱） in castal waters"可知，巴瑶族人主要居住在沿海地区，故D项正确。
3. Why was the yung Jubilad astnished at the Bajau?( C )
A. They culd walk n stilts all day.B. They had a superb way f fishing.
C. They culd stay lng underwater.D. They lived n bth land and water.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段中的"We were s amazed that they culd stay underwater much lnger than us lcal islanders"可知，令Jubilad惊讶不已的是巴瑶族人可以在水下待更久，故选C。题干中的astnished与本段中的amazed意思相近。
4. What can be a suitable title fr the text?( A )
A. Bdies Remdeled fr a Life at SeaB. Highlanders' Survival Skills
C. Basic Methds f Genetic ResearchD. The Wrld's Best Divers
[解析]标题判断题。本文是一篇研究报道，根据第二段的研究结果"a team f researchers reprted a new kind f adaptatin — nt t air r t fd, but t the cean"可知，本文主要讲述了巴瑶族人为了更好地适应海上的生活，他们的身体结构发生了变化，所以A项适合作本文的标题。
解读：研究发现居住在东南亚的巴瑶族人为了更好地生存，进化成了更好的潜水者。
Passage 2 [2019全国卷Ⅱ，C，8分]
Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach's Bar Luie cunter by herself, quietly reading her e-bk as she waits fr her salad. What is she reading? Nne f yur business! Lunch is Bechtel's "me" time. And like mre Americans, she's nt alne.
A new reprt fund 46 percent f meals are eaten alne in America. Mre than half （53percent）have breakfast alne and nearly half （46 percent） have lunch by themselves. Only at dinner time are we eating tgether anymre, 74 percent, accrding t statistics frm the reprt.
"I prefer t g ut and be ut. Alne, but tgether, yu knw?" Bechtel said, lking up frm her bk. Bechtel, wh wrks in dwntwn West Palm Beach, has lunch with cwrkers smetimes, but like many f us, t ften wrks thrugh lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allws her t keep a bss frm tapping her n the shulder. She returns t wrk feeling energized. "Tday, I just wanted sme time t myself, "she said.
Just tw seats ver, Andrew Mazleny, a lcal videgrapher, is finishing his lunch at the bar. He likes that he can sit and check his phne in peace r chat up the barkeeper with whm he's n a first-name basis if he wants t have a little interactin（交流）. "I reflect n hw my day's gne and think abut the rest f the week," he said. "It's a chance fr self-reflectin. Yu return t wrk recharged and with a plan."
That freedm t chse is ne reasn mre peple like t eat alne. There was a time when peple may have felt awkward abut asking fr a table fr ne, but thse days are ver. Nw, we have ur smartphnes t keep us cmpany at the table. "It desn't feel as alne as it may have befre all the advances in technlgy," said Laurie Demeritt, whse cmpany prvided the statistics fr the reprt.
1. What are the statistics in paragraph 2 abut?( B )
A. Fd variety.B. Eating habits.C. Table manners.D. Restaurant service.
[解析]推理判断题。第二段内容中提到，一份新的报告发现，46%的情况下美国人都是独自用餐的。超过半数（53%）的人独自吃早餐，近一半（46%）的人独自吃午餐。有74%的人只在晚餐时间才一起吃饭。由此可见，第二段的统计数据是关于美国人的用餐习惯的。故选B。
2. Why des Bechtel prefer t g ut fr lunch?( C )
A. T meet with her cwrkers.B. T catch up with her wrk.
C. T have sme time n her wn.D. T cllect data fr her reprt.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段内容，尤其是最后一句中的"Tday，I just wanted sme time t myself"可知，Bechtel喜欢独自外出吃饭是因为她想拥有属于自己的时间。故选C。
3. What d we knw abut Mazleny？( D )
A. He makes vides fr the bar.B. He's fnd f the fd at the bar.
C. He interviews custmers at the bar.D. He's familiar with the barkeeper.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第四段中的"chat up the barkeeper with whm he's n a first-name basis if he wants t have a little interactin（交流）"可知，Mazleny与barkeeper交流时可以直呼其名，由此可见他们之间是熟悉的。
4. What is the text mainly abut?( A )
A. The trend f having meals alne.B. The imprtance f self-reflectin.
C. The stress frm wrking vertime.D. The advantage f wireless technlgy.
[解析]主旨大意题。通读全文可知，在美国，随着科学技术的发展，人们用餐时有了选择的自由，更多人喜欢独自一个人吃饭，单独用餐逐渐成为一种趋势。A项切题。由于受到文中的smartphnes，the advances in technlgy等信息的干扰，部分考生易误选D项。注意文章中提到的两个人愿意独自用餐的例子是为了说明单独用餐是一种趋势，并非侧重讲科技发展，因此排除D项。
解读：随着技术的进步，单独用餐在美国变得流行起来。
题组十
Passage 1 [2019全国卷Ⅲ，B，8分]
Fr Western designers, China and its rich culture have lng been an inspiratin fr Western creative.
"It's n secret that China has always been a surce（来源） f inspiratin fr designers," says Amanda Hill, chief creative fficer at A+E Netwrks, a glbal media cmpany and hme t sme f the biggest fashin（时尚） shws.
Earlier this year, the China Thrugh A Lking Glass exhibitin in New Yrk exhibited 140 pieces f China-inspired fashinable clthing alngside Chinese wrks f art, with the aim f explring the influence f Chinese aesthetics （美学） n Western fashin and hw China has fueled the fashinable imaginatin fr centuries. The exhibitin had recrd attendance, shwing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.
"China is impssible t verlk," says Hill. "Chinese mdels are the faces f beauty and fashin campaigns that sell dreams t wmen all ver the wrld, which means Chinese wmen are nt just cnsumers f fashin — they are central t its mvement." Of curse, nt nly are tday's tp Western designers being influenced by China — sme f the best designers f cntemprary fashin are themselves Chinese. "Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jasn Wu are taking n Gallian, Albaz, Marc Jacbs — and beating them hands dwn in design and sales, " adds Hill.
Fr Hill, it is impssible nt t talk abut China as the leading player when discussing fashin. "The mst famus designers are Chinese, s are the mdels, and s are the cnsumers," she says. "China is n lnger just anther market; in many senses it has becme the market. If yu talk abut fashin tday, yu are talking abut China — its influences, its directin, its breathtaking clthes, and hw yung designers and mdels are finally acknwledging that in many ways."
1. What can we learn abut the exhibitin in New Yrk?( B )
A. It prmted the sales f artwrks.B. It attracted a large number f visitrs.
C. It shwed ancient Chinese clthes.D. It aimed t intrduce Chinese mdels.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句 "The exhibitin had recrd attendance, shwing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences"可知，这次在纽约的展览拥有破纪录的出席人数，故选B。
2. What des Hill say abut Chinese wmen?( A )
A. They are setting the fashin.B. They start many fashin campaigns.
C. They admire super mdels.D. They d business all ver the wrld.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第四段中的"Chinese mdels are the faces f beauty and fashin campaigns that sell dreams t wmen all ver the wrld, which means Chinese wmen are nt just cnsumers f fashin — they are central t its mvement"可知，中国女性不仅是时尚的消费者，她们还是时尚发展的核心。据此可知答案为A。
3. What d the underlined wrds "taking n" in paragraph 4 mean?( D )
A. learning frmB. lking dwn nC. wrking withD. cmpeting against
[解析]词义猜测题。根据第四段最后一句中的"Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jasn Wu are taking n Gallian, Albaz, Marc Jacbs — and beating them hands dwn in design and sales"可知，三位中国的时装设计者在设计和销量方面击败了三位顶尖西方设计师，据此可推知take n在该句中表示 "与……较量"，故选D。
4. What can be a suitable title fr the text?( D )
A. Yung Mdels Selling Dreams t the Wrld
B. A Chinese Art Exhibitin Held in New Yrk
C. Differences Between Eastern and Western Aesthetics
D. Chinese Culture Fueling Internatinal Fashin Trends
[解析]标题判断题。本文主要介绍了中国文化及中国美学对国际时尚的影响，展现了中国对国际时尚和设计发展的引领作用。故选D。A项（向世界推销梦想的年轻模特）与文章内容不符；B项（在纽约举办的一次中国艺术展）以偏概全；C项（东西方美学的差异）范畴过大。
解读：本文以国外视角介绍中国文化及中国美学对国际时尚的影响，展现了中国对国际时尚和设计发展的引领作用。
【熟词新义】 recrd 常用义：n.& v.记录，记载
本文义：adj.创纪录的
Passage 2 [2019全国卷Ⅲ，C，8分]
Befre the 1830s, mst newspapers were sld thrugh annual subscriptins in America, usually $8 t $10 a year. Tday $8 r $10 seems a small amunt f mney, but at that time these amunts were frbidding t mst citizens. Accrdingly, newspapers were read almst nly by rich peple in plitics r the trades. In additin, mst newspapers had little in them that wuld appeal t a mass audience. They were dull and visually frbidding. But the revlutin that was taking place in the 1830s wuld change all that.
The trend, then, was tward the "penny paper" — a term referring t papers made widely available t the public. It meant any inexpensive newspaper; perhaps mre imprtantly it meant newspapers that culd be bught in single cpies n the street.
This develpment did nt take place vernight. It had been pssible （but nt easy） t buy single cpies f newspapers befre 1830, but this usually meant the reader had t g dwn t the printer's ffice t purchase a cpy. Street sales were almst unknwn. Hwever, within a few years, street sales f newspapers wuld be cmmnplace in eastern cities. At first the price f single cpies was seldm a penny — usually tw r three cents was charged — and sme f the lder well-knwn papers charged five r six cents. But the phrase "penny paper" caught the public's fancy, and sn there wuld be papers that did indeed sell fr nly a penny.
This new trend f newspapers fr "the man n the street" did nt begin well. Sme f the early ventures（企业） were immediate failures. Publishers already in business, peple wh were wners f successful papers, had little desire t change the traditin. It tk a few yuthful and daring businessmen t get the ball rlling.
1. Which f the fllwing best describes newspapers in America befre the 1830s?( B )
A. Academic.B. Unattractive.C. Inexpensive.D. Cnfidential.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"In additin, mst newspapers had little in them that wuld appeal t a mass audience. They were dull and visually frbidding"可知，在19世纪30年代前，大多数报纸对广大读者缺乏吸引力。故选B。academic"学业的"；unattractive"不吸引人的"；inexpensive"不昂贵的"；cnfidential"机密的"。
2. What did street sales mean t newspapers?( C )
A. They wuld be priced higher.B. They wuld disappear frm cities.
C. They culd have mre readers.D. They culd regain public trust.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第二段首句 "The trend, then, was tward the ‘penny paper’ — a term referring t papers made widely available t the public"以及第三段中的"Hwever, within a few years, street sales f newspapers wuld be cmmnplace in eastern cities"可知，"便士报"指的是公众可广泛购得的报纸，便士报有更多的读者，而正是街头销售使其变得随处可见。
3. Wh were the newspapers f the new trend targeted at?( B )
A. Lcal pliticians.B. Cmmn peple.C. Yung publishers.D. Rich businessmen.
[解析]细节理解题。第四段首句 "This new trend f newspapers fr ‘the man n the street’ did nt begin well"中的 "the man n the street"指普通人。故选B。
4. What can we say abut the birth f the penny paper?( A )
A. It was a difficult prcess.B. It was a temprary success.
C. It was a rbbery f the pr.D. It was a disaster fr printers.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段中的"This develpment did nt take place vernight. It had been pssible （but nt easy） t buy single cpies f newspapers befre 1830, but this usually meant the reader had t g dwn t the printer's ffice t purchase a cpy"及第四段的内容可知，便士报的发展变化绝非发生在一夜之间，而是经历了一个艰难的过程。故选A。文章只是描述了便士报当时的状况，并未对其作出成功与否的评价，故B项错误；C和D选项均曲解了文意。
解读：本文讲述了19世纪上半叶美国报业的发展变化。
主题6 人与社会·科学与技术
题组一
Passage 1 [2023浙江1月，C，10分]
A machine can nw nt nly beat yu at chess, it can als utperfrm yu in debate. Last week, in a public debate in San Francisc, a sftware prgram called Prject Debater beat its human ppnents, including Na Ovadia, Israel's frmer natinal debating champin.
Brilliant thugh it is, Prject Debater has sme weaknesses. It takes sentences frm its library f dcuments and prebuilt arguments and strings them tgether. This can lead t the kinds f errrs n human wuld make. Such wrinkles will n dubt be irned ut, yet they als pint t a fundamental prblem. As Kristian Hammnd, prfessr f electrical engineering and cmputer science at Nrthwestern University, put it: "There's never a stage at which the system knws what it's talking abut."
What Hammnd is referring t is the questin f meaning, and meaning is central t what distinguishes the least intelligent f humans frm the mst intelligent f machines. A cmputer wrks with symbls. Its prgram specifies a set f rules t transfrm ne string f symbls int anther. But it des nt specify what thse symbls mean. Indeed, t a cmputer, meaning is irrelevant. Humans, in thinking, talking, reading and writing, als wrk with symbls. But fr humans, meaning is everything. When we cmmunicate, we cmmunicate meaning. What matters is nt just the utside f a string f symbls, but the inside t, nt just hw they are arranged but what they mean.
Meaning emerges thrugh a prcess f scial interactin, nt f cmputatin, interactin that shapes the cntent f the symbls in ur heads. The rules that assign meaning lie nt just inside ur heads, but als utside, in sciety, in scial memry, scial cnventins and scial relatins. It is this that distinguishes humans frm machines. And that's why, hwever astnishing Prject Debater may seem, the traditin that began with Scrates and Cnfucius will nt end with artificial intelligence.
1. Why des the authr mentin Na Ovadia in the first paragraph?( B )
A. T explain the use f a sftware prgram.
B. T shw the cleverness f Prject Debater.
C. T intrduce the designer f Prject Debater.
D. T emphasize the fairness f the cmpetitin.
[解析]写作手法题。通读第一段内容可知，文章第一段提到以色列前国家辩论冠军Na Ovadia是为了说明Prject Debater在辩论方面比人出色，故B项"为了展示Prject Debater的聪明"正确。
2. What des the underlined wrd "wrinkles" in paragraph 2 refer t?( C )
A. Arguments.B. Dubts.C. Errrs.D. Differences.
[解析]词义猜测题。根据画线词的前一句"This can lead t the kinds f errrs n human wuld make"可知，wrinkles指代errrs, 故C项正确。
3. What is Prject Debater unable t d accrding t Hammnd?( B )
A. Create rules.B. Cmprehend meaning.
C. Talk fluently.D. Identify difficult wrds.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段段尾的"There's never a stage at which the system knws what it's talking abut"以及第三段段首的"What Hammnd is referring t is the questin f meaning"可知，根据Hammnd的说法，机器做不到的是理解意义，故B项"理解意义"正确。
4. What can we learn frm the last paragraph?( A )
A. Scial interactin is key t understanding symbls.
B. The human brain has ptential yet t be develped.
C. Ancient philsphers set gd examples fr debaters.
D. Artificial intelligence ensures humans a bright future.
[解析]细节理解题。最后一段聚焦"意义的产生"，指出意义是通过社会互动生成的，而非计算。分配意义的规则不仅存在于我们的头脑中，而且也存在于头脑外部，即存在于社会、社会记忆、社会习俗和社会关系中。这也将人类和机器区分开来。无论Prject Debater看起来多么令人震惊，从苏格拉底和孔子开始的传统不会因为人工智能而结束。故A项"社会互动是理解符号的关键"正确。
解读：本文通过介绍一个击败以色列前国家辩论冠军的软件程序 Prject Debater以及它的缺陷——无法理解意义，说明了社会互动才是理解意义的关键所在。
【核心词汇】utperfrm v. 超过，胜过
fundamental adj. 十分重大的，根本的；基础的
distinguish v. 区分，辨别；使有别于 specify v. 具体说明；明确规定
string sth. tgether 把（单词或短语）连成句子
irn ut 熨平（衣服等的）皱褶；解决影响……的问题（或困难）
【词缀变形】irrelevant adj. 不相关的→relevant adj. 切题的；紧密相关的
Passage 2 [2022新高考卷Ⅱ，B，10分]
We jurnalists live in a new age f strytelling, with many new multimedia tls. Many yung peple dn't even realize it's new. Fr them, it's just nrmal.
This hit hme fr me as I was sitting with my 2-year-ld grandsn n a sfa ver the Spring Festival hliday. I had brught a children's bk t read. It had simple wrds and clrful pictures — a perfect match fr his age.
Picture this: my grandsn sits n my lap as I hld the bk in frnt s he can see the pictures. As I read, he reaches ut and pkes （戳） the page with his finger.
What's up with that? He just likes the pictures, I thught. Then I turned the page and cntinued. He pked the page even harder. I nearly drpped the bk. I was cnfused: Is there smething wrng with this kid?
Then I realized what was happening. He was actually a stranger t bks. His father frequently amused the by with a tablet cmputer which was laded with clrful pictures that cme alive when yu pke them. He thught my strybk was like that.
Srry, kid. This bk is nt part f yur high-tech wrld. It's an utdated, lifeless thing. An antique, like yur grandfather. Well, I may be ld, but I'm nt hpelessly challenged, digitally speaking. I edit vide and prduce audi. I use mbile payment. I've even built websites.
There's ne ntable gap in my new-media experience, hwever: I've spent little time in frnt f a camera, since I have a face made fr radi. But that didn't stp China Daily frm asking me last week t share a persnal stry fr a vide prject abut the integratin f Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei prvince.
Anyway, grandpa is nw an Internet star — tw minutes f fame! I prmise nt t let it g t my head. But I will make sure my 2-year-ld grandsn sees it n his tablet.
1. What d the underlined wrds "hit hme fr me" mean in paragraph 2?( B )
A. Prvided shelter fr me.B. Became very clear t me.
C. Tk the pressure ff me.D. Wrked quite well n me.
[解析]词义猜测题。根据第一段的内容以及第二段画线词后的"as I was sitting... the Spring Festival hliday"可知，对许多年轻人来说，新的多媒体工具是正常的。而在春节假期期间，作者和两岁的孙子坐在沙发上，尤其清楚地认识到了这一点。故选B项。
2. Why did the kid pke the strybk?( A )
A. He tk it fr a tablet cmputer.B. He disliked the clrful pictures.
C. He was angry with his grandpa.D. He wanted t read it by himself.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第五段中的"His father frequently amused the by with a tablet cmputer ... He thught my strybk was like that"可知，他的父亲经常用一台装有彩色图片的平板电脑逗他开心，他认为故事书就是那样的，由此可推知孩子戳故事书是因为他把它当成了平板电脑。
3. What des the authr think f himself?( D )
A. Scially ambitius.B. Physically attractive.
C. Financially independent.D. Digitally cmpetent.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第六段中的"Well, I may be ld... even built websites"可知，作者认为自己可能老了，但从使用数字技术角度来说，作者还没有无可救药，他编辑视频、制作音频、使用移动支付，甚至建立了网站。由此可知，作者认为自己能够使用数码科技。故选D项。
4. What can we learn abut the authr as a jurnalist?( B )
A. He lacks experience in his jb.B. He seldm appears n televisin.
C. He manages a vide department.D. He ften interviews Internet stars.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第七段的"I've spent little time in frnt f a camera, since I have a face made fr radi"可知，作者很少在镜头前露面，并将其归因于他的脸是为无线电广播节目而生的。故选B项。
解读：作者是一名记者。在春节期间，作者给孙子拿了一本儿童读物，孙子却误以为它是平板电脑，不停地戳它。
【核心词汇】frequently adv. 频繁地
amuse v. 逗笑；逗乐；（提供）消遣；（使）娱乐
utdated adj. 过时的；陈旧的
译文：他的父亲经常用一台装有彩色图片的平板电脑逗他开心，当你戳它们的时候，这些图片就会变得栩栩如生。
题组二
Passage 1 [2022新高考卷Ⅱ，C，10分]
Over the last seven years, mst states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range f methds t persuade peple t put dwn their phnes when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the prblem, by just abut any measure, appears t be getting wrse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using scial netwrks and taking phts. Rad accidents, which had fallen fr years, are nw rising sharply.
That is partly because peple are driving mre, but Mark Rsekind, the chief f the Natinal Highway Traffic Safety Administratin, said distracted（分心）driving was "nly increasing, unfrtunately."
"Big change requires big ideas," he said in a speech last mnth, referring bradly t the need t imprve rad safety. S t try t change a distinctly mdern behavir, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back t an ld apprach: They want t treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea frm lawmakers in New Yrk is t give plice fficers a new device called the Textalyzer. It wuld wrk like this: An fficer arriving at the scene f a crash culd ask fr the phnes f the drivers and use the Textalyzer t check in the perating system fr recent activity. The technlgy culd determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed r dne anything else that is nt allwed under New Yrk's hands-free driving laws.
"We need smething n the bks that can change peple's behavir," said Félix W. Ortiz, wh pushed fr the state's 2001 ban n hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becmes law, he said, "peple are ging t be mre afraid t put their hands n the cell phne."
1. Which f the fllwing best describes the ban n drivers' texting in the US?( A )
A. Ineffective.B. Unnecessary.C. Incnsistent.D. Unfair.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第一段内容可知，在过去的七年里，大多数州都禁止司机发短信，公共服务活动也尝试了多种方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。再根据第二段第一句"Yet the be getting wrse"和"Rad accidents, which had fallen fr years, are nw rising sharply"可知，虽然几乎使用了各种各样的方法，但是情况却似乎越来越糟糕了,所以这些方法是无效的。故选A项。
2. What can the Textalyzer help a plice fficer find ut?( B )
A. Where a driver came frm.B. Whether a driver used their phne.
C. Hw fast a driver was ging.D. When a driver arrived at the scene.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第五段最后一句"The technlgy culd... hands-free driving laws"可知，这项技术可以确定司机是否发了短信、发了邮件，或者做了纽约驾驶法不允许的其他事情。由此可知，Textalyzer能够帮警官确定司机是否使用了手机。故选B项。
【技巧点拨】
归纳总结答案信息
有时文中没有直接说明信息，而是举例说明，学生要自己归纳总结。如本题中，发短信、发邮件都是使用手机的行为。
3. What des the underlined wrd "smething" in the last paragraph refer t?( D )
A. Advice.B. Data.C. Tests.D. Laws.
[解析]代词指代题。根据最后一段的最后一句可知，如果Textalyzer法案成为法律，人们将更害怕从而不敢在开车时使用手机，即人们将改变自己的行为。由此可推知，smething在此处指代的是法律。故选D项。
4. What is a suitable title fr the text?( B )
A. T Drive r Nt t Drive? Think Befre Yu Start
B. Texting and Driving? Watch Out fr the Textalyzer
C. New Yrk Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers
D. The Next Generatin Cell Phne: The Textalyzer
[解析]标题归纳题。综观全文内容可知，本文主要讲了为解决司机在开车时使用手机造成分心从而引发交通事故的问题，纽约的立法者提出使用Textalyzer这一设备来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。故B项最适合作本文标题。
解读：为解决司机在开车时使用手机造成分心从而引发交通事故的问题，纽约的立法者提出使用Textalyzer这一设备来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。
【核心词汇】ban v. 明令禁止；取缔 distinctly adv. 清楚地，明显地
refer t 提到，谈及，说起 push fr 反复要求，施压争取
Passage 2 [2022全国卷乙，C，8分]
Can a small grup f drnes（无人机） guarantee the safety and reliability f railways and， at the same time， help railway peratrs save billins f eurs each year? That is the very likely future f applying tday's "eyes in the sky" technlgy t making sure that the millins f kilmetres f rail tracks and infrastructure（基础设施） wrldwide are safe fr trains n a 24/7 basis.
Drnes are already being used t examine high-tensin electrical lines. They culd d precisely the same thing t inspect railway lines and ther vital aspects f rail infrastructure such as the crrect psitin f railway tracks and switching pints. The mre regularly they can be inspected， the mre railway safety， reliability and n-time perfrmance will be imprved. Csts wuld be cut and peratins wuld be mre efficient（高效） acrss the bard.
That includes huge savings in maintenance csts and better prtectin f railway persnnel safety. It is calculated that Eurpean railways alne spend apprximately 20 billin eurs a year n maintenance， including sending maintenance staff， ften at night， t inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerus wrk that culd be avided with drnes assisting the crews' effrts.
By using the latest technlgies， drnes culd als start prviding higher-value services fr railways， detecting faults in the rail r switches， befre they can cause any safety prblems. T perfrm these tasks， drnes fr rail dn't need t be flying verhead. Engineers are nw wrking n a new cncept：the rail drnes f the future. They will be mving n the track ahead f the train， and prgrammed t run autnmusly. Very small drnes with advanced sensrs and AI and travelling ahead f the train culd guide it like a c-pilt. With their ability t see ahead， they culd signal any prblem， s that fast-mving trains wuld be able t react in time.
1. What makes the applicatin f drnes t rail lines pssible?( A )
A. The use f drnes in checking n pwer lines.
B. Drnes' ability t wrk at high altitudes.
C. The reductin f cst in designing drnes.
D. Drnes' reliable perfrmance in remte areas.
[解析]细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的"Drnes are already being used t examine high-tensin electrical lines. They culd d precisely the same thing t inspect railway lines and ther vital aspects f rail infrastructure"可知，无人机现在已经用来检测高压电力线路，它们可以做同样的事情来检查铁路线路以及铁路基础设施的其他重要方面。故A项正确。
【干扰项分析】 B、C、D项都属于"无中生有"，文中没有提到无人机在高海拔地区工作，也没有提及无人机在偏远地区的可靠性能，故B和D项都可排除；C项无人机设计成本降低，文中无相关信息。
2. What des "maintenance" underlined in paragraph 3 refer t?( C )
A. Persnnel safety.B. Assistance frm drnes.
C. Inspectin and repair.D. Cnstructin f infrastructure.
[解析]词义猜测题。根据画线词出现的语境"节省 费用"以及该词在下文中的语境，即第三段第二句"It is calculated that Eurpean railways alne spend apprximately 20 billin eurs a year n maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, ften at night, t inspect and repair the rail infrastructure"（据计算，单是欧洲铁路一年就要在维护上面花费约200亿欧元，其中包括常常在夜里派遣维护员工去检查和修复铁路基础设施）可知，铁路"maintenance"包括检查和修复铁路基础设施。故C项正确。
3. What functin is expected f the rail drnes?( A )
A. T prvide early warning.B. T make trains run autmatically.
C. T earn prfits fr the crews.D. T accelerate transprtatin.
[解析]细节理解题。根据文章最后一段最后一句"With their ability t see ahead, they culd signal any prblem, s that fast-mving trains wuld be able t react in time"（因为能提前看到，无人机可以感知到任何问题，这样快速前进的列车就可以及时作出反应）可知，期待铁路无人机具有的功能是提前发现问题，并给列车发出警告。故A项正确。
【干扰项分析】 B项"使火车自动运行"是偷换概念，原文最后一段中的"prgrammed t run autnmusly"指的是无人机可以自动运行，而不是火车；C项"为机组人员挣得利润"和D项"加快交通运输"是无中生有，文章没有提及。
4. Which is the mst suitable title fr the text?( D )
A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drnes
B. Hw Prductin f Drnes Can Be Expanded
C. What Difficulty Drne Develpment Will Face
D. Hw Drnes Will Change the Future f Railways
[解析]标题归纳题。第一段是导入，综述无人机在铁路运营方面的应用前景；第二段主要讲述无人机在铁路运营中的部分功能和作用；第三段主要讲了无人机在降低铁路维护成本和维护铁路职员人身安全方面的作用；第四段讲无人机还能为铁路运营做的事情。由此可知本篇文章主要讲的是无人机将如何改变铁路的未来。故D项正确。
解读：无人机在保证铁路安全可靠的同时，还能帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元。
【词缀变形】reliability n.可靠性→reliable adj. 可信赖的，可依靠的
maintenance n. 维护，保养→maintain v. 维持；维修；保养
题组三
Passage 1 [2022全国卷甲，B，8分]
Gffin's cckats, a kind f small parrt native t Australasia, have been shwn t have similar shape-recgnitin abilities t a human tw-year-ld. Thugh nt knwn t use tls in the wild, the birds have prved skilful at tl use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cckats were presented with a bx with a nut inside it. The clear frnt f the bx had a "keyhle" in a gemetric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped "keys" t chse frm. Inserting the crrect "key" wuld let ut the nut.
In humans, babies can put a rund shape in a rund hle frm arund ne year f age, but it will be anther year befre they are able t d the same with less symmetrical（对称的）shapes. This ability t recgnize that a shape will need t be turned in a specific directin befre it will fit is called an "allcentric frame f reference". In the experiment, Gffin's cckats were able t select the right tl fr the jb, in mst cases, by visual recgnitin alne. Where trial-and-errr was used, the cckats did better than mnkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Gffin's cckats d indeed pssess an allcentric frame f reference when mving bjects in space, similar t tw-year-ld babies.
The next step, accrding t the researchers, is t try and wrk ut whether the cckats rely entirely n visual clues（线索）, r als use a sense f tuch in making their shape selectins.
1. Hw did the cckats get the nut frm the bx in the experiment?( B )
A. By fllwing instructins.B. By using a tl.
C. By turning the bx arund.D. By remving the lid.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"Thugh nt knwn t use tls in the wild, the birds have prved skilful at tl use"可知，实验中凤头鹦鹉通过使用工具拿到了盒子里的果仁，故选B项。
2. Which task can human ne-year-lds mst likely cmplete accrding t the text?( C )
A. Using a key t unlck a dr.B. Telling parrts frm ther birds.
C. Putting a ball int a rund hle.D. Gruping tys f different shapes.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第二段首句"In humans, babies can put a rund shape in a rund hle frm arund ne year f age"可知，在大约一岁时，婴儿就能将圆形物体放入圆孔中，由此可推知C项正确。
3. What des the fllw-up test aim t find ut abut the cckats?( D )
A. Hw far they are able t see.
B. Hw they track mving bjects.
C. Whether they are smarter than mnkeys.
D. Whether they use a sense f tuch in the test.
[解析]细节理解题。根据最后一段信息可知，研究人员下一步将查明凤头鹦鹉是完全依靠视觉线索还是也需要使用触觉来对物体的形状作出选择。
【解题线索】题干中的fllw-up意为"进一步的"，与最后一段中的next吻合。
4. Which can be a suitable title fr the text?( D )
A. Cckats: Quick Errr CheckersB. Cckats: Independent Learners
C. Cckats: Clever Signal-ReadersD. Cckats: Skilful Shape-Srters
[解析]标题归纳题。综观全文，尤其是根据文章首句"Gffin's cckats, a kind f small parrt native t Australasia, have been shwn t have similar shape-recgnitin abilities t a human tw-year-ld"可知，文章主要讲述凤头鹦鹉出色的形状识别能力。 故D项作文章标题最佳。
解读：实验表明，一种生长于澳大拉西亚的凤头鹦鹉擅长识别物体的形状。
Passage 2 [2022北京，D，8分]
Quantum （量子） cmputers have been n my mind a lt lately. A friend has been sending me articles n hw quantum cmputers might help slve sme f the biggest challenges we face as humans. I've als had exchanges with tw quantum-cmputing experts. One is cmputer scientist Chris Jhnsn wh I see as smene wh helps keep the field hnest. The ther is physicist Philip Taylr.
Fr decades, quantum cmputing has been little mre than a labratry curisity. Nw, big tech cmpanies have invested in quantum cmputing, as have many smaller nes. Accrding t Business Weekly, quantum machines culd help us "cure cancer, and even take steps t turn climate change in the ppsite directin." This is the srt f hype （炒作） that annys Jhnsn. He wrries that researchers are making prmises they can't keep. "What's new," Jhnsn wrte, "is that millins f dllars are nw ptentially available t quantum cmputing researchers."
As quantum cmputing attracts mre attentin and funding, researchers may mislead investrs, jurnalists, the public and, wrst f all, themselves abut their wrk's ptential. If researchers can't keep their prmises, excitement might give way t dubt, disappintment and anger, Jhnsn warns. Lts f ther technlgies have gne thrugh stages f excitement. But smething abut quantum cmputing makes it especially prne t hype, Jhnsn suggests, perhaps because "‘quantum’ stands fr smething cl yu shuldn't be able t understand." And that brings me back t Taylr, wh suggested that I read his bk Q fr Quantum
After I read the bk, Taylr patiently answered my questins abut it. He als answered my questins abut PyQuantum, the firm he c-funded in 2016. Taylr shares Jhnsn's cncerns abut hype, but he says thse cncerns d nt apply t PyQuantum.
The cmpany, he says, is clser than any ther firm "by a very large margin （幅度）" t building a "useful" quantum cmputer, ne that "slves an impactful prblem that we wuld nt have been able t slve therwise." He adds, "Peple will naturally discunt my pinins, but I have spent a lt f time quantitatively cmparing what we are ding with thers."
Culd PyQuantum really be leading all the cmpetitin "by a wide margin", as Taylr claims? I dn't knw. I'm certainly nt ging t advise my friend r anyne else t invest in quantum cmputers. But I trust Taylr, just as I trust Jhnsn.
1. Regarding Jhnsn's cncerns, the authr feels A
A. sympatheticB. uncncernedC. dubtfulD. excited
[解析]观点态度题。根据第四段中的"Taylr shares Jhnsn's cncerns abut hype"和最后一段中的"But I trust Taylr, just as I trust Jhnsn"可知，Taylr赞同Jhnsn的担忧，而作者相信他们两个，也就是说，作者也赞同Jhnsn的担忧，故A项正确。sympathetic"赞同的；支持的"。
2. What leads t Taylr's ptimism abut quantum cmputing?( C )
A. His dminance in physics.B. The cmpetitin in the field.
C. His cnfidence in PyQuantum.D. The investment f tech cmpanies.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句和第五段内容可推知，Taylr对自己与他人共同创立的PyQuantum公司的信心使得他对量子计算持乐观态度，故C项正确。
3. What des the underlined wrd "prne" in Paragraph 3 mst prbably mean?( A )
A. Open.B. Cl.C. Useful.D. Resistant.
[解析]词义猜测题。根据画线词后的"‘quantum’ stands fr smething cl yu shuldn't be able t understand"并结合常识可知，一些炫酷且你不能够理解的事物是很容易被人炒作的，故A项和画线词的意义最为接近。pen"易受损害；脆弱"。
4. Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?( D )
A. Is Jhnsn Mre Cmpetent Than Taylr?
B. Is Quantum Cmputing Redefining Technlgy?
C. Will Quantum Cmputers Ever Cme int Being?
D. Will Quantum Cmputing Ever Live Up t Its Hype?
[解析]标题归纳题。本文第一段引入话题，讲述了作者对量子计算机的兴趣；第二段提出了有关量子计算机的炒作以及Jhnsn的担忧；第三段讲到了该炒作的影响和根源；第四段和第五段讲到了Taylr对量子计算机的信心；最后一段表明了作者的态度，故D项最适合作本文标题。
解读：作者通过与两位朋友的交流，勾勒出了量子计算机的发展和前景，并给出了自己对量子计算机的态度和建议。
【核心词汇】give way t被取代
【词缀变形】impactful adj. 有重大影响（或效果）的→impact v.& n. 影响
quantitatively adv.数量上；分量上→quantitative adj. 数量的；量化的→quantity n. 数量
题组四
Passage 1 [2021新高考卷Ⅱ，D，10分]
An Australian prfessr is develping a rbt t mnitr the health f grazing cattle, a develpment that culd bring big changes t a prfessin that's relied largely n a lw-tech apprach fr decades but is facing a labr shrtage.
Salah Sukkarieh, a prfessr at the University f Sydney, sees rbts as necessary given hw cattlemen are aging. He is building a fur-wheeled rbt that will run n slar and electric pwer. It will use cameras and sensrs t mnitr the animals. A cmputer system will analyze the vide t determine whether a cw is sick. Radi tags （标签） n the animals will measure temperature changes. The quality f grassland will be tracked by mnitring the shape, clr and texture （质地） f grass. That way, cattlemen will knw whether they need t mve their cattle t anther field fr nutritin purpses.
Machines have largely taken ver planting, watering and harvesting crps such as crn and wheat, but the mnitring f cattle has gne thrugh fewer changes.
Fr Texas cattleman Pete Bnds, it's increasingly difficult t find wrkers interested in watching cattle. But Bnds desn't believe a rbt is right fr the jb. Years f experience in the industry — and failed attempts t use technlgy — have cnvinced him that the best way t check cattle is with a man n a hrse. Bnds, wh bught his first cattle almst 50 years ag, still has each f his cwbys inspect 300 r 400 cattle daily and lk fr signs that an animal is getting sick.
Other cattlemen see mre prmise in rbts. Michael Kelsey, vice president f the Oklahma Cattlemen's Assciatin, said a rbt culd be extremely useful given rising cncerns abut cattle theft. Cattle tend t be kept in remte places and their value has risen, making them appealing targets.
1. What is a prblem with the cattle-raising industry?( B )
A. Sil pllutin.B. Lack f wrkers.C. Aging machines.D. Lw prfitability.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段内容可知，养牛业数十年来依靠低端科技，但是现在却面临劳动力短缺的问题。故B项正确。
2. What will Sukkarieh's rbt be able t d?( A )
A. Mnitr the quality f grass.B. Cure the diseased cattle.
C. Mve cattle t anther field.D. Predict weather changes.
[解析]细节理解题。由题干中的"Sukkarieh's"可把解题信息定位在第二段。根据该段中的"The quality f grassland will be tracked by mnitring the shape, clr and texture （质地） f grass"可知，通过监测草的形状、颜色和质地可以跟踪草场质量。故机器人能够监测草的质量。故A项正确。
3. Why des Pete Bnds still hire cwbys t watch cattle?( B )
A. He wants t help them earn a living.B. He thinks men can d the jb better.
C. He is inexperienced in using rbts.D. He enjys the traditinal way f life.
[解析]细节理解题。由题干中的"Pete Bnds"可把解题信息定位在第四段。根据该段中的"But Bnds desn't believe a rbt is right fr the the best way t check cattle is with a man n a hrse"可知，他认为机器人不适合做这份工作，最好的方法仍然是通过人力来完成。故B项正确。
4. Hw may rbts help with cattle watching accrding t Michael Kelsey?( D )
A. Increase the value f cattle.B. Bring dwn the cst f labr.
C. Make the jb mre appealing.D. Keep cattle frm being stlen.
[解析]细节理解题。由题干中的"Michael Kelsey"可把解题信息定位在最后一段。根据该段中的"a rbt culd be extremely useful given rising cncerns abut cattle theft"可知，机器人在防止牛被盗方面非常有用。故D项正确。
解读：养牛业现在面临着劳动力短缺的问题。澳大利亚一位教授正在研发一款用于监测牛群健康的机器人。但是不同的牧畜主对这种机器人有着不同的看法。
【核心词汇】 mnitr v. 监视，检查，跟踪调查
shrtage n. 缺少，不足，短缺 given prep.考虑到，鉴于
【熟词新义】 prmise 常用义：v.发誓，承诺 本文义：n.希望
译文：一位澳大利亚教授正在研发一款监测牛群健康的机器人。这一研发可能给数十年来在很大程度上依靠低端科技，但现在正面临劳动力短缺问题的行业带来很大的变化。
Passage 2 [2021浙江1月，C，10分]
Researchers say they have translated the meaning f gestures that wild chimpanzees（黑猩猩） use t cmmunicate. They say wild chimps cmmunicate 19 specific messages t ne anther with a "vcabulary" f 66 gestures. The scientists discvered this by fllwing and filming grups f chimps in Uganda, and examining mre than 5,000 incidents f these meaningful exchanges.
Dr Catherine Hbaiter, wh led the research, said that this was the nly frm f intentinal cmmunicatin t be recrded in the animal kingdm. Only humans and chimps, she said, had a system f cmmunicatin where they deliberately sent a message t anther grup member.
"That's what's s amazing abut chimp gestures," she said. "They're the nly thing that lks like human language in that respect."
Althugh previus research has shwn that apes and mnkeys can understand cmplex infrmatin frm anther animal's call, the animals d nt appear t use their vices intentinally t cmmunicate messages. This was a significant difference between calls and gestures, Dr Hbaiter said.
Chimps will check t see if they have the attentin f the animal with which they wish t cmmunicate. In ne case, a mther presents her ft t her crying baby, signalling: "Climb n me." The yungster immediately jumps n t its mther's back and they travel ff tgether. "The big message frm this study is that there is anther species （物种） ut there that is meaningful in its cmmunicatin, s that's nt unique t humans," said Dr Hbaiter.
Dr Susanne Shultz, an evlutinary bilgist frm the University f Manchester, said the study was praisewrthy in seeking t enrich ur knwledge f the evlutin f human language. But, she added, the results were "a little disappinting".
"The vagueness f the gesture meanings suggests either that the chimps have little t cmmunicate, r we are still missing a lt f the infrmatin cntained in their gestures and actins," she said. "Mrever, the meanings seem t nt g beynd what ther animals cnvey with nn-verbal cmmunicatin. S, it seems the gulf remains."
1. What d chimps and humans have in cmmn accrding t Dr Hbaiter?( D )
A. Memrizing specific wrds.B. Understanding cmplex infrmatin.
C. Using vices t cmmunicate. D. Cmmunicating messages n purpse.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段第二句"Only humans and chimps, she said, had a system f cmmunicatin where they deliberately sent a message t anther grup member"可知，Hbaiter博士说，只有人类和黑猩猩有这样一个交流系统，在这个系统中人类和黑猩猩有意向其他成员发送信息，故选D。
2. What did Dr Shultz think f the study?( B )
A. It was well designed but prly cnducted.
B. It was a gd try but the findings were limited.
C. It was inspiring but the evidence was unreliable.
D. It was a failure but the methds deserved praise.
[解析]细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的"the study was results were ‘a little disappinting’"可知，Shultz博士认为这项研究是值得称赞的，但同时她也说研究的结果"有点令人失望"，故选B。
3. What des the underlined wrd "gulf" in the last paragraph mean?( A )
A. Difference. B. Cnflict.C. Balance. D. Cnnectin.
[解析]词义猜测题。根据画线词前的内容可知，Shultz博士认为，黑猩猩姿势的含义具有模糊性，而且这些姿势的含义似乎并不能超越其他动物通过非语言交流所传达的信息，所以分歧是依然存在的，故画线词的含义与A项最为接近。
4. Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?( D )
A. Chimpanzee behaviur study achieved a breakthrugh
B. Chimpanzees develped specific cmmunicatin skills
C. Chimpanzees: the smartest species in the animal kingdm
D. Chimpanzee language: cmmunicatin gestures translated
[解析]标题判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中的"have translated the meaning f gestures that wild chimpanzees（黑猩猩） use t cmmunicate"可知，本文主要介绍了一项研究，该研究解读了野生黑猩猩用来交流的姿势的含义，故D项作本文标题最佳。
解读：研究者称他们已经解读了野生黑猩猩用来交流的姿势的含义，他们说野生黑猩猩用66种姿势的"词汇"来传递19种特定信息。
题组五
Passage 1 [2020全国卷Ⅰ，D，8分]
The cnnectin between peple and plants has lng been the subject f scientific research. Recent studies have fund psitive effects. A study cnducted in Yungstwn， Ohi， fr example， discvered that greener areas f the city experienced less crime. In anther， emplyees were shwn t be 15%mre prductive when their wrkplaces were decrated with huseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute f Technlgy（MIT） have taken it a step further — changing the actual cmpsitin f plants in rder t get them t perfrm diverse，even unusual functins. These include plants that have sensrs printed nt their leaves t shw when they're shrt f water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in grundwater. "We're thinking abut hw we can engineer plants t replace functins f the things that we use every day，" explained Michael Stran， a prfessr f chemical engineering at MIT.
One f his latest prjects has been t make plants glw（发光） in experiments using sme cmmn vegetables. Stran's team fund that they culd create a faint light fr three-and-a-half hurs. The light， abut ne-thusandth f the amunt needed t read by， is just a start. The technlgy， Stran said， culd ne day be used t light the rms r even t turn trees int self-pwered street lamps.
In the future， the team hpes t develp a versin f the technlgy that can be sprayed nt plant leaves in a ne-ff treatment that wuld last the plant's lifetime. The engineers are als trying t develp an n and ff "switch" where the glw wuld fade when expsed t daylight.
Lighting accunts fr abut 7% f the ttal electricity cnsumed in the US. Since lighting is ften far remved frm the pwer surce（电源） — such as the distance frm a pwer plant t street lamps n a remte highway — a lt f energy is lst during transmissin（传输）.Glwing plants culd reduce this distance and therefre help save energy.
1. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?( D )
A. A new study f different plants.B. A big fall in crime rates.
C. Emplyees frm varius wrkplaces.D. Benefits frm green plants.
[解析]段落大意题。根据第一段中的"Recent studies have fund psitive effects"及"greener areas f the city experienced less crime" （城市中绿化越好的地区犯罪率越低）和"emplyees were shwn t be 15% mre prductive when their wrkplaces were decrated with huseplants"（装饰有室内植物的工作场所的员工的生产力提高了15%）可知,第一段主要讲的是绿植带来的好处，且psitive effects在此相当于benefits,故D项最能概括本段内容。
2. What is the functin f the sensrs printed n plant leaves by MIT engineers?( A )
A. T detect plants' lack f water.B. T change cmpsitins f plants.
C. T make the life f plants lnger.D. T test chemicals in plants.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段第二句中的"These include plants that have sensrs printed nt their leaves t shw when they're shrt f water"可知，印在植物叶片上的传感器可以检测植物的含水量，显示其缺水情况。lack f water与shrt f water同义，A项正确。 根据该句后半部分"a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in grundwater"可知，D项错误。
3. What can we expect f the glwing plants in the future?( C )
A. They will speed up energy prductin.
B. They may transmit electricity t the hme.
C. They might help reduce energy cnsumptin.
D. They culd take the place f pwer plants.
[解析]推理判断题。最后三段探讨了麻省理工学院对植物发光进行的研究以及将其用于室内外照明的一些设想。根据第三段最后一句中的"culd ne day be used t light the rms r even t turn trees int self-pwered street lamps"，以及最后一段的最后一句"Glwing plants culd reduce this distance and therefre help save energy"可推知，在未来发光植物可能有助于减少能源消耗。故C项切题。
4. Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?( C )
A. Can we grw mre glwing plants?
B. Hw d we live with glwing plants?
C. Culd glwing plants replace lamps?
D. Hw are glwing plants made pllutin-free?
[解析]标题判断题。文章第一段点明植物的积极作用；第二段是有关植物的其他功能的研究；第三段说明最新的研究表明植物可以发光；第四段是有关将来要开发的一种用在植物叶子上的技术及研究植物发光是否可以 "打开"和 "关上"；第五段表述能量在传输中损失很多，或许发光植物可以解决这一问题。C项（发光植物能代替灯吗？）用设问的方式给出标题，最能凸显本文主题。
解读：本文介绍了运用高科技改造绿色植物从而节能减排的科学探索。
【熟词新义】 engineer常用义：n. 工程师
本文义：v. 改变……的基因（或遗传）结构
Passage 2 [2020全国卷Ⅱ，B，8分]
Sme parents will buy any high-tech ty if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.
Psychlgist Susan Levine, an expert n mathematics develpment in yung children at the University f Chicag, fund children wh play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develp better spatial skills. Puzzle play was fund t be a significant predictr f cgnitin（认知） after cntrlling fr differences in parents' incme, educatin and the amunt f parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed vide recrdings f 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at hme and fund children wh play with puzzles between 26 and 46 mnths f age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 mnths f age.
"The children wh played with puzzles perfrmed better than thse wh did nt, n tasks that assessed their ability t rtate（旋转） and translate shapes," Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked t interact with their children as they nrmally wuld, and abut half f the children in the study played with puzzles at ne time. Higher-incme parents tended t have children play with puzzles mre frequently, and bth bys and girls wh played with puzzles had better spatial skills. Hwever, bys tended t play with mre cmplex puzzles than girls, and the parents f bys prvided mre spatial language and were mre active during puzzle play than the parents f girls.
The findings were published in the jurnal Develpmental Science.
1. In which aspect d children benefit frm puzzle play?( B )
A. Building cnfidence.B. Develping spatial skills.
C. Learning self-cntrl.D. Gaining high-tech knwledge.
[解析]细节理解题。由题干中的puzzle play可知，我们把信息定位在第二段中的"fund children wh play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develp better spatial skills"以及第三段中的"fund better spatial skills"，由此可知玩拼图游戏有益于培养孩子的空间技能。故选B。
2. What did Levine take int cnsideratin when designing her experiment?( C )
A. Parents' age.B. Children's imaginatin.
C. Parents' educatin.D. Child-parent relatinship.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句"Puzzle play was fund t be a significant predictr f cgnitin （认知） after cntrlling fr differences in parents' incme, educatin and the amunt f parent talk, Levine said"可知，Levine在设计实验时，考虑到了父母的收入、受教育程度以及与孩子交谈量的差异。故选C。
3. Hw d bys differ frm girls in puzzle play?( D )
A. They play with puzzles mre ften.
B. They tend t talk less during the game.
C. They prefer t use mre spatial language.
D. They are likely t play with tugher puzzles.
[解析]细节理解题。根据倒数第二段最后一句中的"Hwever, bys tended t play with mre cmplex puzzles than girls"可知，男孩较女孩而言，倾向于玩更复杂的拼图游戏。mre cmplex与选项中的tugher意义相近。故选D。
4. What is the text mainly abut?( B )
A. A mathematical methd.B. A scientific study.
C. A wman psychlgist.D. A teaching prgram.
[解析]主旨大意题。阅读全文内容尤其是最后一段"The findings were published in the jurnal Develpmental Science"可知，该篇文章主要介绍的是一项科学研究。故选B。
解读：本文主要介绍了接触拼图游戏有助于孩子发展与数学相关的技能，特别是孩子的空间技能。
译文：研究人员分析了53对儿童及家长在家庭日常活动中的录像，发现当在54个月大被评估时，26个月到46个月年龄段的玩拼图游戏的儿童有更好的空间技能。
题组六
Passage 1 [2020江苏，C，8分]
Fr thse wh can stmach it, wrking ut befre breakfast may be mre beneficial fr health than eating first, accrding t a study f meal timing and physical activity.
Athletes and scientists have lng knwn that meal timing affects perfrmance. Hwever, far less has been knwn abut hw meal timing and exercise might affect general health.
T find ut, British scientists cnducted a study. They first fund 10 verweight and inactive but therwise healthy yung men, whse lifestyles are, fr better and wrse, representative f thse f mst f us. They tested the men's fitness and resting metablic（新陈代谢的） rates and tk samples（样品） f their bld and fat tissue.
Then, n tw separate mrning visits t the scientists' lab, each man walked fr an hur at an average speed that, in thery, shuld allw his bdy t rely mainly n fat fr fuel. Befre ne f these wrkuts, the men skipped breakfast, meaning that they exercised n a cmpletely empty stmach after a lng vernight fast（禁食）. On the ther ccasin, they ate a rich mrning meal abut tw hurs befre they started walking.
Just befre and an hur after each wrkut, the scientists tk additinal samples f the men's bld and fat tissue.
Then they cmpared the samples. There were cnsiderable differences. Mst bviusly, the men displayed lwer bld sugar levels at the start f their wrkuts when they had skipped breakfast than when they had eaten. As a result, they burned mre fat during walks n an empty stmach than when they had eaten first. On the ther hand, they burned slightly mre calries（卡路里）, n average, during the wrkut after breakfast than after fasting.
But it was the effects deep within the fat cells that may have been the mst significant, the researchers fund. Multiple genes behaved differently, depending n whether smene had eaten r nt befre walking. Many f these genes prduce prteins（蛋白质） that can imprve bld sugar regulatin and insulin（胰岛素） levels thrughut the bdy and s are assciated with imprved metablic health. These genes were much mre active when the men had fasted befre exercise than when they had breakfasted.
The implicatin f these results is that t gain the greatest health benefits frm exercise, it may be wise t skip eating first.
1. The underlined expressin "stmach it" in Paragraph 1 mst prbably means "B".
A. digest the meal easilyB. manage withut breakfast
C. decide wisely what t eatD. eat whatever is ffered
[解析]词义猜测题。此处考查stmach的熟词生义，该词在本句中意为"忍受"；另外，结合常识可以判断，有的人锻炼前不吃早饭是受不了的，所以此处意为"如果可以忍受空腹的话，在吃早餐前去锻炼比吃过早餐后去锻炼好处更多"，故B项正确。
2. Why were the 10 peple chsen fr the experiment?( A )
A. Their lifestyles were typical f rdinary peple.
B. Their lack f exercise led t verweight.
C. They culd walk at an average speed.
D. They had slw metablic rates.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段中的"10 verweight and inactive but therwise healthy yung men, whse lifestyles are, fr better and wrse, representative f thse f mst f us"可知，选中的这十个人就是大众的代表，故A项正确。
3. What happened t thse wh ate breakfast befre exercise?( B )
A. They successfully lst weight.B. They cnsumed a bit mre calries.
C. They burned mre fat n average.D. They displayed higher insulin levels.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第六段中的"On the ther hand, they burned slightly mre calries（卡路里）， n average, during the wrkut after breakfast than after fasting"可知，锻炼前吃早餐的人相对而言在锻炼时燃烧的卡路里稍多一些，故B项正确。
4. What culd be learned frm the research?( D )
A. A wrkut after breakfast imprves gene perfrmances.
B. T many wrkuts ften slw metablic rates.
C. Lifestyle is nt as imprtant as mrning exercise.
D. Physical exercise befre breakfast is better fr health.
[解析]细节理解题。根据最后一段中的"t gain the greatest health benefits frm exercise, it may be wise t skip eating first"可知，早饭前锻炼给身体带来的健康方面的好处更多，故选D。
解读：本文主要说明了早饭前锻炼比早饭后锻炼给身体带来的好处更多。
Passage 2 [2020浙江，C，7.5分]
Challenging wrk that requires lts f analytical thinking， planning and ther managerial skills might help yur brain stay sharp as yu age， a study published Wednesday in the jurnal Neurlgy suggests.
Researchers frm the University f Leipzig in Germany gathered mre than 1,000 retired wrkers wh were ver age 75 and assessed the vlunteers' memry and thinking skills thrugh a battery f tests. Then, fr eight years, the scientists asked the same grup t cme back t the lab every 18 mnths t take the same srts f tests.
Thse wh had held mentally stimulating （刺激）, demanding jbs befre retirement tended t d the best n the tests. And they tended t lse cgnitive （认知） functin at a much slwer rate than thse with the least mentally challenging jbs. The results held true even after the scientists accunted fr the participants' verall health status.
"This wrks just like physical exercise," says Francisca Then, wh led the study. "After a lng run, yu may feel like yu're in pain, yu may feel tired. But it makes yu fit. After a lng day at wrk — sure, yu will feel tired, but it can help yur brain stay healthy."
It's nt just crprate jbs, r even paid wrk that can help keep yur brain fit, Then pints ut. A waiter's jb, fr example, that requires multitasking, teamwrk and decisin-making culd be just as stimulating as any high-level ffice wrk. And "running a family husehld requires high-level planning and crdinating（协调），"she says. "Yu have t rganize the activities f the children and take care f the bills and grceries."
Of curse, ur brains can decline as we grw lder fr lts f reasns — including ther envirnmental influences r genetic factrs. Still, cntinuing t challenge yurself mentally and keeping yur mind busy can nly help.
1. Why did the scientists ask the vlunteers t take the tests?( D )
A. T assess their health status.B. T evaluate their wrk habits.
C. T analyze their persnality.D. T measure their mental ability.
[解析]细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的"assessed the vlunteers' memry and thinking skills thrugh a battery f tests"可知，科学家对这些志愿者进行测试是为了研究和评估他们的记忆力和思维能力，故选D。
2. Hw des Francisca Then explain her findings in paragraph 4?( B )
A. By using an expert's wrds.B. By making a cmparisn.
C. By referring t anther study.D. By intrducing a cncept.
[解析]推理判断题。本题考查文章的写作手法。根据文章第四段中的"This wrks just like physical a lng a lng day at wrk"可知，Francisca Then把它与体育锻炼（长跑）作比较，故采用的方法是"对比法"，故选B。
3. Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?( C )
A. Retired Wrkers Can Pick Up New Skills
B. Old Peple Shuld Take Challenging Jbs
C. Yur Tugh Jb Might Help Keep Yu Sharp
D. Cgnitive Functin May Decline As Yu Age
[解析]标题判断题。根据文章全文尤其是第一段中的"Challenging wrk…might help yur brain stay sharp as yu age"可知，本文主要说明了有挑战性的工作能更好地让你的头脑保持敏锐，故选C。
解读：文章认为有挑战性的工作能够让人更好地保持大脑的活力。
题组七
Passage 1 [2019全国卷Ⅰ，C，8分]
As data and identity theft becmes mre and mre cmmn, the market is grwing fr bimetric（生物测量） technlgies — like fingerprint scans — t keep thers ut f private e-spaces. At present, these technlgies are still expensive, thugh.
Researchers frm Gergia Tech say that they have cme up with a lw-cst device（装置）that gets arund this prblem: a smart keybard. This smart keybard precisely measures the cadence（节奏） with which ne types and the pressure fingers apply t each key. The keybard culd ffer a strng layer f security by analyzing things like the frce f a user's typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique t each persn. Thus, the keybard can determine peple's identities, and by extensin, whether they shuld be given access t the cmputer it's cnnected t — regardless f whether smene gets the passwrd right.
It als desn't require a new type f technlgy that peple aren't already familiar with. Everybdy uses a keybard and everybdy types differently.
In a study describing the technlgy, the researchers had 100 vlunteers type the wrd "tuch" fur times using the smart keybard. Data cllected frm the device culd be used t recgnize different participants based n hw they typed, with very lw errr rates. The researchers say that the keybard shuld be pretty straightfrward t cmmercialize and is mstly made f inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hpes t make it t market in the near future.
1. Why d the researchers develp the smart keybard?( D )
A. T reduce pressure n keys.B. T imprve accuracy in typing.
C. T replace the passwrd system.D. T cut the cst f e-space prtectin.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段的内容，尤其是第二句"At present, these technlgies are still expensive, thugh"可知，现有的生物识别技术价格昂贵。根据第二段的第一句"Researchers frm Gergia Tech say that they have cme up with a lw-cst device（装置）that gets arund this prblem: a smart keybard"可知，同样能够保护私人电子空间的智能键盘成本较低，故选D。
2. What makes the inventin f the smart keybard pssible?( C )
A. Cmputers are much easier t perate.
B. Fingerprint scanning techniques develp fast.
C. Typing patterns vary frm persn t persn.
D. Data security measures are guaranteed.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第二段的内容可知，智能键盘能够准确地测量人们打字的节奏和力度，而打字模式因人而异，因此，智能键盘通过分析用户的打字模式进行身份识别，故选C。
【干扰项分析】 原文没有信息支撑A、B项，可排除；根据第一段的内容可知，数据和身份盗窃变得越来越普遍，数据安全并未得到保障，故可排除D项。
3. What d the researchers expect f the smart keybard?( B )
A. It'll be envirnment-friendly.B. It'll reach cnsumers sn.
C. It'll be made f plastics.D. It'll help speed up typing.
[解析]细节理解题。根据文章最后一句"The team hpes t make it t market in the near future"可知，该研究团队希望在不久的将来将智能键盘推向市场，故选B。
4. Where is this text mst likely frm?( D )
A. A diary.B. A guidebk.C. A nvel.D. A magazine.
[解析]出处推断题。纵观全文，尤其是根据文中的关键词"technlgy" "researchers"等可知，本文是一篇科技类说明文，可能出自科技杂志。diary"日记"；guidebk"旅行指南"；nvel"小说"；magazine"杂志"，故选D。
解读：本文介绍了一种用智能键盘进行身份识别的技术。
译文：这款智能键盘可精确测量一个人的打字节奏和手指施加在每个按键上的压力。
Passage 2 [2019全国卷Ⅲ，D，8分]
Mnkeys seem t have a way with numbers.
A team f researchers trained three Rhesus mnkeys t assciate 26 clearly different symbls cnsisting f numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drps f water r juice as a reward. The researchers then tested hw the mnkeys cmbined — r added — the symbls t get the reward.
Here's hw Harvard Medical Schl scientist Margaret Livingstne, wh led the team, described the experiment: In their cages the mnkeys were prvided with tuch screens. On ne part f the screen, a symbl wuld appear, and n the ther side tw symbls inside a circle were shwn. Fr example, the number 7 wuld flash n ne side f the screen and the ther end wuld have 9 and 8. If the mnkeys tuched the left side f the screen they wuld be rewarded with seven drps f water r juice; if they went fr the circle, they wuld be rewarded with the sum f the numbers — 17 in this example.
After running hundreds f tests, the researchers nted that the mnkeys wuld g fr the higher values mre than half the time, indicating that they were perfrming a calculatin, nt just memrizing the value f each cmbinatin.
When the team examined the results f the experiment mre clsely, they nticed that the mnkeys tended t underestimate（低估） a sum cmpared with a single symbl when the tw were clse in value — smetimes chsing, fr example, a 13 ver the sum f 8 and 6. The underestimatin was systematic: When adding tw numbers, the mnkeys always paid attentin t the larger f the tw, and then added nly a fractin（小部分） f the smaller number t it.
"This indicates that there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains," Dr. Livingstne says. "But in this experiment what they're ding is paying mre attentin t the big number than the little ne."
1. What did the researchers d t the mnkeys befre testing them?( C )
A. They fed them.B. They named them.
C. They trained them.D. They measured them.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段首句 "A team f researchers trained three Rhesus mnkeys t assciate 26 clearly different symbls cnsisting f numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drps f water r juice as a reward"可知答案为C。
2. Hw did the mnkeys get their reward in the experiment?( B )
A. By drawing a circle.B. By tuching a screen.
C. By watching vides.D. By mixing tw drinks.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段中的"If the mnkeys tuched the left side f the screen they wuld be rewarded with seven drps f water r juice; if they went fr the circle, they wuld be rewarded with the sum f the numbers — 17 in this example"可知答案为B。
3. What did Livingstne's team find abut the mnkeys?( A )
A. They culd perfrm basic additin.B. They culd understand simple wrds.
C. They culd memrize numbers easily.D. They culd hld their attentin fr lng.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第四段"After running hundreds f tests, the researchers nted that the mnkeys wuld g fr the higher values mre than half the time, indicating that they were perfrming a calculatin, nt just memrizing the value f each cmbinatin" 可知，大多数时候，猴子倾向于触摸更高的数值，这表明它们会进行简单的计算，而不仅仅是记住每个数字组合的数值。
4. In which sectin f a newspaper may this text appear?( D )
A. Entertainment.B. Health.C. Educatin.D. Science.
[解析]推理判断题。根据全文可知，本文讲述了科学家们通过科学实验得出猴子会算术的结论。故选D。
解读：本文讲述了哈佛医学院科学家Margaret Livingstne及其带领的团队通过反复实验得出结论：猴子会算术，且它们对大数值的关注胜过小数值。
译文：一组研究人员使用0至25滴水或果汁作奖励来训练3只恒河猴将26个明显不同的符号关联起来，这些符号包含数字和认真挑选过的字母。
主题7 人与自然·自然生态与环境保护
题组一
Passage 1 [2023新课标卷Ⅱ，D，10分]
As cities balln with grwth, access t nature fr peple living in urban areas is becming harder t find. If yu're lucky, there might be a pcket park near where yu live, but it's unusual t find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has fund health and wellness benefits f nature fr humans, but a new study shws that wildness in urban areas is extremely imprtant fr human well-being.
The research team fcused n a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-gers, asking them t submit a written summary nline f a meaningful interactin they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissins, cding （编码）experiences int different categries. Fr example, ne participant's experience f "We sat and listened t the waves at the beach fr a while" was assigned the categries "sitting at beach" and "listening t waves."
Acrss the 320 submissins, a pattern f categries the researchers call a "nature language" began t emerge. After the cding f all submissins, half a dzen categries were nted mst ften as imprtant t visitrs. These include encuntering wildlife, walking alng the edge f water, and fllwing an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps peple recgnize and take part in the activities that are mst satisfying and meaningful t them. Fr example, the experience f walking alng the edge f water might be satisfying fr a yung prfessinal n a weekend hike in the park. Back dwntwn during a wrkday, they can enjy a mre dmestic frm f this interactin by walking alng a funtain n their lunch break.
"We're trying t generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactins back int ur daily lives. And fr that t happen, we als need t prtect nature s that we can interact with it," said Peter Kahn, a senir authr f the study.
1. What phenmenn des the authr describe at the beginning f the text?( B )
A. Pcket parks are nw ppular.B. Wild nature is hard t find in cities.
C. Many cities are verppulated.D. Peple enjy living clse t nature.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"access t nature fr peple living in urban areas is becming harder t find"（城市居民越来越难以接触大自然）以及"it's unusual t find places in a city that are relatively wild"（在一个城市里找到相对天然的地方是罕见的）可知,在城市里很难接触大自然。故B项正确。
2. Why did the researchers cde participant submissins int categries?( D )
A. T cmpare different types f park-gers.
B. T explain why the park attracts turists.
C. T analyze the main features f the park.
D. T find patterns in the visitrs' summaries.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第四段第一句话"Acrss the 320 submissins, a pattern f t emerge"（在320份提交的材料中，一种被研究人员称为"自然语言"的类别模式开始出现）可知，研究人员将参与者提交的文件分类是为了从公园游客的总结材料中找出类别规律。故D项正确。
3. What can we learn frm the example given in paragraph 5?( C )
A. Walking is the best way t gain access t nature.
B. Yung peple are t busy t interact with nature.
C. The same nature experience takes different frms.
D. The nature language enhances wrk perfrmance.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第五段所举的例子"the experience f walking alng the edge f water might be funtain n their lunch break"可知，年轻的职业人士周末可以在公园徒步旅行，工作日可以沿着喷泉散步，用不同的形式去体验自然，即同样的与自然的互动体验会有不同的表现形式。故C项正确。
4. What shuld be dne befre we can interact with nature accrding t Kahn?( B )
A. Language study.B. Envirnmental cnservatin.
C. Public educatin.D. Intercultural cmmunicatin.
[解析]细节理解题。根据最后一段Kahn的话"And fr that t happen, we als need t prtect nature s that we can interact with it"（为了实现这一点，我们还需要保护自然，以便与之互动）可知，我们在与大自然互动以前需要保护自然，故B项正确。
解读：作者通过对一项新的研究结果及其过程的描述，向读者介绍了与大自然互动对人类健康的重要性，同时也指出要保护大自然。
【核心词汇】 submissin n.提交（或呈递）的文件、建议等
established adj.已确立的，已获确认的，确定的
dmestic adj.本国的，国内的;家用的；享受家庭乐趣的
generate vt.产生，引起
【熟词新义】 balln 常用义：n.气球，热气球
本文义：vi.（突然）膨胀，涨大
译文：命名每一种自然体验都会创造出一种可用的语言，这种语言帮助人们识别并参与对他们来说非常满意、非常有意义的活动。
Passage 2 [2023全国卷甲，D，8分]
Grizzly bears, which may grw t abut 2.5m lng and weigh ver 400kg, ccupy a cnflicted crner f the American psyche — we revere（敬畏） them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the turists frm arund the wrld that fld int Yellwstne Natinal Park what they mst hpe t see, and their answer is ften the same: a grizzly bear.
"Grizzly bears are re-ccupying large areas f their frmer range," says bear bilgist Chris Servheen. As grizzly bears expand their range int places where they haven't been seen in a century r mre, they're increasingly being sighted by humans.
The western half f the U.S. was full f grizzlies when Eurpeans came, with a rugh number f 50,000 r mre living alngside Native Americans. By the early 1970s, after centuries f cruel and cntinuus hunting by settlers, 600 t 800 grizzlies remained n a mere 2 percent f their frmer range in the Nrthern Rckies. In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act.
Tday, there are abut 2,000 r mre grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recvery has been s successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted t de-list grizzlies, which wuld lsen legal prtectins and allw them t be hunted. Bth effrts were verturned due t lawsuits frm cnservatin grups. Fr nw, grizzlies remain listed.
Obviusly, if precautins（预防） aren't taken, grizzlies can becme trublesme, smetimes killing farm animals r walking thrugh yards in search f fd. If peple remve fd and attractants frm their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by withut truble. Putting electric fencing arund chicken huses and ther farm animal quarters is als highly effective at getting grizzlies away. "Our hpe is t have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass thrugh withut learning bad habits," says James Jnkel, lngtime bilgist wh manages bears in and arund Missula.
1. Hw d Americans lk at grizzlies?( A )
A. They cause mixed feelings in peple.B. They shuld be kept in natinal parks.
C. They are f high scientific value.D. They are a symbl f American culture.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"Grizzly a cnflicted crner f the American psyche（灰熊在美国人心中占据了一个矛盾的角落）"和"we revere（敬畏） them even as they give us frightening answer is ften the same: a grizzly bear"可知，人们对灰熊既怕又爱。由此可见，美国人对灰熊的感情很复杂，故A项正确。
2. What has helped the increase f the grizzly ppulatin?( C )
A. The Eurpean settlers' behavir.B. The expansin f bears' range.
C. The prtectin by law since 1975.D. The supprt f Native Americans.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第三段中的"In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act（1975年，灰熊被列入《美国濒危动物法案》中）"和第四段的"Tday, there are abut 2,000 r mre grizzly bears in the U.S.（如今，美国大约有2 000或更多头灰熊）"可以推断，灰熊数量增长与1975年以来的法律保护息息相关，故C项正确。
3. What has stpped the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service frm de-listing grizzlies?( A )
A. The ppsitin f cnservatin grups.B. The successful cmeback f grizzlies.
C. The vice f the bilgists.D. The lcal farmers' advcates.
[解析]细节理解题。根据题干中的"the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service frm de-listing grizzlies"可以迅速锁定第四段。根据第四段中的"Bth effrts were verturned due t lawsuits frm cnservatin grups（由于来自保护组织的诉讼，这两次尝试都被推翻了）"可知，动物保护组织的反对阻止了美国鱼类及野生动物管理局将灰熊从《美国濒危动物法案》中除名，故A项正确。
4. What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?( B )
A. Fd shuld be prvided fr grizzlies.
B. Peple can live in harmny with grizzlies.
C. A special path shuld be built fr grizzlies.
D. Technlgy can be intrduced t prtect grizzlies.
[解析]推理判断题。根据最后一段的"If peple remve fd and als highly effective at getting grizzlies away（如果人们把食物和引诱剂从他们的院子和营地拿走，灰熊经过时通常会平安无事。在鸡舍和其他农场动物住所周围安装电围栏对赶走灰熊也非常有效）"可以推断，人类可以和灰熊和谐共处，故B项正确。
解读：本文主要讲述了美国灰熊从多变少的过程，和在法律的保护下，灰熊数量增长，并探讨了针对灰熊的应对保护方案。
【核心词汇】 cnflicted adj.矛盾的，因心理冲突而不知所措的
re-ccupy v.再占领（建筑、地区等） cntinuus adj.不断的；持续的
de-list v.把……从清单中删除 verturn v.推翻，撤销（判决等）
lawsuit n.诉讼；起诉 trublesme adj.令人烦恼的；讨厌的
译文：问问世界各地涌入黄石国家公园的游客他们最希望看到什么，他们的答案往往是一样的：灰熊。
题组二
Passage 1 [2023浙江1月，D，10分]
Accrding t the Slar Energy Industries Assciatin, the number f slar panels installed （安装） has grwn rapidly in the past decade, and it has t grw even faster t meet climate gals. But all f that grwth will take up a lt f space, and thugh mre and mre peple accept the cncept f slar energy, few like large slar panels t be installed near them.
Slar develpers want t put up panels as quickly and cheaply as pssible, s they haven't given much thught t what they put under them. Often, they'll end up filling the area with small stnes and using chemicals t cntrl weeds. The result is that many cmmunities, especially in farming regins, see slar farms as destryers f the sil.
"Slar prjects need t be gd neighbrs," says Jrdan Macknick, the head f the Innvative Site Preparatin and Impact Reductins n the Envirnment（InSPIRE） prject. "They need t be prtectrs f the land and cntribute t the agricultural ecnmy." InSPIRE is investigating practical appraches t "lw-impact" slar develpment, which fcuses n establishing and perating slar farms in a way that is kinder t the land. One f the easiest lw-impact slar strategies is prviding habitat fr pllinatrs（传粉昆虫）.
Habitat lss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pllinatr ppulatins ver the past cuple f decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural ecnmy. Over 28 states have passed laws related t pllinatr habitat prtectin and pesticide use. Cnservatin rganizatins put ut pllinatr-friendliness guidelines fr hme gardens, businesses, schls, cities — and nw there are guidelines fr slar farms.
Over the past few years, many slar farm develpers have transfrmed the space under their slar panels int a shelter fr varius kinds f pllinatrs, resulting in sil imprvement and carbn reductin. "These pllinatr-friendly slar farms can have a valuable impact n everything that's ging n in the landscape," says Macknick.
1. What d slar develpers ften ignre?( B )
A. The decline in the demand fr slar energy.
B. The negative impact f installing slar panels.
C. The rising labr cst f building slar farms.
D. The mst recent advances in slar technlgy.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段内容可知，太阳能开发者们往往想要尽快安装更多的太阳能电池板，所以他们不太考虑如何处理电池板下的环境。他们往往会在下面放一些碎石，而且用除草剂除草，这给环境带来了破坏。所以B项"安装太阳能电池板的消极影响"符合题意。
2. What des InSPIRE aim t d?( C )
A. Imprve the prductivity f lcal farms.
B. Invent new methds fr cntrlling weeds.
C. Make slar prjects envirnmentally friendly.
D. Prmte the use f slar energy in rural areas.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段中的"InSPIRE is the land"可知，InSPIRE项目正在寻求一种对环境影响小的发展太阳能的方式，力求做到"对土地友好"。所以C项"使太阳能项目环保"符合题意。
3. What is the purpse f the laws mentined in paragraph 4?( A )
A. T cnserve pllinatrs.B. T restrict slar develpment.
C. T diversify the ecnmy.D. T ensure the supply f energy.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第四段中的"Over 28 states have passed laws related t pllinatr habitat prtectin and pesticide use（超过28个州通过了有关传粉昆虫栖息地保护和杀虫剂使用的法律）"可知，法律是为了保护传粉昆虫，故A项正确。
4. Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?( D )
A. Pllinatrs: T Leave r t StayB. Slar Energy: Hpe fr the Future
C. InSPIRE: A Leader in AgricultureD. Slar Farms: A New Develpment
[解析]标题归纳题。文章第一、二段主要指出目前存在的问题：太阳能电池板对环境尤其是农业环境的消极影响。第三段给出了解决方案：建立和经营对土地更友好的太阳能农场。第四、五段介绍了传粉昆虫友好型太阳能农场建设的积极影响。所以纵观全文，关键词应该是slar farms，所以D项是最佳选项。
解读：随着太阳能的普及，越来越多的太阳能电池板被安装在各个社区，这不可避免地给环境，尤其是农业环境，带来消极影响。
Passage 2 [2022浙江，B，7.5分]
All arund the wrld, there are small changes taking place. At the side f rads, behind schl playgrunds and n all kinds f unlved pieces f land acrss twns and cities, tiny frests barely the size f tennis curts are appearing, making a great place fr bth wildlife and lcal peple wh may nt nrmally have easy access t nature. This is the Tiny Frest mvement, which aims t prve that the best things in life really d cme in small packages.
Tiny frests were first pineered as a cncept in the 1970s by Dr Miyawaki, a Japanese btanist. As he went n t share his cncept with thers, the idea sn tk ff in India and ther cuntries befre eventually reaching Eurpe, where it became ppular in places like France, Belgium and the Netherlands.
S hw des it wrk? Luise Hartley, wh is leading the Tiny Frest prject in the UK, explains that the prcess begins by identifying areas in which a tiny frest culd have the biggest influence. "We fcus n urban areas where access t nature is ften nt that easy," says Hartley. "We see it as a chance t try t break the grwing discnnect between peple and nature."
In a Tiny Frest, there must be a minimum f 600 trees, and the trees are planted much clser tgether and withut chemicals r fertilisers（肥料）.There are usually arund 30 different kinds f all-native tree species（物种）.This variety, cupled with the fact that tiny frests grw up t ten times faster than standard frests, means they attract a rich abundance f wildlife. It's als thught that these places culd help reduce the risk f flding, remve carbn frm the atmsphere and fight climate change, as well as imprving the mental health f thse living lcally.
1. What d we knw abut the Tiny Frest mvement?( A )
A. It has achieved ntable success.B. It is led by a number f schls.
C. It began in Eurpe in the 1970s.D. It will spread t the cuntryside.
[解析]细节理解题。各个选项分析如下：
2. What is the purpse f the prject led by Hartley in the UK?( D )
A. T prmte ec-turism.B. T imprve frestry research.
C. T ppularise gardening.D. T get peple clse t nature.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第三段中Luise Hartley所说的话"We see it as a chance t try t break the grwing discnnect between peple and nature"可知，Hartley在英国领导的微森林项目旨在打破人与大自然之间日益脱节的状况，即让人们接近大自然，故D项正确。
3. What is special abut the trees in a Tiny Frest?( B )
A. They are small in size.B. They are thickly planted.
C. They are freign species.D. They are heavily fertilised.
[解析]细节理解题。根据最后一段中的"there must be a minimum f 600 trees, and the trees are planted much clser tgether"可知，微森林运动中的树要种植得更密集一些，故B项正确。
解读：本文主要介绍了微森林运动的兴起、发展、运作方式和实施要求等。
【核心词汇】 把……与……连接起来
【熟词新义】 pineer 常用义：n. 先锋；先驱；带头人 本文义：v. 倡导
译文：在路边、学校操场后面、城镇中各种不受欢迎的土地上，几乎只有网球场大小的微森林正在出现，这些微森林对野生动物和正常情况下可能无法轻易接近大自然的当地人来说是个美妙的地方。
题组三
Passage 1 [2021新高考卷Ⅱ，B，10分]
I have wrked as a keeper at the Natinal Z fr 11 years. Spt and Stripe are the first tiger cubs （幼兽） that have ever been brn here. Glbally, a third f Sumatran cubs in zs dn't make it t adulthd, s I decided t give them rund-the-clck care at hme.
I've gt tw children — the yunger ne, Kynan, was extremely happy abut the tigers arriving — but all f us really lked frward t being part f their lives and watching them grw. I wasn't wrried abut bringing them int my hme with my wife and kids. These were cubs. They weighed abut 2.5 kg and were s small that there was abslutely n risk.
As they grew mre mbile, we let them mve freely arund the huse during the day, but when we were asleep we had t cntain them in a large rm, therwise they'd get up t mischief. We'd cme dwn in the mrning t find they'd turned the rm upside dwn, and left it lking like a z.
Things quickly gt very intense due t the huge amunt f energy required t lk after them. There were sme tugh times and I just felt extremely tired. I was grateful that my family was there t help. We had t have a bit f a prductin line ging, making up "tiger milk", washing baby bttles, and cleaning the flrs.
When Spt and Stripe were fur mnths ld, they were learning hw t pen drs and jump fences, and we knew it really was time fr them t g. It was hard fr us t finally part with them. Fr the first few days, Kynan was always a bit disappinted that the cubs weren't there.
I'm nt sad abut it. I'm hands-n with them every day at the z, and I d lk back very fndly n the time that we had them.
1. Why did the authr bring the tiger cubs hme?( A )
A. T ensure their survival.B. T bserve their differences.
C. T teach them life skills.D. T let them play with his kids.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"Glbally, a third f at hme"可知,在动物园出生的幼虎的死亡率太高，作者把两只幼虎带回家照顾，是为了确保它们存活。故A项正确。
2. What d the underlined wrds "get up t mischief" mean in paragraph 3?( A )
A. Behave badly.B. Lse their way.C. Sleep sundly.D. Miss their mm.
[解析]词义猜测题。根据第三段尾句可知，这两只幼虎很顽皮，把房间搞得天翻地覆。由此可推知，作者一家人睡觉的时候会把两只幼虎放在大房间里，否则，它们会捣乱。故A项正确。B项"迷路"；C项"憨睡"；D项"思念它们的妈妈"。
3. What did the authr think f raising the tiger cubs at hme?( B )
A. Bring.B. Tiring.C. Cstly.D. Risky.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第四段中的"There tired"可知，作者认为在家饲养幼虎是非常累人的工作。故B项正确。
4. Why did the authr decide t send Spt and Stripe back t the z?( B )
A. They frightened the children.B. They became difficult t cntain.
C. They annyed the neighburs.D. They started fighting each ther.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第三段和第五段的内容可知，当这两只幼虎长到4个月大时，它们学会了开门和翻篱笆。由此可推知，很难再把它们圈养起来，所以作者决定把它们送回动物园。故B项正确。
解读：作者是动物园的饲养员。由于在动物园出生的幼虎死亡率太高，作者决定把两只幼虎带回家饲养,全家齐上阵照顾这两只幼虎。幼虎四个月大的时候不再适合圈养时，作者把它们送回了动物园。
【核心词汇】 make it t 成功到达
rund-the-clck adj. 日夜不停的，持续一整天的
hands-n adj. 亲身实践的 lk back n 回顾，回首，回忆
【熟词新义】 part 常用义：n. 压力 本文义： v. 离开，分别
Passage 2 [2021新高考卷Ⅰ，C，10分]
When the explrers first set ft upn the cntinent f Nrth America, the skies and lands were alive with an astnishing variety f wildlife. Native Americans had taken care f these precius natural resurces wisely. Unfrtunately, it tk the explrers and the settlers wh fllwed nly a few decades t decimate a large part f these resurces. Millins f waterfwl（水禽） were killed at the hands f market hunters and a handful f verly ambitius sprtsmen. Millins f acres f wetlands were dried t feed and huse the ever-increasing ppulatins, greatly reducing waterfwl habitat（栖息地）.
In 1934, with the passage f the Migratry Bird Hunting Stamp Act（Act）, an increasingly cncerned natin tk firm actin t stp the destructin f migratry（迁徙的） waterfwl and the wetlands s vital t their survival. Under this Act, all waterfwl hunters 16 years f age and ver must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. "Ding" Darling, a plitical cartnist frm Des Mines, Iwa, wh at that time was appinted by President Franklin Rsevelt as Directr f the Bureau f Bilgical Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price t ensure the survival f ur natural resurces.
Abut 98 cents f every duck stamp dllar ges directly int the Migratry Bird Cnservatin Fund t purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat fr inclusin int the Natinal Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be prtected and available fr all generatins t cme. Since 1934, better than half a billin dllars has gne int that Fund t purchase mre than 5 millin acres f habitat. Little wnder the Federal Duck Stamp Prgram has been called ne f the mst successful cnservatin prgrams ever initiated.
1. What was a cause f the waterfwl ppulatin decline in Nrth America?( A )
A. Lss f wetlands.B. Ppularity f water sprts.
C. Pllutin f rivers.D. Arrival f ther wild animals.
[解析]细节理解题。 根据第一段中的"Millins f acres f wetlands were dried t feed and huse the ever-increasing ppulatins, greatly reducing waterfwl habitat（栖息地）"可知，湿地丧失是水禽数量减少的原因之一，故A项正确。
2. What des the underlined wrd "decimate" mean in the first paragraph?( C )
A. Acquire.B. Exprt.C. Destry.D. Distribute.
[解析]词义猜测题。根据语境可知，画线词所在句与上文形成转折。上文讲到了探险者抵达北美洲时，这片大陆上充满了各种各样的野生物种，整个大陆生机勃勃。美洲土著居民明智地照顾着这些宝贵的自然资源，因此画线词所在句应讲述这些资源受到的破坏——探险者及随之而来的殖民者只用了几十年，就将大部分资源破坏，故画线词与C项的意义最为接近。acquire"获得";exprt"出口";distribute"分配；散布"。
3. What is a direct result f the Act passed in 1934?( D )
A. The stamp price has gne dwn.B. The migratry birds have flwn away.
C. The hunters have stpped hunting.D. The gvernment has cllected mney.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段中的"Abut 98 cents f every duck stamp dllar ges directly int the Migratry Bird Cnservatin 1934, better than half a billin dllars has gne int that Fund"可知，《候鸟狩猎印花税法案》带来的一个直接结果是政府筹到了钱，故D项正确。
4. Which f the fllwing is a suitable title fr the text?( A )
A. The Federal Duck Stamp StryB. The Natinal Wildlife Refuge System
C. The Benefits f Saving WaterfwlD. The Histry f Migratry Bird Hunting
[解析]标题判断题。阅读文章内容可知，本文主要讲述了《候鸟狩猎印花税法案》出台的背景、鸭票的设计和用途以及该法案的效果，故A项正确。
解读：本文介绍了美国政府出台《候鸟狩猎印花税法案》的背景及效果。
【核心词汇】a handful f少数 verly adv.过度地，过于，很
initiate v.开始，创始，发起
【熟词新义】passage常用义：n.章节，通道 本文义：n.通过
【背景知识】美国联邦鸭票（The Federal Duck Stamp）诞生于1934年的美国联邦鸭票计划，这一计划是有史以来美国最成功的保护计划之一。出售美国联邦鸭票的收入用来保护美国数百万英亩沼泽湿地中的水禽。
题组四
Passage 1 [2021全国卷乙，C，8分]
Yu've heard that plastic is plluting the ceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 millin tnnes enter cean ecsystems every year. But des ne plastic straw r cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Vn Wng wants yu t knw that it des. He builds massive sculptures ut f plastic garbage, frcing viewers t re-examine their relatinship t single-use plastic prducts.
At the beginning f the year, the artist built a piece called "Strawpcalypse," a pair f 10-ft-tall plastic waves, frzen mid-crash. Made f 168,000 plastic straws cllected frm several vlunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shpping center in H Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Just 9% f glbal plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by n means the biggest surce（来源） f plastic pllutin, but they've recently cme under fire because mst peple dn't need them t drink with and, because f their small size and weight, they cannt be recycled. Every straw that's part f Vn Wng's artwrk likely came frm a drink that smene used fr nly a few minutes. Once the drink is gne, the straw will take centuries t disappear.
In a piece frm 2018, Vn Wng wanted t illustrate（说明） a specific statistic: Every 60 secnds, a trucklad's wrth f plastic enters the cean. Fr this wrk, titled "Trucklad f Plastic," Vn Wng and a grup f vlunteers cllected mre than 10,000 pieces f plastic, which were then tied tgether t lk like they'd been dumped（倾倒） frm a truck all at nce.
Vn Wng hpes that his wrk will als help pressure big cmpanies t reduce their plastic ftprint.
1. What are Vn Wng's artwrks intended fr?( C )
A. Beautifying the city he lives in.B. Intrducing ec-friendly prducts.
C. Drawing public attentin t plastic waste.D. Reducing garbage n the beach.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段的最后一句"He builds massive sculptures ut f plastic garbage, frcing viewers t re-examine their relatinship t single-use plastic prducts"可知，艺术家Vn Wng制作雕塑的目的是迫使观众重新审视他们与一次性塑料制品的关系，即关注塑料废弃物造成的问题。
2. Why des the authr discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3?( A )
A. T shw the difficulty f their recycling.B. T explain why they are useful.
C. T vice his views n mdern art.D. T find a substitute fr them.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第三段的内容，尤其是其中的"Just 9% f glbal plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by n means the biggest surce（来源） f plastic f their small size and weight, they cannt be recycled"可知，全球仅有9%的塑料废弃物被回收利用，而且作者特别说明了塑料吸管因为小和轻而无法被回收利用。由此可推知，作者在第三段讨论塑料吸管的问题是为了说明塑料吸管回收的困难。故选A。
3. What effect wuld "Trucklad f Plastic" have n viewers?( B )
A. Calming.B. Disturbing.C. Refreshing.D. Challenging.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第四段的内容可知，通过2018年的一件作品，Vn Wng想要说明一项具体的数据：每60秒就有一卡车的塑料进入海洋。这一作品直观展现了塑料污染的严重性，会令人不安，故选B。disturbing"令人不安的"。
4. Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?( D )
A. Artists' Opinins n Plastic Safety
B. Media Interest in Cntemprary Art
C. Respnsibility Demanded f Big Cmpanies
D. Ocean Plastics Transfrmed int Sculptures
[解析]标题判断题。通览全文可知，作者讲述了艺术家Vn Wng用塑料垃圾制作雕塑以期唤起人们对环保问题的关注的事迹，因此最佳标题为D。
解读:艺术家Benjamin Vn Wng关注塑料污染导致的环境问题，他用回收而来的废旧塑料制品创作雕塑作品，以期唤起人们对塑料制品的关注，提高人们对改善环境问题的参与意识。
【核心词汇】 massive adj.巨大的，大量的 cleanup n. 清扫，扫除
cme under fire 受到严厉批评
【熟词新义】 pressure常用义：n.压力，挤压 本文义：v.强迫，迫使
译文：为了这件名为"Trucklad f Plastic"的作品，Vn Wng和一群志愿者收集了一万多件塑料，然后这些塑料被捆到一起，看起来它们就像是一起从卡车上倒下来的一样。
Passage 2 [2021全国卷甲，B，8分]
Prt Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding（繁育） prgramme, has welcmed the arrival f a rare black rhin calf （犀牛幼崽）. When the tiny creature arrived n January 31, she became the 40th black rhin t be brn at the reserve. And fficials at Prt Lympne were delighted with the new arrival, especially as black rhins are knwn fr being difficult t breed in captivity（圈养）.
Paul Beer, head f the rhin sectin at Prt Lympne, said: "Obviusly we're all abslutely delighted t welcme anther calf t ur black rhin family. She's healthy, strng and already eager t play and explre. Her mther, Sli, is a first-time mum and she is ding a fantastic jb. It's still a little t cld fr them t g ut int the pen, but as sn as the weather warms up, I have n dubt that the little ne will be ut and abut explring and playing every day."
The adrable female calf is the secnd black rhin brn this year at the reserve, but it is t early t tell if the calves will make gd candidates t be returned t prtected areas f the wild. The first rhin t be brn at Prt Lympne arrived n January 5 t first-time mther Kisima and weighed abut 32kg. His mther, grandmther and great grandmther were all brn at the reserve and still live there.
Accrding t the Wrld Wildlife Fund, the glbal black rhin ppulatin has drpped as lw as 5500, giving the rhins a "critically endangered" status.
1. Which f the fllwing best describes the breeding prgramme?( D )
A. Cstly.B. Cntrversial.C. Ambitius.D. Successful.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第一段中讲到的"When the tiny creature arrived n January 31, she became the 40th black rhin t be brn at the reserve"可知，新出生的小犀牛是该保护区迎来的第40只黑犀牛，据此可以推断，保护区实施的繁育项目很成功，故D项正确。cstly"代价大的，昂贵的"；cntrversial"有争议的"；ambitius"有野心的"。
2. What des Paul Beer say abut the new-brn rhin?( C )
A. She lves staying with her mther.B. She dislikes utdr activities.
C. She is in gd cnditin.D. She is sensitive t heat.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段Paul Beer所说的话中的"She's healthy, strng and already eager t play and explre"可知，新出生的小犀牛健康、强壮，已经盼望去玩并且探索了，因此可知她整体状况很好，故C项正确。be sensitive t"对……敏感"。
3. What similar experience d Sli and Kisima have?( A )
A. They had their first brn in January.B. They enjyed explring new places.
C. They lived with their grandmthers.D. They were brught t the reserve yung.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段中的"When the tiny creature arrived n January 31"，第二段中的"Her mther, Sli, is a first-time mum"和第三段中的"The first rhin t be brn at Prt Lympne arrived n January 5 t first-time mther Kisima"可知，Sli和Kisima的共同之处在于：二者都在一月份的时候第一次当母亲，故A项正确。
4. What can be inferred abut Prt Lympne Reserve?( D )
A. The rhin sectin will be pen t the public.
B. It aims t cntrl the number f the animals.
C. It will cntinue t wrk with the Wrld Wildlife Fund.
D. Sme f its rhins may be sent t the prtected wild areas.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第三段中的"The adrable female calf is the secnd black rhin brn this year at the reserve, but it is t early t tell if the calves will make gd candidates t be returned t prtected areas f the wild"可以推断，一些犀牛可能会被送到野生保护区，故D项正确。
解读：Prt Lympne自然保护区的繁育项目非常成功，迎来了第40只小犀牛。
【词缀变形】adrable adj.可爱的，讨人喜爱的→adre v.喜爱，爱慕→adring adj.崇拜的，敬慕的
题组五
Passage 1 [2020新高考卷Ⅱ，D，10分]
Rainfrests are hme t a rich variety f medicinal plants, fd, birds and animals. Can yu believe that a single bush（灌木丛） in the Amazn may have mre species f ants than the whle f Britain! Abut 480 varieties f trees may be fund in just ne hectare f rainfrest.
Rainfrests are the lungs f the planet — string vast quantities f carbn dixide and prducing a significant amunt f the wrld's xygen. Rainfrests have their wn perfect system fr ensuring their wn survival; the tall trees make a canpy （树冠层） f branches and leaves which prtect themselves, smaller plants, and the frest animals frm heavy rain, intense dry heat frm the sun and strng winds.
Amazingly, the trees grw in such a way that their leaves and branches, althugh clse tgether, never actually tuch thse f anther tree. Scientists think this is the plants' way t prevent the spread f any tree diseases and make life mre difficult fr leaf-eating insects like caterpillars. T survive in the frest, animals must climb, jump r fly acrss the gaps. The grund flr f the frest is nt all tangled leaves and bushes, like in films, but is actually fairly clear. It is where dead leaves turn int fd fr the trees and ther frest life.
They are nt called rainfrests fr nthing! Rainfrests can generate 75% f their wn rain. At least 80 inches f rain a year is nrmal — and in sme areas there may be as much as 430 inches f rain annually. This is real rain — yur umbrella may prtect yu in a shwer, but it wn't keep yu dry if there is a full rainstrm. In just tw hurs, streams can rise ten t twenty feet. The humidity （湿气） f large rainfrests cntributes t the frmatin f raincluds that may travel t ther cuntries in need f rain.
1. What can we learn abut rainfrests frm the first paragraph?( D )
A. They prduce xygen.B. They cver a vast area.
C. They are well managed.D. They are rich in wildlife.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段第一句"Rainfrests are hme t a rich variety f medicinal plants, fd, birds and animals"可知，热带雨林是各种药用植物、食物、鸟兽的家园,即热带雨林里有丰富的野生生物，故D项正确。
2. Which f the fllwing cntributes mst t the survival f rainfrests?( B )
A. Heavy rains.B. Big trees.C. Small plants.D. Frest animals.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段第二句可知，热带雨林自身有很好的生存系统：高大的树木用树枝和叶子组成树冠，保护自己、较小的植物和雨林动物免受大雨的击打和酷热。据此可知，大树的作用最大，故B项正确。
3. Why d the leaves and branches f different trees avid tuching each ther?( C )
A. Fr mre sunlight.B. Fr mre grwing space.
C. Fr self-prtectin.D. Fr the detectin f insects.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第三段第一、二句可知，不同的树的树枝和树叶不连接，这样可以防止任何树木疾病的传播，并使像毛虫这种以树叶为食的昆虫的生活更加困难。据此可知，这是雨林中树的自我保护方式。
4. What can be a suitable title fr the text?( A )
A. Life-Giving RainfrestsB. The Law f the Jungle
C. Animals in the AmaznD. Weather in Rainfrests
[解析]标题判断题。通读全文可知，文章第一句"Rainfrests are hme t a rich variety f medicinal plants, fd, birds and animals"为全文的主题句，结合下文内容可知，本文主要介绍了热带雨林自身生存并积极影响着地球的知识：热带雨林不仅是各种植物和动物的家园，还是地球的"肺"——雨林储存大量的二氧化碳，并产生大量的氧气；热带雨林还能自我保护——为防止疾病和虫害，虽然树与树的叶子和树枝距离很近，但并不相连；热带雨林的湿气也有益于一些需要雨的国家。故A项最适合作本文标题。
解读：热带雨林不仅是各种植物和动物的家园，还是地球的"肺"——雨林储存大量的二氧化碳，并产生大量的氧气。为防止疾病和虫害，虽然树与树的叶子和树枝距离很近，但并不相连。热带雨林的湿气也有益于一些需要雨的国家。
Passage 2 [2020全国卷Ⅱ，C，8分]
When yu were trying t figure ut what t buy fr the envirnmentalist n yur hliday list, fur prbably didn't crss yur mind. But sme eclgists and fashin（时装） enthusiasts are trying t bring back the market fr fur made frm nutria（海狸鼠）.
Unusual fashin shws in New Orleans and Brklyn have shwcased nutria fur made int clthes in different styles. "It sunds crazy t talk abut guilt-free fur — unless yu understand that the nutria are destrying vast wetlands every year," says Cree McCree, prject directr f Righteus Fur.
Scientists in Luisiana were s cncerned that they decided t pay hunters＄5 a tail. Sme f the fur ends up in the fashin shws like the ne in Brklyn last mnth.
Nutria were brught there frm Argentina by fur farmers and let g int the wild. "The ecsystem dwn there can't handle this nn-native species（物种）. It's destrying the envirnment. It's them r us," says Michael Massimi, an expert in this field.
The fur trade kept nutria in check fr decades, but when the market fr nutria cllapsed in the late 1980s, the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.
Bilgist Edmnd Mutn runs the nutria cntrl prgram fr Luisiana. He says it's nt easy t cnvince peple that nutria fur is green, but he has n dubt abut it. Hunters bring in mre than 300,000 nutria tails a year, s part f Mutn's jb these days is trying t prmte fur.
Then there's Righteus Fur and its unusual fashins. Mdel Paige Mrgan says, "T give peple a guilt-free ptin that they can wear withut smene thrwing paint n them — I think that's ging t be a massive thing, at least here in New Yrk." Designer Jennifer Andersn admits it tk her a while t cme arund t the pinin that using nutria fur fr her creatins is mrally acceptable. She's trying t cme up with a label t attach t nutria fashins t shw it is ec-friendly.
1. What is the purpse f the fashin shws in New Orleans and Brklyn?( A )
A. T prmte guilt-free fur.B. T expand the fashin market.
C. T intrduce a new brand.D. T celebrate a winter hliday.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句（不过一些生态学家和时装爱好者正试图让海狸鼠毛皮市场复苏），以及第二段Cree McCree所说的话（除非你了解海狸鼠每年都在破坏大片的湿地，否则毫无负罪感地谈论毛皮听起来很不理智）可推知这两场时装秀的目的是推广海狸鼠毛皮服装，消除人们对于使用海狸鼠毛皮制品的负罪感。故选A。
【干扰项分析】 B项意为"拓展时装市场"；C项意为"介绍一个新品牌"；D项意为"庆祝寒假"。B、C、D三项文章中均没有提及。
2. Why are scientists cncerned abut nutria?( A )
A. Nutria damage the ecsystem seriusly.B. Nutria are an endangered species.
C. Nutria hurt lcal cat-sized animals.D. Nutria are illegally hunted.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第二段中的"the nutria are destrying vast wetlands every year"以及第四段中的"The 's destrying the envirnment"可知，因为海狸鼠破坏湿地进而破坏了环境，所以科学家们很担心。故选A。
3. What des the underlined wrd "cllapsed" in paragraph 5 prbably mean?( D )
A. Bmed.B. Became mature.C. Remained stable.D. Crashed.
[解析]词义猜测题。根据画线词前的"The fur trade kept nutria in check fr decades"可知，几十年来，毛皮贸易使海狸鼠（的数量）处于控制之中。根据画线词后的"the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy"可知，海狸鼠疯狂地繁殖。再由关键词but可推知，后面的情况与前面的相反。综合可推知，20世纪80年代末海狸鼠市场瘫痪了。cllapse的意思应是"崩溃"，故选D。
4. What can we infer abut wearing fur in New Yrk accrding t Mrgan?( B )
A. It's frmal.B. It's risky.C. It's harmful.D. It's traditinal.
[解析]推理判断题。根据最后一段中Mrgan说的话（给人们一个没有负罪感的选择，他们穿着毛皮衣服，却没有人朝他们泼油漆……至少在纽约是这样的）可推知，在纽约，穿毛皮衣服是有危险的。故选B。
解读：本文介绍了海狸鼠破坏了生态系统，穿海狸鼠皮毛制成的衣服并不会对环境造成威胁，而且人们也不会有负罪感。
【核心词汇】 envirnmentalist n.环境保护论者 shwcase v.展示
ecsystem n.生态系统 multiply v.（使）繁殖，增殖
prmte v.促销，推销
题组六
Passage 1 [2020全国卷Ⅲ，B，8分]
When "Rise f the Planet f the Apes" was first shwn t the public last mnth, a grup f excited animal activists gathered n Hllywd Bulevard. But they weren't there t thrw red paint n fur-cat-wearing film stars. Instead, ne activist, dressed in a full-bdy mnkey suit, had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers: "Thanks fr nt using real apes（猿）！"
The creative team behind "Apes" used mtin-capture （动作捕捉）technlgy t create digitalized animals, spending tens f millins f dllars n technlgy that recrds an actr's perfrmance and later prcesses it with cmputer graphics t create a final image（图像）. In this case, ne f a realistic-lking ape.
Yet "Apes" is mre exceptin than the rule. In fact, Hllywd has been ht n live animals lately. One nnprfit rganizatin, which mnitrs the treatment f animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs n mre than 2,000 prductins this year. Already, a number f films, including "Water fr Elephants," "The Hangver Part Ⅱ" and "Zkeeper," have drawn the anger f activists wh say the creatures acting in them haven't been treated prperly.
In sme cases, it's nt s much the treatment f the animals n set in the studi that has activists wrried; it's the ff-set training and living cnditins that are raising cncerns. And there are questins abut the films made utside the States, which smetimes are nt mnitred as clsely as prductins filmed in the States.
1. Why did the animal activists gather n Hllywd Bulevard?( D )
A. T see famus film stars.B. T ppse wearing fur cats.
C. T raise mney fr animal prtectin.D. T express thanks t sme filmmakers.
[解析]细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句可知，一个动物保护主义者举着感谢电影制作人的牌子，故可推知D项切题。
2. What des paragraph 2 mainly talk abut?( B )
A. The cst f making "Apes."B. The creatin f digitalized apes.
C. The publicity abut "Apes."D. The perfrmance f real apes.
[解析]段落大意题。根据第二段中的"The creative team behind ‘Apes’ used mtin-capture（动作捕捉）technlgy t create digitalized animals"可以判断，本段主要介绍了数字化猿猴的创作过程，故选B。
3. What des the underlined phrase "keeping tabs n" in paragraph 3 prbably mean?( D )
A. Listing cmpletely.B. Directing prfessinally.
C. Prmting successfully.D. Watching carefully.
[解析]词义猜测题。根据第三段中的"One nnprfit rganizatin, which mnitrs the treatment f animals in filmed entertainment"可知，该非营利性组织旨在监督电影娱乐业对待动物的方式，所以画线短语与mnitr（监督）意义最为接近，故D项"密切关注"正确。
4. What can we infer frm the last paragraph abut animal actrs?( A )
A. They may be badly treated.B. They shuld take further training.
C. They culd be traded illegally.D. They wuld lse ppularity.
[解析]推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句可知，动物演员们接受的训练及其生存条件令人担忧，由此可推知，动物演员们可能受到虐待。
解读：《猩球崛起》电影制作人使用了数字化的猿猴做主演，动物保护者对此深表感激。但是在电影行业中有很多动物演员受到了不公正的对待，这需要引起人们的关注。
【核心词汇】 digitalize v.数字化 prcess v.处理
Passage 2 [2019浙江，C，10分]
Califrnia has lst half its big trees since the 1930s, accrding t a study t be published Tuesday and climate change seems t be a majr factr （因素）.
The number f trees larger than tw feet acrss has declined by 50 percent n mre than 46,000 square miles f Califrnia frests, the new study finds. N area was spared r unaffected, frm the fggy nrthern cast t the Sierra Nevada Muntains t the San Gabriels abve Ls Angeles. In the Sierra high cuntry, the number f big trees has fallen by mre than 55 percent; in parts f suthern Califrnia the decline was nearly 75 percent.
Many factrs cntributed t the decline, said Patrick McIntyre, an eclgist wh was the lead authr f the study. Wdcutters targeted big trees. Husing develpment pushed int the wds. Aggressive wildfire cntrl has left Califrnia frests crwded with small trees that cmpete with big trees fr resurces（资源）.
But in cmparing a study f Califrnia frests dne in the 1920s and 1930s with anther ne between 2001 and 2010, McIntyre and his clleagues dcumented a widespread death f big trees that was evident even in wildlands prtected frm wdcutting r develpment.
The lss f big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shrtage. The researchers figured ut water stress with a cmputer mdel that calculated hw much water trees were getting in cmparisn with hw much they needed, taking int accunt such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness f sil, and the timing f snwmelt （融雪）.
Since the 1930s, McIntyre said, the biggest factrs driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees t lse mre water t the air, and earlier snwmelt, which reduces the water supply available t trees during the dry seasn.
1. What is the secnd paragraph mainly abut?( A )
A. The seriusness f big-tree lss in Califrnia.
B. The increasing variety f Califrnia big trees.
C. The distributin f big trees in Califrnia frests.
D. The influence f farming n big trees in Califrnia.
[解析]段落大意题。 根据文章第二段中"The number f by 50 than 55 75 percent"提到的数字可知，该段主要描述了加州森林中大树急剧减少的严重性，故选A项。
2. Which f the fllwing is well-intentined but may be bad fr big trees?( D )
A. Eclgical studies f frests.B. Banning wdcutting.
C. Limiting husing develpment.D. Fire cntrl measures.
[解析]推理判断题。根据第三段中的"Aggressive wildfire with big trees fr resurces（资源）"可知，声势浩大的森林防火措施虽然一定程度上保护了森林，但同时也导致小树泛滥，与大树争抢资源，从而导致大树数量减少，故选D项。
3. What is a majr cause f the water shrtage accrding t McIntyre?( C )
A. Inadequate snwmelt.B. A lnger dry seasn.
C. A warmer climate.D. Dampness f the air.
[解析]细节理解题。根据最后一段中的"Since the 1930s, McIntyre been rising the water supply"可知，McIntyre认为水资源短缺的主要原因是逐渐上升的气温，故选C项。
4. What can be a suitable title fr the text?( A )
A. Califrnia's Frests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gne?
B. Cutting f Big Trees t Be Prhibited in Califrnia Sn
C. Why Are the Big Trees Imprtant t Califrnia Frests?
D. Patrick McIntyre: Grw Mre Big Trees in Califrnia
[解析]标题判断题。根据全文可知，文章主要讲述了美国加州森林中大树数量急剧下降的现象，并分析了其原因。因此A项能很好地概括全文。
解读：文章主要讲述了美国加利福尼亚州的森林中大树急剧减少的现象，并分析了其原因。
A
无中生有——文中仅提到Merebeth的新工作是"pet delivery service",并未提及她有机会见到珍稀动物。
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B
曲解原文——根据最后一段中的"She desn't wrk in summer"可知，Merebeth在夏天是不工作的，而非B项所说的全年都在努力工作。
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C
根据最后一段中的"It's a call she must handle alne"及"I've always been independent-spirited"可知，Merebeth一直都是靠自己。
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D
曲解原文——根据最后一段中的"It turns ut that ... pays quite well at abut $30,000 per year befre tax"可知，在新工作中，Merebeth每年的税前收入非常可观，而非只是挣得无需缴税的基本收入。
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A
根据第一段中的"making a great nature"可知，微森林运动取得了显著的成功。ntable"值得注意的；显著的；重要的"。
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B
过度延伸——第一段中虽然讲到了"behind schl playgrunds"，但并不意味着许多学校在领导该运动。
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C
曲解文意——由第二段中的"Tiny frests were first pineered as a cncept in the 1970s by Dr Miyawaki, a Japanese btanist"可知，微森林于20世纪70年代兴起于日本，并非欧洲。
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D
无中生有——根据第三段中的"We fcus n urban areas where access t nature is ften nt that easy"可知，微森林运动集中在城市地区，且文中并未有信息说明以后会往乡下发展。
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