专题2 阅读理解说明文与议论文主旨——2024届高考英语阅读与写作备考策略

这是一份专题2 阅读理解说明文与议论文主旨——2024届高考英语阅读与写作备考策略，共11页。

题干中出现main idea; mainly abut; best / suitable title; 或问作者写文章的目的是什么
如何定位：
说明文和议论文文章的主旨多在首段，部分在尾段，或首尾段相结合，极少数需要自己总结
如果议论文首段描写场景，那么主旨通常在第二段
方法：
如果首尾段的首尾句非常简短，且为总结性话语，那么很有可能是文章的主旨
如果首段提及研究 (research; study 等)，那么通常研究结果为主旨
给出方式：
The research / study fund / shwed / suggested / indicated that …
The researchers fund / said that …
The result f the study indicated that …
…, accrding t the research.
…
注意事项：
如果首段提及previus (以前的) research，那么主旨应该是现在的或者新的研究结果
通常以前的研究是错误的或不全面的，个别是用来佐证最近的研究结果的正确性
通常大多数人的观点是错误的，后面会有转折给出正确的观点
如果首尾段出现转折，那么转折后是重点
可以表示转折的词语：
but; hwever; yet; while; instead (f)…
althugh; thugh; even if; even thugh; while (句首); despite … (强调主句)
actually; in fact; in effect; as a matter f fact; …
(un)frtunately; (un)luckily …
…
如果首段出现问句，那么问句本身或问句后的后一句 (问题的答案) 很可能是文章主旨
注意事项：
如果问句在首段最后一句，那么通常这个问题本身是文章主旨或第二段给出的答案是文章主旨
如果文章介绍某人 / 物 / 事，那么介绍的内容为文章主旨
注意事项：
如果首段提及了介绍内容的优势好处或目的，那么优势好处或目的为主旨 (help; benefit; …)
文章介绍某事件时可以把选项对应回首段，对应上的内容越多，正确率越高
表示目的的词语：
t d; in rder t d; s as t d; intend t d; aim t d / aim at ding; mean t d …
寻找文章中的高频词
注意事项：
高频词通常要出现在选项中；
如果有两个或两个以上的高频词，那么最好所有高频词都出现在选项中；
如果有两个或两个以上的选项符合上述要求，那么需要注意选项中的不同之处，根据文章具体内容区分每个选项的侧重点，区分高频词之间的关系区别
如果询问主旨的题在文章的第一题提问，可以最后作答
典型例题1
A study f 500,000 sngs released（发行）in the UK between 1985 and 2015 shwed that pp music had decreased in happiness and increased in sadness.
题：What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Pp Music Is Getting Sadder
B. Music Calls fr Sex Equality
C. Pp Music Has a Lng Histry
D. Music Industry Is Ging Dwn
【答案】A
【解析】本题截取自说明文首段。由A study … shwed that … 得知 pp music had decreased in happiness and increased in sadness 即为答案，因此A 选项符合题意。
典型例题2
A team f engineers at Harvard University created the first rbtic fly. Designed t d what a fly des naturally, the tiny machine is the size f a fat husefly. Its mini wings allw it t stay in the air and perfrm cntrlled flight tasks.
题：What can be the best title fr the passage?
A. Harvard’s study in the field f insects
B. A breakthrugh in engineering science
C. An interesting inventin—rbtic fly
D. Rbtic fly—a cpy f the real live insect
【答案】D
【解析】本题截取自说明文首段。由第二句中的 designed t d … 得知，最新研发的 rbtic fly 是用于 d what a fly des naturally. 因此D 选项符合题意。
注意：C选项为干扰选项，并未提及其 interesting 这个特点。
典型例题3
Are yu a prcrastinatr（拖延者）? It’s a cmmn prblem. And it can be harmful, as previus research has shwn that peple wh prcrastinate have higher levels f stress and lwer well-being, reprted the Assciatin fr Psychlgical Science in the US. But a new study has fund a way t deal with this prblem: Be mre cnnected t yur future self.
题：What des the passage mainly talk abut?
A. A way t get things dne in time
B. The harmful effects f prcrastinatin
C. The reasn t verlk future needs and desires
D. The way t reduce stress and imprve happiness
【答案】D
【解析】本题截取自说明文首段。由第一句的问题得知本文与拖延有关；又从最后一句中的 But a new study has fund a way t deal with this prblem 可知，D选项符合题意。
典型例题4
Japan recently lwered its vting age frm 20 t 18. This decisin was in part t help yung peple feel mre engaged in plitics. But it may als signal the change f scial views regarding the beginning f adulthd. Due t these scial changes, ur expectatin f yung peple and their level f scial respnsibility have als changed. The recgnitin f a new life stage—emerging（发展初期的）adulthd—has been recmmended t accunt fr the changes t scial milestnes that have traditinally represented adulthd.
题：What is the main idea f the text?
A. Emerging adulthd reflects a new life stage.
B. Adulthd is defined differently in different places.
C. Scial changes are challenging the idea f adulthd.
D. Adulthd is a cmbinatin f rights and respnsibilities.
【答案】C
【解析】本题截取自议论文首段。段落中多次提及 the scial changes 和 adulthd 两词及它们之间的关系，因此C 选项符合题意。
练习题
Being stuck behind crwds f slw walkers when yu are in a hurry is ne f the mst annying things. But nw, Lakeside Shpping Centre in Eaaex, ne f the UK’s largest shpping malls, has intrduced its very wn fast lane fr shppers in a hurry, aiming t help impatient shppers avid slw walkers and the anger that ges with them.
题：What is the main idea f the text?
A. Shpping can be annying smetimes
B. Hw t avid slw walkers when shpping
C. The prblems that shpping centers face during busy hlidays
D. The shpping mall creates the fast lane t avid slw walkers
Artificial intelligence (AI) technlgy may sn be a useful tl fr dctrs. It may help them better understand and treat disease like liver cancer in ways that were never befre pssible.
题：What is the best title fr the text?
A. AI is used t treat cancers
B. AI may cmpete with dctrs
C. AI may make dctrs better
D. AI is better at curing cancers
Stuck in a lift? These hles can help yu ut. Yes, that tiny hle yu see n the lift dr. It might just save yur life. Say the lift yu’re in stps at a flr and the drs dn’t pen. It culd be a pwer failure r an equipment cnkut. But getting ut isn’t easy. Lifts are equipped with lts f features t prevent the drs frm pening freely r when they’re between flrs.
题：What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. The peple wh shuld repair the lfts
B. The steps yu escape frm a brken lift
C. Special features lifts are equipped with
D. The reasn why lifts have small hles
A Picass signed painting, which might be ne f the artwrks stlen in 2012 frm the Kunsthal Museum in Rtterdam, was fund in Rmanian eastern cuntry f Tulcea. The cuntry’s antirganized crime authrities annunced it n Sunday afternn. Nv. 25, 2018.
题：What can be the best title f the passage?
A. The theft f the century
B. Anther success f DIICOT
C. A stlen Picass painting discvered in Rmanian
D. Picass, ne f the greatest painters in the wrld
As parents, we walk a fine line between caring fr ur children and teaching them hw t care fr themselves. When they are little, they need ur help with everything. Over time, kids usually take the lead n things like feeding and dressing themselves, but it can be difficult t knw when it’s time fr them t start ding sme basic things, such as packing their wn lunches fr schl r slving prblems with teachers withut a parent’s help.
题：What des the text mainly talk abut?
A. Walking a fine line
B. Blgger Amy Carney
C. Parents and their children’s grwth
D. A childhd behavir expert
Tw deer jumped ut in frnt f 16-year-ld Amanda Flyd’s car. She put n the brake, stpping the car just in time. But later, she started texting. Distracted, Amanda turned left and right, then crashed int anther car. Luckily, she wasn’t in a real car—she was in a driving simulatr at Rsevelt High Schl, Ohi, US. “I never really realized that cars make a turn that much,” Amanda, a junir, said. She added that she wuldn’t text while driving anymre.
题：What is the main idea f the passage?
A. Traffic rules in Ohi, US
B. Dangers f distracted driving
C. Simulated driving fr students
D. Advantages f cmputer games
When was the last time smething imprtant slipped yur mind? Maybe it was the answer t a test questin, the name f an acquaintance r where yu left yur keys. Frtunately, memry can be imprved s they wn’t happen that ften. Peple’s memry has much t d with training and practice. Applying effective means will help imprve yur memry s that yu can access everything yu learn whenever yu need it.
题：What is the text mainly abut?
A. An explanatin f Ebbinghaus’s thery
B. A descriptin f the learning prcess
C. The appraches t imprving memry
D. The relatinship between time and memry
1) Language learning apps are very ppular nw and ffer pprtunities t learn vcabulary and practice grammar. But there has been a discussin abut just hw effective such apps can be. 2) Amng the mst ppular apps are Duling and Busuu.…… 3) Busuu prvides learning materials fr 12 different languages.…… 5) Mre than 92% f respndents state that the app has met their expectatin and 86% rate the app as very gd r gd.
题：What is the main idea f the text?
A. Students wn’t suffer anxiety in learning languages by using Busuu.
B. Language leaning apps are effective and satisfactry t language learners.
C. Language learning apps are very ppular with mst language teachers.
D. Students shuld be required t use apps fr hmewrk after class.
As the saying ges, “time waits fr n man”. Time is always against us, and we just can’t stp it. Maybe that’s why sme f us are always running late fr appintments. But if timekeeping is nt what yu’re gd at, dn’t stress. There might be a gd reasn fr yur lack f punctuality.
题：What is the text meant t tell us?
It is meant t tell us t avid being late
It is meant t tell us why we are late
It is meant t tell us the imprtance f punctuality
It is meant t tell us t try t be early rather than late
Peple dream f living lng. In a survey n lngevity several years ag, 77 percent said they’d like t make it t 100. S we diet, cunt steps, pp supplements and hpe fr miracle treatments. Yet althugh diet and exercise are certainly vital fr health, scientists shws there is anther lngevity secret we ften verlk: finding purpse.
题：What des the authr intend t d by writing the passage?
T investigate the true meaning f life
T explain hw t live purpsely
T intrduce the secret f lngevity frm a new perspective
T warn us f sme traps when seeking lngevity.
Perhaps yu have ever heard the saying: Change is the nly cnstant. Everyne, withut dubt, ges thrugh changes in their life, whether it is a physical state f aging r a mental state f emtinal maturity. Hwever, sme are afraid t make the cnscius decisin t mve r they think it’s t late t have a fresh start.
题：What is the best title fr the text?
Everyne Can Meet a Jack
Dn’t Try t Cntrl Yurself
Never Think Change Is T Late
Yu Shuld Make Changes Earlier
T many peple, hney bees symblize wealth, sustainability and envirnmentalism. But as a hney bee researcher, I have t tell yu that nly the first item n the list is defensible. Althugh they are imprtant fr agriculture, hney bees, which are usually imprted frm utside the lcal area, als disturb natural ecsystem by cmpeting with native bees.
题：Which statement des the writer argue fr?
Hney bees endanger native bees.
Hney bees are a symbl f wealth.
Hney bees are imprtant fr agriculture.
Hney bees can defend natural ecsystem.
We’ve had weather frecasts fr decades. Frecasting ur near-term health is far tugher. Yet knwing early that we may get the flu r COVID-19 culd be greatly helpful. The gd news: Wearable technlgy, such as smartwatches, is beginning t prvide just such early warnings.
题：What wuld be the best title fr the passage?
Telling Yu Are Ill in Advance.
Peple Infected with Virus.
A Breakthrugh in Science
Mathematics Serving Patients.
Althugh cmputer technlgy is ften necessary tday, using a pen r pencil activates mre areas f yur brain than a keybard des. Yu can ptentially remember mre by handwriting, accrding t a new study.
题：Which f the fllwing can be a suitable title fr the text?
Hw Can Yu Remember New Infrmatin?
Handwriting Benefits Health in the Lng Run.
Shuld Typing Take the Place f Handwriting?
Handwriting Is Better fr Memry Than Typing.
What’s mre imprtant in determining life success —— bk smart r street smart? This questin gets at the heart f an imprtant debate cntrasting the relative imprtance f cgnitive (认知) intelligence (CI) and emtinal intelligence (EI).
All in all, life success is a result f many factrs. Bth cgnitive intelligence and emtinal intelligence play rles in verall success, as well as health, wellness, and happiness. Rather than fcusing n which factr have a prir influence, the greatest benefit may lie in learning t imprve skills in multiple areas. In additin t strengthening cgnitive abilities, such as memry and mental fcus, yu can als acquire and imprve scial and emtinal skills.
题：Which f the fllwing is a suitable title fr the text?
D Bk Smarts Matter?
Is CI r EI Mre Imprtant?
What Cunts Mst in Life?
Mental Health r Physical Health?
参考答案
D. 本题截取自说明文首段。由本段第二句转折后可知英国最大购物中心推出了快速通道，再由后面的aiming t help … 得知目的是帮助心急的购物者避免慢行者和随之而来的愤怒。故选D。
C. 本题截取说明文首段。由本段第二句中的It may help them better understand and treat disease …得知 (其中 it 指代AI，them 指代dctrs)，AI 能让医生变得更好。故选C。
注意：A和D均为干扰选项，治疗癌症的是医生而不是AI。
D. 本题截取自说明文首段。由本段第一句提出问题 (被困在电梯里了？) 及第二句的回答 (这些小洞可以救你的命) 可知，本文讲述了电梯里为什么有小洞 (因为可以救命)。第三句和第四句也重复强调了这点。接下来Say … 用以举例说明。故选D。
C. 本题截取自说明文首段。从本段可知，文章是说明了一幅被盗的毕加索的画背发现了。把选项对应回首段后可知选C。
C. 本题截取自说明文首段。根据第一段重复出现的父母与孩子可知，本文讲述了父母与孩子之间的关系，再结合具体内容，孩子在成长的过程中，父母也要学习何时给予孩子照顾何时交给孩子技能。故选C。
注意：A选项为干扰选项。A 意为小心行事，首句虽提及，但后面有限定条件 (照顾孩子与教孩子照顾自己之间)，因此A选项于本文来说范围太大，不适合做文章主旨。
C. 本题截取说明文首段。由首段最后一句中的Luckily, she wasn’t … 可知，转折后为主要观点，所以文章讲述了Rsevelt 高中引进驾车模拟器的事。故选C。
C. 本题截取自说明文首段。首先由本段首句的问题 (上一次你忘记重要的事情是什么时候？) 可以得知本文与记忆有关；其次本段最后一句中 Applying effective ways will help imprve yur memry … 可知，文章主要介绍了强化记忆的方法。故选C。
B. 本题截取自说明文首段及其余段落首句。首先文章中重复出现 language learning apps，因此本文内容一定与此有关；其次由首段第二句中的 hw effective 以及第5段中的使用者的反馈情况可知，使用者对其十分满意。故选B。
B. 本题截取自说明文首段。根据首段最后一句 There might be a gd reasn fr yur lack f punctuality. 可知，文章对于不守时或迟到作出的解释。故选B。
C. 本题截取自说明文首段。首段前半部分介绍了人们为了长寿所做的行为。但由首段中 Yet althugh … 可知，其主句为重要内容，即science shws there is anther lngevity secret we ften verlk : finding purpse. 为文章主旨。故选C。
C. 本题截取自议论文首段。本段重复出现change 这个词，并且由最后一句中 hwever, …得知，文章主旨是让我们不要害怕改变。故选C
A. 本题截取自议论文首段。首段第二句的But … 和第三句中 Althugh … als disturb natural ecsystems by cmpeting with native bees可知, 蜜蜂会威胁到本地蜂类从而破坏当地自然生态系统。故选A。
A. 本题截取自说明文首段。本段先用天气预报作类比，引出文章真正的主题，即可穿戴科技可以为用户提供感染疾病预警。故选A
D. 本题截取自说明文首段。由最后的一句中的 Yu can ptentially remember mre by handwriting, accrding t a new study 可知，本文说明手写比打字对记忆力更有好处。故选D。
B. 本题截取自议论文首尾段。由首段首句提出的问题 What’s mre imprtant in determining life success —— bk smarts r street smarts? 及尾段前两句得出的结论 … Bth cgnitive intelligence and emtinal intelligence play rles in verall success 可知，文章主要讨论认知智力和情绪智力哪个更重要。故选B