专题5 阅读理解词意推断与代词指代——2024届高考英语阅读与写作备考策略

这是一份专题5 阅读理解词意推断与代词指代——2024届高考英语阅读与写作备考策略，共12页。
题干特征：
题干中有underline 或 “ ”
方法：
通过选项中词汇的词性判断划线单词的词性（目的是确定与这个词相关的成分）
示例：
划线词为形容词：找到这个形容词所修饰的名词，通过前后文判断这个名词应该有什么样的特点；注意这个形容词是否有副词修饰等
划线词为动词：找到动作的发出者和承受者，判断选项中主谓或动宾结构搭配的合理性；判断该动词是否有其他状语成分修饰等
划线词为名词：判断这个名词所作的成分，是否发出了动作或承受了动作，是否有形容词进行修饰等
观察原文该词附近是否有连接词（说明前后的逻辑关系）、破折号或同位语结构（解释说明的作用）
其他提示：
副词 als; as well; t; either; neither …
that is t say; t put it anther way; r rather; …
如果划线部分是一个句子，那么该句前或后通常有一个句子与它的意义几乎一样或有强烈的逻辑关系
注意事项：
如果选项中某个句子与画线句的表层含义几乎一样，通常这个选项错误
代词指代
通过代词本身判断它所指代的名词单复数
注意事项：
ne 比较特殊，它可以指代前文复数内容的其中一个
回到原文判断这个代词指代的是人还是物还是事
通常从划线代词位置向前找离它最近的符合上述要求的名词、短语或句子
注意事项：
当所有选项都出现在代词附近时，注意句子成分之间的逻辑关系
个别情况下（尤其是it作形式主语或形式宾语的情况）可能需要向后找
找到后把这个名词代入代词所在的位置，根据句意进行进一步判断
典型例题1
Fr example, a bird called the bar-tailed gdwit migrates frm its breeding grunds in the Arctic. It flies all the way t Australia and New Zealand. The prblem, accrding t investigatrs, is that many f these small birds die alng their migratin because they dn’t have a safe place t eat and rest. There is n place t restre their energy fr the next part f their jurney. “They simply perish alng the way,” says ne f the scientists.
题：Which f he fllwing is clset in meaning t the underlined wrd “perish” in the paragraph?
CntinueB. DieC. SettleD. Migrate
【答案】B
【解析】首先通过选项可以判断划线单词为动词，回到原文发现该动词有 alng the way 这个状语成分修饰，因此我们在前文找到相同的地点状语修饰 … many f these small birds die alng their migratin 可知这种鸟类会在迁徙途中因为没有吃东西和休息的地方会导致死亡。故选B
典型例题2
The cleaner wrasse (濑鱼) lives n cral reefs and prvides a service by biting parasites (寄生虫) ff the scales f bigger fish gently —— a delicate relatinship that may require insights int the minds f its clients. Such “thery f mind” has lng been seen as anther crnerstne f human mental superirity. The pssibility that fish pssess it is nt, hwever, the nly threat t ur human exceptinalism (例外主义). It may nt be lng befre cmputers give us a run fr ur mney, t.
题：The underlined part in this paragraph prbably means ( ).
bring us huge prfits
cst us a lt f mney
have great cntrl ver us
challenge human exceptinalism
【答案】D
【解析】由划线句后的t 可知，前文有与划线短语内容相近的事例，根据本段倒数第二句中的 … is nt the nly threat t ur human exceptinalism 可知鱼类拥有自我意识的可能性威胁了人类例外主义理论。故选D。
典型例题3
In life, nce n a path, we tend t fllw it, fr better r wrse. What’s sad is that even id it’s the latter, we ften accept it anyway because we are s used t the way things are that we dn’t even recgnize that they culd be different. This is a phenmenn psychlgists call functinal fixedness.
This classic experiment will give yu an idea f hw it wrks and a sense f whether yu may have fallen int the same trap: Peple are given a bx f tacks (大头钉) and sme matches and asked t find a way t attach a candle t a wall s that it burns prperly.
题：What des the underlined wrd “it” in paragraph 2 refer t?
The experiment
Functinal fixedness
The path
The thinking
【答案】B
【解析】根据上下文 This classic experiment will give yu an idea f hw it wrks … (这个经典的实验能够告诉你它是怎样起作用的) 可知 it 应指代前文内容，即第一段最后提到的 functinal fixedness 现象。故选 B。
典型例题4
With the right amunt f CNFs mixed in, the dessert lasted lnger in its frzen state than the traditinal ice cream, extending the amunt f time the treat can be enjyed. What was even mre exciting was that the fiber increased the stickiness f the lw-fat ice cream t levels higher than the full-fat ne. Since this is what determines the frzen treat’s creaminess and taste, CNFs culd help create the healthier ice cream withut influencing the taste f it.
题：What des the underlined wrd “it” in this paragraph?
The ice cream
The fiber
The fat
The stickiness
【答案】A
【解析】根据划线代词所在句可知，CNFs 可以在不影响冰淇淋的口感同时让它更加健康。故选 A。
练习题
I gt t knw yu as I vlunteered in the lunch rm. Yu made sure yur students were all ready fr lunch befre yu went n yur wn lunch break. Yu kept track f their big things and small things, because as a veteran kindergarten teacher, yu made each student feel special. Yu helped them fall in lve with schl, which is s imprtant at the start.
题：What des the underlined wrd “veteran” in this paragraph mean?
A. Beautiful B. Generus C. Skillful D. Humrus
One area where sharing wuld speed up the develpment f a safety standard is “edge cases”— rare events that tax the capabilities（能力）f autnmus systems, such as unexpected behavir by ther drivers, plastic bags blwing in frnt f a vehicle and s n. Because such events ccur ccasinally, and cmputers lack cmmn sense t decide hw t respnd, training AVs t handle edge cases is hard. But by sharing with each ther data frm edge cases that have actually happened, AV firms can test their systems in simulatr（模拟装置）t see hw they wuld respnd, and adjust them where needed, benefiting frm each ther’s experience.
题：What d “edge cases” in this paragraph refer t?
A. Vital（重要的）situatins
B. Cmmn situatins
C. Infrequent situatins
D. Emergency situatins
Stuck in a lift? These hles can help yu. Yes, that tiny hle yu see n the lift dr. It might just save yur life. Say the lift yu are in stps at a flr and the drs dn’t pen. It culd be a pwer failure r an equipment cnk-ut. But getting ut isn’t easy. Lifts are equipped with lts f features t prevent the drs frm pening freely r when they are between flrs.
题：What des the underlined wrd “cnk-ut” in this paragraph mean?
A. Upgrade B. Repair C. Breakdwn D. Check
Since the 1980s, hwever, peple have achieved sme f these bservable milestnes at later ages. Increased access t educatin has delayed yung peple leaving hme and develping rmantic relatinships. Ecnmic changes have als resulted in unstable emplyment markets and increases in cst f living, prmpting many yung peple t remain at hme and dependent n parents.
题：What des the underlined wrd prbably mean?
A. Encuraging B. Advising C. Frbidding D. Persuading
Besides, language learning apps als create an envirnment where mistakes are nly knwn t the users, and this can address the perfrmance anxiety that many learners suffer frm when asked t speak a freign language. S language teachers shuld encurage their students t use them t d the grammar wrk, leaving precius class time fr mre language cmmunicatin.
题：Which f the fllwing can prbably replace the underlined wrd “address”?
A. Deal with B. Write dwn C. Turn t D. Speak f
A key feature f scial media, hwever, is its vlatility. Trends cme and g, disappearing almst as quickly as they appeared. S, what were the key scial media trends f 2018?
题：The underlined wrd “vlatility” pssibly means “being ( )”.
A. Changeable B. Steady C. Prmising D. Vilent
Despite the negative internatinal headlines that have hit Huawei ver the past few mnths, its custmer business cntinues t thrive. The Chinese technlgy giant replaced Apple as the secnd largest smartphne player by glbal market share last year. It’s firmly the biggest vendr（销售商） in China.
题：What des the underlined wrd “thrive” prbably mean?
A. Reduce B. Remain C. Threaten D. Increase
The cleanup system als cmes with lights pwered by the sun, cameras, and ther special devices（设备）, s the system can cmmunicate its psitin at all times. That way a supprt ship can find it every few mnths t remve the plastic that has been cllected.
题：Which des the underlined wrd “it” refer t?
A. The supprt ship
B. The flating barriers
C. The plastic t be recycled
D. The psitin f special devices
A few years ag, after I finished a reprt n a tight deadline, I cntinued t be just as busy. I entered my scial media accunts when I shuld have been wrking. I checked new emails cnstantly. I felt guilty when I wasn’t busy, and I alleviated this guilt by filling my time with busy wrk.
题：Which f the fllwing can best explain “alleviated” underlined in this paragraph?
A. Frgt B. Researched C. Deepened D. Eased
Fr the past tw years I have been travelling and living abrad. Hme has becme mre f a feeling than a place. I feel at hme when I am with my family in Lndn, but I als feel at hme in Italy with my friends I lve. Hme is n lnger a picture f a huse with a frnt dr and sme windws. It is mre cmplicated than that.
题：What des the underlined wrd “It” refer t?
A. Family B. Living abrad C. Hme D. Staying with friends
Oyserman and Lewis decided t try t find a way t make “Present Me” imagine exactly hw “Feature Me” wuld feel the night befre a big paper was due, thugh “Present Me” hadn’t started yet. They made “Present Me” think abut a far-ff event a number f days away, nt mnths r years.
Thinking abut events in this way meant that smething like a friend’s wedding seemed 16.3 days sner when cnsidered in days rather than mnths and 11.4 mnths sner when cnsidered in mnths rather than years.
题：The underlined part “this way” refers t ( ).
A. Setting up tugh deadlines
B. Fllwing schedules strictly
C. Cunting in smaller units f time
D. Imagining hw yur future self will be
“Nw that we have recrded and dcumented Inuit knwledge f snw geese,” says Rn, “when facing the crisis ther peple will be able t use the infrmatin t help manage the species, which is fundamental t dealing with it effectively.”
题：What des the underlined wrd “it” refer t?
A. The species B. Inuit knwledge C. The crisis D. Inuit research
Nicle Smith, an ecnmist, ntes that with the rise f artificial intelligence, cmpanies prducing these intelligent machines need help teaching them hw t think mre like and interact with human beings. They need help selling prducts and slving prblems, which are skills that cme frm a liberal arts educatin.
题：What des the underlined wrd “them” refer t?
A. Machines B. Graduates C. Cmpanies D. Skills
But humans put mre and mre CO2 int the atmsphere every year. If current trends cntinue, the Earth culd reach 1,200 ppm within 100 t 150 years. This culd happen if ur sciety desn’t fllw thrugh n any f its cmmitments t reduce emissins（排放物）, Wlchver reprted. And even if it des, the result wuld be anther 8 degrees Celsius f heat added t the glbal an average, n tp f the dangerus changes already underway due t greenhuse gases.
题：What des “it” refer t in this paragraph?
A. The atmsphere B. The earth C. Our sciety D. The result
We are all humans. And we all just want a chance: a chance at life, a chance in educatin, a chance at a future, really. And at CLF, ur missin is t impact as many lives as pssible, but it starts with just ne.
题：What des the underlined wrd “ne” refer t?
A. A chance B. A life C. A task D. An rganizatin
A recent Miss Earth pageant had tw Venezuelan mdels wh cmpeted fr ther cuntries, including Jessica Russ. Russ represented Peru just ne year after mving t the cuntry. She said, “My dream f being a beauty queen is nt ging t stp just because I arrived in a new cuntry.” The 22-year-ld cmpetitr did nt make it int the Miss Earth finals. But she is nt giving up. She says she hpes t ne day win a cmpetitin fr Peru, the cuntry where her mther was brn.
题：What des the underlined wrd “it” mean in this paragraph?
A. Her dream f being a beauty queen
B. Nt giving up
C. The place where her mther was brn
D. Mving t a new cuntry
Built by MIT’s Cmputer Science and Artificial Intelligence Labratry (SCAIL), the snw-white remte-cntrlled rbt clsely emulates a real fish, cmplete with a flexible tail and tw “fins”. Thugh it is nt the first autnmus underwater vehicle (AUV) created t bserve the cean, SFi slves the many f the issue that have hindered (阻碍) the usefulness f previus rbts.
题：Which f the fllwing can replace the underlined wrd “emulates” in this paragraph?
FeedB. CatchesC. PrtectsD. Imitate
Previus schlarship (学术研究) has dealt mstly with exercise in nature: A 2015 study ut f the University Michigan fund 90-minute grup nature walks were effective at cmbating depressin and relieving ther md disrders. But fr peple wh struggle with accessibility r dn’t have time fr a 90-minute walk, this new study suggests just lking ut a windw at a tree can help fight ff a bad habit.
题：What des the underlined wrd “cmbating” in this paragraph prbably mean?
ReducingB. DevelpingC. UnderstandingD. Encuraging
MarinaTex is edible. T put it anther way, it can be tased withut danger. Hughes says it is als strng and stable. But unlike plastic, MarinaTex bidegrades (生物降解) in fur t six weeks under nrmal cnditins and des nt pllute the sil. The inventr said she is cncerned abut a grwing amunt f plastic in cean waters. She nted ne reprt that there wuld be mre plastic than fish in the wrld’s cean by the year 2050. The United Natins estimates that 100 millin tn f plastic waste has already been left in the cean. Hughes als was investigating ways t reduce the amunt f waste frm fishing industry. The industry is estimated t prduce 50 millin tns f waste wrldwide each year, U.N. fficials say.
题：What des the underlined wrd “edible” in this paragraph mean?
UsefulB. EatableC. ReplaceableD. Delicius
Making the skies electric isn’t just gd fr the envirnment, it als makes sund financial sense: a small aircraft uses $ 400 n cnventinal fuel fr a 100-mile flight, while an electric ne csts $ 8-12 fr the same distance, and that’s befre yu factr in the higher maintenance csts f a traditinal engine. There’s als the added bnus that electric planes are just much mre pleasant t fly in. N lud engine nise, n smell f fuel, just envirnmentally peace and quiet.
题：The expressin “added bnus” refers t the fact that electric planes ( ).
Give passengers mre pleasant views.
Bring airlines mre financial benefits
Offer mre enjyable flying experience
Cst less in maintenance than traditinal nes
参考答案
【答案】C
【解析】首先根据选项可以判断划线单词为形容词，在原文中该形容词修饰幼儿园老师，又通过上下文内容得知这个老师在工作过程中把学生照顾的很好，C选项 skillful有技巧的符合题意。故选C。
【答案】C
【解析】由文中“edge cases”后的破折号可知，破折号后的内容 rare events (稀有事件) 就是对 “edge cases” 的解释，C选项infrequent situatins 不经常发生的情况符合题意。故选C。
【答案】C
【解析】根据文中划线单词前的连词 r 可知，划线单词 cnk-ut 与 failure 意思相近，C选项故障符合题意。故选C。
【答案】A
【解析】根据句子结构可知，划线单词在句中作结果状语，即前后有因果关系。根据前半句中经济改变导致不稳定的就业市场和生活成本的增加这个原因可以推测出结果是促使年轻人待在家里依靠父母，A选项encuraging 促使符合题意。故选A
【答案】A
【解析】首先根据选项可知划线单词为动词，再根据文中这个动词的主语 this —— language learning apps can create an envirnment where mistakes are nly knwn t the users —— 和宾语 anxiety 可知，语言学习app 能够为用户提供一个安全的学习环境这件事情能够解决用户的焦虑问题。故选A
注意：其他选项中的动词短语与anxiety这个宾语的动宾搭配都不恰当。
【答案】A
【解析】首先根据选项得知化划线单词为形容词，修饰社交媒体的特点，再根据文中划线单词后一句 trends cme and g, disappearing almst as quickly as they appeared 可知，社交媒体的特点是趋势来了又走，消失的和出现的速度一样快，A选项变化的符合题意。故选A。
【答案】D
【解析】首先根据划线单词所在句子中的despite (意为尽管，表示弱转折)可知，主句与从句之间关系相反，故根据从句中的negative (消极的) 一词可以推测出thrive 应该是积极意义的词，再根据后文中的secnd largest smartphne player 和 the biggest vendr 可知，D选项增长符合题意。故选D。
【答案】D
【解析】首先根据代词it本身可知其指代单数概念，故可首先排除B 选项，再根据句意可知，it 指代前文提及的psitin。故选D
注意：A选项 the supprting ship 作为 it 所在句中的主语，而 it 作其宾语，故如果 it 指代the supprting ship， 应该用其反身代词的形式，故不能选A。
【答案】D
【解析】首先根据选项可知划线单词为动词，且有by filling my time with busy wrk 这个方式状语进行修饰，由前半句可知，当我不忙的时候我会有愧疚感，因此可以推断我通过让自己忙起来的方式去减轻这种愧疚感。故选D。
【答案】C
【解析】根据本句中的 mre cmplicated 这个比较级可知，it 指代前文讨论的内容, 从文中可知前一句在讨论家的概念，因此 it 指代的是 hme。故选C。
【答案】C
【解析】根据文章可知 in this way 指代上文提及的方法，因此答案在其上一段，再根据上一段的最后一句话可知，他们以天为单位为不是月或年为单位去思考一个事件，C选项用更小的事件单位去计数符合题意。故选C。
【答案】C
【解析】根据句意可知，当面临危机时，其他人将能够利用这些信息来管理这个物种，这是有效解决危机的基础。故选C
【答案】A
【解析】首先根据代词 them 可知其指代复数内容，文章中代词前的复数名词有cmpanies 和 machines; 再根据句意可知，生产这些只能机器的公司应该教会这些机器如何更像人类一样思考以及与人类互动。故选A。
注意：首先句中cmpanies 作主语而 them 作宾语，因此如果 them 指代公司应该用反身代词；其次如果 them 指代公司，其与后文的向人类一样思考和与人类互动搭配不当，故不选C。
【答案】C
【解析】根据本句句首的And 可知前后两句并列，因此由上一句中的 This culd happen if ur sciety desn’t fllw thrugh … 可知，it 指代 ur sciety。故选C。
【答案】B
【解析】根据句意可知，我们的任务是影响尽可能多的生命，但它是从 (影响) 一个生命开始的。故选B。
【答案】A
【解析】根据句意可知22岁的参赛者在世界小姐决赛中没有成功，因此 it 指代的是一件事情，排除C选项；再根据前一句这个参赛者的话可知她的梦想是成为选美女王。故选A。
【答案】D
【解析】首先根据选项可知划线单词为动词，再根据后面 cmpletely with a flexible tail and tw “fins” 这个状语的修饰可知，应该是这个可可遥控的机器能够用一个灵活的尾巴和两个鱼鳍来模仿真正的鱼。故选D。
【答案】A
【解析】首先根据选项可知划线词为动词，再根据后面的连词 and 可知划线单词与 relieving 的意思相近，A选项减少符合题意。故选A。
【答案】B
【解析】根据T put it anther way 可知，it can be tasted withut danger 是对划线单词的解释说明，B选项可食用的符合题意。故选B
【答案】C
【解析】根据句子结构可知划线短语后是它的同位语从句，即对划线短语的解释说明，故C选项ffer mre enjyable flying experience 与同位语从句 electric planes are just much mre pleasant t fly in 意思相近。故选C