专题03 阅读理解之推理判断题（讲义）-2024年高考英语二轮复习讲义（新教材新高考）

这是一份专题03 阅读理解之推理判断题（讲义）-2024年高考英语二轮复习讲义（新教材新高考），文件包含专题03阅读理解之推理判断题讲义原卷版docx、专题03阅读理解之推理判断题讲义解析版docx等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共54页， 欢迎下载使用。
2、抓课堂、重效率、要求学生紧跟老师的节奏。一轮复习是将重点知识提炼，容量大，速度快。所以，学生的思路必须时时刻刻跟随着老师的思路，要快速地用脑思，用心听、用嘴说，用手写，才能达到高效。
3、抓自习、重过程、增强得分的意识。学案都是在规定的时间内完成，重视规范的做题步骤，重视思考过程。更重要的是，做完题后要对做过的题目进行反思、整理。
4、抓阅读、重反思、全面提高成绩。得阅读者得天下。阅读是强化英语思维的最佳途径之一。一轮复习，重视基础知识的同时，要坚持阅读训练，促进英语成绩的整体提高。
5、抓时间，重效果，扎实做好每个复习环节。一轮复习时间紧，任务重，需要同学们充分抢抓时间，利用时间，紧跟复习进度。英语的进步并非一蹴而就，需要每天坚持把每件事情做扎实。做到这一点，成功只是早晚的事！
专题03 阅读理解之推理判断题(讲义)
目 录
TOC \ "1-3" \p " " \h \z \u \l "_Tc147941319" 考点 阅读理解之推理判断题 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1页
\l "_Tc147941317" -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1页
\l "_Tc147941318" -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4页
\l "_Tc147941320" 【真题研析·规律探寻】-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4页
考向1 考查引申推断-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4页
考向2 考查目的和意图--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5页
考向3 考查文章出处-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6页
考向4 考查写作态度-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8页
考向5 考查预测文章走势-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8页
考向6 考查写作手法-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9页
考向7 考查描述人物或事件特征--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10页
考向8 考查读者对象----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11页
考向9 考查文章结构-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12页
\l "_Tc147941321" 【核心提炼·考向探究】---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13页
1．命题规律-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13页
2．常用解题方法---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13页
\l "_Tc147941326" 【题型特训·命题预测】------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18页
预测考向1 考查引申推断--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18页
预测考向2 考查写作目的和意图----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19页
预测考向3 考查对事件和人物的描述----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20页
预测考向4 考查写作方法--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20页
预测考向5 考查文章出处--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21页
预测考向6 考查作者写作态度--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22页
考点 阅读理解之推理判断题
考情分析：分析2021-2023年新高考阅读理解推理判断题考向分布。
（1）引申推断
（2）文章出处
（3）写作态度
（4）目的和意图
（5）预测文章走势
总结高考考点，探究推理判断题的命题规律。
近年来，高考阅读理解推理判断题主要考查：引申推断、目的和意图、作者态度、文章出处和文章走势。
考向1 考查引申推断题
1.（2023年1月•浙江卷·阅读理解B篇节选）
Yet as the mnths f reducing waste cntinued, I did what I culd that was within my wn reach. I had my wn bedrm, s I wrked n remving things I didn’t need. Since I had my wn tiletries (洗漱用品), I was able t start persnalising my rutine t be mre sustainable. I als ffered t ck every s ften, s I prtined ut a bit f the cupbard fr my wn zer waste grceries. Perhaps yur husehld wn’t entirely make the switch, but yu may have sme cntrl ver yur wn persnal spaces t make the changes yu desire.
26．What can we infer abut the authr?
A．She is quite gd at cking.B．She respects thers’ privacy.
C．She enjys being a husewife.D．She is a determined persn.
2.(2023•全国甲卷·阅读理解D篇)
Obviusly, if precautins(预防) aren’t taken, grizzlies can becme trublesme,smetimes killing farm animals r walking thrugh yards in search f fd. If peple remve fd and attractants frm their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by withut truble. Putting electric fencing arund chicken huses and ther farm animal quarters is als highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hpe is t have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass thrugh withut learning bad habits,” says James Jnkel, lngtime bilgist wh manages bears in and arund Missula.
( )35.What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A. Fd shuld be prvided fr grizzlies.
B. Peple can live in harmny with grizzlies.
C.A special path shuld be built fr grizzlies.
D. Technlgy can be intrduced t prtect grizzlies.
关键词句细推敲:
第一步：定位细节——根据题干提供的信息，抓住某一段话的关键信息(关键词语)。
第二步：揣摩细节——对原文中的信息进行分析，推理判断，利用逆向思维和正向推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。
注意：1.切勿拿文章中的某一个细节内容作为推理的结论。2.切勿脱离原文而凭个人看法主观臆断。
考向2 考查目的和意图
1.（2023•新高考全国Ⅰ卷·阅读理解B）
When Jhn Tdd was a child, he lved t explre the wds arund his huse, bserving hw nature slved prblems. A dirty stream, fr example, ften became clear after flwing thrugh plants and alng rcks where tiny creatures lived. When he gt lder, Jhn started t wnder if this prcess culd be used t clean up the messes peple were making.
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in cllege, Jhn went back t bserving nature and asking questins. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria(细菌)? Which kinds f fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals? With the right cmbinatin f animals and plants, he figured, maybe he culd clean up waste the way nature did. He decided t build what he wuld later call an ec-machine.
The task Jhn set fr himself was t remve harmful substances frm sme sludge (污泥). First, he cnstructed a series f clear fibreglass tanks cnnected t each ther. Then he went arund t lcal pnds and streams and brught back sme plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds f life gt used t ne anther and frmed their wn ecsystem. After a few weeks, Jhn added the sludge.
He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the ec-machine tk the sludge as fd and began t eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water.
Over the years, Jhn has taken n many big jbs. He develped a greenhuse-like facility that treated sewage(污水) frm 1,600 hmes in Suth Burlingtn. He als designed an ec-machine t clean canal water in Fuzhu, a city in sutheast China.
“Eclgical design” is the name Jhn gives t what he des.“Life n Earth is kind f a bx f spare parts fr the inventr,” he says.“Yu put rganisms in new relatinships and bserve what’s happening. Then yu let these new systems develp their wn ways t self-repair.”
( )26.What is the authr’s purpse in mentining Fuzhu?
A. T review Jhn’s research plans.
B. T shw an applicatin f Jhn?s idea.
C. T cmpare Jhn’s different jbs.
D. T erase dubts abut Jhn’s inventin.
2.（2023•新高考全国Ⅱ卷·阅读理解C篇）
Reading Art: Art fr Bk Lvers is a celebratin f an everyday bject—the bk, represented here in almst three hundred artwrks frm museums arund the wrld. The image f the reader appears thrughut histry, in art made lng befre bks as we nw knw them came int being. In artists’ representatins f bks and reading, we see mments f shared humanity that g beynd culture and time.
In this “bk f bks”, artwrks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these cnnectins between different eras and cultures. We see scenes f children learning t read at hme r at schl, with the bk as a fcus fr relatins between the generatins. Adults are prtrayed (描绘) alne in many settings and pses—absrbed in a vlume, deep in thught r lst in a mment f leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds f years ag, but they recrd mments we can all relate t.
Bks themselves may be used symblically in paintings t demnstrate the intellect (才智), wealth r faith f the subject. Befre the wide use f the printing press, bks were treasured bjects and culd be wrks f art in their wn right. Mre recently, as bks have becme inexpensive r even thrwaway, artists have used them as the raw material fr artwrks—transfrming cvers, pages r even cmplete vlumes int paintings and sculptures.
Cntinued develpments in cmmunicatin technlgies were nce believed t make the printed page utdated. Frm a 21st-century pint f view, the printed bk is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-pwered e-reader. T serve its functin, a bk must be activated by a user: the cver pened, the pages parted, the cntents reviewed, perhaps ntes written dwn r wrds underlined. And in cntrast t ur increasingly netwrked lives where the infrmatin we cnsume is mnitred and tracked, a printed bk still ffers the chance f a whlly private, “ff-line” activity.
( )31.What des the authr want t say by mentining the e-reader?
A. The printed bk is nt ttally ut f date.
B. Technlgy has changed the way we read.
C. Our lives in the 21st century are netwrked.
D. Peple nw rarely have the patience t read.
此类题型要求考生根据文章的论述，推测作者的写作意图及应用某种写作手法的目的。这类题型要求考生不仅能理解文章的内容，还要具备对作者所阐述的问题及使用的写作手法进行分析和归纳总结的能力。
考向3 考查文章出处
1.（2023•新高考全国Ⅱ卷·阅读理解C篇）
Reading Art: Art fr Bk Lvers is a celebratin f an everyday bject—the bk, represented here in almst three hundred artwrks frm museums arund the wrld. The image f the reader appears thrughut histry, in art made lng befre bks as we nw knw them came int being. In artists’ representatins f bks and reading, we see mments f shared humanity that g beynd culture and time.
In this “bk f bks”, artwrks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these cnnectins between different eras and cultures. We see scenes f children learning t read at hme r at schl, with the bk as a fcus fr relatins between the generatins. Adults are prtrayed (描绘) alne in many settings and pses—absrbed in a vlume, deep in thught r lst in a mment f leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds f years ag, but they recrd mments we can all relate t.
Bks themselves may be used symblically in paintings t demnstrate the intellect (才智), wealth r faith f the subject. Befre the wide use f the printing press, bks were treasured bjects and culd be wrks f art in their wn right. Mre recently, as bks have becme inexpensive r even thrwaway, artists have used them as the raw material fr artwrks—transfrming cvers, pages r even cmplete vlumes int paintings and sculptures.
Cntinued develpments in cmmunicatin technlgies were nce believed t make the printed page utdated. Frm a 21st-century pint f view, the printed bk is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-pwered e-reader. T serve its functin, a bk must be activated by a user: the cver pened, the pages parted, the cntents reviewed, perhaps ntes written dwn r wrds underlined. And in cntrast t ur increasingly netwrked lives where the infrmatin we cnsume is mnitred and tracked, a printed bk still ffers the chance f a whlly private, “ff-line” activity.
( )28.Where is the text mst prbably taken frm?
A. An intrductin t a bk.
B. An essay n the art f writing.
C.A guidebk t a museum.
D.A review f mdern paintings.
“推断文章出处”类试题应从文章的内容或结构入手来判断其出处：
旅游指南类文章(a travel guide)：此类文章旨在介绍某一旅游景点的自然景观和人文特色，目的是吸引游客来访。
广告英语类文章(an advertisement)：现代生活中广告无处不在，英语阅读理解也是如此。有时会考查微型海报、通知、启示、时刻表、图表等。
课件展示类文章(a class presentatin)：此类文章往往紧扣主题，口语性强、语言活泼，形式新颖，伴随有图片、图表、文字介绍等信息。
网络网页类文章(an Internet page)：此类文章往往会提供超级链接标志，如Fr mre infrmatin, please click here.
新闻报道类文章(a news reprt)：此类文章内容广泛，涉及人物、时政、教育、体育、科技等，突出新颖性、突发性和真实性。新闻呈“倒金字塔”结构，第一段概括全文内容最重要。
研究报告类文章(a research paper)：此类文章重点介绍科技领域最新研究成果：新发现、新思想、新发明。第一段概括介绍，然后分段陈述。文章结构严谨，语言规范，句式复杂。
图书评论类文章(a bk review)：书评、影评类文章涉及到作者介绍，内容梗概、人物性格评论，写作特色以及个人好恶等内容。
科普杂志类文章(a science magazine)：此类文章内容广泛，涉及到日常生活习惯、健康饮食、太空与海洋、创造与发明、计算机发展、人类未来、动物世界等。其重点是普及科学知识，提高科学素养。
2.（2023•全国乙卷·阅读理解D篇）
If yu want t tell the histry f the whle wrld, a histry that des nt privilege ne part f humanity, yu cannt d it thrugh texts alne, because nly sme f the wrld has ever had texts, while mst f the wrld, fr mst f the time, has nt. Writing is ne f humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate(有文字的) scieties recrded their cncerns nt nly in writing but in things.
Ideally a histry wuld bring tgether texts and bjects, and sme chapters f this bk are able t d just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example f this between literate and nn-literate histry is perhaps the first cnflict, at Btany Bay, between Captain Ck’s vyage and the Australian Abriginals. Frm the English side, we have scientific reprts and the captain’s recrd f that terrible day. Frm the Australian side, we have nly a wden shield(盾) drpped by a man in flight after his first experience f gunsht. If we want t recnstruct what was actually ging n that day, the shield must be questined and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reprts.
In additin t the prblem f miscmprehensin frm bth sides, there are victries accidentally r deliberately twisted, especially when nly the victrs knw hw t write. Thse wh are n the lsing side ften have nly their things t tell their stries. The Caribbean Tain, the Australian Abriginals, the African peple f Benin and the Incas, all f whm appear in this bk, can speak t us nw f their past achievements mst pwerfully thrugh the bjects they made: a histry tld thrugh things gives them back a vice. When we cnsider cntact (联系) between literate and nn-literate scieties such as these, all ur first-hand accunts are necessarily twisted, nly ne half f a dialgue. If we are t find the ther half f that cnversatin, we have t read nt just the texts, but the bjects.
( )35.Which f the fllwing bks is the text mst likely selected frm?
A. Hw Maps Tell Stries f the Wrld.
B. A Shrt Histry f Australia.
C. A Histry f the Wrld in 100 Objects.
D. Hw Art Wrks Tell Stries.
考向4 考查写作态度
（2023•新高考全国Ⅰ卷·阅读理解D篇）
In a fllw-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried t get a better sense f what the grup members actually did in their discussin. Did they tend t g with thse mst cnfident abut their estimates? Did they fllw thse least willing t change their minds? This happened sme f the time, but it wasn’t the dminant respnse. Mst frequently, the grups reprted that they “shared arguments and reasned tgether.”Smehw, these arguments and reasning resulted in a glbal reductin in errr. Althugh the studies led by Navajas have limitatins and many questins remain, the ptential implicatins fr grup discussin and decisin-making are enrmus.
( )35.What is the authr’s attitude tward Navajas’ studies?
A. Unclear.
B. Dismissive.
C. Dubtful.
D. Apprving.
句中Althugh是重要的解题信息，它表达了一种语气，预示着作者是正能力的态度，而选项中只有D apprving是褒义词。
考向5 考查预测文章走势
（2023•全国乙卷·阅读理解C篇）
What cmes int yur mind when yu think f British fd? Prbably fish and chips, r a Sunday dinner f meat and tw vegetables. But is British fd really s uninteresting? Even thugh Britain has a reputatin fr less-than-impressive cuisine, it is prducing mre tp class chefs wh appear frequently n ur televisin screens and whse recipe bks frequently tp the best seller lists.
It’s thanks t these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britns are turning away frm meat-and-tw-veg and ready-made meals and becming mre adventurus in their cking habits. It is recently reprted that the number f thse sticking t a traditinal diet is slwly declining and arund half f Britain’s cnsumers wuld like t change r imprve their cking in sme way. There has been a rise in the number f students applying fr fd curses at UK universities and clleges. It seems that TV prgrammes have helped change what peple think abut cking.
Accrding t a new study frm market analysts, 1 in 5 Britns say that watching ckery prgrammes n TV has encuraged them t try different fd. Almst ne third say they nw use a wider variety f ingredients(配料) than they used t, and just under 1 in 4 say they nw buy better quality ingredients than befre. One in fur adults say that TV chefs have made them much mre cnfident abut expanding their ckery knwledge and skills, and yung peple are als getting mre interested in cking. The UK's bsessin(痴迷) with fd is reflected thrugh televisin scheduling. Ckery shws and dcumentaries abut fd are bradcast mre ften than befre. With an increasing number f male chefs n TV, it’s n lnger “uncl” fr bys t like cking.
( )31.What might the authr cntinue talking abut?
A. The art f cking in ther cuntries.
B. Male chefs n TV prgrammes.
C. Table manners in the UK.
D. Studies f big eaters.
做这类题时，应把握作者的写作思路(如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系，对比关系来叙述)，从而作出比较科学的，合情合理的猜测。和原文中表达一致的答案，一定不能选。
考向6 考查写作手法
（2012•全国卷Ⅰ·阅读理解D篇）
Grwn-ups are ften surprised by hw well they remember smething they learned as children but have never practiced ever since. A man wh has nt had a chance t g swimming fr years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get n a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his sn. A mther wh has nt thught abut the wrds fr years can teach her daughter the pem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" r remember the stry f Cinderella r Gldilcks and the Three Bears.
One explanatin is the law f verlearning, which can be stated as fllws: Once we have learned smething, additinal learning trials(尝试) increase the length f time we will remember it.
In childhd we usually cntinue t practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball lng after we have learned them. We cntinue t listen t and remind urselves f wrds such as "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" and childhd tales such as Cinderella and Gldilcks. We nt nly learn but verlearn.
The multiplicatin tables(乘法口诀表) are an exceptin t the general rule that we frget rather quickly the things that we learn in schl, because they are anther f the things we verlearn in childhd.
The law f verlearning explains why cramming(突击学习)fr an examinatin, thugh it may result in a passing grade, is nt a satisfactry way t learn a cllege curse. By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enugh t get by n the examinatin, but he is likely sn t frget almst everything he learned. A little verlearning, n the ther hand, is really necessary fr ne's future develpment.
68.The authr explains the law f ver learning by_________.
A. presenting research findings
B. setting dwn general rules
C. making a cmparisn
D. using examples
在高考阅读中主要考查下定义、分类说明、列举例证和对比等写作手法。其中，“引用”和“例证”是议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法之一。是历年高考阅读试题中必不可缺的命题方向。“引用”和“例证”的共同目的就是增强说服力，以更好的达到说理、说明的目的。“引用”和“例证”的共同功能就是服务于段落或篇章的主题。
考向7 考查描述人物或事件特征
（2023•新高考全国Ⅱ卷·阅读理解B）
Turning sil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sund like tugh wrk fr middle and high schl kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramill, wh with anther teacher started Urban Spruts, a schl garden prgramme at fur lw-incme schls. The prgramme aims t help students develp science skills, envirnmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles.
Jaramill’s students live in neighburhds where fresh fd and green space are nt easy t find and fast fd restaurants utnumber grcery stres. “The kids literally cme t schl with bags f snacks and large bttles f sft drinks,” she says. “They cme t us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Thugh sme are initially scared f the insects and turned ff by the dirt, mst are eager t try smething new.
Urban Spruts’ classes, at tw middle schls and tw high schls, include hands-n experiments such as sil testing, flwer-and-seed dissectin, tastings f fresh r dried prduce, and wrk in the garden. Several times a year, students ck the vegetables they grw, and they ccasinally make salads fr their entire schls.
Prgramme evaluatins shw that kids eat mre vegetables as a result f the classes.“We have students wh say they went hme and talked t their parents and nw they’re eating differently,” Jaramill says.
She adds that the prgramme’s benefits g beynd nutritin. Sme students get s interested in gardening that they bring hme seeds t start their wn vegetable gardens. Besides, wrking in the garden seems t have a calming effect n Jaramill’s special educatin students, many f whm have emtinal cntrl issues. “They get utside,” she says, “and they feel successful.”
( )26.Which f the fllwing best describes the impact f the prgramme?
A. Far-reaching.
B. Predictable.
C. Shrt-lived.
D. Unidentifiable.
【描写人物事物特征的形容词】
generus慷慨的；brave勇敢的；demanding要求高的; 苛求的; 费力的; 要求极严的; 难满足的；impatient不耐烦的； utging外向的；easy-ging随和的；rganized有条理的；mdest谦虚的；ptimistic乐观的；cautius小心，谨慎的；caring乐于助人的; 关心他人的; 体贴人的； skillful熟练的; 灵巧的; 擅长于 (at; in); 制作精巧的；respnsible负责任的； determined有决心的；mdest谦虚的；creative有创造力的；ambitius有雄心的；adventurus冒险的；cperative 有合作意识的；hnest诚实的；capable adj. 有能力的,有才能的；cnfident adj.自信的；diligent adj.勤奋的；vluntary adj.自愿的,主动的；energetic adj. 精力旺盛的；humrus adj.幽默的；enthusiastic adj.热情的；experienced adj.有经验的；intelligent聪明的; 智能的; 有才智的; 悟性强的; 有智力的; grateful感激的；helpful有帮助的；talkative健谈的；athletic运动型; 体育运动的; 健壮的；patient有耐心的；innvative创新的；tlerant忍受的；psitive 积极的；cmmitted坚信的; 尽心尽力的; 坚定的；cnsiderate 体贴的；ashamed惭愧的; regretful后悔的；disappinted失望的；amazed吃惊的；satisfied满意的；disappinted失望的；shcked震惊的；verjyed过度高兴的；pleased满意的；indifferent冷漠的；srrwful悲伤的；sympathetic同情的；hardwrking勤劳的；embarrassed尴尬的；prud自豪的； curageus勇敢的; 无畏的；independent独立的；sensitive敏感的。
考向8 考查读者对象
（湖南、江西、安徽等地）高三联考·阅读理解A）
Write a ne-page reprt titled “The Best Bk I Read This Year” and enter it in the Bys’ Life 2020 “Say Yes t Reading!” cntest.
The bk can be fictin r nnfictin. But the reprt has t be in yur wn wrds — 500wrds tps. Enter in ne f these three age categries:
8 years ld and yunger
9 and 10 years ld
11 years ld and lder
First-place winners in each age categry will receive a $100 gift card frm Amazn.cm. Secnd-place winners will receive a $75 gift card; third-place winners, a $50 gift card.
Everyne wh enters will get a free patch like the ne n this page. The patch is a temprary sign, s it can be wrn n the right pcket f the Scut unifrm shirt. Prudly display it there r n anther item such as a vest, plaque r trphy! In cming years, yu’ll have the pprtunity t earn ther patches.
The cntest is pen t all Bys’ Life readers. Be sure t include yur name, address, age and grade in schl n the entry.
Send yur reprt, alng with a business-size, self-addressed, stamped envelpe, t:
Bys’ Life Reading Cntest
S306
P.O. Bx 152079
Irving, TX 75015-2079
Entries must be pstmarked by Dec. 31, 2020 and must include entry infrmatin and a self-addressed, stamped envelpe.
Wh are the cntest intended fr?
A．All schl students.B．Only teenagers.C．By’s Life readers.D．By students.
如何解决读者对象题？
做此类题目通常从文章内容入手，明确所谈话题及具体内容，体会作者使用的语言适合于哪一群体，这样才能根据文章的特点对号入座，从而得出正确判断。
考向9 考查文章结构
（北京卷·阅读理解）
Wilderness
“In wilderness(荒野) is the preservatin f the wrld.” This is a famus saying frm a writer regarded as ne f the fathers f envirnmentalism. The frequency with which it is brrwed mirrrs a heated debate n envirnmental prtectin: whether t place wilderness at the heart f what is t be preserved.
As Jhn Sauven f Greenpeace UK pints ut, there is a strng appeal in images f the wild, the untuched; mre than anything else, they speak f the nature that many peple value mst dearly. The urge t leave the subject f such images untuched is strng, and the danger explitatin(开发) brings t such landscapes(景观) is real. Sme f these wildernesses als perfrm functins that humans need—the rainfrests, fr example, stre carbn in vast quantities. T Mr.Sauven, these ”ecsystem services” far utweigh the gains frm explitatin.
Lee Lane, a visiting fellw at the Hudsn Institute, takes the ppsing view. He acknwledges that wildernesses d prvide useful services, such as water cnservatin. But that is nt, he argues, a reasn t avid all human presence, r indeed cmmercial and industrial explitatin. There are ever mre peple n the Earth, and they reasnably and rightfully want t have better lives, rather than merely struggle fr survival. While the ways f using resurces have imprved, there is still a grwing need fr raw materials, and sme wildernesses cntain them in abundance. If they can be tapped withut reducing the services thse wildernesses prvide, the argument ges, there is n further reasn nt t d s. Being untuched is nt, in itself, a characteristic wrth valuing abve all thers.
I lk frwards t seeing these views taken further, and t their being challenged by the ther participants. One challenge that suggests itself t me is that bth cases need t take n the questin f spiritual value a little mre directly. And there is a practical questin as t whether wildernesses can be explited withut harm.
This is a tpic that calls fr nt nly free expressin f feelings, but als the guidance f reasn. What psitin wilderness shuld enjy in the preservatin f the wrld bviusly deserves much mre serius thinking.
Which f the fllwing shws the structure f the passage?
CP: Central Pint P: Pint Sp: Sub-pint(次要点) : Cnclusin
1、记叙文可以采取以时间为序、以地点为序、以故事情节发展为序（开端、发展、高潮、结局）等叙事方式进行写作。以故事情节为序又可以不按照时间的先后顺序叙述，比如，先写结局，再写其他，最后写高潮，这种叙事手法叫做倒叙。
2、议论文总体上可以分为四类：
第一类，“提出论点——分论点一——分论点二——分论点三……——结论”；
第二类，“引入段——导出论点——分点论述——结论”；
第三类，“提出问题——分析问题——解决问题”；
第四类，“提出反面观点——批驳反面观点——提出正面观点”。
3、说明文往往采取下定义、举例子、列数字、对比或比较等说明方式进行写作，而这些说明方式都是为了使文章要说明的内容或问题更加清晰明了、真实可信，或者更具说服力。
阅读理解之推理判断题考点的必备知识：
一、命题规律：
1．命题规律：推理判断题考查考生推理和判断的能力，以及深层次的阅读理解能力。
2．考查类型：主要考查推断隐含意义、推断观点态度、推断文章出处、推断目标读者、推断人物性格等。
3．考查趋势：考题以考查引申推断为主，兼顾考查文章写作目的和意图，文章的写作方法，作者的写作态度，文章的出处，文章的写作对象，文章结构等。
二、 常用的解题方法
1. 如何进行引申推断
根据阅读文章整体或某一段落的内容进行引申推断得出推断结果。引申推断的方法：1.通过分析文章内容，推断出文章中事实的结论，得出新的判断；2.推理判断的结论不是文章中的原句，而是在文章基础上，通过逻辑推理得出的结论。
（1）思维导图
（2）引申推断的设问方式
1. What can be inferred abut the
2．What can be inferred abut the last paragraph?
3．What can we learn frm
4．What can we infer abut frm the text?
（3）错误选项的特点
1. 似是而非：只是对原文信息简单重述，而不是依据文章提供事实依据推断出来的结论。
2. 夸大事实：对文章的事实或证据进行夸大；有时，选项内容与原文一致无需推断。
3. 推理过度：选项往往过于绝对化或片面化(以偏概全)，有时会出现nly, all等词语。
4. 掺入常识：根据考生已有常识是正确的，但不是根据文章中的证据推断出来的结论。
（4）解题技巧：
引申推断题属于深层理解题，要求根据语篇内容，推断具体细节。做此类题目关键是要正确把握文章的内在关系，理解文章的真正含义，要忠实于原文，千万不能主观臆断，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。
1．定位信息：通过寻读找到相关信息点。
2．字面理解：理解相关信息点字面意义。
3．深层理解：进而理解作者的言外之意。
2. 如何判断观点态度题
（1）思维导图
（2） 观点态度题的设问方式
1.What is the authr’s attitude t
2. Which wrd best describes the authr’s attitude
3. The authr’s attitude twards may best be described as .
（3）解题方法：
做此类题目必须透过文章的字面意义去理解。作者的态度和观点无非也就是三种：支持、赞同、乐观；反对、批评、怀疑、悲观；中立、客观。作者的态度和观点常用一些形容词、副词和不定意义的动词来表达，如pssible, impssible, seem, strange等。这时需要注意的是：一定要理清作者所列举的事例与其观点、态度是一致的还是相反的。有些文章作者的观点态度隐含在文章的字里行间，需要通读全文，才能做出正确的判断。注意熟悉一些常见的有关作者情感、态度的词语。
褒义词有：supprtive(支持的)；psitive(积极的)；ptimistic(乐观的)；enthusiastic(热情的)等。
贬义词有：negative(否定的，消极的)；irnic(讽刺的)；critical(批评的)；disgusted(厌恶的)；disappinted(失望的)等。
中性词有：indifferent(漠不关心的)；uninterested(不感兴趣的)；bjective(客观的)；neutral(中立的)等。
3. 如何判断写作目的和意图
（1）思维导图
（2）目的意图题的设问方式
What is the main purpse f the authr writing the text?
The purpse f the text is t get mre peple t _______.
The writer f the stry wants t tell us that________.
The fact…is mentined by the authr t shw________.
The authr writers the last paragraph in rder t ________.
（3）解题技巧：
写作意图推断题要求考生根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作意图及作者运用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不直接表明自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实，客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。这种题型要求考生不但能理解文章的大意，同时还要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行分析和归纳总结的能力。
一般来说，我们可以通过分析文章的文体特点，理解作者的词句选择和识别文章的语气来推断出作者的写作意图。
4. 如何判断文章出处题
（1）思维导图
（2）文章出处的设问方式
①Where is this text prbably taken frm?
②In which sectin f a website can the text appear?
（3）解题技巧
“推断文章出处”类试题应从文章的内容或结构入手来判断其出处：
旅游指南类文章(a travel guide)：此类文章旨在介绍某一旅游景点的自然景观和人文特色，目的是吸引游客来访。
广告英语类文章(an advertisement)：现代生活中广告无处不在，英语阅读理解也是如此。有时会考查微型海报、通知、启示、时刻表、图表等。
课件展示类文章(a class presentatin)：此类文章往往紧扣主题，口语性强、语言活泼，形式新颖，伴随有图片、图表、文字介绍等信息。
网络网页类文章(an Internet page)：此类文章往往会提供超级链接标志，如Fr mre infrmatin, please click here.
新闻报道类文章(a news reprt)：此类文章内容广泛，涉及人物、时政、教育、体育、科技等，突出新颖性、突发性和真实性。新闻呈“倒金字塔”结构，第一段概括全文内容最重要。
研究报告类文章(a research paper)：此类文章重点介绍科技领域最新研究成果：新发现、新思想、新发明。第一段概括介绍，然后分段陈述。文章结构严谨，语言规范，句式复杂。
图书评论类文章(a bk review)：书评、影评类文章涉及到作者介绍，内容梗概、人物性格评论，写作特色以及个人好恶等内容。
科普杂志类文章(a science magazine)：此类文章内容广泛，涉及到日常生活习惯、健康饮食、太空与海洋、创造与发明、计算机发展、人类未来、动物世界等。其重点是普及科学知识，提高科学素养。
5. 如何判断人物和事件的特征
（1）思维导图
（2）人物和事件特征的设问方式
1．Which f the fllwing best
2．Accrding t the text, which wrds can best describe
3.Which f the fllwing best describe accrding t Paragraph
4.Hw wuld the authr feel abut the utcme f the event?
5.What did the authr think f
（3）解题技巧
把描述人物的性格特征的词一一列出，基本上考题不会超出这些词汇，考前把它们的意思记熟。预测每个词需要和什么样的事迹相对应，这样在考场上就能迅速地找到答案。对这种题要迅速解决，以给其他试题提供做题时间。
6. 如何判断文章走势
（1）思维导图
（2）文章走势的设问方式
1. What will be discussed further in the cming paragraph?
2．What may the researchers d next accrding t the last paragraph?
3．What wuld the authr mst prbably discuss next?
4．Where des the article g next?
5.What wuld the fllwing paragraph talk abut?
（3）解题技巧
对事件可能的结局或下一段可能涉及的内容等进行猜测推理。做此类题目时，务必把握作者的写作思路，如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系、对比关系来叙述，从而做出比较科学的、合情合理的预测判断。特别要注意文章最后一段的内容及最后几句话。
【2024年高考命题预测】
根据高考考情分析2024年高考将主要考查：（1）引申推断；（2）作者态度；（3）目的和意图。兼顾文章走势、文章出处、文章结构、写作手法等。占阅读理解的50%以上小题份额。
预测考向1 考查引申推断
1.（2024•河北省石家庄市部分名校高三上学期三调·阅读理解C节选）
Speeches by imprtant fficial men and wmen were intrduced later, as mre emphasis was placed upn the ecnmic and civil significance f the hliday. Still later, by a reslutin f the American Federatin f Labr cnventin f 1909,the Sunday befre Labr Day was adpted as Labr Sunday and dedicated t (致力于) the spiritual and educatinal aspects f the labr mvement.
American labr has raised the natin’s standard f living and cntributed t the greatest prductin the wrld has ever knwn and the labr mvement has brught us clser t the realizatin f ur traditinal ideals f ecnmic and plitical demcracy.
31．Which f the fllwing des the authr agree with?
A．It is knwn that America develps very fast.
B．The riginal meaning f Labr Day changes
C．It is wrthwhile t set a day fr the labrer
D．The labr mvement makes the life unsteady
2.（2024•河北省石家庄市部分名校高三上学期三调·阅读理解B节选）
Fr the rest f ur visit t Thailand we stayed at the Nvtel in Rangsit. Since we were there fr a lng perid f time we became familiar with a few f the staff. They paid attentin t ur needs and did their best t ensure ur stay was a pleasant ne. They were als happy t stp and chat with us, asking questins abut ur stay, what we had dne that day, recmmending things fr us t d and sharing parts f their persnal lives with us. Again, it may be said that their friendliness was part f their jb but smehw, I did nt feel that was the case. It felt natural, pen and hnest and I wuld like t think that they enjyed ur cnversatins as much as we enjyed theirs.
25．What can we knw abut the authr frm paragraph 2?
A．He tried t knw mre abut life in Thailand.
B．He wanted t shw what life he lived t the staff.
C．He was getting alng well with the staff in the htel.
D．He liked t knw mre abut ther peple’s secrets.
预测考向2 考查写作目的和意图
1.（2024•河北省石家庄市部分名校高三上学期三调·阅读理解D节选）
The cean is a huge bdy f saltwater that cvers abut 71 percent f Earth’s surface. An estimated 97 percent f the wrld’s water is fund in the cean. Because f this, the cean has cnsiderable impact n weather, temperature, and the fd supply f humans and ther rganisms. The cean remains a mystery. Mre than 80 percent f the cean has never been mapped, explred, r even seen by humans. A far greater percentage f the surfaces f the mn and the planet Mars has been mapped and studied than f ur wn cean flr.
32．Why des the authr mentin the mn and Mars?
A．T indicate peple’s determinatin t knw space.
B．T shw peple knw quite little abut the cean.
C．T remind us that we need mre knwledge abut space.
D．T tell space explratin is mre crucial than that f ceans.
2.（2024•河北省石家庄市部分名校高三上学期三调·阅读理解B节选）
We travelled in Thailand. The staff at the htels we stayed in went ut f their way t make us feel welcme. Yu may say that they were just ding their jbs, but this is nt hw it felt t us. At the iuDia Htel in Ayutthaya the staff went abve and beynd what we wuld have expected. The dining rm was nt pen in the evening and when we asked where we culd get a takeaway meal the frnt desk girl walked us t the nearby restaurant. She explained that the htel staff wuld prvide us with plates and dishes nce we returned. Nt nly did they prvide what we needed, but they als put ur fd in servicing bwls and tk care f the clean-up while we slept. We were grateful and deeply tuched by their kindness and care.
24．Why des the authr give the dining rm as an example?
A．T tell us when the usual dinner starts in Thailand.
B．T explain hw cnsiderate the staff in the htel are.
C．T tell us where t eat when the dining rm is clsed.
D．T shw it is hard t get a takeaway meal in Thailand.
预测考向3 考查对事件和人物的描述
1.（2024•河北省石家庄市部分名校高三上学期三调·阅读理解B节选）
We travelled in Thailand. The staff at the htels we stayed in went ut f their way t make us feel welcme. Yu may say that they were just ding their jbs, but this is nt hw it felt t us. At the iuDia Htel in Ayutthaya the staff went abve and beynd what we wuld have expected. The dining rm was nt pen in the evening and when we asked where we culd get a takeaway meal the frnt desk girl walked us t the nearby restaurant. She explained that the htel staff wuld prvide us with plates and dishes nce we returned. Nt nly did they prvide what we needed, but they als put ur fd in servicing bwls and tk care f the clean-up while we slept. We were grateful and deeply tuched by their kindness and care.
27．Which can best describe the authr’s experience in Thailand?
A．Exciting.B．Dangerus.C．Disappinting.D．Pleasant.
2.（2024•江西省景德镇市高三上学期第一次质量检测·阅读理解B节选）
I went inside, grabbing my raincat and heading t the barn t secure the animals. The cws were nervus, sensing the appraching strm. I quickly tied them up and ran back t the huse, just as the rain started t pur dwn. The wind was hwling and the rain was punding against the windws. Lightning and thunder fllwed, making the atmsphere even mre electric. I sat by the windw, watching the raging strm and praying that everything wuld be kay.
5．Hw did the authr feel after the strm passed?
A．AngryB．RelievedC．ScaredD．Sad
预测考向4 考查写作方法
1.（2024•吉林省吉林市高三上学期一模·阅读理解B节选）
Abut half f all lifetime mental illness begins by age 14 and 75% befre age 25, accrding t researchers. Yet access t mental health care in the U.S. is lacking. Accrding t the Natinal Alliance n Mental Illness, sme 30 millin adults and children with mental health cnditins g withut treatment, and 129 millin peple live in areas with shrtages f mental health prfessinals.
25．Hw des the authr prve the lack f mental health care in the US?
A．By giving examples.B．By listing data.
C．By shwing cmparisn.D．By analyzing cause and effect.
2.（2024•江西省景德镇市高三上学期第一次质量检测·阅读理解B节选）
It was a typical summer day in my small twn, with the sun shining and the sky clear. I was sitting n my prch, enjying the peaceful view f the rlling hills and the calm lake, when suddenly a strng wind blew in frm the west. The peaceful sky turned dark as a strm apprached.
I went inside, grabbing my raincat and heading t the barn t secure the animals. The cws were nervus, sensing the appraching strm. I quickly tied them up and ran back t the huse, just as the rain started t pur dwn. The wind was hwling and the rain was punding against the windws. Lightning and thunder fllwed, making the atmsphere even mre electric. I sat by the windw, watching the raging strm and praying that everything wuld be kay.
After what seemed like hurs, but was nly a few minutes, the strm passed. The cluds mved away, revealing a bright and sunny sky. I walked utside, taking in the fresh air and surveying the damage. The trees were bent ver and sme branches had been blwn ff. Our vegetable garden was flded, but ther than that, everything seemed t be fine. I breathed a sigh f relief as I realized that n serius damage had been dne.
That evening, as I sat by the fireplace with a cup f ht cffee, I reflected n the experience. It reminded me that nature can be bth pwerful and unpredictable, but that we must persevere and adapt t whatever it thrws at us. The next mrning, as I watched the sun rise ver the nw-calm landscape, I felt a sense f pride knwing that my family and I had weathered the strm tgether.
6．Hw is the passage rganized?
A．Prblem and slutinB．Cause and effect
C．in rder timeD．by Cmparisn
预测考向5 考查文章出处
（2024•江西省景德镇市高三上学期第一次质量检测·阅读理解A）
China nw has 53sites included n the UNESCO Wrld Heritage List. Let's have a lk at fur f them, which may give yu sme advice n yur next travel plan.
Huangshan Muntain
Huangshan, knwn as “the lveliest muntain f China”, lies in the suth f Anhui Prvince in eastern China. The scenic area cvers 154 square kilmeters, and is famus fr its peaks, rcks, pines, cluds and springs. It als has a rich cultural heritage.
Lngmen Grttes
The Lngmen Grttes(石窟) lies in the suth f Luyang city, Henan Prvince. It includes the largest cllectin f Chinese art f the late Nrthern Wei and Tang dynasties, and shw the achievements f Chinese stne carving(雕刻).
Gulangyu Island
Lcated n the entry f the Jiulng River, the island was ccupied by at least a dzen cuntries, including Great Britain, France and Japan. With such a harmnius mixture f Western music and Eastern culture, Gulangyu is naturally referred t as the “island f music”. It is famus fr its utstanding musicians and musical instruments.
Ancient villages in suthern Anhui
Lying in suthern Anhui, Xidi and Hngcun have a high histrical and artistic value in architecture. The villages shw the architectural features f the Huizhu-styled living huses in the perid f the Ming and Qing dynasties. Xidi and Hngcun were added nt the list n Nvember 30,2000.
3．Where des the passage mst prbably cme frm?
A．A travel guidebkB．A histry textbk
C．A scientific fictinD．An entertainment magazine
预测考向6 考查作者写作态度
（2024•江西省景德镇市高三上学期第一次质量检测·阅读理解B节选）The PAL-V Liberty is a tw-seater hybrid car and gyrplane, which means it has a three-wheeled chassis and a fldable rtr n tp. It can switch between driving mde and flying mde in abut 10 minutes, with the help f a semi-autmatic system. It has a tp speed f 160 km/h n the rad and 180 km/h in the air, and can fly up t 500 km n a single tank f fuel. It uses regular gasline, and can be refueled at any gas statin.
The PAL-V Liberty is expected t be delivered t custmers in 2023, alter btaining the necessary certificatins frm aviatin authrities. The cmpany claims that the vehicle meets the existing regulatins f bth cars and aircrafts, and that it is safe and easy t perate. Hwever, the PAL-V Liberty is nt a cheap vehicle, nr is it accessible t everyne. It csts599,000 eurs (abut 4.7 millin yuan) fr the Pineer Editin, which includes flight training curses, pwer heating and persnalizatin ptins. There is als a cheaper Sprt Editin, which csts 299,000 eurs (abut 2.3 millin yuan), but it has less features and requires the buy er t pay an additinal 10,000 eurs(abut 78,000 yuan) fr flight training.
10．What's the authr’s attitude twards the PAL-V Liberty?
A．favrableB．skepticalC．bjectiveD．indifference
考点
题型
推理判断之引申推断
阅读理解
2023
试卷类型
设问
考点
[2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷]B
( )24.What can we learn abut Jhn frm the first tw paragraphs?
引申推断
[2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷]D
( )34.What can we learn frm the example given in Paragraph 5?
引申推断
[2023年1月·浙江卷]B
26．What can we infer abut the authr?
引申推断
[2023·全国甲卷]D
( )35.What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
引申推断
[2023·全国乙卷]B
( )26.What can we infer frm the authr’s trip with friends t Devil’s Lake?
引申推断
2022
2022·新高考I卷
阅读A23.3. What will happen if yu submit an essay ne week after the due date?
C篇31. What can we learn abut the prject frm the last tw paragraphs?
引申推断
21
2021·全国新高考I卷
C篇30．What is a direct result f the Act passed in 1934?
引申推断
2021·全国新高考II卷
D篇34．Why des Pete Bnds still hire cwbys t watch cattle?
引申推断
考点
题型
推理判断之文章出处
阅读理解
2023
试卷类型
设问
考点
[2023·全国乙卷]D
35.Which f the fllwing bks is the text mst likely selected frm?
文章出处
[2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷]C
28.Where is the text mst prbably taken frm?
文章出处
2022
2022·新高考I卷
阅读A21. Where is this text prbably taken frm?
文章出处
2022·全国高考乙卷
阅读B27. What is the text?
文章出处
2021
2021·英语全国甲卷
A篇23．Where can the text be fund?
文章出处
[2022年1月（浙江卷）]
26．What is the text?
文章出处
考点
题型
推理判断之写作态度
阅读理解
2023
试卷类型
设问
考点
[2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷]D
35.What is the authr’s attitude tward Navajas’ studies?
写作态度
[2023年1月·浙江卷]B
25．What was the attitude f the authr’s father tward buying grceries with jars?
写作态度
2021
2021·新高考I卷
阅读D34. What is the authr’s attitude t the ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence?
写作态度
2020
2020年新课标Ⅰ卷
C篇31. Which wrd best describes the authr’s attitude t race walking?
写作态度
考点
题型
推理判断之目的和意图
阅读理解
2023
试卷类型
设问
考点
[2023年1月·浙江卷]
28．Why des the authr mentin Na Ovadia in the first paragraph? C
34．What is the purpse f the laws mentined in paragraph 4? D
目的和意图
[2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷]
26.What is the authr’s purpse in mentining Fuzhu? B
28.What is the bk aimed at? C
目的和意图
[2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷]
31.What des the authr want t say by mentining the e-reader? C
目的和意图
2022
2022·新高考I卷
阅读B24.What des the authr want t shw by telling the arugula stry?
目的和意图
2021·全国新高考I
D篇33．Why des the authr mentin “dctr” and “cheater” in paragraph 2?
目的和意图
2021·全国新高考II卷
D篇34．Why des Pete Bnds still hire cwbys t watch cattle?
目的和意图
考点
题型
预测文章走势
阅读理解
2023
试卷类型
设问
考点
[2023·全国乙卷]C
31.What might the authr cntinue talking abut?
预测文章走势
考点要求
考题统计
考情分析
引申推断
3年15考
【命题规律】
根据新高考三年的考情分析，推理判断题主要集中考查：引申推断、目的和意图、作者态度。有时考查文章出处、文章走势、读者对象、文章结构、写作方法等。所有这些都是新课标中明确指出的考试形式，我们都不能忽视，切勿掉以轻心。
【命题预测】
2024年高考还会考查推理判断题，一般在试卷中考查占50%以上的阅读理解小题的比率。以考查引申推断、目的和意图、作者态度为主。
文章出处
3年6考
目的和意图
3年12考
预测文章走势
3年1考
写作态度
3年4考