专题03 阅读理解之推理判断题（练习）-2024年高考英语二轮复习练习（新教材新高考）

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2、抓课堂、重效率、要求学生紧跟老师的节奏。一轮复习是将重点知识提炼，容量大，速度快。所以，学生的思路必须时时刻刻跟随着老师的思路，要快速地用脑思，用心听、用嘴说，用手写，才能达到高效。
3、抓自习、重过程、增强得分的意识。学案都是在规定的时间内完成，重视规范的做题步骤，重视思考过程。更重要的是，做完题后要对做过的题目进行反思、整理。
4、抓阅读、重反思、全面提高成绩。得阅读者得天下。阅读是强化英语思维的最佳途径之一。一轮复习，重视基础知识的同时，要坚持阅读训练，促进英语成绩的整体提高。
5、抓时间，重效果，扎实做好每个复习环节。一轮复习时间紧，任务重，需要同学们充分抢抓时间，利用时间，紧跟复习进度。英语的进步并非一蹴而就，需要每天坚持把每件事情做扎实。做到这一点，成功只是早晚的事！
专题03 阅读理解之推理判断题
目 录
TOC \ "1-1" \p " " \h \z \u \l "_Tc148019150" 推理判断题 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
一、（最新模拟）阅读理解之推理判断---引申推断-------------------------------------------------------------------------2
二、（最新模拟题）阅读理解之推理判断---观点态度----------------------------------------------------------------------8
三、（最新模拟题）阅读理解之推理判断---目的和意图------------------------------------------------------------------10
四、（最新模拟题）阅读理解之推理判断---描述人或事件的特征-------------------------------------------------------16
五、（最新模拟）阅读理解之推理判断------写作手法---------------------------------------------------------------------22
六、（最新模拟题）阅读理解之推理判断---文章出处---------------------------------------------------------------------23
七、（最新模拟题）阅读理解之推理判断---预测文章走势---------------------------------------------------------------26
八、（最新模拟）阅读理解之推理判断---文章结构-----------------------------------------------------------------------29
九、（最新模拟题）阅读理解之推理判断---读者对象---------------------------------------------------------------------34
十、（高考真题）阅读理解之推理判断----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------35
03 阅读理解之推理判断题
最新模拟演练
一、阅读理解之推理判断---引申推断
1.（2024·吉林省吉林市高三上学期一模）
Indeed, the transfrmatin f the cncept f the animal in mdern behaviural bilgy has been fundamental. This has been cnfirmed by the death f a third belief: fr decades, it was taught that animals behave fr the gd f their species. Tday we knw this is nt the case. Rather, animals d everything t ensure that cpies f their wn genes are passed t the next generatin with maximum efficiency and, when necessary, they will als kill cnspecifics. Clearly, they are nt, as Jane Gdall had nce famusly hped, ‘like us, but better’.
29．It can be inferred that animals’ behaviural actins are mainly driven by __________.
A．their desire t prtect their species.
B．their ability t recgnize themselves in mirrrs.
C．their urge t guarantee the gene transmissin.
D．their eagerness t be scially interacted.
【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段“Tday we knw this is nt the case. Rather, animals d everything t ensure that cpies f their wn genes are passed t the next generatin with maximum efficiency and, when necessary, they will als kill cnspecifics. (今天，我们知道情况并非如此。 相反，动物尽一切努力确保自己基因的副本以最大的效率传递给下一代，在必要时，它们也会杀死同种动物。)”可推知，动物的行为主要由他们急于保证基因的传播而驱动。故选C。
2.（2024·吉林省吉林市高三上学期一模）
Behind the Mask
Wearing the face f Patih Manis, a character in Bali’s dance dramas, means mre than simply putting n a tapel, r mask.
“When yu dance with a tapel and perfrm its character, yu underg a transfrmatin,”says I Made Bandem, a schlar and teacher f Balinese arts – and a dancer fr seven decades. “Yu must’marry’that mask and make ritual (仪式) fferings t create unity between yurself and the tapel. Many dancers will sleep with the mask beside them, s that they can learn its true character.”
32．What can we learn abut tapel frm the first tw paragraphs?
A．Tapel refers t a character’s name.
B．Tapel is suppsed t be with the dancers all alng.
C．Tapel builds a bridge between the dancer and the true character.
D．Tapel experiences dramatic changes when wrn by a dancer.
【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第二段中的““When yu dance with a tapel and perfrm its character, yu underg a transfrmatin,” says I Made Bandem, a schlar and teacher f Balinese arts – and a dancer fr seven decades. “Yu must ‘marry’ that mask and make ritual(仪式) fferings t create unity between yurself and the tapel. Many dancers will sleep with the mask beside them, s that they can learn its true character.”(“当你戴上tapel并扮演它的角色时，你会经历一种变身，”巴厘岛艺术的学者和教师兼已舞蹈家七十年的I Made Bandem说。“你必须‘嫁’给那个面具，并进行仪式祭祀，以在你和tapel之间创造统一。许多舞者会把面具放在身旁睡觉，以便了解它的真正性格。”)”可推知，tapel在舞者和真实人物之间架起了一座桥梁。故选C项。
3.（2024·江西省景德镇市高三上学期第一次质量检测）
The PAL-V Liberty is a revlutinary vehicle that can travel n bth land and air. It is the wrld’s first cmmercial flying car, and it is nw available fr pre-rder. The PAL-V Liberty is develped by a Dutch cmpany called PAL-V Internatinal B．V., which stands fr Persnal Air and Land Vehicle. The cmpany has been wrking n the prject since 2001, and has successfully tested the prttype in 2012.
The PAL-V Liberty is a tw-seater hybrid car and gyrplane, which means it has a three-wheeled chassis and a fldable rtr n tp. It can switch between driving mde and flying mde in abut 10 minutes, with the help f a semi-autmatic system. It has a tp speed f 160 km/h n the rad and 180 km/h in the air, and can fly up t 500 km n a single tank f fuel. It uses regular gasline, and can be refueled at any gas statin.
The PAL-V Liberty is expected t be delivered t custmers in 2023, alter btaining the necessary certificatins frm aviatin authrities. The cmpany claims that the vehicle meets the existing regulatins f bth cars and aircrafts, and that it is safe and easy t perate. Hwever, the PAL-V Liberty is nt a cheap vehicle, nr is it accessible t everyne. It csts599,000 eurs (abut 4.7 millin yuan) fr the Pineer Editin, which includes flight training curses, pwer heating and persnalizatin ptins. There is als a cheaper Sprt Editin, which csts 299,000 eurs (abut 2.3 millin yuan), but it has less features and requires the buy er t pay an additinal 10,000 eurs(abut 78,000 yuan) fr flight training.
T drive the PAL-V Liberty, ne needs bth a driving license and a pilt license. The vehicle als requires a runway r airstrip t take ff and land, as it cannt d s vertically like a helicpter. The cmpany says it has received 70 rders fr the vehicle s far, mstly frm custmers in Eurpe and Nrth America. The PAL-V Liberty is a grundbreaking innvatin that culd change the future f transprtatin, but it als faces many challenges and limitatins.
9．What can we infer abut frm the passage?
A．The PAL-V Liberty has been used in ur daily life.
B．If yu have a pilt license, yu can drive the PAL-V Liberty.
C．It can switch between driving and flying mde in a shrt time
D．The Sprt Editin is mre attractive features than the Pineer Editin.
【答案】 C
【解析】本文是新闻报道。介绍了PAL-V Liberty是一种革命性的交通工具，可以在陆地和空中行驶，这是世界上第一辆商用飞行汽车，目前已可预订。
推理判断题。根据第二段“It can switch between driving mde and flying mde in abut 10 minutes, with the help f a semi-autmatic system.(在半自动系统的帮助下，它可以在大约10分钟内从驾驶模式切换到飞行模式)”可知，PAL-V Liberty可以在短时间内在驾驶和飞行模式之间切换。故选C项。
4. （2024·河北省沧州市三县联考高三上学期11月月考）
A sandstne slab (石板) and ther stne tls unearthed in Vietnam give insight int hw curry (咖喱) was made and reveal that curry was eaten in the regin at least 2,000 years ag.
The sandstne slab, buried 2 meters belw the surface, was dug up in 2018 at Oc E in suthern Vietnam. The site was nce an verseas trading center f an ancient Sutheast Asian kingdm knwn as Funan, accrding t a new study.
“Preparing curry invlves nt nly a diverse range f seasning but als the use f grinding (研磨) tls, cnsiderable time, and human effrt,” said study authr Dr. Hsia chun Hung. “Remarkably, even individuals residing utside f India nearly 2,000 years ag expressed a strng desire t enjy the flavrs f curry, as evidenced by their careful preparatins.”
Hung and a team f researchers analyzed micrscpic remains knwn as starch grains—tiny structures fund within plant cells that can be preserved ver lng perids—that they fund n the grinding tls.
“Nwadays, preparing curry in Vietnam has becme much simpler fr mst families due t the widespread availability f bagged curry in supermarkets. Hwever, it is interesting t nte that the curry recipe used tday has nt varied significantly frm the ancient times,” said study c-authr Dr. Khanh Trung Kien Nguyen. Nguyen added that the team planned t recreate the 2,000-year-ld curry based n the micrscpic remains fund at the site.
Peple were likely enjying curry in India abut 4,000 years ag. Sme f the cmpnents recvered at Oc E are similar t thse fund in Indian curries, while ther cmpnents are mre distinctively Sutheast Asian. The new study cncluded that curry recipes arrived in Sutheast Asia with Suth Asian traders as cntact between the regins increased during the early centuries f the first millennium.
1．What did Dr. Hsia-chun Hung think f preparing curry in the past?
A．It was a cmplex prcess.B．It differed frm ne anther.
C．It demanded little effrt.D．It was envirnment-friendly.
2．What can we infer abut the ancient curry recipes?
A．They restricted reginal trade.B．They were mainly cnsumed in Vietnam.
C．They linked varius cultures.D．They were first favred by Sutheast Asians.
【答案】 1．A 2．C
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了2018年考古人员在越南Oc E发掘出一块加工咖喱的石板及其他石器，该遗址曾经是一个被称为扶南的古代东南亚王国的海外贸易中心。
1．推理判断题。根据第三段“‘Preparing curry invlves nt nly a diverse range f seasning but als the use f grinding (研磨) tls, cnsiderable time, and human effrt,’ said study authr Dr. Hsia chun Hung.(该研究的作者Hsia chun Hung博士说:“制作咖喱不仅需要各种各样的调味料，还需要使用研磨工具、大量的时间和人力。”)”可知，Hsia-chun Hung认为制作咖喱是一个繁琐的过程。故填A。
2．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Sme f the cmpnents recvered at Oc E are similar t thse fund in Indian curries, while ther cmpnents are mre distinctively Sutheast Asian. The new study cncluded that curry recipes arrived in Sutheast Asia with Suth Asian traders as cntact between the regins increased during the early centuries f the first millennium.(在Oc E发现的一些成分与印度咖喱中发现的成分相似，而其他成分则更具东南亚特色。这项新的研究得出结论，在第一个千年的最初几个世纪里，随着南亚地区之间的联系增加，咖喱食谱随着南亚商人来到东南亚。)”可推断，这些古老的咖喱调料曾经沟通着不同的文明。故选C。
5.（2024·河南省新乡市高中毕业班阶段性测试（三））
“It’s like she never left us,” Britnee recalled. “She came right int ur arms.” The Smiths said they were unsure what happened t Jill in the three years away, althugh she’d been fund just a few blcks away frm their ld huse. “We wish she culd talk,” Rex said. “We have s many questins t ask her.” Jill was verall healthy but had suffered sme scratches. Her paws were raw, likely frm the 100-degree Fahrenheit heat in Arkansas.
7．What cnclusin can be drawn abut Jill frm the text?
A．She was adpted several times.
B．She was with Jack in the past few years.
C．She was discvered near Britnee’s new hme.
D．She was indeed greatly valued by her wners.
【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The Smiths immediately tk her t the vet and dg spa, where Jill had her nails clipped, her teeth brushed and her hair cmbed.(史密斯夫妇立即带她去了兽医和狗狗水疗中心，在那里，吉尔剪了指甲，刷了牙，梳了头。)”可知，Jill的主人确实非常珍视她。故选D。
6. （2024·河南省新乡市高中毕业班阶段性测试（三））
Hadany wnders whether ther plants and insects already tune int plant pps. Other studies have suggested that plants respnd t sunds. And animals frm pests (害虫), mths t mice can hear in the range f the ultrasnic clicks. Sunds made by plants culd be heard frm arund five meters away. Hadany’s team is nw studying what the living things near the plants will d after hearing the sunds.
15．What still remains unknwn t Hadany’s team?
A．Whether the sunds f plants can travel far.
B．Whether animals can hear the sunds f plants.
C．Hw the neighbrs f plants respnd t their sunds.
D．Hw plants and animals cmmunicate with each ther.
【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。文章最后一句讲到“Hadany’s team is nw studying what the living things near the plants will d after hearing the sunds. (哈达尼的团队正在研究植物附近的生物在听到声音后会做什么。)”可知，哈达尼的团队还不知道的是植物的邻居对它们的声音有什么反应，故选C。
7. （2024•四川省攀枝花市高三第一次统一考试）
The gd news is that smething as simple as a 10-minute break, if used crrectly, can help reduce the effects f digital intensity. “If yu give yurself a break, and d smething like mediatin, reading, drawing — anything that turns yur brain t smething mre relaxing,” says Dr Michael Bhan, the directr f Micrsft’s Human Factrs Engineering Lab, “the brain will begin t prduce alpha waves.” After the break, “yu’ll be mre engaged and fcused, he adds. “Taking breaks lets yu refresh, and maintain better brain health acrss the day.”
What can we infer abut the functin f alpha waves mentined in Paragraph 3?
A．It makes us sleep better.B．It helps imprve cncentratin.
C．It causes tensin and anxiety.D．It helps find new cmmunicatin ways.
【答案】B
【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段中“After the break, “yu’ll be mre engaged and fcused, he adds.(休息之后，“你会更投入、更专注，”他补充道)”可知，阿尔法波可以让人更加投入和专注。故选B。
8. （2024•四川省攀枝花市高三第一次统一考试）
Frests give us shade, quiet and ne f the harder challenges in the fight against climate change. Even as we humans cunt n frests t sak up a gd share f the carbn dixide we prduce, we are threatening their ability t d s. The climate change we are quickening culd ne day leave us with frests that send ut mre carbn than they absrb.
What des the authr imply in Paragraph 1?
A．Frests may becme a ptential threat.
B．Extreme weather cnditins may arise.
C．Peple may misunderstand glbal warming.
D．Glbal climate change may get ut f cntrl.
【答案】A
【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段中“Frests give us shade, quiet and ne f the harder challenges in the fight against climate change.(森林为我们提供了阴凉、宁静，也应对气候变化的更艰巨挑战之一)”和“The climate change we are quickening culd ne day leave us with frests that send ut mre carbn than they absrb.(我们正在加速的气候变化可能有一天会让我们的森林释放出比吸收更多的碳)”可推知，作者在第一段中暗示了森林释放出的碳也许有一天会比吸收的更多。由此推知，森林可能成为一个潜在的威胁。故选A项。
二、阅读理解之推理判断---观点态度
1.（2024•黑龙江省佳木斯市四校联考高三上学期11月期中）
Ein-Eli said dispsable masks, in high demand glbally during the health crisis, were nt ecnmically r envirnmentally friendly. “Yu have t make it reusable and friendly, and this is ur slutin,” he said.
15．What’s the attitude f Ein-Eli t the new type f face mask?
A．supprtiveB．negativeC．dubtfulD．indifferent
【答案】A
【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第三段中的“Ein-Eli said dispsable masks, in high demand glbally during the health crisis, were nt ecnmically r envirnmentally friendly. “Yu have t make it reusable and friendly, and this is ur slutin,” he said. ( 恩-伊莱说，在卫生危机期间，全球对一次性口罩的需求量很大，但这既不经济，也不环保。他说:“你必须让它可重复使用且友好，这就是我们的解决方案。”)”可知，Ein-Eli对新口罩是支持的。故选A。
2. （2024•四川省攀枝花市高三第一次统一考试）
When I first heard abut Summit Learning, I admitted I was nt a bit happy and excited at all. I thught it wuld require interactins with thers. But later, I was astnished when I gt t experience it firsthand.
Recently, we did a petry prject, and ne f the activities was a peer (同伴) review. I wuld never have taken part if it was up t me, as I preferred t wrk independently. But when I gt invlved, I fund in the experience, I had dne smething that I thught was nearly impssible — it made my petry better. My partner infrmed me f my mistakes and tld me where I culd give mre detail.
One f ur final prducts f the prject was t present ur petry t the class. I’ve always lved public speaking but I thught with Summit Learning, I wuld have fewer chances t speak. I was wrng. The peer activities we did with a partner gave me mre belief in my ability and inspired me t d mre t make my presentatin the best it culd pssibly be.
Interactins like these are what Summit Learning is all abut. This style f learning brings a psitive and hard-wrking culture that allws us t push ur bundaries and keep ging It creates a sense f cmmunity since we are all wrking twards a similar gal.
As an active by, I have always been ahead and advanced, but in a nrmal classrm, there are restrictins n what I can d. With Summit Learning, I can g beynd expectatins in prjects r mve ahead in learning new cntent when I’m ready. I have wnership f my wrk and pursue my gals.
Summit Learning has shwed me hw much peple can grw and change. It has helped me see peple and myself differently. It has been ne f the greatest experiences f my life, and I cannt see myself ging back t a nrmal classrm.
1．What was the authr’s initial respnse t Summit Learning?
A．He was astnished t hear abut it.B．He was a bit excited abut it.
C．He was unwilling t attend it.D．He was curius abut hw it wrked.
2．Hw did the authr benefit frm the petry prject?
A．It reminded him t be independent.B．It imprved his pem and cnfidence..
C．It raised him a sense f respnsibility.D．It allwed him t deliver a public speech.
3．What can be inferred abut Summit Learning?
A．It has restrictins n what ne can d.
B．It shws bundaries f ne’s abilities.
C．It teaches petry in a nrmal classrm.
D．It transfrms the traditinal way f learning.
4．What des the authr think f Summit Learning nw?
A．Inspiring.B．Enjyable.C．Challengıng.D．Cnservative.
【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A
【解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者参加Summit Learning课程的经历和感受。
1．作者态度题。根据第一段的“When I first heard abut Summit Learning, I admitted I was nt a bit happy and excited at all.(当我第一次听说Summit Learning的时候，我承认我一点也不高兴和兴奋)”和第二段的“I wuld never have taken part if it was up t me, as I preferred t wrk independently.(如果由我来决定，我绝不会参加，因为我更喜欢独立工作)”可知，作者对Summit Learning的第一反应是不想参加。故选C。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段的“The peer activities we did with a partner gave me mre belief in my ability and inspired me t d mre t make my presentatin the best it culd pssibly be.(我们和一个伙伴一起做的同伴活动让我对自己的能力更有信心，并激励我做更多的事情，使我的演讲尽可能最好)”可知，诗歌活动提高了作者的诗歌和信心。故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“As an active by, I have always been ahead and advanced, but in a nrmal classrm, there are restrictins n what I can d. With Summit Learning, I can g beynd expectatins in prjects r mve ahead in learning new cntent when I’m ready. I have wnership f my wrk and pursue my gals.(作为一个好动的男孩，我一直走在前面，不断进步，但是在一个正常的教室里，我所能做的是有限制的。有了Summit Learning，我可以在项目中超越预期，或者在我准备好的时候继续学习新内容。我对自己的工作有主人翁精神，并追求自己的目标)”推知，Summit Learning转变了学习的方式。故选D。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Summit Learning has shwed me hw much peple can grw and change. It has helped me see peple and myself differently. It has been ne f the greatest experiences f my life, and I cannt see myself ging back t a nrmal classrm.(峰会学习向我展示了人可以成长和改变多少。它帮助我以不同的方式看待别人和自己。这是我一生中最伟大的经历之一，我无法想象自己会回到正常的教室)”可推知，作者认为Summit Learning非常有启发意义的。故选A。
3. （2024•四川省攀枝花市高三第一次统一考试）
State gvernments are well accustmed t managing frests, but traditinally they’ve fcused n wildlife and pprtunities fr recreatin. Only recently have they cme t see the vital part frests will have t play in string carbn. Califrnia’s plan, which is expected t be finalized by the gvernr next year, shuld serve as a mdel.
What is the authr’s attitude twards Califrnia’s Frest Carbn Plan?
A．Wrried.B．Uncaring.C．Dubtful.D．Favrable.
【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Only recently have they cme t see the vital part frests will have t play in string carbn. Califrnia’s plan, which is expected t be finalized by the gvernr next year, shuld serve as a mdel.(直到最近，他们才认识到森林在储存碳方面所起的重要作用。加州的计划预计将于明年由州长最终确定，它应该成为一个榜样)”可知，作者认为加州的计划应该成为一个榜样。由此推知，作者对它是持支持态度。故选D项。
三、阅读理解之推理判断---目的和意图
1.（2024•河北省石家庄市部分名校高三上学期三调）
Althugh there is much mre t learn, ceangraphers have already made sme amazing discveries. Fr example, we knw that the cean cntains twering muntain ranges and deep valleys, just like thse n land. The peak f the wrld’s tallest muntain—Munt Qmlangma in the Himalaya, measuring 8848. 86 meters high-wuld nt even break the surface f the water if it was placed in the Pacific Ocean’s Mariana Trench r Philippine Trench, tw f the deepest parts f the cean. On the ther hand, the Atlantic Ocean is relatively shallw because large parts f its seaflr are made up f cntinental shelves—parts f the cntinents that extend far ut int the cean. The average depth f the entire cean is 3.720 meters.
33．What des the authr intend t tell us in paragraph 2?
A．Reasns why cean flrs are rugh.
B．Significance f the cean flr t animals.
C．The heights f different muntain ranges.
D．Sme cean knwledge frm ceangraphers.
【答案】D
【解析】目的和意图题。根据第二段中“Althugh there is much mre t learn, ceangraphers have already made sme amazing discveries. (虽然还有很多东西要学，但海洋学家已经有了一些惊人的发现。)”以及后文所举实例可知，本段讲述了海洋学家所发现的一些有关海洋的知识。故选D。
2. （2024·广东省四校联考高三上学期11月月考）
I live in Xizhu in Yunnan Prvince, n the histric Tea Hrse Rad. I have t admit that when I first heard that Paul Salpek was ging t walk the entire glbe n his wn tw feet, I was blwn away. I culdn’t imagine that there culd be such an unusual persn in the wrld.
Last May, I met Paul. He tld me that it was his first time in China. He talked t me with great excitement abut the histry, migratins, and discveries in my regin f China. He spke f the Shu-Yandu Da (the Suthern Silk Rad), the travels f the 17th-century Chinese explrer Xu Xiake, the Tea Hrse Rad and the early 20th-century American btanist Jseph Rck. He als talked f Xuanzang. Paul cnsidered many f them heres and in a sense Chinese pineers f slw jurnalism.
I decided t accmpany Paul n his walk tward Yunnan. On September 28, 2021, we set ut. Our days were simple: walk, eat, sleep, and repeat. We wke up at sunrise, set ff in high spirits, and rested at sunset, dragging urselves int exhausted sleep.
We met many peple n the rad. Sme were curius, surrunding us and watching us; sme gave us directins; sme invited us int their hme t take a rest; sme spke f the charm f their hmetwn. We met many beautiful suls, simple suls and warm suls. We were walking with ur minds.
Tgether, we were impressed by the bidiversity f the Galigng Muntains. As I walked n ancient paths thrugh muntains, I seemed t hear the antique vices f past travelers urging me t be careful n the rad.
Lking back n the mre than 200 miles I walked with Paul, I came t a realizatin. Walking fr its wn sake, while healthy and admirable, is nly a small part f the benefit f mving with ur feet. A deeper reward is rediscvering the wrld arund us, shrtening the distance between each ther, and sharing each ther’s cultures.
1．Hw did the writer first respnd t Paul’s travel plan?
A．Puzzled.B．Scared.C．Surprised.D．Disappinted.
2．What can we learn abut Paul Salpek frm paragraph 2?
A．He had a knwledge f China.
B．He was a western jurnalist.
C．He came t China several times.
D．He was Jseph Rck’s acquaintance.
3．What des paragraph 4 tell us abut the writer and Paul?
A．They built bnds with peple.
B．They satisfied the lcals’ curisity.
C．They set ff in high spirits.
D．They hnred the ancestrs.
4．What is the main purpse f the writer’s writing the text?
A．T suggest a new way f travel.
B．T share and reflect n a jurney.
C．T advcate prtectin f bidiversity.
D．T intrduce and prmte Chinese culture.
【答案】4．C 5．A 6．A 7．B
【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。作者住在历史悠久的茶马古道上，去年5月，他遇到了要用双脚环游世界的Paul Salpek，于是决定陪Paul游云南。文中描述了他们路上的见闻和作者的感悟。
1．推理判断题。 根据第一段中的“I have t admit that when I first heard that Paul Salpek was ging t walk the entire glbe n his wn tw feet, I was blwn away. I culdn’t imagine that there culd be such an unusual persn in the wrld.(我不得不承认，当我第一次听说保罗·萨洛佩克要用自己的两只脚走完整个地球时，我惊呆了。我无法想象世界上会有这样一个不寻常的人)”可知，作者最初对Paul的旅行计划感到吃惊。故选C项。
2．推理判断题。根据第二段“He tld me that it was his first time in China. He talked t me with great excitement abut the histry, migratins, and discveries in my regin f China. He spke f the Shu-Yandu Da (the Suthern Silk Rad), the travels f the 17th-century Chinese explrer Xu Xiake, the Tea Hrse Rad and the early 20th-century American btanist Jseph Rck. He als talked f Xuanzang. Paul cnsidered many f them heres and in a sense Chinese pineers f slw jurnalism.(他告诉我这是他第一次来中国。他非常兴奋地和我谈论我所在地区的历史、移民和发现。他谈到了蜀道-盐都道(南方丝绸之路)、17世纪中国探险家徐霞客的旅行、茶马古道和20世纪初美国植物学家约瑟夫·洛克。他还谈到了玄奘。保罗认为他们中的许多人是英雄，在某种意义上是中国慢新闻的先驱)”可知Paul Salpek和作者谈论所在地区的历史、移民和发现，可推知，Paul Salpek对中国有一定的了解。故选A项。
3．推理判断题。根据第四段“We met many peple n the rad. Sme were curius, surrunding us and watching us; sme gave us directins; sme invited us int their hme t take a rest; sme spke f the charm f their hmetwn. We met many beautiful suls, simple suls and warm suls. We were walking with ur minds.(我们在路上遇到了许多人。有些人很好奇，围观着我们观察我们；有些人给了我们指引；有些人邀请我们到他们家休息；有些人谈论着他们家乡的魅力。我们遇到了许多美丽的灵魂，朴实的灵魂和温暖的灵魂。我们在用心走路)”据此可推知，作者和Paul与人们建立了联系。故选A项。
4．推理判断题。通读全文内容可知，作者住在历史悠久的茶马古道上，他遇到了要用双脚环游世界的Paul Salpek,于是决定陪Paul游云南。文章描述了他们路上的见闻和作者的感悟。由此推知，作者写作的目的是分享和回顾一段旅程。故选B项。
3. （河南省新乡市2023-2024学年高中毕业班阶段性测试（三））
Thrughut histry, technlgical prgress has brught new wealth but hasn’t always imprved peple’s lives. Ecnmists nw say it isn’t clear whether artificial intelligence (AI) will help r hurt sciety. Simn Jhnsn teaches ecnmics at the Massachusetts Institute f Technlgy. He said AI has a lt f pssibilities. But he added, “We are at a frk in the rad.”
Supprters say technlgy will create wealth and imprve living standards. Sme g as far as saying AI will increase peple’s free time and help them be mre creative. But thers are wrried technlgy will lead t jb lsses. They pint t Hllywd writers and actrs wh are wrried that they’ll be replaced by technlgy.
The Internet arrived with a similar prmise f mre prductivity, wealth and jbs. The French bank Natixis nted in its research that mst f the wealth has gne t a few billinaires. And many f the jbs dn’t require highly paid, skilled wrkers. The bank warned in its reprt, “We shuld be cautius when estimating the effects f artificial intelligence n labr prductivity.”
Research f 5,300 wrkers abut AI shws that sme wrkers hpe technlgy will increase pay and jb satisfactin. But they’re als cncerned that technlgy culd push peple t wrk t hard. Histry has als shwn the ecnmic effect f technlgical prgress is generally uncertain, unequal and even harmful.
Jhnsn nted that it’s easier t create smething new than t make sure it wrks fr everyne. His bk, Pwer and Prgress, shws hw the arrival f rail travel imprved the lives f many peple in England in the 1800s. Peple were able t travel lnger distances and eat fresh fd because it culd mve faster frm farms t cities. On the ther hand, Jhnsn said self-checkut technlgy at fd stres desn’t lwer the csts r make life easier fr peple. All it des is reduce the number f wrkers and help businesses lwer labr csts.
As fr AI technlgy, Jhnsn wnders if it’ll make existing inequalities wrse, r help us get back t smething fairer.
1．Why des the authr mentin Hllywd writers and actrs in paragraph 2?
A．T shw the widespread use f AI.
B．T indicate peple’s anxiety abut AI.
C．T stress peple’s high expectatin f AI.
D．T reveal the wealth-creating functin f AI.
2．Which wrd can best describe peple’s cncerns abut AI in paragraph 4?
A．Well-funded.B．Unreasnable.
C．Ill-judged.D．Unnecessary.
【答案】 1．B 2．A
【解析】本文是一篇议论文，主要论述的是技术进步对社会是有益还是有害。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段“But thers are wrried technlgy will lead t jb lsses. They pint t Hllywd writers and actrs wh are wrried that they’ll be replaced by technlgy. (但其他人担心技术会导致失业。他们指出，好莱坞的作家和演员担心他们会被科技取代。)”可知，作者在第二段提到了好莱坞的作家和演员是为了表明人们对人工智能的焦虑。故选B。
2．推理判断题。根据第四段“Histry has als shwn the ecnmic effect f technlgical prgress is generally uncertain, unequal and even harmful. (历史也表明，技术进步的经济影响通常是不确定的、不平等的，甚至是有害的。)”可知，人们对人工智能的担忧是有历史根据的，因此可用well-funded (有根据的)来描述人们对人工智能的担忧。故选A。
4. （2024·河南省新乡市高中毕业班阶段性测试（三））
Hadany and her clleagues first heard the clicks when they set micrphnes next t plants n tables in a lab. The micrphnes caught sme nises. But the researchers needed t make sure that the clicking was cming frm the plants. S, the scientists placed plants inside sundprf bxes in the basement, far frm the nise f the lab. There, micrphnes picked up ultrasnic pps frm thirsty tmat plants. Thugh it was utside humans’ hearing range, the clicking made by plants was abut as lud as a nrmal cnversatin.
13．Why did the scientists put plants inside sundprf bxes in the basement?
A．T enjy the sunds made by the plants.
B．T have a better cnversatin with the plants.
C．T find ut whether the plants did make sunds.
D．T keep the plant sunds within their hearing range.
【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。文章第三段讲到“But the researchers needed t make sure that the clicking was cming frm the plants. S, the scientists placed plants inside sundprf bxes in the basement, far frm the nise f the lab. (但研究人员需要确保这种滴答声来自植物。因此，科学家们把植物放在地下室的隔音箱里，远离实验室的噪音。)”可知，科学家们把植物放在地下室的隔音箱里是为了弄清这些植物是否会发出声音。故选C。
5. （2024·江西省萍乡市高三上学期一模）
Late nights, early starts, nightmares, anxiety, children ... there are s many things that can cut int ur shut-eye. When des that threaten ur health — and what can we d abut it?
T start with the basics: if yu are getting anywhere frm seven t nine hurs a night, yu’re prbably fine. But yu shuld certainly get cncerned with cnsistently sleeping less than seven hurs a night, and really cncerned if it drpped t six r belw. “If yu are waking up a lt in the night, this will impact the quantity and quality f yur sleep, which can lead t harm in yur immune system, impairment in gut (肠道) health and many ther side-effects,” says Christpher Barker, a persnal trainer and sleep management adviser. “It may be an indicatr f a sleep disrder r anther underlying health cnditin — if yu’re cncerned abut any f these issues, it’s wrth talking t yur dctr.”
S what is yur best bet fr catching sme quality Zs? Well, start during the day. Try t expse yurself t sunlight during the day t keep yur circadian rhythms n track. Physical activity can als help: sleep and exercise have a bidirectinal relatinship. In a 2022 pll, participants wh undertk vigrus physical activity tended t fall asleep faster, wke up less during the night and wke up feeling refreshed, cmpared with nn-exercisers.
Why des the authr mentin “s many things” in the first paragraph?
A．T intrduce the tpic.B．T make cmparisns.
C．T supprt his/her argument.D．T seek pinins.
【答案】A
【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句话“When des that threaten ur health — and what can we d abut it?(这什么时候会威胁到我们的健康——我们该怎么办？)”以及第三段第一、二、三句话“S what is yur best bet fr catching sme quality Zs? Well, start during the day. Try t expse yurself t sunlight during the day t keep yur circadian rhythms n track. (那么，如果你想睡个好觉，最好的办法是什么呢？从白天开始。试着在白天把自己暴露在阳光下，保持你的生理节奏在正常的轨道上)”可推知，文章第一题段提出的“这些事情”是为了让人们意识到睡眠问题，从而引出本文的主旨“提高睡眠质量的方法”。故选A。
四、阅读理解之推理判断---描述人或事件的特征
1.（2024·吉林省吉林市高三上学期一模）
Phebe Cx grew up in what might seem an unlikely mental health danger zne fr a kid: tny Pal Alt, Califrnia. But behind its surface f family success and wealth, she said, is an envirnment f heavy pressure n students t perfrm. By 2016, when Cx was in middle schl, Pal Alt had a teen suicide (自杀) rate fur times the natinal average.
Cx’s family lived by the railrad tracks where many f the suicides ccurred. She gt cunseling (咨询). But that chice is nt always easily available t teens in crisis – and she and her peers regarded schl mental health services as their last chice because f cncerns abut privacy.
A new prgram prvides an alternative. Called Allcve, it ffers unattached health and wellness sites t thse ages 12 t 25. Althugh Allcve is built t supprt a wide range f physical, emtinal and scial needs, its main gal is t deal with mental health challenges befre they develp int deeper prblems. Cx said,“I felt pretty helpless as a yung teenager, but Allcve is all abut the students and the students’ needs.”
Abut half f all lifetime mental illness begins by age 14 and 75% befre age 25, accrding t researchers. Yet access t mental health care in the U.S. is lacking. Accrding t the Natinal Alliance n Mental Illness, sme 30 millin adults and children with mental health cnditins g withut treatment, and 129 millin peple live in areas with shrtages f mental health prfessinals.
Allcve prvides fully staffed safe spaces fr teens and yung adults t discuss and deal with their health, bth mental and physical. Dr. Steven Adelsheim, a psychiatrist, wh created the Allcve in 2014, said, “There is a crying need in the U.S. t reach kids with early interventin and help.” Smetimes a kid may cme in with a physical cmplaint, and nly after a few visits is the mental suffering brught ut int the pen. When that happens, Alcve can make a “warm handff” t a mental health specialist nsite. Success, say Adelsheim and Cx, wuld mean the establishment f hundreds f Allcve centers up and dwn the state and, eventually, arund the cuntry.
27．Which f the fllwing best describes the impact f the prgram?
A．Predictable.B．Shrt-lived.C．Unidentifiable.D．Significant.
【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第三段中的“A new prgram prvides an alternative. Called Allcve, it ffers unattached health and wellness sites t thse ages 12 t 25. Althugh Allcve is built t supprt a wide range f physical, emtinal and scial needs, its main gal is t deal with mental health challenges befre they develp int deeper prblems.(一个新计划提供了一个替代方案。名为Allcve的计划为12至25岁的年轻人提供独立的健康和福祉场所。尽管Allcve旨在支持各种身体、情感和社交需求，但其主要目标是在心理健康问题发展成更深层次问题之前解决这些挑战)”以及最后一段“Dr. Steven Adelsheim, a psychiatrist, wh created the Allcve in 2014, said, “There is a crying need in the U.S. t reach kids with early interventin and help.” Smetimes a kid may cme in with a physical cmplaint, and nly after a few visits is the mental suffering brught ut int the pen. When that happens, Alcve can make a “warm handff” t a mental health specialist nsite. Success, say Adelsheim and Cx, wuld mean the establishment f hundreds f Allcve centers up and dwn the state and, eventually, arund the cuntry.(Allcve的创始人、精神科医生史蒂文·阿德尔海姆博士说：“美国迫切需要通过早期干预和帮助来接触到孩子们。”有时候，一个孩子可能因体质上的不适而前来就医，但只有在几次访问之后，他们才会透露出心理痛苦。当发生这种情况时，Allcve可以将他们“转介”给现场的心理健康专家。阿德尔海姆和Cx表示，成功意味着在整个州内以及最终在全国范围内建立数百个Allcve中心)”可知，Allcve为12至25岁的年轻人提供独立的健康和福祉场所，能通过早期干预和帮助来接触到孩子们，所以是有很重要的意义。故选D项。
2.（2024·广东省四校联考高三上学期11月月考）
As athletes get strnger and faster, the pace f play cntinues t increase. The burden f making sure games are played accrding t the rules and that the fficiating (裁判) is accurate is nw being taken ut f human hands and falling mre and mre int the lap f technlgy. It’s called the vide replay.
The Natinal Ftball League is expanding its replay system this upcming seasn t include pass interference (传球干扰). Majr League Baseball nw relies n it fr safe-r-ut and hme run calls. If yu’ve been watching the FIFA Wrld Cup, yu may have nticed that the Vide Assistant Referee (VAR) played a key rle in almst every game. And in the Kentucky Derby, a hrse was disqualified fr kncking anther hrse. N ne knew why until a vide replay cnfirmed the call and cntrversy was avided.
Hwever, many purists—thse wh want peple t fllw rules carefully and d things in the traditinal way—especially in sccer, argue it’s nt the way the game was invented, and that the vide replay is tainting the sprt. But dn’t yu want t see the prper applicatin f the rules thrughut the games? I knw I d. Yes, it can slw the game dwn, but I feel it is wrth it. If technlgical advancements allw fans watching frm hme t spt mistakes instantly, thse same views need t be available t the fficiating crews. Anther example ccurred in the mst recent Natinal Ftball Cnference (NFC) Champinship Game between the Ls Angeles Rams and the New Orleans Saints. When bvius pass interference was cmmitted by the Ls Angeles Rams player Nickell Rbey-Cleman, with just 109 secnds t play, n flag was raised n the field. It weakened the New Orleans Saints spirits. The Ls Angeles Rams wn a 26-23 vertime victry. The n-call deeply angered the public. The vide replay shwed the referees had just missed ne f the mst apparent pass interference calls.
There are n easy answers regarding replay technlgy and whether it is a curse (魔咒). But fr me, keeping the fficiating hnest and n task is the right step in limiting cntrversy.
1．What trend in sprts can be bserved in paragraph 2?
A．The vide replay has been widely used.
B．League games have becme cmpetitive.
C．Rules f prfessinal games are becming stricter.
D．Peple are shwing mre interest in sprts than befre.
2．What might the New Orleans Saints think f the referees in the NFC Champinship Game?
A．They relied a lt n the vide replay.
B．They cared t much abut details.
C．They were definitely stressed ut.
D．They were terribly disqualified.
【答案】1．A 2．B
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了随着运动员变得更加强壮和快速，比赛的节奏也越来越快，在确保比赛遵循规则和裁判准确性方面，越来越多地依靠于视频回放技术，以及在体育比赛中采用视频回放技术的优势和争议。文章提出使用视频回放技术可以让裁判更加公正和准确，并强调了保持裁判员诚实和任务的重要性。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段“The Natinal Ftball League is expanding its replay system this upcming seasn t include pass interference (传球干扰). Majr League Baseball nw relies n it fr safe-r-ut and hme run calls. If yu’ve been watching the FIFA Wrld Cup, yu may have nticed that the Vide Assistant Referee (VAR) played a key rle in almst every game. And in the Kentucky Derby, a hrse was disqualified fr kncking anther hrse. N ne knew why until a vide replay cnfirmed the call and cntrversy was avided.(在即将到来的赛季中，美国国家橄榄球联盟将扩大其回放系统，将传球干扰纳入其中。美国职业棒球大联盟现在依靠它来进行安全出局和本垒打。如果你一直在看世界杯，你可能已经注意到视频助理裁判(VAR)在几乎每场比赛中都发挥着关键作用。在肯塔基赛马比赛中，一匹马因撞到另一匹马而被取消资格。没有人知道为什么，直到视频回放证实了这一判罚，争议才得以避免。)”可知，美国国家橄榄球联盟、美国职业棒球大联盟，FIFA世界杯以及肯塔基赛马中都在依靠视频回放作出裁决，由此推知，视频回放在体育赛事中已被广泛使用。故选A。
2．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“It weakened the New Orleans Saints spirits. The Ls Angeles Rams wn a 26-23 vertime victry. The n-call deeply angered the public. The vide replay shwed the referees had just missed ne f the mst apparent pass interference calls.(它削弱了新奥尔良圣徒队的士气。洛杉矶公羊队在加时赛中以26比23获胜。这一否决深深激怒了公众。录像回放显示，裁判刚刚错过了一个最明显的传球干扰判罚。)”可知，视频回放显示，裁判刚刚错过了一个十分明显的传球干扰判罚，而这削弱了新奥尔良圣徒队的士气。由此推知，新奥尔良圣徒队会认为这些裁判是不称职的。故选D。
3. （2024·河北省沧州市三县联考高三上学期11月月考）
Thugh Marley has lved sccer fr as lng as she can remember, her invlvement in the game didn’t extend beynd kickabuts with her father and brthers. But that all changed in 2014 when ne day her sn came hme frm schl and handed her a flier (传单), saying that his sccer cach had asked him t deliver it t her. “I’m reading it... like ‘Wait, Jamaica has a wmen’s ftball team? Where did this cme frm?’” she said.
Six years earlier, in 2008, underfunding had led t the Jamaican Ftball Federatin (JFF) disbanding the wmen’s natinal team prgram. The flier Marley’s sn brught hme was a fundraising request frm the JFF t help restart the prgram. Marley gt t wrk almst immediately, calling the JFF the fllwing mrning t ask what it needed.
“The needs were many,” Marley said, repeating the sentence as if t stress hw dire the situatin was. Frm travel and nutritin t accmmdatin and training camps, every area f the natinal team’s setup was in need f funding.
A skilled musician and multiple Grammy award-winning artist, Marley put her cnsiderable musical talents t wrk. “My family came tgether with me. We recrded a sng Strike Hard t raise funds,” she said.
Her effrts—and the wrk f cuntless thers wh were equally as cmmitted t the cause—paid ff as the wmen’s natinal team became the first Caribbean cuntry t qualify fr the Wmen’s Wrld Cup.
Marley’s wrk has helped nt nly imprve standards and cnditins fr players, but als shift the cuntry’s attitude twards the wmen’s natinal team. “These girls have been tld fr a lng time that wmen in sprts, especially ftball in Jamaica, really weren’t that imprtant,” Marley said. “Nbdy wants t give us brand deals because it’s the female team. It’s s gd nw t see hw all f that has changed dramatically, nt just fr ur wmen, but arund the wrld... and that makes me excited.”
1．Hw did Marley prbably feel while reading the flier?
A．Astnished.B．Disappinted.C．Grateful.D．Regretful.
2．Which can best describe the impact f Marley’s effrts?
A．Shrt-lived.B．Negative.C．Far-reaching.D．Unidentifiable.
【答案】1．A 2．C
【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。牙买加知名音乐人Marley自小热爱足球，偶然得知牙买加足联急需资金重建国家女子足球队时，她毅然伸出援手。该队不负众望，成为加勒比海地区第一个获得女子世界杯参赛资格的国家队。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“‘I’m reading it... like ‘Wait, Jamaica has a wmen’s ftball team? Where did this cme frm?’ she said,(“我在读……就像‘等等，牙买加有一支女子足球队？这是从哪里来的？’”她说，)”可推断，Marley在阅读这份传单时可能感到很惊讶。故选A项。
2．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Marley’s wrk has helped nt nly imprve standards and cnditins fr players, but als shift the cuntry’s attitude twards the wmen’s natinal team.(马利的工作不仅帮助提高了球员的标准和条件，还改变了国家对女子国家队的态度。)”可推断，Marley为国家女子足球队所做的努力影响深远（far-reaching）。故选C项。
4. （2024·江西省萍乡市高三上学期一模）
Sme peple get mre averse t risk as the years g by. Nt s Gail MacCallum, wh at age 40 quit a secure jb and left the city t explre mre pssibilities f life.
MacCallum mved quite a bit in childhd and spent her frmative years utside Canberra in a farmhuse withut electricity, where she enjyed the freedm f the natural wrld. In her teens, she and her family mved int the heart f inner-city Sydney, and she fund she adred that t.
In 2015, MacCallum and her then partner had a daughter, Amelia. They wanted t make sure that despite being a city kid, Amelia had plenty f natural encunters s they sught ut places t climb trees, watch lizards and spt turtles. But ne day MacCallum realised her little girl was mre at ease with busy streets than bushland. “When she was abut seven, we were visiting a friend whse place had a beautiful lawn. Amelia called ut t me and said, ‘I can’t g int the wild!’ We decided we had t let her experience a wider wrld and tw mnths later we were in a camper van heading ff arund Australia.”
MacCallum admits she felt wrried. “I thught we’d need t knw sme basic things but the trip was like a leap in the dark. ” As it happened, the van they’d bught brke dwn just 90 minutes int the trip. But after repairs they set ff again and travelled the cuntry fr six mnths, during which Amelia became an enthusiastic adventurer. “That trip helped me understand that success desn’t have t be assured,” MacCallum says. “I realised that yu can start smething and just wrk it ut as yu g alng.”
2．What can be inferred frm paragraph 3?
A．Amelia was raised in a casual way.
B．Amelia was a nature enthusiast just like her parents.
C．MacCallum and her partner planned the trip separately.
D．MacCallum expected her daughter t be clse t nature.
2．Which wrds can best describe their trip?
A．Cstly but satisfying.B．Eventful but educatinal.
C．Bring but meaningful.D．Difficult but rmantic.
【答案】 1．D 2．B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了Gail MacCallum 40岁时辞去了一份稳定的工作，离开了这座城市，去探索更多的生活可能性，她和丈夫以及女儿在一辆露营车里环游了澳大利亚。
1．推理判断题。根据第三段“We decided we had t let her experience a wider wrld and tw mnths later we were in a camper van heading ff arund Australia.(我们决定让她体验更广阔的世界，两个月后，我们就在一辆露营车里环游了澳大利亚)”可推知，MacCallum希望她的女儿能亲近大自然。故选D。
2．推理判断题。根据最后一段“As it happened, the van they’d bught brke dwn just 90 minutes int the trip. But after repairs they set ff again and travelled the cuntry fr six mnths, during which Amelia became an enthusiastic adventurer. “That trip helped me understand that success desn’t have t be assured,” MacCallum says. “I realised that yu can start smething and just wrk it ut as yu g alng.”(碰巧的是，他们买的面包车在出发90分钟后就抛锚了。但修好后，他们又出发了，在全国旅行了六个月，在此期间，阿米莉亚成为了一个热情的冒险家。MacCallum说:“那次旅行让我明白，成功并不一定是必然的。我意识到，你可以开始做一件事，然后边做边解决。”)”可推知，他们的旅行充满变故但有教育意义。故选B。
五、阅读理解之推理判断---写作手法
（2024·广东省四校联考高三上学期11月月考）
Many bird species use different alarm calls. Japanese tits, which nest in tree hles, have ne call that causes their baby birds t get dwn t avid being pulled ut f the nest by crws, and anther call fr tree snakes that sends them jumping ut f the nest entirely. Siberian jays vary their calls depending n whether an enemy is seen lking fr fd r actively attacking — and each call gets a different respnse frm ther nearby birds.
9．Hw des the authr develp paragraph 2?
A．By listing data.B．By giving examples.
C．By prviding definitin.D．By making cmparisns.
【答案】B
【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段第一句“Many bird species use different alarm calls.(许多鸟类使用不同的警报信号。)”，第二句“Japanese tits, which nest in tree hles, have ne call that causes their baby birds t get dwn t avid being pulled ut f the nest by crws, and anther call fr tree snakes that sends them jumping ut f the nest entirely.(在树洞筑巢的日本山雀，有一种叫声能让它们的幼鸟下来，以免被乌鸦拉出巢外，另一种叫声能让它们完全跳出巢外。)”和第三句“Siberian jays vary their calls depending n whether an enemy is seen lking fr fd r actively attacking — and each call gets a different respnse frm ther nearby birds.(西伯利亚松鸦根据敌人是在寻找食物还是在主动攻击而改变它们的叫声，而每一种叫声都会从附近的其他鸟类那里得到不同的回应。)”可知，第二段是通过举例来论证观点。故选B。
六、阅读理解之推理判断---文章出处
1.（2024·河北省沧州市三县联考高三上学期11月月考）
Ocean temperature extremes are nw nrmal, a new study reprts. It has analyzed cean surface temperatures fr the past 150 years. It reveals that by 2019, 57 percent f the cean’s surface was warming t temperatures rarely seen 100 years ag.
Eclgists wanted t learn hw ften mdern extreme heat events ccur. They als wanted t see hw lng they last. Kisei Tanaka was ne f thse eclgists. He nw wrks fr the Natinal Oceanic and Atmspheric Administratin (NOAA) in Hnlulu, Hawaii. Tanaka teamed up with Kyle Van Hutan, wh wrks at the Lggerhead Marinelife Center. The tw analyzed mnthly sea surface temperatures cllected frm 1870 thrugh 2019. Then they mapped where and when extreme heat events had shwn up, decade by decade.
By lking at mnthly extremes instead f annual averages, the tw fund that ver time, mre and mre patches (区域) f water were reaching extreme temperatures. Then, in 2014, the entire cean hit a pint f n return, Van Hutan says.
Heat waves harm cean ecsystems. They can lead seabirds t starve... And animals—frm fish and whales t turtles—may have t swim lng distances in search f cmfrtable temperatures.
In May 2020, NOAA annunced that it was updating what climates it nw cnsidered “nrmal”. These values are what the agency uses t put daily weather events in a histrical cntext. The average values frm 1991 t 2020 are nw higher than thse frm 1981 t 2010, NOAA fund.
Van Hutan says his new study shws extreme cean warming is nw the nrm. Much discussin n climate change, he ntes, has been abut future events, and whether r nt they might happen. But what the emerging data make clear, he says, is that extreme heat became cmmn in ur cean in 2014. It’s a dcumented histrical fact—nt a future pssibility.
1．Why did the eclgists cnduct the research?
A．T prve what they had frecast.B．T recgnize the value f the data.
C．T update readers n newfund species.D．T find ut the trend f cean recrd heat.
2．What des Van Hutan want t stress at last?
A．Peple’s lifestyle will be greatly affected.B．It is a must t discuss the climate change.
C．Scientists must fcus n histrical events.D．Ocean heat extremes are the new nrmal.
3．In which sectin f a newspaper may this text appear?
A．Nature.B．Travel.C．Business.D．Histry.
【答案】1．D 2．D 3．A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了科研人员通过分析过去150年间的海洋温度资料发现如今海洋温度升高呈现不可逆转的趋势。
1．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Eclgists wanted t learn hw ften mdern extreme heat events ccur. They als wanted t see hw lng they last. (生态学家想要了解现代极端高温事件发生的频率。他们还想看看它们能持续多久。)”可知，生态学家开展此研究是为了探寻海洋温度升高呈现的趋势。故选D。
2．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Van Hutan says his new study shws extreme cean warming is nw the nrm. Much discussin n climate change, he ntes, has been abut future events, and whether r nt they might happen. But what the emerging data make clear, he says, is that extreme heat became cmmn in ur cean in 2014. ( Van Hutan说，他的新研究表明，海洋极端变暖现在是常态。他指出，关于气候变化的许多讨论都是关于未来的事件，以及它们是否会发生。但他说，新出现的数据清楚地表明，2014年，极端高温在我们的海洋中变得普遍。)”可推断，Van Hutan意在强调如今海洋升温已是一种新常态。故选D。
3．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Ocean temperature extremes are nw nrmal, a new study reprts. It has analyzed cean surface temperatures fr the past 150 years. (一项新的研究报告称，海洋温度极端现在是正常的。它分析了过去150年的海洋表面温度。)”可知，本文主要介绍科研人员通过分析过去150年间的海洋温度资料发现如今海洋温度升高呈现不可逆转的趋势。故本文可能出自报纸的自然版块。故选A。
2. （2024·四川省攀枝花市高三第一次统一考试）
As yu can imagine, there are many types f advertisements in different mediums, n different channels, and with different gals fr their business.
Print advertising
The first print advertisement ran in England in 1472. Since then, this type f advertising has becme available in newspapers, magazines, and similar mediums f carrying a brand’s message t its ideal users. In this advertisement methd, the advertiser pays the publisher t place their advertisements in the publicatin.
Radi advertising
Radi advertising dates back t 1920, when the first cmmercial radi statins were launched in the United States. In this advertisement medium, the advertiser pays the radi statin t play their advertisements during selected breaks between music r a radi shw.
Televisin advertising
Televisin advertising riginated in the 1940s with the prmtin f practical items and plitical campaigns. In this advertisement medium, the advertiser pays the lcal r natinal TV netwrk t shw their advertisements during selected breaks in the netwrk’s regular prgramming.
Internet advertising
Internet advertising tk rt in the middle f the 1990s. In this advertisement methd, the advertiser pays the website’s wner t place their advertisements in expsed spaces that are minr t the website’s wn cntent. Internet advertising includes vide, search engine marketing, and mre.
Hwever, as yu knw, the advertising types abve have develped dramatically since the irrespective rigins. Sme advertisements have been memrable years after they first ran.
S hw d yu create an advertising strategy that wrks fine? Please click here t knw mre abut the advertisements and campaigns we learn frm.
3．Where will yu prbably read this article?
A．In a textbk.B．In a newspaper.C．On a Website.D．In a magazine.
【答案】 3．C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了四种广告类型：印刷广告、广播广告、电视广告和互联网广告。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Please click here t knw mre abut the advertisements and campaigns we learn frm.(请按此了解更多我们所学习的广告和活动)”可知，文章选自网站。故选C。
3. （2024·江西省萍乡市高三上学期一模）
The bks written and published in the 1920s remain n the “best ever” lists. Here are 4 bks that everyne shuld read.
The Great Gatsby
The themes in the nvel reflect the sudden change in the character f America itself, and in sme ways it’s amng the first majr mdern nvels prduced in this cuntry. The nvel als makes a new and pwerful cncept clear at the time: The American Dream, the idea that self-made men and wmen culd make themselves int anything in this cuntry.
A Farewell t Arms
The stry is ne f a lve affair interrupted and dgged by events beynd the lvers’ cntrl, and a central theme is the pintless struggle f life — that we spend s much energy and time n things that finally dn’t matter. Hemingway masterfully cmbines a realistic descriptin f war with sme abstract literary techniques, which is ne reasn why this bk endures as a classic.
Ulysses
When peple make lists f the mst difficult nvels, Ulysses is almst certainly n them. The ne thing almst everyne knws abut Ulysses is that it emplys “stream f cnsciusness”, a literary technique that seeks t shw the inner mnlgue f a persn. James Jyce wasn’t the first writer t use this technique, but he was the first writer t attempt it n the scale as he did.
Mrs. Dallway
It takes place n a single day in the life f the main character, and it emplys a dense and tricky stream-f-cnsciusness technique, raming (漫游) arund t ther characters and pint f view. Mrs. Dallway is cncerned with using these techniques t make the characters clear and definite. The use f stream f cnsciusness is deliberately disrienting in the way it skips thrugh time.
Where can the text be fund?
A．In a bigraphy.B．In a histry bk.
C．In a travel brchure.D．In a literature magazine.
【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题。通读全文可知，本文介绍了依旧经典的四本20世纪20年代出版的书：《了不起的盖茨比》《永别了，武器》《尤利西斯》和《达洛威夫人》，分别从小说主题、文学技巧和创新等角度进行了分析，并建议读者去阅读。故推断文章出自于一本文学杂志。故选D。
七、阅读理解之推理判断---预测文章走势
1.（广东省茂名市五校联盟第二次联考）
"Hell!" Yu type int the chat bx. There's a slight feeling f excitement flwing thrugh yur fingers, and yu can't wait fr a reply. Yu think, "There's prbably nthing mre exciting than this."
With cmmunicatin frm all crners f the wrld pssible at the ease f yur fingers, we are nw witness t an advanced frm f the hand shake and physical cnversatins: nline friendships.
Alarmingly, accrding t Internet Safety 101, almst half f yung adult users have received upsetting messages, with 92 percent psting their wn real names and identificatin nline and 58 percent thinking it desn't cause cncern. And thugh sme parents may be biting their fingernails in fear right nw, mre than half f the yuth have admitted t making their friends nline and a gd majrity regularly text them.
Thugh the statistics are daunting, we hpe, we haven't scared yu ff! Researchers actually fund that pursuing nline friendships culd be beneficial. Penn State University reprted that this was especially the case fr thse with scial anxiety, as they might frm a strnger cmfrt bnd with their peers thrugh the screen rather than a face-t-face meeting.
Additinally, nline interactin may increase yur self-cnfidence. In ur current situatin f islatin, perhaps that perfect cnnectin frm the safety f ur hmes is all it takes t make things just a little mre bearable.
In the end, it all depends n yu. Whether r nt yur search fr a friend bears fruit lies in yur apprach, and thugh I'm nt a great relatinship master, I have sme tips that will aid yu in yur explratin fr the "BFF" f yur dreams.
1．What can we infer frm the third paragraph?
A．The yuth ften meet nline friends in reality.
B．Mst Internet users like texting t their nline friends.
C．Many parents like biting fingernails when wrried.
D．Mst yung adults lack awareness f Internet safety.
2．What's the authr's attitude t making friends n the Internet?
A．Objective.B．Supprtive.C．Negative.D．Unclear.
3．What d yu think the text will talk abut next?
A．Hw t get n well with nline friends.B．Hw t find nline best friends.
C．Hw t keep in tuch with nline friends.D．Hw t benefit frm dream nline friends.
【答案】1．D2．A3．B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章通过场景描写引入本文话题——网上交友。首先陈述了很多年轻人网上交友的现状以及家长对此的担忧，然后通过一个研究证明，网上交友也是有益的。
1．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Alarmingly, accrding t Internet Safety 101, almst half f yung adult users have received upsetting messages, with 92 percent psting their wn real names and identificatin nline and 58 percent thinking it desn't cause cncern. (据“网络安全101”调查显示，令人担忧的是，近一半的年轻成年用户曾收到过令人不快的信息，其中92%的人曾在网上发布过实名和身份信息，58%的人认为这没什么可担心的)”可推断，大多数年轻人缺乏互联网安全意识。故选D。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Alarmingly, accrding t Internet Safety 101, almst half f yung adult users have received upsetting messages, with 92 percent psting their wn real names and identificatin nline and 58 percent thinking it desn't cause cncern. (据“网络安全101”调查显示，令人担忧的是，近一半的年轻成年用户曾收到过令人不快的信息，其中92%的人曾在网上发布过实名和身份信息，58%的人认为这没什么可担心的)”以及第四段中“Researchers actually fund that pursuing nline friendships culd be beneficial. Penn State University reprted that this was especially the case fr thse with scial anxiety, as they might frm a strnger cmfrt bnd with their peers thrugh the screen rather than a face-t-face meeting.(研究人员实际上发现，追求网络友谊可能是有益的。宾夕法尼亚州立大学报告称，这对那些有社交焦虑的人来说尤其如此，因为他们可能会通过屏幕与同龄人形成更强的舒适联系，而不是面对面的见面)”以及通读全文可知，文章介绍了网上交友的缺点和优点，表述客观，无明显个人情感倾向，所以是客观的。故选A。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Whether r nt yur search fr a friend bears fruit lies in yur apprach, and thugh I'm nt a great relatinship master, I have sme tips that will aid yu in yur explratin fr the "BFF" f yur dreams. (你寻找朋友的过程是否有结果取决于你的方法，虽然我不是一个很好的人际关系专家，但我有一些建议可以帮助你探索你梦想中的“最好的朋友”)”可推知，文章接下来会给出一些关于如何在网上找好朋友的建议。故选B。
2.（2023届安徽省皖南八校高三第三次大联考）
Mdern life is full f things that can influence yur ability t be sensitive and respnsive t yur child. These include extra wrk, lack f sleep, and things like mbile devices. Sme experts are cncerned abut the effects that these things trigger ff n emtinal bnding and children’s language develpment, scial interactin, and safety.
If parents are incnsistently available, kids can get distressed(苦恼的)and feel hurt, rejected, r ignred. They may have mre emtinal utbursts and feel alne. They may even stp trying t cmpete fr their parent’s attentin and start t lse emtinal cnnectins t their parents.
“There are times when kids really d need yur attentin and want yur recgnitin. Parents need t cmmunicate that their kids are valuable and imprtant, and children need t knw that parents care what they’re ding,” explains Crnic, a psychlgist. “Kids start t regulate their wn emtins and behavir arund age three. Up until then, they depend mre n yu t help them regulate their emtins, whether t calm them r help get them excited,” he adds.
Dr. Carl Metzler, wh studies parenting at the Oregn Research Institute, explains, “They’re watching yu t see hw yu d it and listening t hw yu talk t them abut it. Parents need t be gd self-regulatrs. Yu’re nt nly trying t regulate yur wn emtins in the mment, but helping yur child learn t manage their emtins and behavir. It can be tugh t respnd t yur kids with sensitivity during tantrums(精神痛苦), arguments, r ther challenging times. If parents respnd by being bad-tempered r aggressive(攻击性的)themselves, children can cpy that behavir, and a negative cycle then cntinues t upgrade.”
As kids becme better at managing their feelings and behavir, it’s imprtant t help them develp cping skills, like active prblem slving. Such skills can help them feel cnfident in handling what cmes their way.
What will the writer prbably talk abut next?
A．The way t train kids t be cnfident.
B．The way t train kids’ abilities t deal with matters.
C．The way t train kids t self-regulate their emtins.
D．The way t train kids’ abilities t be sensitive and respnsibe.
【答案】B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲了父母要与孩子建立密切的联系并积极地影响孩子。
推理判断题。根据最后一段“As kids becme better at managing their feelings and behavir, it’s imprtant t help them develp cping skills, like active prblem slving. Such skills can help them feel cnfident in handling what cmes their way.(随着孩子们越来越善于管理自己的情绪和行为，帮助他们发展应对技能是很重要的，比如积极主动地解决问题。这样的技能可以帮助他们在处理自己面临的问题时感到自信。)”可知，此处讲述了父母帮助孩子发展解决问题的技能很重要，由此可推测，作者接下来会谈及如何培养孩子解决实际问题的技能。故选B。
八、阅读理解之推理判断---文章结构
1.（2023届江西省赣州市高三下学期二模）
Sleep is reparative. Because we need t repair a lt while we sleep, it’s imprtant t get quality sleep.
Mst f us functin better in the daytime with rutines. We als functin better at night with a rutine because we want t keep pace with ur natural bdy rhythms. Each persn’s rutine may be different — sme peple wash their face at night, and sme take a bath — just make sure it is a rutine. That’s true during the week and n the weekend; cnsistency matters. Have a winding dwn, getting ready fr sleep rutine, and carry that ut at the same time every night. Find things that are relaxing and help slw yu dwn fr sleep. That may be reading, listening t music, meditating, praying — anything that’s relaxing while als being cnstructive r healthy.
Typically, peple relax and tend t slw everything dwn at bedtime. As they relax, they take deeper breaths, increasing xygen flw, which raises their skin temperature. This is ne f the key reasns why we sleep better in a cler envirnment. If yur skin temperature increases and yur rm is already a bit warm, yu will be t ht t sleep well.
The exact temperature is a persnal matter. The key is that it’s mre tward cl than ht. Many cnsider 68 degrees an envirnment that’s neither s cld we shiver nr s ht we sweat. But there’s n scientific evidence fr an exact, perfect sleeping temperature.
At the end f the day, sleep is abslutely crucial fr s many reasns. It helps us repair and rejuvenate s we can fight infectin, cncentrate, regulate ur mds, shw up fr urselves and the peple in ur lives, and basically functin as humans. We can’t make up lst sleep, cntrary t what many a night wl might think. S, it’s really high time we shuld d all we can t fster the best sleep pssible, starting with a cl rm and relaxing bedtime rutine.
1．What can be inferred frm Paragraph 2?
A．A rutine can be helpful in getting quality sleep.
B．It’s best t avid screens befre yu g t bed.
C．Higher quality f sleep leads t better mental health.
D．Listening t music makes it difficult t stay asleep.
2．What’s the structure f the text?
A．B．
C．D．
【答案】1．A 2．A
【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文，高质量的睡眠至关重要，作者在文章中主要论述了养成良好的睡前让自己放松的习惯并严格执行、保持凉爽的温度有益于提高睡眠质量。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段“Mst f us functin better in the daytime with rutines. We als functin better at night with a rutine because we want t keep pace with ur natural bdy rhythms. Each persn’s rutine may be different-sme peple wash their face at night, and sme take a bath-just make sure it is a rutine. That’s true during the week and n the weekend; cnsistency matters. (我们大多数人在白天按照习惯就会表现更好。我们在晚上按照习惯也会更好，因为我们想要跟上我们自然的身体节奏。每个人的习惯可能是不同的——有些人晚上洗脸，有些人洗澡——只要确保这是一种习惯。工作日和周末都是如此；一致性很重要。)”可知，养成习惯有助于获得高质量的睡眠。故选A。
2．推理判断题。在文章第一段“Sleep is reparative. Because we need t repair a lt while we sleep, it’s imprtant t get quality sleep. (睡眠是修复性的。因为我们需要在睡觉时修复很多东西，所以获得高质量的睡眠很重要。)”作者阐述了高质量睡眠的重要性；由第二段中“Have a winding dwn, getting ready fr sleep rutine, and carry that ut at the same time every night. Find things that are relaxing and help slw yu dwn fr sleep. That may be reading, listening t music, meditating, praying — anything that’s relaxing while als being cnstructive r healthy. (有一个放松下来，准备睡觉的程序，每天晚上在同一时间进行。找一些能让你放松的事情，让你慢慢入睡。可以是阅读、听音乐、冥想、祈祷——任何既放松又有益健康的事情。)”可知第二段阐述了养成良好的睡前让自己放松的一些习惯并严格执行有助于提高睡眠质量；第三段“Typically, peple relax and tend t slw everything dwn at bedtime. As they relax, they take deeper breaths, increasing xygen flw, which raises their skin temperature. This is ne f the key reasns why we sleep better in a cler envirnment. If yur skin temperature increases and yur rm is already a bit warm, yu will be t ht t sleep well. (通常情况下，人们会在睡前放松，并倾向于放慢一切。当他们放松时，他们会深呼吸，增加氧气流量，从而提高皮肤温度。这就是为什么我们在凉爽的环境中睡得更好的关键原因之一。如果你的皮肤温度升高，而你的房间已经有点热了，你就会热得睡不好觉。)”以及第四段“The exact temperature is a persnal matter. The key is that it’s mre tward cl than ht. Many cnsider 68 degrees an envirnment that’s neither s cld we shiver nr s ht we sweat. But there’s n scientific evidence fr an exact, perfect sleeping temperature. (确切的温度是个人问题。关键是它更倾向于冷而不是热。许多人认为68度的环境既不会冷到让人发抖，也不会热到让人出汗。但是没有科学证据证明一个精确的、完美的睡眠温度。)”阐述了睡觉放松时人们皮肤温度会升高，凉爽的环境有助于提高睡眠质量；在文章最后一段“At the end f the day, sleep is abslutely crucial fr s many reasns. It helps us repair and rejuvenate s we can fight infectin, cncentrate, regulate ur mds, shw up fr urselves and the peple in ur lives, and basically functin as humans. We can’t make up lst sleep, cntrary t what many a night wl might think. S, it’s really high time we shuld d all we can t fster the best sleep pssible, starting with a cl rm and relaxing bedtime rutine. (归根结底，出于多种原因，睡眠绝对至关重要。它帮助我们修复和恢复活力，这样我们就可以对抗感染，集中注意力，调节我们的情绪，为自己和我们生活中的人出现，并且基本上像人类一样发挥作用。我们无法弥补失去的睡眠，这与许多夜猫子的想法相反。所以，现在真的是时候了，我们应该尽我们所能来促进最好的睡眠，从凉爽的房间和放松的就寝时间开始。)”作者阐述良好睡眠的诸多益处，并且指出失去的睡眠是无法弥补的；并对自己的观点进行总结：从现在开始养成良好的习惯，从凉爽的房间和放松的就寝习惯开始；由此可知，本文为总——分——总结构，其中第二段阐述了养成良好的睡前让自己放松的一些习惯并严格执行有助于提高睡眠质量；第三、四段阐述了凉爽的温度有助于提高睡眠质量；A选项符合文章结构。故选A。
2.（2023届山东省潍坊市安丘市高三3月过程检测）
A diet rich in fruit and vegetables and incrprating a daily glass f wine can prtect the brain against dementia, a study suggests. Sticking clsely t Mediterranean eating habits, which als include plenty f nuts, seafd, whle grains and live il, has been linked t a 23 per cent lwer risk f dementia.
Based n data gathered n 60,000 peple via the UK Bibank, a medical database set up in 2006, the researchers scred participants’ diets fr hw clsely they matched the ideal Mediterranean diet n tw scales.
Using ne, thse whse eating habits were the best match were 23 per cent less likely t develp dementia than thse whse diets least fit the pattern. A diet with a perfect scre wuld invlve mre than fur tablespns f live il, at least tw prtins f vegetables and three f fruit per day as well as a glass f wine. It wuld als include at least three servings f legumes, 90 grams f nuts, and three servings f fish r shellfish a week. The ideal diet wuld als invlve very little red r prcessed meat, aviding t many sweetened drinks, butter, margarine r cream.
The secnd scale used similar criteria and a clse match n that was linked t a 14 per cent lwer risk f dementia. The findings, published in the jurnal BMC Medicine, appeared t shw a “prtective effect regardless f smene’s genetic risk”.
Dr Susan Mitchell, f Alzheimer’s Research UK, said, “There is a wealth f evidence that eating a healthy, balanced diet can help reduce the risk f cgnitive decline. But the evidence fr specific diets is much less clear-cut.” She pinted ut that the study nly drew n data frm peple with white, British r Irish ancestry. She said, “While there are n surefire ways t prevent dementia yet, a diet rich in fruit and vegetables, alng with plenty f exercise and nt smking, all cntribute t gd heart health, which in turn helps t prtect ur brain frm diseases that lead t dementia.”
Which f the fllwing best shws the structure f the passage?
A．B．
C．D．
【答案】8．C
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了新的研究发现富含水果和蔬菜的饮食，每天喝一杯酒，可以保护大脑免受痴呆症的侵害。介绍了研究开展的过程以及Susan Mitchell博士对此研究的看法。
8．推理判断题。根据第一段“A diet rich in fruit and vegetables and incrprating a daily glass f wine can prtect the brain against dementia, a study suggests. Sticking clsely t Mediterranean eating habits, which als include plenty f nuts, seafd, whle grains and live il, has been linked t a 23 per cent lwer risk f dementia.(一项研究表明，富含水果和蔬菜的饮食，每天喝一杯酒，可以保护大脑免受痴呆症的侵害。坚持地中海饮食习惯，包括大量的坚果、海鲜、全谷物和橄榄油，可以将患痴呆症的风险降低23%)”可知第一段引出文章关于新研究发现降低痴呆症风险的可能策略；第二段“Based n data gathered n 60,000 peple via the UK Bibank, a medical database set up in 2006, the researchers scred participants’ diets fr hw clsely they matched the ideal Mediterranean diet n tw scales.(根据2006年建立的英国生物银行收集的6万人的数据，研究人员从两个方面对参与者的饮食与理想地中海饮食的匹配程度进行了评分)”总述研究开展的方式；第三段“Using ne, thse whse eating habits were the best match were 23 per cent less likely t develp dementia than thse whse diets least fit the pattern.(使用一种方法，饮食习惯最匹配的人患痴呆症的可能性比饮食习惯最不匹配的人低23%)”以及第四段“The secnd scale used similar criteria and a clse match n that was linked t a 14 per cent lwer risk f dementia.(第二个量表使用了类似的标准，与之接近的人患痴呆症的风险降低了14%)”为第二段的分论点，具体阐述研究过程；最后一段是Susan Mitchell对此研究的看法。可推知，C选项最符合文章结构。故选C。
九、阅读理解之推理判断---读者对象
（河北省高三模拟调研卷（三））
When a child is chking, it means that an bject is stuck in the trachea. When this happens, air can't flw nrmally int r ut f the lungs, s the child can t breathe prperly.
The trachea is usually prtected by epiglttis(喉头盖) . It allws fd t pass dwn and g int ur stmach and it als prevents fd frm ging dwn the trachea. But every nce in a while, the epiglttis desn't clse fast enugh and an bject can slip int the trachea. This is what happens when smething ges dwn the wrng pipe.
Mst f the time, the fd r bject nly partially blcks the trachea. If cughed up, breathing returns t nrmal quickly. Kids wh seem t be chking and cughing but still can breathe and talk usually recver withut help. It can be uncmfrtable fr them, but they're generally fine after a few secnds.
Smetimes, an bject can get int the trachea and cmpletely blck the airway. If airflw int and ut f the lungs is blcked and the brain will becme shrt f xygen, chking can becme a life-threatening emergency. A child may be chking and need help right away if he r she can’t breathe r can’t talk r make nise.
If yu have kids, it’s imprtant t get trained in bth CPR（心肺夏苏）and the technique f abdminal thrusts (腹部施压). Even if yu dn't have kids, knwing hw t perfrm these first-aid prcedures will let yu help if smene is chking.
All kids are at risk fr chking, but thse yunger than 3 are especially at risk. Yung kids tend t put things in their muths, have smaller airways that are easily blcked, and dn't have a lt f experience chewing, s they might swallw things whle.
Take the time nw t becme prepared CPR and first-aid curses are a must fr parent, ther caregivers, and babysitters. T find ne in yur area, cntact yur lcal American Red Crss, YMCA, r American Heart Assciatin, r check with hspitals and health departments in yur cmmunity.
3．Whm is the text written fr?
A．American parents.B．Japanese vlunteers.
C．British dctrs.D．Australian visitrs.
【答案】3．A
【解析】本文是说明文。文章通过说明窒息是怎样发生的以及窒息可能会危及生命，呼吁照顾孩子的人学习一些急救知识。
3．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Take the time nw t becme prepared CPR and first-aid curses are a must fr parent ther caregivers, and babysitters.（现在花点时间学习CPR，急救课程是父母、照顾孩子的人和保姆所必须的。）”可知，这篇文章是写给父母看的。故选A。
十、高考真题
1.[2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷]
B
When Jhn Tdd was a child, he lved t explre the wds arund his huse, bserving hw nature slved prblems. A dirty stream, fr example,ften became clear after flwing thrugh plants and alng rcks where tiny creatures lived. When he gt lder, Jhn started t wnder if this prcess culd be used t clean up the messes peple were making.
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in cllege, Jhn went back t bserving nature and asking questins. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria(细菌)? Which kinds f fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals? With the right cmbinatin f animals and plants, he figured, maybe he culd clean up waste the way nature did. He decided t build what he wuld later call an ec-machine.
The task Jhn set fr himself was t remve harmful substances frm sme sludge (污泥). First, he cnstructed a series f clear fibreglass tanks cnnected t each ther. Then he went arund t lcal pnds and streams and brught back sme plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little,these different kinds f life gt used t ne anther and frmed their wn ecsystem. After a few weeks, Jhn added the sludge.
He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the ec-machine tk the sludge as fd and began t eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water.
Over the years, Jhn has taken n many big jbs. He develped a greenhuse-like facility that treated sewage(污水) frm 1,600 hmes in Suth Burlingtn. He als designed an ec-machine t clean canal water in Fuzhu, a city in sutheast China.
“Eclgical design” is the name Jhn gives t what he des.“Life n Earth is kind f a bx f spare parts fr the inventr,” he says.“Yu put rganisms in new relatinships and bserve what?s happening. Then yu let these new systems develp their wn ways t self-repair.”
( )24.What can we learn abut Jhn frm the first tw paragraphs?
A.He was fnd f travelling.
B.He enjyed being alne.
C.He had an inquiring mind.
D.He lnged t be a dctr.
【文章大意】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了约翰·托德从小就很爱观察自然且爱思考,他利用自然可以自我修复的原理建造了生态机器等设备来净化污水。
24.C 推理判断题。根据第一段“When he gt lder, Jhn started t wnder if this prcess culd be used t clean up the messes peple were making.”可知,当约翰长大后,他开始想弄明白这个过程是否可以用来清理人们正在制造的脏乱。再结合第二段“After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in cllege, Jhn went back t bserving nature and asking questins.”可知,在大学里学习了农业、医学和渔业之后,约翰回去观察自然并提出问题。由此可知,从前两段中我们可以知道约翰有一种好学爱问的思维方式。
2.[2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷]
D
As cities balln with grwth, access t nature fr peple living in urban areas is becming harder t find. If yu’re lucky, there might be a pcket park near where yu live, but it’s unusual t find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has fund health and wellness benefits f nature fr humans, but a new study shws that wildness in urban areas is extremely imprtant fr human well-being.
The research team fcused n a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-gers, asking them t submit a written summary nline f a meaningful interactin they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissins, cding (编码) experiences int different categries. Fr example, ne participant’s experience f “We sat and listened t the waves at the beach fr a while” was assigned the categries “sitting at beach” and “listening t waves”.
Acrss the 320 submissins, a pattern f categries the researchers call a“nature language” began t emerge. After the cding f all submissins, half a dzen categries were nted mst ften as imprtant t visitrs. These include encuntering wildlife, walking alng the edge f water, and fllwing an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps peple recgnize and take part in the activities that are mst satisfying and meaningful t them. Fr example, the experience f walking alng the edge f water might be satisfying fr a yung prfessinal n a weekend hike in the park. Back dwntwn during a wrkday, they can enjy a mre dmestic frm f this interactin by walking alng a funtain n their lunch break.
“We’re trying t generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactins back int ur daily lives. And fr that t happen, we als need t prtect nature s that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senir authr f the study.
( )34.What can we learn frm the example given in Paragraph 5?
A.Walking is the best way t gain access t nature.
B.Yung peple are t busy t interact with nature.
C.The same nature experience takes different frms.
D.The nature language enhances wrk perfrmance.
【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了城市化进程使得人类与自然的接触逐渐减少,尤其是在城市中找到原生态环境的机会越来越少,而研究表明城市中的原生态环境对人类的健康和幸福感极为重要。
34.C 推理判断题。根据第五段中给出的例子“…the experience f walking alng the edge f water might be satisfying fr a yung prfessinal n a weekend hike in the park. Back dwntwn during a wrkday, they can enjy a mre dmestic frm f this interactin by walking alng a funtain n their lunch break.”可知,沿水边散步的体验对周末在公园徒步旅行的年轻职业人士来说可能是令人满足的。在工作日回到市中心,在午餐时间沿着喷泉散步也能享受到这种互动形式。由此可知,相同的自然体验可以采用不同的形式。故选C项。
3.[2023·全国乙卷]
B
Living in Iwa and trying t becme a phtgrapher specializing in landscape (风景) can be quite a challenge, mainly because the crn state lacks gegraphical variatin.
Althugh landscapes in the Midwest tend t be quite similar, either farm fields r highways,smetimes I find distinctive character in the hills r lakes. T make sme f my landscape shts, I have travelled up t fur hurs away t sht within a 10-minute time frame. I tend t travel with a few f my friends t state parks r t the cuntryside t g n adventures and take phts alng the way.
Being at the right place at the right time is decisive in any style f phtgraphy. I ften leave early t seek the right destinatins s I can set up early t avid missing the mment I am attempting t phtgraph. I have missed plenty f beautiful sunsets/sunrises due t being n the spt nly five minutes befre the best mment.
One time my friends and I drve three hurs t Devil’s Lake, Wiscnsin, t climb the purple quartz (石英) rck arund the lake. After we fund a crazy-lking rad that hung ver a bunch f rcks, we decided t phtgraph the scene at sunset. The psitin enabled us t lk ver the lake with the sunset in the backgrund. We managed t leave this spt t climb higher because f the spare time until sunset. Hwever,we did nt mark the rute (路线) s we ended up almst missing the sunset entirely. Once we fund the place, it was stressful getting lights and cameras set up in the limited time. Still, lking back n the phts,they are sme f my best shts thugh they culd have been s much better if I wuld have been prepared and managed my time wisely.
( )26.What can we infer frm the authr’s trip with friends t Devil’s Lake?
A.They went crazy with the purple quartz rck.
B.They felt stressed while waiting fr the sunset.
C.They reached the shting spt later than expected.
D.They had prblems with their equipment.
【文章大意】 本文是一篇记叙文,文章讲述了作者作为一名风景摄影师是如何应对挑战,拍出高质量的风景照片的。
26.C 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Hwever, we did nt mark the rute(路线)s we ended up almst missing the sunset entirely.”可知,作者和朋友们没有标出路线,所以几乎完全错过了日落。由此可推知,他们比预计到达拍摄地点的时间晚了。故选C项。
4.D【2022·全国高考乙卷】
The Gvernment's sugar tax n sft drinks has brught in half as much mney as Ministers first predicted it wuld generate, the first fficial data n the plicy has shwn.
First annunced in April, 2016, the tax which applies t sft drinks cntaining mre than 5g f sugar per 100ml, was intrduced t help reduce childhd besity（肥胖）. It is believed that tday's children and teenagers are cnsuming three times the recmmended level f sugar, putting them at a higher risk f the disease.
Initially the sugar tax was expected t make £520m a year fr the Treasury. Hwever, data f the first six mnths shwed it wuld make less than half this amunt. At present it is expected t generate £240m fr the year ending in April 2019, which will g t schl sprts.
It cmes after mre than half f sft drinks sld in shps have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers（制造商）s they can avid paying the tax. Drinks nw cntain 45 millin fewer kils f sugar as a result f manufacturers' effrts t avid the charge, accrding t Treasury figures. Since April drinks cmpanies have been frced t pay between 18p and 24p fr every litre f sugary drink they prduce r imprt, depending n the sugar cntent.
Hwever, sme high sugar brands, like Classic Cca Cla, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing t change fr fear f upsetting cnsumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and mst alchlic drinks are free f the tax, as are small cmpanies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.
Tday's figures, accrding t ne gvernment fficial, shw the psitive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millins f punds fr sprts facilities（设施）and healthier eating in schls. Helping the next generatin t have a healthy and active childhd is f great imprtance, and the industry is playing its part.
15. What can be inferred abut the adptin f the sugar tax plicy?
A. It is a shrt-sighted decisin.B. It is a success stry.
C. It benefits manufacturers.D. It upsets custmers.
【答案】 15. B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国政府对软饮料征收的糖税来解决儿童以及青少年的健康问题，同时该收入用于学校体育。
15. B推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的“Tday’s figures, accrding t ne gvernment fficial, shw the psitive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millins f punds fr sprts facilities and healthier eating in schls.（根据一位政府官员的说法，今天的数据显示了糖税的积极影响，它为学校的体育设施和健康饮食筹集了数百万英镑）”可推断，糖税政策的实施是一个成功的政策。故选B。
5.B【2021·英语全国甲卷】
Prt Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding (繁育) prgramme, has welcmed the arrival f a rare black rhin calf (犀牛幼崽). When the tiny creature arrived n January 31, she became the 40th black rhin t be brn at the reserve. And fficials at Prt Lympne were delighted with the new arrival, especially as black rhins are knwn fr being difficult t breed in captivity (圈养).
Paul Beer, head f rhin sectin at Prt Lympne, said: “Obviusly we're all abslutely delighted t welcme anther calf t ur black rhin family. She's healthy, strng and already eager t play and explre. Her mther, Sli, is a first-time mum and she is ding a fantastic jb. It's still a little t cld fr them t g ut int the pen, but as sn as the weather warms up, I have n dubt that the little ne will be ut and abut explring and playing every day.”
The adrable female calf is the secnd black rhin brn this year at the reserve, but it is t early t tell if the calves will make gd candidates t be returned t prtected areas f the wild. The first rhin t be brn at Prt Lympne arrived n January 5 t first-time mther Kisima and weighed abut 32kg. His mther, grandmther and great grandmther were all brn at the reserve and still live there.
Accrding t the Wrld Wildlife Fund, the glbal black rhin ppulatin has drpped as lw as 5500, giving the rhins a “critically endangered” status.
7．What can be inferred abut Prn Lympne Reserve?
A．The rhin sectin will be pen t the public.
B．It aims t cntrl the number f the animals.
C．It will cntinue t wrk with the Wrld Wildlife Fund.
D．Sme f its rhins may be sent t the prtected wild areas.
【答案】7．D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在Prt Lympne保护区的部分黑犀牛现状。
7．推理判断题。通过文章倒数第二段“it is t early t tell if the calves will make gd candidates t be returned t prtected areas f the wild (要判断这些小犀牛是否会成为返回野生保护区的好的候选者还为时过早)”可推知，Pn Lympne保护区的一些犀牛可能会被送到野生保护区。故选D项。
6.A【2022·新高考I卷】
Grading Plicies fr Intrductin t Literature
Grading Scale
90-100, A; 80-89, B; 70-79, C; 60-69, D; Belw 60, E.
Essays (60%)
Yur fur majr essays will cmbine t frm the main part f the grade fr this curse: Essay 1 = 10%; Essay 2 = 15%; Essay 3 = 15%; Essay 4 = 20%.
Grup Assignments (30%)
Students will wrk in grups t cmplete fur assignments (作业) during the curse. All the assignments will be submitted by the assigned date thrugh Blackbard, ur nline learning and curse management system.
Daily Wrk/In-Class Writings and Tests/Grup Wrk/Hmewrk (10%)
Class activities will vary frm day t day, but students must be ready t cmplete shrt in-class writings r tests drawn directly frm assigned readings r ntes frm the previus class' lecture/discussin, s it is imprtant t take careful ntes during class. Additinally, frm time t time I will assign grup wrk t be cmpleted in class r shrt assignments t be cmpleted at hme, bth f which will be graded.
Late Wrk
An essay nt submitted in class n the due date will lse a letter grade fr each class perid it is late. If it is nt turned in by the 4th day after the due date, it will earn a zer. Daily assignments nt cmpleted during class will get a zer. Shrt writings missed as a result f an excused absence will be accepted.
1. Where is this text prbably taken frm?
A. A textbk.B. An exam paper.C. A curse plan.D. An academic article.
2. Hw many parts is a student’s final grade made up f?
A. Tw.B. Three.C. Fur.D. Five.
3. What will happen if yu submit an essay ne week after the due date?
A. Yu will receive a zer.B. Yu will lse a letter grade.
C. Yu will be given a test.D. Yu will have t rewrite it.
【答案】1. C 2. B 3. A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了文学概论课程评分办法。
1. C推理判断题。根据文章标题“Grading Plicies fr Intrductin t Literature (文学概论课程评分办法)”和Essays (60%)部分“Yur fur majr essays will cmbine t frm the main part f the grade f fr this curse (你的四篇主要文章将构成本课程评分的主要部分)”可知，文章介绍了文学概论课程评分办法，可得出本文是出自一个课程计划。故选C。
2. B细节理解题。根据黑体小标题“Essays (60%)”、“Grup Assignments (30%)”和“Daily Wrk/In-Class Writings and Tests/Grups Wrk/Hmewrk (10%)”可知，学生的最终成绩由3部分组成。故选B。
3. A推理判断题。根据“Late Wrk”部分“If it is nt turned in by the 4th day after the due date, it will earn a zer. (如果没有在截止日期后的第4天上交，将会得到零分)”可知，如果在截止日期后一周才交文章，你将会得零分。故选A项。
7.C【2022·新高考I卷】
The elderly residents (居民) in care hmes in Lndn are being given hens t lk after t stp them feeling lnely.
The prject was dreamed up by a lcal charity (慈善组织) t reduce lneliness and imprve elderly peple’s wellbeing. It is als being used t help patients suffering dementia, a serius illness f the mind. Staff in care hmes have reprted a reductin in the use f medicine where hens are in use.
Amng thse taking part in the prject is 80-year-ld Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used t keep hens when I was yunger and had t prepare their breakfast each mrning befre I went t schl. ”
“I like the prject a lt. I am dwn there in my wheelchair in the mrning letting the hens ut and dwn there again at night t see they’ve gne t bed.”
“It’s gd t have a different fcus. Peple have been bringing their children in t see the hens and residents cme and sit utside t watch them. I’m enjying the creative activities, and it feels great t have dne smething useful.”
There are nw 700 elderly peple lking after hens in 20 care hmes in the Nrth East, and the charity has been given financial supprt t rll it ut cuntrywide.
Wendy Wilsn, extra care manager at 60 Penfld Street, ne f the first t embark n the prject, said: “Residents really welcme the idea f the prject and the creative sessins. We are lking frward t the benefits and fun the prject can bring t peple here.”
Lynn Lewis, directr f Ntting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy t be taking part in the prject. It will really help cnnect ur residents thrugh a shared interest and creative activities.”
8. What is the purpse f the prject?
A. T ensure harmny in care hmes.B. T prvide part-time jbs fr the aged.
C. T raise mney fr medical research.D. T prmte the elderly peple’s welfare.
9. Hw has the prject affected Ruth Xavier?
A. She has learned new life skills.B. She has gained a sense f achievement.
C. She has recvered her memry.D. She has develped a strng persnality.
10. What d the underlined wrds “embark n” mean in paragraph 7?
A. Imprve.B. Oppse.C. Begin.D. Evaluate.
11. What can we learn abut the prject frm the last tw paragraphs?
A. It is well received.B. It needs t be mre creative.
C. It is highly prfitable.D. It takes ages t see the results.
【答案】8. D 9. B 10. C 11. A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况的项目。
8. D 推理判断题。根据文章第二段中的“The prject was dreamed up by a lcal charity (慈善组织) t reduce lneliness and imprve elderly peple’s wellbeing (该项目由当地一家慈善机构构想，旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况)”可知，这个项目的目的是为了提高老年人的幸福。故选D。
9. B推理判断题。根据文章第五段中的““It’s gd t have a different fcus. Peple have been bringing their children in t see the hens and residents cme and sit utside t watch them. I’m enjying the creative activities, and it feels great t have dne smething useful.” (有不同的关注点很好。人们把自己的孩子带进来看母鸡，居民们也来外面坐着看它们。我喜欢创造性的活动，做一些有用的事情的感觉很好)”可推知，Ruth Xavier通过该项目获得了一种成就感。故选B。
10. C词义猜测题。根据文章倒数第二段中的“Residents really welcme the idea f the prject and the creative sessins. We are lking frward t the benefits and fun the prject can bring t peple here. (居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣)”以及划线处前的“ne f the first (第一批人之一)”可知Wendy Wilsn是着手这项工程的人之一，划线处的含义与C项：“Begin (开始)”含义相近。故选C。
11. A推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段中的“Residents really welcme the idea f the prject and the creative sessins. We are lking frward t the benefits and fun the prject can bring t peple here. (居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣)”以及最后一段“Lynn Lewis, directr f Ntting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy t be taking part in the prject. It will really help cnnect ur residents thrugh a shared interest and creative activities.” (“诺丁山路径”的负责人林恩·刘易斯说:我们很高兴能参与这个项目。它将通过共同的兴趣和创造性活动真正帮助我们的居民联系起来)”可知，该项目的反响很好。故选A。
8.D【2022·全国高考乙卷】
The Gvernment's sugar tax n sft drinks has brught in half as much mney as Ministers first predicted it wuld generate, the first fficial data n the plicy has shwn.
First annunced in April, 2016, the tax which applies t sft drinks cntaining mre than 5g f sugar per 100ml, was intrduced t help reduce childhd besity（肥胖）. It is believed that tday's children and teenagers are cnsuming three times the recmmended level f sugar, putting them at a higher risk f the disease.
Initially the sugar tax was expected t make £520m a year fr the Treasury. Hwever, data f the first six mnths shwed it wuld make less than half this amunt. At present it is expected t generate £240m fr the year ending in April 2019, which will g t schl sprts.
It cmes after mre than half f sft drinks sld in shps have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers（制造商）s they can avid paying the tax. Drinks nw cntain 45 millin fewer kils f sugar as a result f manufacturers' effrts t avid the charge, accrding t Treasury figures. Since April drinks cmpanies have been frced t pay between 18p and 24p fr every litre f sugary drink they prduce r imprt, depending n the sugar cntent.
Hwever, sme high sugar brands, like Classic Cca Cla, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing t change fr fear f upsetting cnsumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and mst alchlic drinks are free f the tax, as are small cmpanies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.
Tday's figures, accrding t ne gvernment fficial, shw the psitive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millins f punds fr sprts facilities（设施）and healthier eating in schls. Helping the next generatin t have a healthy and active childhd is f great imprtance, and the industry is playing its part.
12. Why was the sugar tax intrduced?
A. T cllect mney fr schls.B. T imprve the quality f drinks.
C. T prtect children’s health.D. T encurage research in educatin.
13. Hw did sme drinks cmpanies respnd t the sugar tax?
A. They turned t verseas markets.B. They raised the prices f their prducts.
C. They cut dwn n their prductin.D. They reduced their prducts’ sugar cntent.
14. Frm which f the fllwing is the sugar tax cllected?
A. Mst alchlic drinks.B. Milk-based drinks.C. Fruit juices.D. Classic Cke.
15. What can be inferred abut the adptin f the sugar tax plicy?
A. It is a shrt-sighted decisin.B. It is a success stry.
C. It benefits manufacturers.D. It upsets custmers.
【答案】12. C 13. D 14. D 15. B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国政府对软饮料征收的糖税来解决儿童以及青少年的健康问题，同时该收入用于学校体育。
12. C细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“First annunced in April, 2016, the tax which applies t sft drinks cntaining mre than 5g f sugar per 100ml, was intrduced t help reduce childhd besity .（该税于2016年4月首次宣布，适用于每100毫升含糖超过5g的软饮料，旨在帮助减少儿童肥胖。）”可知，征收糖税的目的是帮助儿童减少肥胖。故选C。
13. D细节理解题。根据第四段中的“It cmes after mre than half f sft drinks sld in shps have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers s they can avid paying the tax.（此前，制造商已经降低了商店中销售的超过一半的软饮料的含糖量，以避免纳税。）”可知，一些饮料公司通过降低了产品的含糖量来避税。故选D。
14. D细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Hwever, sme high sugar brands, like Classic Cca Cla, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing t change fr fear f upsetting cnsumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and mst alchlic drinks are free f the tax, as are small cmpanies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.（然而，一些高糖品牌，如经典可口可乐，已经接受了糖税，并拒绝改变，因为担心会惹恼消费者。果汁、以牛奶为原料的饮料和大多数酒精饮料是免税的，每年生产不到100万升的小公司也是免税的。）”可知，糖税主要来自经典可口可乐这些高糖品牌。故选D。
15. B推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的“Tday’s figures, accrding t ne gvernment fficial, shw the psitive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millins f punds fr sprts facilities and healthier eating in schls.（根据一位政府官员的说法，今天的数据显示了糖税的积极影响，它为学校的体育设施和健康饮食筹集了数百万英镑）”可推断，糖税政策的实施是一个成功的政策。故选B。
9.B【2021·英语全国甲卷】
Prt Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding (繁育) prgramme, has welcmed the arrival f a rare black rhin calf (犀牛幼崽). When the tiny creature arrived n January 31, she became the 40th black rhin t be brn at the reserve. And fficials at Prt Lympne were delighted with the new arrival, especially as black rhins are knwn fr being difficult t breed in captivity (圈养).
Paul Beer, head f rhin sectin at Prt Lympne, said: “Obviusly we're all abslutely delighted t welcme anther calf t ur black rhin family. She's healthy, strng and already eager t play and explre. Her mther, Sli, is a first-time mum and she is ding a fantastic jb. It's still a little t cld fr them t g ut int the pen, but as sn as the weather warms up, I have n dubt that the little ne will be ut and abut explring and playing every day.”
The adrable female calf is the secnd black rhin brn this year at the reserve, but it is t early t tell if the calves will make gd candidates t be returned t prtected areas f the wild. The first rhin t be brn at Prt Lympne arrived n January 5 t first-time mther Kisima and weighed abut 32kg. His mther, grandmther and great grandmther were all brn at the reserve and still live there.
Accrding t the Wrld Wildlife Fund, the glbal black rhin ppulatin has drpped as lw as 5500, giving the rhins a “critically endangered” status.
7．What can be inferred abut Prn Lympne Reserve?
A．The rhin sectin will be pen t the public.
B．It aims t cntrl the number f the animals.
C．It will cntinue t wrk with the Wrld Wildlife Fund.
D．Sme f its rhins may be sent t the prtected wild areas.
【答案】7．D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在Prt Lympne保护区的部分黑犀牛现状。
7．推理判断题。通过文章倒数第二段“it is t early t tell if the calves will make gd candidates t be returned t prtected areas f the wild (要判断这些小犀牛是否会成为返回野生保护区的好的候选者还为时过早)”可推知，Pn Lympne保护区的一些犀牛可能会被送到野生保护区。故选D项。
10.C【2021·英语全国甲卷】
When I was 9, we packed up ur hme in Ls Angeles and arrived at Heathrw, Lndn n a gray January mrning. Everyne in the family settled quickly int the city except me. Withut my belved beaches and endless blue—sky days, I felt at a lss and ut f place. Until I made a discvery.
Suthbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center f British skatebarding, where the cntinuus crashing f skatebards left yur head ringing .I lved it. I sn made friends with the lcal skaters. We spke ur wn language. And my favrite: Safe. Safe meant cl. It meant hell. It meant dn't wrry abut it. Once, when trying a certain trick n the beam（横杆）, I fell nt the stnes, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Tby came ver, helping me up: Safe, man. Safe. A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their bards lud, shuting: “ Safe! Safe! Safe!” And that's what mattered—landing tricks, being a gd skater.
When I was 15, my family mved t Washingtn. I tried skatebarding there, but the lcals were far less welcming. Within a cuple f years, I'd given it up.
When I returned t Lndn in 2004, I fund myself wandering dwn t Suthbank, spending hurs there. I've traveled back several times since, mst recently this past spring. The day was cld but clear: turists and Lndners stpped t watch the skaters. Weaving（穿梭）amng the kids wh rushed by n their bards, I fund my way t the beam. Then a rail—thin teenager, in a baggy white T—shirt, skidded（滑）up t the beam. He sat next t me. He seemed nt t ntice the man next t him. But sn I caught a few f his glances. “I was a lcal here 20 years ag,” I tld him. Then, slwly, he began t nd his head. “Safe, man. Safe.”
“Yeah,” I said. “Safe.”
8．What can we learn abut the authr sn after he mved t Lndn?
A．He felt disappinted.B．He gave up his hbby.
C．He liked the weather there.D．He had disagreements with his family.
【答案】8．A
【解析】本文属于记叙文。本文讲述作者自己的经历，起初搬到伦敦很不适应，但是由于找到了玩滑板的地方，结识了玩滑板的朋友，因此很好的适应了。作者回到伦敦之后，经常去之前玩滑板的地方寻找自己的回忆，在与一个玩滑板的孩子打招呼的时候，终于找到了自己久违的熟悉感。
8．推理判断题。根据第一段“Everyne in the family settled quickly int the city except me. Withut my belved beaches and endless blue -sky days, I felt at a lss and ut f place.(除了我之外的家里人都很快适应这个城市，没有了我喜爱的沙滩和蓝天，我感到迷茫和无措)”可知，作者刚到伦敦的时候因为没有喜爱的沙滩，不能很好的融入到新的城市，感到很沮丧，故选A。
11.D【2021·英语全国甲卷】
Wh is a genius? This questin has greatly interested humankind fr centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almst the internatinal symbl fr genius. But we want t g beynd ne man and explre the nature f genius itself. Why is it that sme peple are s much mre intelligent r creative than the rest f us? And wh are they?
In the sciences and arts, thse praised as geniuses were mst ften white men, f Eurpean rigin. Perhaps this is nt a surprise. It's said that histry is written by the victrs, and thse victrs set the standards fr admissin t the genius club. When cntributins were made by geniuses utside the club—wmen, r peple f a different clr r belief—they were unacknwledged and rejected by thers.
A study recently published by Science fund that as yung as age six, girls are less likely than bys t say that members f their gender(性别)are “really, really smart.” Even wrse, the study fund that girls act n that belief: Arund age six they start t avid activities said t be fr children wh are “really, really smart.” Can ur planet affrd t have any great thinkers becme discuraged and give up? It desn't take a genius t knw the answer: abslutely nt.
Here's the gd news. In a wired wrld with cnstant glbal cmmunicatin, we're all psitined t see flashes f genius wherever they appear. And the mre we lk, the mre we will see that scial factrs(因素)like gender, race, and class d nt determine the appearance f genius. As a writer says, future geniuses cme frm thse with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance(毅力), and simple gd frtune, wh are able t change the wrld.”
13．What can we infer abut girls frm the study in Science?
A．They think themselves smart.
B．They lk up t great thinkers.
C．They see gender differences earlier than bys.
D．They are likely t be influenced by scial beliefs
【答案】13．D
【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章由问题“谁是天才？”引入，论述了世人对天才的狭隘定义，提出事实上“天才”有很多种形式，不要让思维限制了我们的“天才”能力。
13．推理判断题。根据第四段的“Even wrse, the study fund that girls act n that belief. Arund age six they start t avid activities said t be fr children wh are “really, really smart.”(更糟糕的是，研究发现女孩们是按照这个信念行事的。六岁左右，她们开始避免那些据说是“非常非常聪明”的孩子参加的活动)”可推知，女孩容易受到社会信仰的影响，认为自己在六岁左右就不适合做“聪明孩子”做的事情。故选D。
12.B【2021·全国高考乙卷】
When almst everyne has a mbile phne, why are mre than half f Australian hmes still paying fr a landline（座机）?
These days yu’d be hard pressed t find anyne in Australia ver the age f 15 wh desn’t wn a mbile phne. In fact plenty f yunger kids have ne in their pcket. Practically everyne can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime.
Still, 55 percent f Australians have a landline phne at hme and nly just ver a quarter （29%） rely nly n their smartphnes accrding t a survey （调查）. Of thse Australians wh still have a landline, a third cncede that it’s nt really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case f emergencies. I think my hme falls int that categry.
Mre than half f Australian hmes are still chsing t stick with their hme phne. Age is naturally a factr（因素）— nly 58 percent f Generatin Ys still use landlines nw and then, cmpared t 84 percent f Baby Bmers wh’ve perhaps had the same hme number fr 50 years. Age isn’t the nly factr; I’d say it’s als t d with the makeup f yur husehld.
Generatin Xers with yung families, like my wife and I, can still find it cnvenient t have a hme phne rather than prviding a mbile phne fr every family member. That said, t be hnest the nly peple wh ever ring ur hme phne are ur Baby Bmers parents, t the pint where we play a game and guess wh is calling befre we pick up the phne（using Caller ID wuld take the fun ut f it）.
Hw attached are yu t yur landline? Hw lng until they g the way f gas street lamps and mrning milk deliveries?
27．What can be inferred abut the landline frm the last paragraph?
A．It remains a family necessity.
B．It will fall ut f use sme day.
C．It may increase daily expenses.
D．It is as imprtant as the gas light.
【答案】27．B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了澳大利亚使用固定电话的情况，并且表达了固定电话是非必需品的观点。
27．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Hw attached are yu t yur landline? Hw lng until they g the way f gas street lamps and mrning milk deliveries? (你有多喜欢你的座机？它们还要多久才能走上煤气路灯和早晨送牛奶的道路？)”可推知，本段使用类比的方式，使用煤气路灯以及早晨送牛奶已经被淘汰的例子，侧面说明了固定电话总有一天会废弃的。故选B项。
13.D【2021·全国高考乙卷】
During an interview fr ne f my bks, my interviewer said smething I still think abut ften. Annyed by the level f distractin（干扰）in his pen ffice, he said, “That’s why I have a membership at the c-wrking space acrss the street — s I can fcus”. His cmment struck me as strange. After all, c-wrking spaces als typically use an pen ffice layut（布局）. But I recently came acrss a study that shws why his apprach wrks.
The researchers examined varius levels f nise n participants as they cmpleted tests f creative thinking. They were randmly divided int fur grups and expsed t varius nise levels in the backgrund, frm ttal silence t 50 decibels（分贝）, 70 decibels, and 85 decibels. The differences between mst f the grups were statistically insignificant; hwever, the participants in the 70 decibels grup — thse expsed t a level f nise similar t backgrund chatter in a cffee shp — significantly utperfrmed the ther grups. Since the effects were small, this may suggest that ur creative thinking des nt differ that much in respnse t ttal silence and 85 decibels f backgrund nise.
But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study als suggests that the right level f backgrund nise — nt t lud and nt ttal silence — may actually imprve ne’s creative thinking ability. The right level f backgrund nise may interrupt ur nrmal patterns f thinking just enugh t allw ur imaginatins t wander, withut making it impssible t fcus. This kind f “distracted fcus” appears t be the best state fr wrking n creative tasks.
S why d s many f us hate ur pen ffices? The prblem may be that, in ur ffices, we can’t stp urselves frm getting drawn int thers’ cnversatins while we’re trying t fcus. Indeed, the researchers fund that face-t-face interactins and cnversatins affect the creative prcess, and yet a c-wrking space r a cffee shp prvides a certain level f nise while als prviding freedm frm interruptins.
35．What can we infer abut the authr frm the text?
A．He’s a news reprter.
B．He’s an ffice manager.
C．He’s a prfessinal designer.
D．He’s a published writer.
【答案】35．D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。作者通过自身经历讲述人们为什么不喜欢开放性办公室以及有关多少分贝的噪音最有利于人们的创造性思维的研究。
35．推理判断题。根据第一段“During an interview fr ne f my bks, my interviewer said smething I still think abut ften.（在一次采访我的一本书时，我的采访者说了一些我至今还经常想起的话。）”可知，作者提到有人采访自己的书，所以可以推断，作者是一位作家。故选D项。
14.C【2021·全国新高考I卷】
When the explrers first set ft upn the cntinent f Nrth America, the skies and lands were alive with an astnishing variety f wildlife. Native Americans had taken care f these precius natural resurces wisely. Unfrtunately, it tk the explrers and the settlers wh fllwed nly a few decades t decimate a large part f these resurces. Millins f waterfwl ( 水 禽 ) were killed at the hands f market hunters and a handful f verly ambitius sprtsmen. Millins f acres f wetlands were dried t feed and huse the ever-increasing ppulatins, greatly reducing waterfwl habitat.
In 1934, with the passage f the Migratry Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly cncerned natin tk firm actin t stp the destructin f migratry ( 迁徙的) waterfwl and the wetlands s vital t their survival. Under this Act, all waterfwl hunters 16 years f age and ver must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling, a plitical cartnist frm Des Mines, lwa, wh at that time was appinted by President Franklin Rsevelt as Directr f the Bureau f Bilgical Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price t ensure the survival f ur natural resurces.
Abut 98 cents f every duck stamp dllar ges directly int the Migratry Bird Cnservatin Fund t purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat fr inclusin int the Natinal Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be prtected and available fr all generatins t cme. Since 1934, better than half a billin dllars has gne int that Fund t purchase mre than 5 millin acres f habitat. Little wnder the Federal Duck Stamp Prgram has been called ne f the mst successful cnservatin prgrams ever initiated.291
30．What is a direct result f the Act passed in 1934?
A．The stamp price has gne dwn.B．The migratry birds have flwn away.
C．The hunters have stpped hunting.D．The gvernment has cllected mney.
【答案】30．D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。本文讲述了美国鸭票的故事，由于美国移民的大量流入，对于农地和住房的急需大量的水禽栖息地被破坏导致美国水禽骤减，因此美国发行了鸭票，狩猎者只有购买了鸭票才能狩猎，而鸭票的部分收入进入到了用于购买水禽栖息地的基金，从而保护了水禽。
30．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Since 1934, better than half a billin dllars has gne int that Fund t purchase mre than 5 millin acres f habitat.”可知，自1934年起，超过5亿美元进入到了这个基金会，购买了超过500万公顷的水禽栖息地，故可以推出，通过发行鸭票，美国政府获得了大量的资金，故选D。
15. B【2020·浙江卷】
The traffic signals alng Factria Bulevard in Bellevue, Washingtn, generally dn't flash the same length f green twice in a rw, especially at rush hur. At 9:30am, the full red/yellw/green signal cycle might be 140 secnds. By 9:33am, a burst f additinal traffic might push it t 145 secnds. Less traffic at 9:37am culd push it dwn t 135. Just like the traffic itself, the timing f the signals changes.
That is by design. Bellevue, a fast-grwing city just east f Seattle, uses a system that is gaining ppularity arund the US: intersectin(十字路口) signals that can adjust in real time t traffic cnditins. These lights, knwn as adaptive signals, have led t significant declines in bth the truble and cst f travels between wrk and hme.
“Adaptive signals can make sure that the traffic demand that is there is being addressed, ” says Alex Stevanvic, a researcher at Flrida Atlantic University.
Fr all f Bellevue’s success, adaptive signals are nt a cure-all fr jammed radways. Kevin Balke, a research engineer at the Texas A&M University Transprtatin Institute, says that while smart lights can be particularly beneficial fr sme cities, thers are s jammed that nly a sharp reductin in the number f cars n the rad will make a meaningful difference. “It’s nt ging t fix everything, but adaptive signals have sme benefits fr smaller cities,” he says.
In Bellevue, the switch t adaptive signals has been a lessn in the value f welcming new appraches. In the past, there was ften an autmatic reactin t increased traffic: just widen the rads, says Mark Pch, the Bellevue Transprtatin Department’s traffic engineering manager. Nw he hpes that ther cities will cnsider making their streets run smarter instead f just making them bigger.
26．What des Kevin Balke say abut adaptive signals?
A．They wrk better n brad rads.
B．They shuld be used in ther cities.
C．They have greatly reduced traffic n the rad.
D．They are less helpful in cities seriusly jammed.
27．What can we learn frm Bellevue’s success?
A．It is rewarding t try new things.B．The ld methds still wrk tday.
C．I pays t put thery int practice.D．The simplest way is the best way.
【答案】26．D27．A
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。美国华盛顿州的Bellevue采用了能随交通状况而调节交通灯时间的适应性信号灯，大大缓解了交通压力，也表明人们对于交通阻塞问题不再只是拓宽道路，而是能够采用新方法。
26．推理判断题。根据第四段第一句中“adaptive signals are nt a cure-all fr jammed radways(但自适应信号并不是解决拥堵道路的万能药)”及第二句中“thers are s jammed that nly a sharp reductin in the number f cars n the rad will make a meaningful difference(其他城市交通堵塞如此严重，只有减少道路上的车辆才能起有意义的作用) ”可推知，Kevin Balke认为适应性信号灯对于交通堵塞很严重的城市没有太大帮助。故选D项。
27．推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“These lights, knwn as adaptive signals, have led t significant declines in bth the truble and cst f travels between wrk and hme.(这些灯，被称为适应性信号灯，已经大大减少了通勤的麻烦和花费)”最后一段第一句“In Bellevue, the switch t adaptive signals has been a lessn in the value f welcming new appraches.(在Bellevue，对适应性信号灯的转变是一个在欢迎新方法的价值方面的榜样)”可推知，从Bellevue的成功中可以得出，尝试新事物是值得的。故选A项。
16. C【2020·浙江卷】
Challenging wrk that requires lts f analytical thinking, planning and ther managerial skills might help yur brain stay sharp as yu age, a study published Wednesday in the jurnal Neurlgy suggests.
Researchers frm the University f Leipzig in Germany gathered mre than 1, 000 retired wrkers wh were ver age 75 and assessed the vlunteers’ memry and thinking skills thrugh a battery f tests. Then, fr eight years, the scientists asked the same grup t cme back t the lab every 18 mnths t take the same srts f tests.
Thse wh had held mentally stimulating(刺激), demanding jbs befre retirement tended t d the best n the tests. And they tended t lse cgnitive(认知) functin at a much slwer rate than thse with the least mentally challenging jbs. The results held true even after the scientists accunted fr the participants’ verall health status.
“This wrks just like physical exercise, ” says Francisca Then, wh led the study. “After a lng run, yu may feel like yu’re in pain, yu may feel tired. But it makes yu fit. After a lng day at wrk-sure, yu will feel tired, but it can help yur brain stay healthy. ”
It's nt just crprate jbs, r even paid wrk that can help keep yur brain fit, Then pints ut. A waiter’s jb, fr example, that requires multitasking, teamwrk and decisin-making culd be just as stimulating as any high-level ffice wrk. And “running a family husehld requires high-level planning and crdinating(协调), ” she says. “Yu have t rganize the activities f the children and take care f the bills and grceries. ”
Of curse, ur brains can decline as we grw lder fr lts f reasns-including ther envirnmental influences r genetic factrs. Still, cntinuing t challenge yurself mentally and keeping yur mind busy can nly help.304
29．Hw des Francisca Then explain her findings in paragraph 4?
A．By using an expert’s wrds.B．By making a cmparisn.
C．By referring t anther study.D．By intrducing a cncept.
【答案】29．B
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。《神经病学》杂志发布的一则研究显示，需要大量的分析思考、细致规划和其他管理技能有挑战性的工作，有可能会帮助你的大脑随着年龄的增长而保持敏锐。
29．推理判断题。根据第四段中Francisca Then说的话“This wrks just like physical exercise,( 这就像体育锻炼一样有效。)”及接下来进一步的解释“长跑后人就会感到痛苦和疲惫，但它确实能强身健体。工作一天下来会感到劳累，但这也使你的大脑处于健康状态”可知，Francisca Then是通过与“身体锻炼”作比较来解释他的发现的。故选B项。
17. B【2020·全国新高考II山东卷】
Jenifer Mauer has needed mre willpwer than the typical cllege student t pursue her gal f earning a nursing degree. That willpwer bre fruit when Jennifer graduated frm University f Wiscnsin-Eau Claire and became the first in her large family t earn a bachelr's degree.
Mauer, f Edgar, Wiscnsin, grew up n a farm in a family f 10 children. Her dad wrked at a jb away frm the farm, and her mther ran the farm with the kids. After high schl, Jennifer attended a lcal technical cllege, wrking t pay her tuitin（学费）, because there was n extra mney set aside fr a cllege educatin. After graduatin, she wrked t help her sisters and brthers pay fr their schling.
Jennifer nw is married and has three children f her wn. She decided t g back t cllege t advance her career and t be able t better supprt her family while ding smething she lves: nursing. She chse the UW-Eau Claire prgram at Ministry Saint Jseph's Hspital in Marshfield because she was able t pursue her fur-year degree clse t hme. She culd drive t class and be hme in the evening t help with her kids. Jenifer received great supprt frm her family as she wrked t car her degree: Her husband wrked tw jbs t cver the bills, and her 68-year-ld mther helped take care f the children at times.
Thrugh it all, she remained in gd academic standing and graduated with hnrs. Jennifer sacrificed（牺牲）t achieve her gal, giving up many nights with her kids and missing imprtant events t study. “Sme nights my heart was breaking t have t pick between my kids and studying fr exams r papers,” she says. Hwever, her children have learned an imprtant lessn witnessing their mther earn her degree. Jennifer is a first-generatin graduate and an inspiratin t her family-and that's pretty pwerful.
7. What can we learn frm Jenifer's stry? （ ）
A. Time is mney. B. Lve breaks dwn barriers.
C. Hard wrk pays ff. D. Educatin is the key t success.
【答案】7. C
【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Jennifer在家里不能提供大学教育的情况下，通过自己的努力，以及家人的帮助完成了四年学位。她的努力不仅让自己以优异的成绩毕业，还给家人，尤其是她的三个孩子树立了榜样，让他们得到了激励。
7.C推理判断题。根据最后一段的Thrugh it all, she remind in gd academic standing and graduated with hnrs.(虽然经历了这些，但她一直保持着良好的学术地位，并以优异的成绩毕业)和Hwever, her children have learned an imprtant lessn witnessing their mther earn her degree. Jennifer is a first-generatin graduate and an inspiratin t her family-and that’s the pretty pwerful.(然而，她的孩子们在见证母亲获得学位的过程中得到了重要的一课。Jennifer是第一代毕业生，这对她的家庭来说是一种激励——这是非常强大的。)可知，Jennifer在艰苦的环境中通过自己的努力不仅以优异的成绩毕业，还给孩子树立了榜样，同时也让家人得到了激励。由此推测，我们可以从Jennifer的故事中学到：努力总会有回报。C. Hard wrk pays ff.(努力会得到回报)符合以上说法，故选C项。
18. D【2020·全国新高考II山东卷】
Accrding t a recent study in the Jurnal f Cnsumer Research, bth the size and cnsumptin habits f ur eating cmpanins can influence ur fd intake. And cntrary t existing research that says yu shuld avid eating with heavier peple wh rder large prtins(份), it's the beanples with big appetites yu really need t avid.
T test the effect f scial influence n eating habits, the researchers cnducted tw experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate wmen were individually invited int a lab t stensibly(表面上)participate in a study abut mvie viewership. Befre the film began, each wman was asked t help herself t a snack. An actr hired by the researchers grabbed her fd first. In her natural state, the actr weighed 105 punds. But in half the cases she wre a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight t 180 punds.
Bth the fat and thin versins f the actr tk a large amunt f fd. The participants fllwed suit, taking mre fd than they nrmally wuld have. Hwever, they tk significantly mre when the actr was thin.
Fr the secnd test, in ne case the thin actr tk tw pieces f candy frm the snack bwls. In the ther case, she tk 30 pieces. The results were similar t the first test: the participants fllwed suit but tk significantly mre candy when the thin actr tk 30 pieces.
The tests shw that the scial envirnment is extremely influential when we're making decisins. If this fellw participant is ging t eat mre, s will I. Call it the “I’ll have what she's having” effect. Hwever, we'll adjust the influence. If an verweight persn is having a large prtin, I'll hld back a bit because I see the results f his eating habits. But if a thin persn eats a lt, I'll fllw suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I?
14．Why did the researchers hire the actr?
A．T see hw she wuld affect the participants.
B．T test if the participants culd recgnize her.
C．T find ut what she wuld d in the tw tests.
D．T study why she culd keep her weight dwn.
15．On what basis d we “adjust the influence” accrding t the last paragraph?
A．Hw hungry we are.B．Hw slim we want t be.
C．Hw we perceive thers.D．Hw we feel abut the fd.
【答案】14．A15．C
【解析】本文是说明文。最近的研究表明：我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。文章详述了这个实验的过程。
14．推理判断题。根据第二段的“T test the effect f scial influence n eating habits, the researchers cnducted tw experiments”可知， 为了测试社会影响对饮食习惯的影响，研究人员进行了两个实验。根据倒数第三段的内容可知，在两个实验中，胖的和瘦的演员都吃了大量的食物。参与者也照做，吃的食物比平常多。 然而，当演员是瘦的时候，参与者们服用的食物更多。。由此推断，研究人员雇用演员是为了看看她如何影响参与者。故选A。
15．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“If an verweight persn is having a large prtin, I’ll hld back a bit because I see the results f his eating habits. But if a thin persn eats a lt, I’ll fllw suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can’t I? ”可知，如果一个超重的人吃很大一份，我会忍住一点，因为我看到了他饮食习惯的结果。但如果一个瘦的人吃很多，我会跟着做。如果他吃得多保持苗条，为什么我不能呢？ 因此推断我们是根据我们对他人的看法（即：如何看待他人）来调整影响的。故选C。
19. B【2020·全国新课标I】
Returning t a bk yu’ve read many times can feel like drinks with an ld friend. There’s a welcme familiarity - but als smetimes a slight suspicin that time has changed yu bth, and thus the relatinship. But bks dn’t change, peple d. And that’s what makes the act f rereading s rich and transfrmative.
The beauty f rereading lies in the idea that ur bnd with the wrk is based n ur present mental register. It’s true, the lder I get, the mre I feel time has wings. But with reading, it’s all abut the present. It’s abut the nw and what ne cntributes t the nw, because reading is a give and take between authr and reader. Each has t pull their wn weight.
There are three bks I reread annually The first, which I take t reading every spring is Emest Hemningway’s A Mveable Feast. Published in 1964, it’s his classic memir f 1920s Paris. The language is almst intxicating (令人陶醉的)，an aging writer lking back n an ambitius yet simpler time. Anther is Annie Dillard’s Hly the Firm, her petic 1975 ramble (随笔) abut everything and nthing. The third bk is Juli Crtazar’s Save Twilight: Selected Pems, because petry. And because Crtazar.
While I tend t buy a lt f bks, these three were given t me as gifs, which might add t the meaning I attach t them. But I imagine that, while mney is indeed wnderful and necessary, rereading an authr’s wrk is the highest currency a reader can pay them. The best bks are the nes that pen further as time passes. But remember, it’s yu that has t grw and read and reread in rder t better understand yur friends.
24．Why des the authr like rereading?
A．It evaluates the writer-reader relatinship.
B．It’s a windw t a whle new wrld.
C．It’s a substitute fr drinking with a friend.
D．It extends the understanding f neself.
25．What d we knw abut the bk A Mveable Feas!?
A．It’s a brief accunt f a trip.
B．It’s abut Hemingway’s life as a yung man.
C．It’s a recrd f a histric event.
D．It’s abut Hemingway’s friends in Paris.
27．What can we infer abut the authr frm the text?
A．He lves petry.
B．He’s an editr.
C．He’s very ambitius.
D．He teaches reading.
【答案】24．D25．B27．A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了重新阅读的意义和益处并向读者介绍了作者每年重读的三本书。作者鼓励读者去重新阅读书籍。
24．推理判断题。根据第一段最后两句“But bks dn’t change, peple d. And that’s what makes the act f rereading s rich and transfrmative.(但是书没变，人变了。那就是使重新阅读行为如此丰富和富于变化之处)”和第二段“The beauty f rereading lies in that ur bnd with the wrk is based n ur present register. It is true, the lder I get, the mre I feel time has wings.(重新阅读的美妙之处在于我们与作品的联系是基于我们现在的心理状态。真的，我年纪越大，就越觉得时光飞逝。)”可推知，作者喜欢重新阅读是因为重新阅读可以扩展对自己的理解。故选D项。
25．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Published in 1964, it’s his classic memir f 1920s Paris.”及“an aging writer lking back n an ambitius yet simpler time”可知，这本书出版于1964年，这是他关于20世纪20年代在巴黎的经典回忆录，是他老年时对那些野心勃勃却更简单的日子的回顾。由此可判断出A Mvable Feast是关于海明威年轻时的生活。故选B项。
27．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The third bk is Juli Crtázar’s Save Twilight: selected pems, because petry.(第三本书是胡里奥·科塔扎的《拯救暮光之城: 诗歌精选》，因为诗歌)”可知，作者是由于喜欢诗歌而喜欢这本书。故选A项。
20. C【2020·全国新课标II】
When yu were trying t figure ut what t buy fr the envirnmentalist n yur hliday list, fur prbably didn’t crss yur mind. But sme eclgists and fashin (时装)enthusiasts are trying t bring back the market fr fur made frm nutria(海狸鼠).
Unusual fashin shws in New Orleans and Brklyn have(shwcased)nutria fur made int clthes in different styles. “It sunds crazy t talk abut guilt-free fur-unless yu understand that the nutria are destrying vast wetlands every year”, says Cree McCree, prject directr f Righteus Fur.
Scientists in Luisiana were s cncerned that they decided t pay hunters $5 a tail. Sme f the fur ends up in the fashin shws like the ne in Brklyn last mnth.
Nutria were brught there frm Argentina by fur farmers and let g int the wild. “The ecsystem dwn there can’t handle this nn-native species(物种).It’s destrying the envirnment. It’s them r us.” says Michael Massimi, an expert in this field.
The fur trade kept nutria check fr decades，but when the market fr nutria cllapsed in the late 1980s，the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.
Bilgist Edmnd Mutn runs the nutria cntrl prgram fr Luisiana. He says it’s nt easy t cnvince peple that nutria fur is green, but he has n dubt abut it. Hunters bring in mre than 300,000 nutria tails a year, s part f Mutn’s jb these days is trying t prmte fur.
Then there’s Righteus Fur and its unusual fashin. Mrgan says，”T give peple a guilt-free ptin that they can wear withut smene thrwing paint n them-1 think that’s ging t be a massive thing, at least here in New Yrk.” Designer Jennifer Andersn admits it tk her a while t cme arund t the pinin that using nutria fur fr her creatins is mrally acceptable. She trying t cme up with a label t attach t nutria fashins t shw it is ec-friendly.318
31．What can we infer abut wearing fur in New Yrk accrding t Mrgan?
A．It’s frmal.B．It’s risky.C．It’s harmful.D．It’s traditinal.
【答案】31．B
【解析】本文是说明文。介绍了美国新奥良和布鲁克林举办了不同寻常的时装秀。展出海狸鼠制成的皮衣。海狸鼠们每年都在破坏大片的湿地，因此设计师称这是一种环保的举措，科学家们也对海狸鼠损坏生态平衡表示了担忧。
31．推理判断题。根据第二段Mdel Paige Mrgan says, “T give peple a guilt –free ptin that they can wear withut smene thrwing paint n them-I think that’s ging t be a massive thing, at least in New Yrk. ” 得知，为了给人们一种无罪的选择，人们可以穿皮衣而不被人们泼油漆，我认为在纽约将是一件巨大的事情，根据模特摩根所说得知，在纽约穿皮质衣服是有风险的。故选B。
21. B【2020·全国新课标III】
When "Rise f the Planet f the Apes" was first shwn t the public last mnth, a grup f excited animal activists gathered n Hllywd Bulevard. But they weren’t there t thrw red paint n fur-cat-wearing film stars. Instead, ne activist, dressed in a full-bdy mnkey suit, had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers: "Thanks fr nt using real apes (猿)!"
The creative team behind "Apes" used mtin-capture (动作捕捉) technlgy t create digitalized animals, spending tens f millins f dllars n technlgy that I recrds an actr’s perfrmance and later prcesses it with cmputer graphics t create a final image (图像). In this case, ne f a realistic-lking ape.
Yet "Apes" is mre exceptin than the rule. In fact, Hllywd has been ht n live animals lately. One nnprfit rganizatin, which mnitrs the treatment r animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs n mre than 2,000 prductins this year. Already, a number f films, including "Water fr Elephants," "The Hangver Part Ⅱ" and "Zkeeper," have drawn the anger f activists wh say the creatures acting in them haven’t been treated prperly.
In sme cases, it’s nt s much the treatment f the animals n set in the studi that has activists wrried; it’s the ff-set training and living cnditins that are raising cncerns. And there are questins abut the films made utside the States, which smetimes are nt mnitred as clsely as prductins filmed in the Sates.241
27. What can we infer frm the last paragraph abut animal actrs?
A. They may be badly treated.
B. They shuld take further training.
C. They culd be traded illegally
D. They wuld lse ppularity.
【答案】27.A
【文章大意】本文是一篇新闻报道。短文报道了电影“猩球崛起”上个月首次与公众见面。动物爱好者聚集在好莱坞前，感谢电影制作者，在电影拍摄时，没有使用真的类人猿。现在的动物拍摄使用的是数字化人猿的创造技术，而一些电影的拍摄却存在着虐待动物的现象，这让一个非盈利的组织密切关注此事。但有些拍摄也是不能够被监测到的。
27.推理判断题。根据最后一段In sme cases, it’s nt s much the treatment f the animals n set in the studi that has activists wrried; it’s the ff-set training and living cnditins that are raising cncerns. And there are questins abut the films made utside the States, which smetimes are nt mnitred as clsely as prductins filmed in the Sates.”（在某些情况下，让活动人士担心的并不是电影棚里对动物的待遇;让人担忧的是训练和生活条件。还有一些关于在美国以外拍摄的电影的问题，这些电影有时不像在美国拍摄的电影那样受到严密的监控。）可知，在某些情况下，让活动人士担心的并不是工作室里动物的待遇;令人担忧的是训练和生活条件。由此判断出动物演员可能受到虐待。故选A项。
22.B【2022·全国高考乙卷】
In 1916, tw girls f wealthy families, best friends frm Auburn, N. Y.—Drthy Wdruff and Rsamnd Underwd—traveled t a settlement in the Rcky Muntains t teach in a ne-rm schlhuse. The girls had gne t Smith Cllege. They wre expensive clthes. S fr them t mve t Elkhead, Cl. t instruct the children whse shes were held tgether with string was a surprise. Their stay in Elkhead is the subject f Nthing Daunted: The Unexpected Educatin f Tw Sciety Girls in the West by Drthy Wickenden, wh is a magazine editr and Drthy Wdruff’s granddaughter.
Why did they g then? Well, they wanted t d smething useful. Sn, hwever, they realized what they had undertaken.
They mved in with a lcal family, the Harrisns, and, like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket f snw n their quilt when they wke up in the mrning. Sme mrnings, Rsamnd and Drthy wuld arrive at the schlhuse t find the children weeping frm the cld. In spring, the snw was replaced by mud ver ice.
In Wickenden’s bk, she expanded n the histry f the West and als n feminism, which f curse influenced the girls’ decisin t g t Elkhead. A hair-raising sectin cncerns the building f the railrads, which entailed (牵涉) drilling thrugh the Rckies, ften in blinding snwstrms. The bk ends with Rsamnd and Drthy’s return t Auburn.
Wickenden is a very gd stryteller. The sweep f the land and the sticism (坚忍) f the peple mve her t sme beautiful writing. Here is a picture f Drthy Wdruff, n her hrse, lking dwn frm a hill tp: “When the sun slipped behind the muntains, it shed a rsy glw all arund them. Then a full mn rse. The snw was marked nly by small animals: fxes, cytes, mice, and varying hares, which turned white in the winter.”
7. What is the text?
A. A news reprt.B. A bk review.C. A children’s stry.D. A diary entry.
【答案】7. B
【解析】本文是一篇书评。本文简要介绍了Drthy Wickenden的书籍并对其进行了评价。
7. B推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The bk ends with Rsamnd and Drthy’s return t Auburn.(这本书以Rsamnd和Drthy回到奥本结束。)”以及最后一段“Wickenden is a very gd stryteller. The sweep f the land and the sticism f the peple mve her t sme beautiful writing.( Wickenden是个很好的讲故事的人。大地的辽阔和人们的坚忍使她创作出了一些美丽的作品。)”可知，本文简要介绍了Wickenden的书籍内容，并对其进行了评价，所以文本是一篇书评。故选B项。
23.C【2019·全国I】
As data and identity theft becmes mre and mre cmmn, the market is grwing fr bimetric(生物测量)technlgies—like fingerprint scans—t keep thers ut f private e-spaces. At present, these technlgies are still expensive, thugh.
Researchers frm Gergia Tech say that they have cme up with a lw-cst device(装置)that gets arund this prblem: a smart keybard. This smart keybard precisely measures the cadence(节奏)with which ne types and the pressure fingers apply t each key. The keybard culd ffer a strng layer f security by analyzing things like the frce f a user's typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique t each persn. Thus, the keybard can determine peple's identities, and by extensin, whether they shuld be given access t the cmputer it's cnnected t—regardless f whether smene gets the passwrd right.
It als desn't require a new type f technlgy that peple aren't already familiar with. Everybdy uses a keybard and everybdy types differently.
In a study describing the technlgy, the researchers had 100 vlunteers type the wrd “tuch”fur times using the smart keybard. Data cllected frm the device culd be used t recgnize different participants based n hw they typed, with very lw errr rates. The researchers say that the keybard shuld be pretty straightfrward t cmmercialize and is mstly made f inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hpes t make it t market in the near future.
31. Where is this text mst likely frm?
A. A diary.B. A guidebkC. A nvel.D. A magazine.
【答案】 31. D
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。目前，数据和身份盗窃变得越来越普遍，指纹扫描等这些技术仍然是昂贵的。本文介绍了一种新的科技——智能键盘，这项技术通过记录用户的打字习惯来识别主人，为网络空间用户保护隐私。
31. D 推理判断题。本文介绍了一种新的科技——智能键盘，它能给e-space用户带来安全，由此可知，本文是科技说明文，结合所给选项可知，本文可能来自于一本科研杂志上。故选D。
24.B【2022·全国高考乙卷】
In 1916, tw girls f wealthy families, best friends frm Auburn, N. Y.—Drthy Wdruff and Rsamnd Underwd—traveled t a settlement in the Rcky Muntains t teach in a ne-rm schlhuse. The girls had gne t Smith Cllege. They wre expensive clthes. S fr them t mve t Elkhead, Cl. t instruct the children whse shes were held tgether with string was a surprise. Their stay in Elkhead is the subject f Nthing Daunted: The Unexpected Educatin f Tw Sciety Girls in the West by Drthy Wickenden, wh is a magazine editr and Drthy Wdruff’s granddaughter.
Why did they g then? Well, they wanted t d smething useful. Sn, hwever, they realized what they had undertaken.
They mved in with a lcal family, the Harrisns, and, like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket f snw n their quilt when they wke up in the mrning. Sme mrnings, Rsamnd and Drthy wuld arrive at the schlhuse t find the children weeping frm the cld. In spring, the snw was replaced by mud ver ice.
In Wickenden’s bk, she expanded n the histry f the West and als n feminism, which f curse influenced the girls’ decisin t g t Elkhead. A hair-raising sectin cncerns the building f the railrads, which entailed (牵涉) drilling thrugh the Rckies, ften in blinding snwstrms. The bk ends with Rsamnd and Drthy’s return t Auburn.
Wickenden is a very gd stryteller. The sweep f the land and the sticism (坚忍) f the peple mve her t sme beautiful writing. Here is a picture f Drthy Wdruff, n her hrse, lking dwn frm a hill tp: “When the sun slipped behind the muntains, it shed a rsy glw all arund them. Then a full mn rse. The snw was marked nly by small animals: fxes, cytes, mice, and varying hares, which turned white in the winter.”
4. Why did Drthy and Rsamnd g t the Rcky Muntains?
A. T teach in a schl.B. T study American histry.
C. T write a bk.D. T d sightseeing.
5. What can we learn abut the girls frm paragraph 3?
A. They enjyed much respect.B. They had a rm with a bathtub.
C. They lived with the lcal kids.D. They suffered severe hardships.
6. Which part f Wickenden’s writing is hair-raising?
A. The extreme climate f Auburn.B. The living cnditins in Elkhead.
C. The railrad building in the Rckies.D. The natural beauty f the West.
7. What is the text?
A. A news reprt.B. A bk review.C. A children’s stry.D. A diary entry.
【答案】4. A 5. D 6. C 7. B
【解析】本文是一篇书评。本文简要介绍了Drthy Wickenden的书籍并对其进行了评价。
4. A细节理解题。根据第一段“In 1916, tw girls f wealthy families, best friends frm Auburn, Wdruff and Rsamnd Underwd -traveled t a settlement in the Rcky Muntains t teach in a ne-rm schlhuse. (1916年，来自纽约奥本市的两个富裕家庭的女孩——Drthy Wdruff和Rsamnd Underwd——来到落基山脉的一个定居点，在一间只有一个房间的学校教书。)”可知，Drthy和Rsamnd去落基山脉是为了去学校里教书。故选A。
5. D推理判断题。根据第三段“They mved in with a lcal family, the Harrisns, and like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket f snw n their quilt when they wke up in the mrning.(他们和一个当地家庭，哈里森一家一起搬进去，和他们一样，几乎没有隐私，很少洗澡，早上醒来时被子上覆盖着一层雪。)”以及“In spring, the snw was replaced by mud ver ice.(在春天，雪被泥替代覆盖在冰上。)”可知，女孩们的生活条件非常艰苦，她们饱受磨难。故选D项。
6. C细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“A hair-raising sectin cncerns the building f the railrads, which entailed drilling thrugh the Rckies, ften in blinding snwstrms.(令人毛骨悚然的一段与铁路建设有关，这涉及到在令人眩目的暴风雪中钻穿落基山脉。)”可知，Wickenden的作品中涉及落基山脉的铁路建设这一部分是令人毛骨悚然的。故选C项。
7. B推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The bk ends with Rsamnd and Drthy’s return t Auburn.(这本书以Rsamnd和Drthy回到奥本结束。)”以及最后一段“Wickenden is a very gd stryteller. The sweep f the land and the sticism f the peple mve her t sme beautiful writing.( Wickenden是个很好的讲故事的人。大地的辽阔和人们的坚忍使她创作出了一些美丽的作品。)”可知，本文简要介绍了Wickenden的书籍内容，并对其进行了评价，所以文本是一篇书评。故选B项。
25.A【2021·英语全国甲卷】
A Take a view, the Landscape（风景）Phtgrapher f the Year Award, was the idea f Charlie Waite, ne f tday's mst respected landscape phtgraphers.Each year, the high standard f entries has shwn that the Awards are the perfect platfrm t shwcase the very best phtgraphy f the British landscape.Take a view is a desirable annual cmpetitin fr phtgraphers frm all cmers f the UK and beynd.
3．Where can the text be fund?
A．In a histry bk.B．In a nvel.C．In an art magazine.D．In a bigraphy.
【答案】3．C
【解析】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了摄影比赛Take a view以及获奖的相关情况。
3．推理判断题。根据第一段“Each year, the high standard f entries has shwn that the Awards are the perfect platfrm t shwcase the very best phtgraphy f the British landscape. Take a view is a desirable annual cmpetitin fr phtgraphers frm all cmers f the UK and beynd.”（每年参赛作品的高水准表明，该奖项是展示英国风景最佳摄影作品的完美平台。 对于英国和世界各地的摄影师来说，Take a view是一项令人向往的年度竞赛 ）结合下文对两位获奖者及其作品的介绍，可知这篇文章主要介绍了摄影比赛Take a view以及获奖的相关情况，最可能出现在一本艺术杂志上。故选C。
26.【2022年1月普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（浙江卷）】
The United States rse t glbal pwer n the strength f its technlgy, and the lifebld that technlgy has lng been electricity. By prviding lng-distance cmmunicatin and energy, electricity created the mdem wrld. Yet prperly understd, the age f electricity is merely the secnd stage in the age f steam, which began a century earlier.
"It is curius that n ne has put tgether a histry f bth the steam and electric revlutins." writes Maury Klein in his bk The Pwer Makers, Steam, Electricity, and the Men Invented Mdem America. Klein, a nted histrian f technlgy, spins a narrative s lively that at times it reads like a nvel.
The stry begins in the last years f the 18th century in Sctland, where Watt perfected "the machine that changed the wrld". Klein writes, "America did nt invent the steam engine, but nce they grasped its passwrds they put it t mre uses than anyne else. "
Meanwhile, ver the curse f 19th century, electricity went frm mere curisity t a basic necessity. Mrse invented a cde fr sending messages ver an electrmagnetic circuit. Bell then gave the telegraph a vice. Edisn perfected an incandescent bulls that brught electric light int the American hme.
Mst imprtantly, Edisn realized that success depended n mass electrificatin, which he shwed in New Yrk City. With help frm Tesla, Westinghuse's firm develped a system using alternating current, which sn became the majr frms f pwer delivery.
T frame his stry, Klein creates the character f Ned, a fictinal witness t the prgress brught abut by the steams and electric revlutins in America during ne man's lifetime. It's a technique that helps turn a lng narrative int an interesting ne.
4．What is Klein's understanding f the age f electricity?
A．It is clsely linked t the steam age.
B．It began earlier than prper thught.
C．It is a little-studied perid f histry.
D．It will cme t an end sner r later.
5．What can be inferred abut Ned?
A．He was brn in New Yrk City.B．He wrte many increasing stries,
C．He created an electricity cmpany.D．He lived mainly in the 19th century.
6．What is the text?
A．A bigraphy.B．A bk review.C．A shrt stry.D．A science reprt.
【答案】4．A5．D6．C
【解析】本文是说明文。文章按照时间顺序讲述了蒸汽时代和电力时代的联系。
4．推理判断题。根据第二段“It is curius that n ne has put tgether a histry f bth the steam and electric revlutins.”（我很好奇，竟然没有人把蒸汽和电力革命的历史放在一起。）可知，在Klein看来，电力时代和蒸汽时代是有很紧密的联系的。故选A。
5．推理判断题。根据最后一段“T frame his stry, Klein creates the character f Ned, a fictinal witness t the prgress brught abut by the steams and electric revlutins in America during ne man's lifetime.”（为了编织他的故事，Klein创造了一个人物Ned，它是对美国蒸汽和电力革命在一个人的整个人生中的进程的神奇的见证。）和第四段“Meanwhile, ver the curse f 19th century, electricity went frm mere curisity t a basic necessity.”（同时，在19世纪，电力从好奇变成了根需。）可知，Ned见证了蒸汽时代和电力革命，所以他应该是生活在19世纪。故选D。
6．推理判断题。根据第三段“The stry begins in the last years f the 18th century in Sctland”（这个故事开始于苏格兰18世纪最后几年）可知，这篇文章是一篇小故事。故选C。
27.C【2019·全国I】
As data and identity theft becmes mre and mre cmmn, the market is grwing fr bimetric(生物测量)technlgies—like fingerprint scans—t keep thers ut f private e-spaces. At present, these technlgies are still expensive, thugh.
Researchers frm Gergia Tech say that they have cme up with a lw-cst device(装置)that gets arund this prblem: a smart keybard. This smart keybard precisely measures the cadence(节奏)with which ne types and the pressure fingers apply t each key. The keybard culd ffer a strng layer f security by analyzing things like the frce f a user's typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique t each persn. Thus, the keybard can determine peple's identities, and by extensin, whether they shuld be given access t the cmputer it's cnnected t—regardless f whether smene gets the passwrd right.
It als desn't require a new type f technlgy that peple aren't already familiar with. Everybdy uses a keybard and everybdy types differently.
In a study describing the technlgy, the researchers had 100 vlunteers type the wrd “tuch”fur times using the smart keybard. Data cllected frm the device culd be used t recgnize different participants based n hw they typed, with very lw errr rates. The researchers say that the keybard shuld be pretty straightfrward t cmmercialize and is mstly made f inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hpes t make it t market in the near future.
31. Where is this text mst likely frm?
A. A diary.B. A guidebkC. A nvel.D. A magazine.
【答案】 31. D
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。目前，数据和身份盗窃变得越来越普遍，指纹扫描等这些技术仍然是昂贵的。本文介绍了一种新的科技——智能键盘，这项技术通过记录用户的打字习惯来识别主人，为网络空间用户保护隐私。
31. D 推理判断题。本文介绍了一种新的科技——智能键盘，它能给e-space用户带来安全，由此可知，本文是科技说明文，结合所给选项可知，本文可能来自于一本科研杂志上。故选D。
28.（2018﹒新课标全国卷Ⅱ，B）
Many f us lve July because it’s the mnth when nature’s berries and stne fruits are in abundance. These clurful and sweet jewels frm British Clumbia’s fields are little pwerhuses f nutritinal prtectin.
Of the cmmn berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, althugh, because f their seeds, raspberries cntain a little mre prtein (蛋白质), irn and zinc (nt that fruits have much prtein). Blueberries are particularly high in antixidants (抗氧化物质). The yellw and range stne fruits such as peaches are high in the cartenids we turn int vitamin A and which are antixidants. As fr cherries (樱桃), they are s delicius wh cares? Hwever, they are rich in vitamin C.
When cmbined with berries f slices f ther fruits, frzen bananas make an excellent base fr thick, cling fruit shakes and lw fat “ice cream”. Fr this purpse, select ripe bananas fr freezing as they are much sweeter. Remve the skin and place them in plastic bags r cntainers and freeze. If yu like, a squeeze f fresh lemn juice n the bananas will prevent them turning brwn. Frzen bananas will last several weeks, depending n their ripeness and the temperature f the freezer.
If yu have a juicer, yu can simply feed in frzen bananas and sme berries r sliced fruit. Out cmes a “sft-serve” creamy dessert, t be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity fr a children’s party; they lve feeding the fruit and frzen bananas int the tp f the machine and watching the ice cream cme ut belw.
27. Frm which is the text prbably taken?
A. A bilgy textbk. B. A health magazine.
C. A research paper. D. A travel brchure.
【文章大意】本文是一篇日常生活类说明文。文中讲述了人们热爱水果丰盛的7月，这时候各种水果营养丰富且含有对人体有益的微量元素，尤其是香蕉。我们可以利用它做一些孩子喜欢的甜点或冰淇淋。
27.B【解析】文章出处题。文章首先指出七月是水果盛产的季节，并指出各种水果富含的营养，最后一段指出我们可以用a juicer为孩子们做一些甜点和冰激凌，故最可能是从健康杂志上摘取的文章。故选B。
29.[2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷]
D
As cities balln with grwth, access t nature fr peple living in urban areas is becming harder t find. If yu’re lucky, there might be a pcket park near where yu live, but it’s unusual t find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has fund health and wellness benefits f nature fr humans, but a new study shws that wildness in urban areas is extremely imprtant fr human well-being.
The research team fcused n a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-gers, asking them t submit a written summary nline f a meaningful interactin they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissins, cding (编码) experiences int different categries. Fr example, ne participant’s experience f “We sat and listened t the waves at the beach fr a while” was assigned the categries “sitting at beach” and “listening t waves”.
Acrss the 320 submissins, a pattern f categries the researchers call a“nature language” began t emerge. After the cding f all submissins, half a dzen categries were nted mst ften as imprtant t visitrs. These include encuntering wildlife, walking alng the edge f water, and fllwing an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps peple recgnize and take part in the activities that are mst satisfying and meaningful t them. Fr example, the experience f walking alng the edge f water might be satisfying fr a yung prfessinal n a weekend hike in the park. Back dwntwn during a wrkday, they can enjy a mre dmestic frm f this interactin by walking alng a funtain n their lunch break.
“We’re trying t generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactins back int ur daily lives. And fr that t happen, we als need t prtect nature s that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senir authr f the study.
( )32.What phenmenn des the authr describe at the beginning f the text?
A.Pcket parks are nw ppular.
B.Wild nature is hard t find in cities.
C.Many cities are verppulated.
D.Peple enjy living clse t nature.
【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了城市化进程使得人类与自然的接触逐渐减少,尤其是在城市中找到原生态环境的机会越来越少,而研究表明城市中的原生态环境对人类的健康和幸福感极为重要。
32.B 细节理解题。根据第一段中“As cities balln with grwth, access t nature fr peple living in urban areas is becming harder t find.”和“…it’s unusual t find places in a city that are relatively wild.”可知,随着城市迅猛发展,城市居民与自然环境的接触逐渐减少,在城市里找到相对天然的地方是罕见的。故文章开头描述的现象是在城市里很难找到原生态的大自然。故选B项。
【同义句表达】选项is hard t find in cities→it’s unusual t find places in a city
30.[2023·全国乙卷]
C
What cmes int yur mind when yu think f British fd? Prbably fish and chips, r a Sunday dinner f meat and tw vegetables. But is British fd really s uninteresting? Even thugh Britain has a reputatin fr less-than-impressive cuisine, it is prducing mre tp class chefs wh appear frequently n ur televisin screens and whse recipe bks frequently tp the best seller lists.
It’s thanks t these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britns are turning away frm meat-and-tw-veg and ready-made meals and becming mre adventurus in their cking habits. It is recently reprted that the number f thse sticking t a traditinal diet is slwly declining and arund half f Britain’s cnsumers wuld like t change r imprve their cking in sme way. There has been a rise in the number f students applying fr fd curses at UK universities and clleges. It seems that TV prgrammes have helped change what peple think abut cking.
Accrding t a new study frm market analysts, 1 in 5 Britns say that watching ckery prgrammes n TV has encuraged them t try different fd. Almst ne third say they nw use a wider variety f ingredients(配料) than they used t, and just under 1 in 4 say they nw buy better quality ingredients than befre. One in fur adults say that TV chefs have made them much mre cnfident abut expanding their ckery knwledge and skills, and yung peple are als getting mre interested in cking. The UK’s bsessin(痴迷) with fd is reflected thrugh televisin scheduling. Ckery shws and dcumentaries abut fd are bradcast mre ften than befre. With an increasing number f male chefs n TV, it?s n lnger “uncl” fr bys t like cking.
( )28.What d peple usually think f British fd?
A.It is simple and plain.
B.It is rich in nutritin.
C.It lacks authentic tastes.
D.It deserves a high reputatin.
( )29.Which best describes ckery prgrammes n British TV?
A.Authritative.
B.Creative.
C.Prfitable.
D.Influential.
【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文,介绍了英国的电视烹饪节目对英国人的饮食习惯产生了巨大的影响,很多人开始摆脱过去的饮食习惯,而且它也改变了人们对烹饪的看法。
28.A 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Prbably fish and chips, r a Sunday dinner f meat and tw vegetables.But is British fd really s uninteresting? Even thugh Britain has a reputatin fr less-than-impressive cuisine…”可知,提到英国食物人们想到的可能是炸鱼薯条,或者是周日的肉和两种蔬菜晚餐。人们通常认为英国食物不太让人感兴趣,给人的印象不那么深刻,即简单和普通。故选A项。
29.D 推理判断题。根据第二段中“It?s thanks t these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britns are turning away frm meat-and-tw-veg and ready-made meals and becming mre adventurus in their cking habits.”及“It seems that TV prgrammes have helped change what peple think abut cking.”可知,电视烹饪节目上的厨师们让英国人远离传统的“一荤两素”和现成餐食,并开始在烹饪习惯上变得更加冒险,电视节目似乎帮助改变了人们对烹饪的看法。由此可推知,英国电视上的烹饪节目很有影响力。故选D项。
31.（2022·新高考全国II）We jurnalists live in a new age f strytelling, with many new multimedia tls. Many yung peple dn’t even realize it’s new. Fr them, it’s just nrmal.
This hit hme fr me as I was sitting with my 2-year-ld grandsn n a sfa ver the Spring Festival hliday. I had brught a children’s bk t read. It had simple wrds and clrful pictures — a perfect match fr his age.
Picture this: my grandsn sitting n my lap as I hld the bk in frnt s he can see the pictures. As I read, he reaches ut and pkes (戳) the page with his finger.
What’s up with that? He just likes the pictures, I thught. Then I turned the page and cntinued. He pked the page even harder. I nearly drpped the bk. I was cnfused: Is there smething wrng with this kid?
Then I realized what was happening. He was actually a stranger t bks. His father frequently amused the by with a tablet cmputer which was laded with clrful pictures that cme alive when yu pke them. He thught my strybk was like that.
Srry, kid. This bk is nt part f yur high-tech wrld. It’s an utdated, lifeless thing. An antique, like yur grandfather. Well, I may be ld, but I’m nt hpelessly challenged, digitally speaking. I edit vide and prduce audi. I use mbile payment. I’ve even built websites.
There’s ne ntable gap in my new-media experience, hwever: I’ve spent little time in frnt f a camera, since I have a face made fr radi. But that didn’t stp China Daily frm asking me last week t share a persnal stry fr a vide prject abut the integratin f Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei prvince.
Anyway, grandpa is nw an internet star — tw minutes f fame! I prmise nt t let it g t my head. But I will make sure my 2-year-ld grandsn sees it n his tablet.
1. What d the underlined wrds “hit hme fr me” mean in paragraph 2?
A. Prvided shelter fr me.B. Became very clear t me.
C. Tk the pressure ff me.D. Wrked quite well n me.
2. Why did the kid pke the strybk?
A. He tk it fr a tablet cmputer.B. He disliked the clrful pictures.
C. He was angry with his grandpa.D. He wanted t read it by himself.
3. What des the authr think f himself?
A. Scially ambitius.B. Physically attractive.
C. Financially independent.D. Digitally cmpetent.
4. What can we learn abut the authr as a jurnalist?
A. He lacks experience in his jb.B. He seldm appears n televisin.
C. He manages a vide department.D. He ften interviews internet stars.
【答案与解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者曾经是一名记者，在春节期间，作者给孙子拿了一本儿童读物，孙子却以为是平板电脑，不停地戳书。
1. 词句猜测题。根据第一段“We jurnalists live in a new age f strytelling, with many new multimedia tls. Many yung peple dn’t even realize it’s new. Fr them, it’s just nrmal.”以及画线词后文“as I was sitting with my 2-year-ld grandsn n a sfa ver the Spring Festival hliday.”可知，作者是记者，生活在一个讲故事的新时代，有许多新的多媒体工具。许多年轻人甚至没有意识到它是新的。对他们来说，这很正常。而这在春节假期，作者和两岁的孙子坐在沙发上，尤其清楚认识到了这一点。故画线词意思是“我很清楚”。故选B。
2. 细节理解题。根据第五段中“He was actually a stranger t bks. His father frequently amused the by with a tablet cmputer which was laded with clrful pictures that cme alive when yu pke them. He thught my strybk was like that.(事实上，他对书本并不熟悉。他的父亲经常用一台装有彩色图片的平板电脑逗他开心，当你戳它们的时候，这些图片就会变得栩栩如生。他认为我的故事书就是那样的)”可知，那孩子戳故事书是因为他把它当成了平板电脑。故选A。
3. 细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中“Well, I may be ld, but I’m nt hpelessly challenged, digitally speaking. I edit vide and prduce audi. I use mbile payment. I’ve even built websites. (我可能老了，但从数字角度来说，我还没有毫无希望的挑战。我编辑视频，制作音频。我用移动支付。我甚至建立了网站)”可知，作者认为自己懂数码技术。故选D。
4. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“There’s ne ntable gap in my new-media experience, hwever: I’ve spent little time in frnt f a camera, since I have a face made fr radi.(然而，在我的新媒体体验中有一个明显的差距：我很少在镜头前呆着，因为我的脸是为电台而生的)”可知，作者作为记者他很少上电视。故选B。
32.2021年新高考I卷之D篇
Ppularizatin has in sme cases changed the riginal meaning f emtinal (情感的) intellingence. Many peple nw misunderstand emtinal intelligence as almst everything desirable in a persn's makeup that cannt be measured by an IQ test, such as character, mtivatin, cnfidence, mental stability, ptimism and “peple skills.” Research has shwn that emtinal skills may cntribute t sme f these qualities, but mst f them mve far beynd skill-based emtinal intelligence.
We prefer t describe emtinal intelligence as a specific set f skills that can be used fr either gd r bad purpses. The ability t accurately understand hw thers are feeling may be used by a dctr t find hw best t help her patients, while a cheater might use it t cntrl ptential victims. Being emtinally intelligent des nt necessarily make ne a mral persn.
Althugh ppular beliefs regarding emtinal intelligence run far ahead f what research can reasnably supprt, the verall effects f the publicity have been mre beneficial than harmful. The mst psitive aspect f this ppularizatin is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) n emtin by emplyers, educatrs and thers interested in prmting scial well-being. The ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence has helped bth the public and researchers re-evaluate the functinality f emtins and hw they serve peple adaptively in everyday life.
Althugh the cntinuing ppular appeal f emtinal intelligence is desirable, we hpe that such attentin will excite a greater interest in the scientific and schlarly study f emtin. It is ur hpe that in cming decades, advances in science will ffer new perspectives (视角) frm which t study hw peple manage their lives. Emtinal intelligence, with its fcus n bth head and heart, may serve t pint us in the right directin.
34. What is the authr’s attitude t the ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence?
A. Favrable.B. Intlerant.
C. Dubtful.D. Unclear.
【答案】34. A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了情商的定义以及对有关于情商未来研究的期望。
推理判断题。通过文章第三段“the verall effects f the publicity have been mre beneficial than harmful. …The ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence has helped bth the public and researchers (宣传的总体效果一直是利大于弊。这种普及最积极的方面是雇主、教育者和其他对促进社会福利感兴趣的人对情感进行了新的、迫切需要的强调。情商的普及帮助了公众和研究人员)”可推知，作者认为情商普及是对人们有利的。故选A项。
33.【2020·全国I】
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shws, while mst likely cntributing t fewer injuries. It des, hwever, have its wn prblem.
Race walkers are cnditined athletes. The lngest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilmeter race walk, which is abut five miles lnger than the marathn. But the sprt’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight thrugh mst f the leg swing and ne ft remain in cntact (接触) with the grund at all times. It’s this strange frm that makes race walking such an attractive activity, hwever, says Jaclyn Nrberg, an assistant prfessr f exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says, Accrding t mst calculatins, race walkers mving at a pace f six miles per hur wuld burn abut 800 calries(卡路里) per hur, which is apprximately twice as many as they wuld burn walking, althugh fewer than running, which wuld prbably burn abut 1,000 r mre calries per hur.
Hwever, race walking des nt pund the bdy as much as running des, Dr. Nrberg says. Accrding t her research, runners hit the grund with as much as fur times their bdy weight per step, while race walkers, wh d nt leave the grund, create nly abut 1.4 times their bdy weight with each step.
As a result, she says, sme f the injuries assciated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncmmn amng race walkers. But the sprt’s strange frm des place cnsiderable stress n the ankles and hips, s peple with a histry f such injuries might want t be cautius in adpting the sprt. In fact, anyne wishing t try race walking shuld prbably first cnsult a cach r experienced racer t learn prper technique, she says. It takes sme practice.306
Which wrd best describes the authr’s attitude t race walking?
A．Skeptical.B．Objective.
C．Tlerant.D．Cnservative.
【答案】B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了竞走相比跑步有诸多的优势，但是之前受过伤的人，要想从事这样运动要谨慎，最好咨询专家的建议。
推理判断题。根据第一段“Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shws, while mst likely cntributing t fewer injuries. It des, hwever, have its wn prblem.”可知，研究表明，竞走和跑步一样有很多健身益处，而且它还很少导致受伤。不过，它也有自己的问题。由此判断出作者对于竞走的态度是客观的。故选B项。
34.2021年新高考I卷之D篇
Ppularizatin has in sme cases changed the riginal meaning f emtinal (情感的) intellingence. Many peple nw misunderstand emtinal intelligence as almst everything desirable in a persn's makeup that cannt be measured by an IQ test, such as character, mtivatin, cnfidence, mental stability, ptimism and “peple skills.” Research has shwn that emtinal skills may cntribute t sme f these qualities, but mst f them mve far beynd skill-based emtinal intelligence.
We prefer t describe emtinal intelligence as a specific set f skills that can be used fr either gd r bad purpses. The ability t accurately understand hw thers are feeling may be used by a dctr t find hw best t help her patients, while a cheater might use it t cntrl ptential victims. Being emtinally intelligent des nt necessarily make ne a mral persn.
Althugh ppular beliefs regarding emtinal intelligence run far ahead f what research can reasnably supprt, the verall effects f the publicity have been mre beneficial than harmful. The mst psitive aspect f this ppularizatin is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) n emtin by emplyers, educatrs and thers interested in prmting scial well-being. The ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence has helped bth the public and researchers re-evaluate the functinality f emtins and hw they serve peple adaptively in everyday life.
Althugh the cntinuing ppular appeal f emtinal intelligence is desirable, we hpe that such attentin will excite a greater interest in the scientific and schlarly study f emtin. It is ur hpe that in cming decades, advances in science will ffer new perspectives (视角) frm which t study hw peple manage their lives. Emtinal intelligence, with its fcus n bth head and heart, may serve t pint us in the right directin.
32. What is a cmmn misunderstanding f emtinal intelligence?
A. It can be measured by an IQ test.B. It helps t exercise a persn’s mind.
C. It includes a set f emtinal skills.D. It refers t a persn’s psitive qualities.
33. Why des the authr mentin “dctr” and “cheater” in paragraph 2?
A. T explain a rule.B. T clarify a cncept.
C. T present a fact.D. T make a predictin.
34. What is the authr’s attitude t the ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence?
A. Favrable.B. Intlerant.
C. Dubtful.D. Unclear.
35. What des the last paragraph mainly talk abut cncerning emtinal intelligence?
A. Its appeal t the public.B. Expectatins fr future studies.
C. Its practical applicatin.D. Scientists with new perspectives.
【答案】32. D 33. B 34. A 35. B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了情商的定义以及对有关于情商未来研究的期望。
32.细节理解题。通过文章第一段“Research has shwn that emtinal skills may cntribute t sme f these qualities (研究表明，情商技巧可能有助于这些品质的形成)”可知，情商指的并不是一个人的积极品质。故选D项。
33.推理判断题。通过文章第二段“The ability t accurately understand hw thers are feeling may be used by a dctr t find hw best t help her patients, while a cheater might use it t cntrl ptential victims. (医生可能利用这种准确理解他人感受的能力来找到最好的帮助病人的方法，而骗子可能利用这种能力来控制潜在的受害者)”可推知，作者在文章第二段中提到“医生”和“骗子”是举例子来阐明下文的观点——情商高并不一定能使一个人成为有道德的人。故选B项。
34.推理判断题。通过文章第三段“the verall effects f the publicity have been mre beneficial than harmful. …The ppularizatin f emtinal intelligence has helped bth the public and researchers (宣传的总体效果一直是利大于弊。这种普及最积极的方面是雇主、教育者和其他对促进社会福利感兴趣的人对情感进行了新的、迫切需要的强调。情商的普及帮助了公众和研究人员)”可推知，作者认为情商普及是对人们有利的。故选A项。
35.推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“we hpe that such attentin will excite a greater interest in the scientific and schlarly study f emtin. It is ur hpe that in cming decades, advances in science will ffer new perspectives frm which t study hw peple manage their lives. (我们希望这种关注将激发人们对情感科学和学术研究的更大兴趣。我们希望在未来的几十年里，科学的进步将为研究人们如何管理自己的生活提供新的视角)”可推知，本段主要谈了对未来关于情商研究的期望。故选B项。
35.2020年新课标Ⅰ卷之C篇
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shws, while mst likely cntributing t fewer injuries. It des, hwever, have its wn prblem.
Race walkers are cnditined athletes. The lngest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilmeter race walk, which is abut five miles lnger than the marathn. But the sprt’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight thrugh mst f the leg swing and ne ft remain in cntact (接触) with the grund at all times. It’s this strange frm that makes race walking such an attractive activity, hwever, says Jaclyn Nrberg, an assistant prfessr f exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says, Accrding t mst calculatins, race walkers mving at a pace f six miles per hur wuld burn abut 800 calries(卡路里) per hur, which is apprximately twice as many as they wuld burn walking, althugh fewer than running, which wuld prbably burn abut 1,000 r mre calries per hur.
Hwever, race walking des nt pund the bdy as much as running des, Dr. Nrberg says. Accrding t her research, runners hit the grund with as much as fur times their bdy weight per step, while race walkers, wh d nt leave the grund, create nly abut 1.4 times their bdy weight with each step.
As a result, she says, sme f the injuries assciated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncmmn amng race walkers. But the sprt’s strange frm des place cnsiderable stress n the ankles and hips, s peple with a histry f such injuries might want t be cautius in adpting the sprt. In fact, anyne wishing t try race walking shuld prbably first cnsult a cach r experienced racer t learn prper technique, she says. It takes sme practice.
28. Why are race walkers cnditined athletes?
A. They must run lng distances.
B. They are qualified fr the marathn.
C. They have t fllw special rules.
D. They are gd at swinging their legs.
29. What advantage des race walking have ver running?
A. It’s mre ppular at the Olympics.
B. It’s less challenging physically.
C. It’s mre effective in bdy building.
D. It’s less likely t cause knee injuries.
30. What is Dr. Nrberg’s suggestin fr smene trying race walking?
A. Getting experts’ pinins.
B. Having a medical checkup.
C. Hiring an experienced cach.
D. Ding regular exercises.
31. Which wrd best describes the authr’s attitude t race walking?
A. Skeptical.B. Objective.
C. Tlerant.D. Cnservative.
【答案】28. C 29. D 30. A 31. B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了竞走相比跑步有诸多的优势，但是之前受过伤的人，要想从事这样运动要谨慎，最好咨询专家的建议。
28.细节理解题。根据第二段“But the sprt’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight thrugh mst f the leg swing and ne ft remain in cntact with the grund at all times.”可知，但这项运动的规则要求竞走者的膝盖在摆动腿的大部分时间保持伸直，一只脚始终与地面接触。由此可知，竞走运动员是需要具备某些条件的运动员是因为运动员需要遵守特殊的规则。故选C项。
29.细节理解题。根据最后一段“As a result, she says, sme f the injuries assciated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncmmn amng race walkers.”可知，一些与跑步有关的损伤，比如跑步者的膝盖，在竞走者中并不常见。由此可知，竞走与跑步相比的优势是不太可能导致膝盖受伤。故选D项。
30.细节理解题。根据最后一段Dr. Nrberg说的话“In fact, anyne wishing t try race walking shuld prbably first cnsult a cach r experienced racer t learn prper technique(事实上，任何想尝试竞走的人都应该首先咨询教练或有经验的竞走运动员，学习适当的技巧。)”可知，Dr. Nrberg建议想尝试竞走的人征询专家的建议。故选A项。
31.推理判断题。根据第一段“Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shws, while mst likely cntributing t fewer injuries. It des, hwever, have its wn prblem.”可知，研究表明，竞走和跑步一样有很多健身益处，而且它还很少导致受伤。不过，它也有自己的问题。由此判断出作者对于竞走的态度是客观的。故选B项。
36.【2023年1月·浙江卷】C
A machine can nw nt nly beat yu at chess, it can als utperfrm yu in debate. Last week, in a public debate in San Francisc, a sftware prgram called Prject Debater beat its human ppnents, including Na Ovadia, Israel’s frmer natinal debating champin.
Brilliant thugh it is, Prject Debater has sme weaknesses. It takes sentences frm its library f dcuments and prebuilt arguments and strings them tgether. This can lead t the kinds f errrs n human wuld make. Such wrinkles will n dubt be irned ut, yet they als pint t a fundamental prblem. As Kristian Hammnd, prfessr f electrical engineering and cmputer science at Nrthwestern University, put it: “There’s never a stage at which the system knws what it’s talking abut.”
What Hammnd is referring t is the questin f meaning, and meaning is central t what distinguishes the least intelligent f humans frm the mst intelligent f machines. A cmputer wrks with symbls. Its prgram specifies a set f rules t transfrm ne string f symbls int anther. But it des nt specify what thse symbls mean. Indeed, t a cmputer, meaning is irrelevant. Humans, in thinking, talking, reading and writing, als wrk with symbls. But fr humans, meaning is everything. When we cmmunicate, we cmmunicate meaning. What matters is nt just the utside f a string f symbls, but the inside t, nt just hw they are arranged but what they mean.
Meaning emerges thrugh a prcess f scial interactin, nt f cmputatin, interactin that shapes the cntent f the symbls in ur heads. The rules that assign meaning lie nt just inside ur heads, but als utside, in sciety, in scial memry, scial cnventins and scial relatins. It is this that distinguishes humans frm machines. And that’s why, hwever astnishing Prject Debater may seem, the traditin that began with Scrates and Cnfucius will nt end with artificial intelligence.
28．Why des the authr mentin Na Ovadia in the first paragraph?
A．T explain the use f a sftware prgram.
B．T shw the cleverness f Prject Debater.
C．T intrduce the designer f Prject Debater.
D．T emphasize the fairness f the cmpetitin.
【答案】28．B
【文章大意】本文是一篇新闻报道，主要介绍的是在辩论中战胜人类的名为Prject Debater的软件程序。
28．推理判断题。根据第一段的“Last week, in a public debate in San Francisc, a sftware prgram called Prject Debater beat its human ppnents, including Na Ovadia, Israel’s frmer natinal debating champin.(上周，在旧金山的一场公开辩论中，一个名为Prject Debater的软件程序击败了它的人类对手，其中包括以色列前全国辩论冠军Na Ovadia。)”可知，作者在第一段提到Na Ovadia的目的是展示Prject Debater的聪明。故选B。
37.【2023年1月·浙江卷】D
Accrding t the Slar Energy Industry Assciatin, the number f slar panels installed(安装)has grwn rapidly in the past decade, and it has t grw even faster t meet climate gals. But all f that grwth will take up a lt f space, and thugh mre and mre peple accept the cncept f slar energy, few like large slar panels t be installed near them.
Slar develpers want t put up panels as quickly and cheaply as pssible, s they haven’t given much thught t what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stnes and using chemicals t cntrl weeds. The result is that many cmmunities, especially in farming regins, see slar farms as destryers f the sil.
“Slar prjects need t be gd neighbrs,” says Jrdan Macknick, the head f the Innvative Site Preparatin and Impact Reductins n the Envirnment(InSPIRE)prject. “They need t be prtectrs f the land and cntribute t the agricultural ecnmy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical appraches t “lw-impact” slar develpment, which fcuses n establishing and perating slar farms in a way that is kinder t the land. One f the easiest lw-impact slar strategies is prviding habitat fr pllinatrs(传粉昆虫).
Habitat lss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pllinatr ppulatins ver the past cuple f decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural ecnmy. Over 28 states have passed laws related t pllinatr habitat prtectin and pesticide use. Cnservatin rganizatins put ut pllinatr-friendliness guidelines fr hme gardens, businesses, schls, cities—and nw there are guidelines fr slar farms.
Over the past few years, many slar farm develpers have transfrmed the space under their slar panels int a shelter fr varius kinds f pllinatrs, resulting in sil imprvement and carbn reductin. “These pllinatr-friendly slar farms can have a valuable impact n everything that’s ging n in the landscape,” says Macknick.
34．What is the purpse f the laws mentined in paragraph 4?
A．T cnserve pllinatrs.B．T restrict slar develpment.
C．T diversify the ecnmy.D．T ensure the supply f energy.
【答案】 34．A
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。介绍的是用一种更加友好的方式建立一种新型的太阳能农场，这种新型的农场更有利于保护各种传粉昆虫，从而促进农业的发展。
34．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Over 28 states have passed laws related t pllinatr habitat prtectin and pesticide use.(超过28个州通过了与传粉媒介栖息地保护和农药使用有关的法律。)”可知，这些法律都是与保护传粉者栖息地和农药使用相关，所以这些法律的目的是保护授粉者。故选A项。
38.[2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷]
C
The gal f this bk is t make the case fr digital minimalism, including a detailed explratin f what it asks and why it wrks, and then t teach yu hw t adpt this philsphy if yu decide it’s right fr yu.
T d s, I divided the bk int tw parts. In part ne, I describe the philsphical fundatins f digital minimalism, starting with an examinatin f the frces that are making s many peple’s digital lives increasingly intlerable,befre mving n t a detailed discussin f the digital minimalism philsphy.
Part ne cncludes by intrducing my suggested methd fr adpting this philsphy: the digital declutter. This prcess requires yu t step away frm ptinal nline activities fr thirty days. At the end f the thirty days, yu will then add back a small number f carefully chsen nline activities that yu believe will prvide massive benefits t the things yu value.
In the final chapter f part ne, I’ll guide yu thrugh carrying ut yur wn digital declutter. In ding s, I’ll draw n an experiment I ran in 2018 in which ver 1,600 peple agreed t perfrm a digital declutter. Yu’ll hear these participants’ stries and learn what strategies wrked well fr them, and what traps they encuntered that yu shuld avid.
The secnd part f this bk takes a clser lk at sme ideas that will help yu cultivate(培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the imprtance f slitude(独处) and the necessity f cultivating high-quality leisure t replace the time mst nw spend n mindless device use. Each chapter cncludes with a cllectin f practices, which are designed t help yu act n the big ideas f the chapter. Yu can view these practices as a tlbx meant t aid yur effrts t build a minimalist lifestyle that wrks fr yur particular circumstances.
( )28.What is the bk aimed at?
A.Teaching critical thinking skills.
B.Advcating a simple digital lifestyle.
C.Slving philsphical prblems.
D.Prmting the use f a digital device.
【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一本有关数字极简主义的书的具体内容。
28.B 推理判断题。根据第一段“The gal f this bk is t make the case fr digital minimalism, including a detailed explratin f what it asks and why it wrks, and then t teach yu hw t adpt this philsphy if yu decide it’s right fr yu.”可知,这本书的目标是为数字极简主义辩护,包括详细探索它的要求和为什么有效,然后如果你认为它适合你,教你如何采用这种哲学,即这本书旨在倡导一种数字极简生活方式。
39.[2023·全国甲卷]
C
I was abut 13 when an uncle gave me a cpy f Jstein Gaarder’s Sphie’s Wrld. It was full f ideas that were new t me, s I spent the summer with my head in and ut f that bk. It spke t me and brught me int a wrld f philsphy(哲学).
That lve fr philsphy lasted until I gt t cllege. Nthing kills the lve fr philsphy faster than peple wh think they understand Fucault, Baudrillard, r Cnfucius better than yu—and then try t explain them.
Eric Weiner’s The Scrates Express: In Search f Life Lessns frm Dead Philsphers reawakened my lve fr philsphy. It is nt an explanatin, but an invitatin t think and experience philsphy.
Weiner starts each chapter with a scene n a train ride between cities and then frames each philspher’s wrk in the cntext(背景) f ne thing they can help us d better. The end result is a read in which we learn t wnder like Scrates, see like Threau, listen like Schpenhauer, and have n regrets like Nietzsche. This, mre than a bk abut understanding philsphy,is a bk abut learning t use philsphy t imprve a life.
He makes philsphical thught an appealing exercise that imprves the quality f ur experiences, and he des s with plenty f humur. Weiner enters int cnversatin with sme f the mst imprtant philsphers in histry, and he becmes part f that crwd in the prcess by decding(解读) their messages and adding his wn interpretatin.
The Scrates Express is a fun, sharp bk that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thughts n desire, lneliness, and aging. The invitatin is clear: Weiner wants yu t pick up a cffee r tea and sit dwn with this bk. I encurage yu t take his ffer. It’s wrth yur time, even if time is smething we dn’t have a lt f.
( )29.Why des the authr list great philsphers in Paragraph 4?
A.T cmpare Weiner with them.
B.T give examples f great wrks.
C.T praise their writing skills.
D.T help readers understand Weiner’s bk.
【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。作者向读者介绍了Eric Weiner的哲学书The Scrates Express。
29.D 推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Weiner starts each chapter with a scene n a train ride between cities and then frames each philspher’s wrk in the cntext(背景) f ne thing they can help us d better. The end result is a read in which we learn t wnder like Scrates, see like Threau, listen like Schpenhauer, and have n regrets like Nietzsche. This, mre than a bk abut understanding philsphy, is a bk abut learning t use philsphy t imprve a life.”可知,韦纳书中的每一章都以城市之间的火车旅行场景开始,然后他介绍每个哲学家的作品和一件他们可以帮助我们做得更好的事情。最终的结果是,我们学会了像苏格拉底一样思考,像梭罗一样看待事情,像叔本华一样倾听,像尼采那样没有遗憾。这不仅仅是一本关于理解哲学的书,更是一本关于学习使用哲学来改善生活的书。由此可推知,作者列出伟大的哲学家是为了帮助读者理解Weiner的书。故选D。
40.[2023·全国乙卷]
D
If yu want t tell the histry f the whle wrld, a histry that des nt privilege ne part f humanity, yu cannt d it thrugh texts alne, because nly sme f the wrld has ever had texts, while mst f the wrld, fr mst f the time, has nt. Writing is ne f humanity’s later achievements,and until fairly recently even many literate(有文字的) scieties recrded their cncerns nt nly in writing but in things.
Ideally a histry wuld bring tgether texts and bjects, and sme chapters f this bk are able t d just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example f this between literate and nn-literate histry is perhaps the first cnflict, at Btany Bay, between Captain Ck’s vyage and the Australian Abriginals. Frm the English side, we have scientific reprts and the captain’s recrd f that terrible day. Frm the Australian side, we have nly a wden shield(盾) drpped by a man in flight after his first experience f gunsht. If we want t recnstruct what was actually ging n that day, the shield must be questined and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reprts.
In additin t the prblem f miscmprehensin frm bth sides, there are victries accidentally r deliberately twisted, especially when nly the victrs knw hw t write. Thse wh are n the lsing side ften have nly their things t tell their stries. The Caribbean Tain, the Australian Abriginals, the African peple f Benin and the Incas, all f whm appear in this bk, can speak t us nw f their past achievements mst pwerfully thrugh the bjects they made:a histry tld thrugh things gives them back a vice. When we cnsider cntact (联系) between literate and nn-literate scieties such as these, all ur first-hand accunts are necessarily twisted, nly ne half f a dialgue. If we are t find the ther half f that cnversatin, we have t read nt just the texts,but the bjects.
( )33.What des the authr indicate by mentining Captain Ck in Paragraph 2?
A.His reprt was scientific.
B.He represented the lcal peple.
C.He ruled ver Btany Bay.
D.His recrd was ne-sided.
【文章大意】 本文出自一本书的节选,探讨了历史记录中文本与物品之间的关系,指出仅凭文本无法全面记录历史,文章提到了物品记录历史的重要性,它在提供双方信息平衡方面具有重要意义。
33.D 推理判断题。根据第二段中“Frm the English side, we have scientific reprts and the captain?s recrd f that terrible day. Frm the Australian side, we have nly a wden shield(盾)drpped by a man in flight after his first experience f gunsht.”可知,从英国方面,我们有科学报告和船长对那个可怕的日子的记录。从澳洲方面,我们只有一个被一个人在初次经历了枪击后逃跑时扔下的木盾。由此可推知,作者在第二段提及库克船长是为了说明他的记录只是单方面的。故选D项。
41.B【2022·新高考I卷】
Like mst f us, I try t be mindful f fd that ges t waste. The arugula (芝麻菜)was t make a nice green salad, runding ut a rast chicken dinner. But I ended up wrking late. Then friends called with a dinner invitatin. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even wrse, I had unthinkingly bught way t much; I culd have made six salads with what I threw ut.
In a wrld where nearly 800 millin peple a year g hungry, “fd waste ges against the mral grain,” as Elizabeth Ryte writes in this mnth’s cver stry. It’s jaw-drpping hw much perfectly gd fd is thrwn away — frm “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grcers t large amunts f uneaten dishes thrwn int restaurant garbage cans.
Prducing fd that n ne eats wastes the water, fuel, and ther resurces used t grw it. That makes fd waste an envirnmental prblem. In fact, Ryte writes, “if fd waste were a cuntry, it wuld be the third largest prducer f greenhuse gases in the wrld.”
If that’s hard t understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back f my refrigeratr. Mike Curtin sees my arugula stry all the time — but fr him, it's mre like 12 bnes f dnated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO f DC Central Kitchen in Washingtn, D.C., which recvers fd and turns it int healthy meals. Last year it recvered mre than 807,500 punds f fd by taking dnatins and cllecting blemished (有瑕疵的) prduce that therwise wuld have rtted in fields. And the strawberries? Vlunteers will wash, cut, and freeze r dry them fr use in meals dwn the rad.
Such methds seem bvius, yet s ften we just dn’t think. “Everyne can play a part in reducing waste, whether by nt purchasing mre fd than necessary in yur weekly shpping r by asking restaurants t nt include the side dish yu wn’t eat,” Curtin says.
4. What des the authr want t shw by telling the arugula stry?
A. We pay little attentin t fd waste.B. We waste fd unintentinally at times.
C. We waste mre vegetables than meat.D. We have gd reasns fr wasting fd.
【答案】4. B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了我们日常生活中的食物浪费现象以及华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官科廷为解决食物浪费而采取的努力。
4. B推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的“Like mst f us, I try t be mindful f fd that ges t waste.(像我们大多数人一样，我努力关注那些被浪费的食物)”及“But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even wrse, I had unthinkingly bught way t much; culd have made six salads with what I threw ut.(但随着时间的推移，芝麻菜变坏了。更糟糕的是，我不假思索地买了太多东西；我扔掉的东西可以做六份沙拉)”可推知，作者想通过讲述芝麻菜的故事来表明我们有时会无意间浪费食物。故选B。
42. C【2020·全国新高考I山东卷】
In the mid-1990s, Tm Bissell taught English as a vlunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven mnths, physically brken and having lst his mind. A few years later, still attracted t the cuntry, he returned t Uzbekistan t write an article abut the disappearance f the Aral Sea.
His visit, hwever, ended up invlving a lt mre than that. Hence this bk, Chasing the Sea: Lst Amng the Ghsts f Empire in Central Asia, which talks abut a rad trip frm Tashkent t Karakalpakstan, where millins f lives have been destryed by the slw drying up f the sea. It is the stry f an American travelling t a strange land, and f the peple he meets n his way: Rustam, his translatr, a lvely 24-year-ld wh picked up his clrful English in Califrnia, Oleg and Natasha, his hsts in Tashkent, and a string f freign aid wrkers.
This is a quick lk at life in Uzbekistan, made f friendliness and warmth, but als its darker side f sciety. In Samarkand, Mr Bissell admires the architectural wnders, while n his way t Bukhara he gets a taste f plice methds when suspected f drug dealing. In Ferghana, he attends a muntain funeral(葬礼)fllwed by a strange drinking party. And in Karakalpakstan, he is saddened by the dust strms, diseases and fishing bats stuck miles frm the sea.
Mr Bissell skillfully rganizes histrical insights and cultural references, making his tale a well-runded picture f Uzbekistan, seen frm Western eyes. His judgment and references are decidedly American, as well as his delicate stmach. As the authr explains, this is neither a travel nr a histry bk, r even a piece f reprtage. Whatever it is, the result is a fine and vivid descriptin f the purest f Central Asian traditins.
11．What is the purpse f this text?
A．T intrduce a bk.B．T explain a cultural phenmenn.
C．T remember a writer.D．T recmmend a travel destinatin.
【答案】11．A
【解析】本文是记叙文。文章讲述了Bissell写的《追逐大海:迷失在中亚帝国的幽灵》这本书。这本书是Bissell在乌兹别克斯坦做志愿者后写的，是对乌兹别克斯坦人生活的一个快速观察。
11．推理判断题。文章第一段提到书的作者的乌兹别克斯坦之行，引出他写的书，接下来三段讲述了他的书《追逐大海:迷失在中亚帝国的幽灵》的故事内容，是乌兹别克斯坦生活的一个快速观察。因此推断本文的写作目的是介绍一本书。故选A。
43.【2020·全国新课标III】
We are the prducts f evlutin, and nt just evlutin that ccurred billins f years ag. As scientists lk deeper int ur genes (基因), they are finding examples f human evlutin in just the past few thusand years. Peple in Ethipian highlands have adapted t living at high altitudes. Cattle -raising peple in East Africa and nrthern Eurpe have gained a mutatin (突变) that helps them digest milk as adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team f researchers reprted a new kind f adaptatin - nt t air r t fd, but t the cean. A grup f sea-dwelling peple in Sutheast Asia have evlved int better divers. The Bajau, as these peple are knwn, number in the hundreds f thusands in Indnesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditinally lived n husebats; in recent times, they've als built huses n stilts (支柱) in castal waters. “They are simply a stranger t the land," said Redney C. Jubilad, a University f Hawaii researcher wh studies the Bajau.
Dr. Jubilad first met the Bajau while grwing up n Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing r harvesting shellfish. "We were s amazed that they culd stay underwater much lnger than us lcal islanders," Dr. Jubilad said. “I culd see them actually walking under the sea."
In201, Melissa Ilard, then a graduate student in genetics at the University f Cpenhagen, heard abut the Bajau. She wndered if centuries f diving culd have led t the evlutin f physical characteristics that made the task easier fr them. “it seemed like the perfect chance fr natural selectin t act n a ppulatin," said Dr. Ilard. She als said there were likely a number f ther genes that help the Bajau dive.299
32. What des the authr want t tell us by the examples in paragraph 1?
A. Envirnmental adaptatin f cattle raisers.
B. New knwledge f human evlutin.
C. Recent findings f human rigin.
D. Significance f fd selectin.
【答案】32.B
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。最近一项对人类基因的研究发现，人类的进化不仅仅发生在数十亿年前，而且最近几千年也有。Bajau人因为靠海为生，他们的身体已经进化成更能适应海洋生活。
32.推理判断题。根据第一段的we are the prducts f evlutin, and nt just evlutin that ccurred billins f years ag. As scientists lk deeper int ur genes, they are finding examples f human evlutin in just the past few thusand years.(我们是进化的产物，而且不仅仅是数十亿年前的产物。当科学家更深入的研究我们的基因时，他们发现了人类在过去几千年进化的例子)可知，作者列举第一段的例子是为了告诉我们关于人类进化的一个新信息，那就是人类在最近几千年也在进化。B. New knwledge f human evlutin.(人类进化的新知识)符合以上说法，故选B项。
44.【四川省宜宾市2021届普2021届高三“一诊”】
On Mnday, abut 270 pilt whales gt int difficulty n a sandbank at Macquarie Heads, near Strahan n Tasmania’s west cast, abut 190 kilmetres frm Hbart. Anther 200 f the animals were fund early n Wednesday, making it Tasmania’s largest recrded stranding event. The Department f Primary Industry, Parks, Water and Envirnment (DPIPWE) said that abut a third had died.
Marine bilgists arrived in the area t carry ut rescue peratins. They planned t use specialized equipment such as special tarpaulins t push the whales back int the deep water. The lcal plice als assisted in the rescue.
The whales that were stranded are Pilt Whales, and they are fund in almst all the ceans f the wrld, accrding t the Marine cnservatin grup. Pilt whales are in fact ne f the largest members f the dlphin family, but they are treated as whales fr the Marine Mammals Prtectin Regulatins issued in 1992.They were named pilt whales because it was thught that each pd fllwed a ‘pilt’ in the grup.
Cetacean stranding, cmmnly knwn as beaching, is a phenmenn in which whales and dlphins strand themselves n land, usually n a beach. Several explanatins fr why cetaceans strand themselves have been prpsed, including changes in water temperatures, unusual features f whales’ ech lcatin in certain surrundings, and gemagnetic disturbances, but nne have s far been universally accepted as a definitive reasn fr the behavir.
In recent years, whale strandings have becme mre frequent arund the wrld. In Nvember 2018, a dead sperm whale that had washed ashre in eastern Indnesia cnsumed a hrrifying cllectin f plastic trash, including 115 drinking cups, 25 plastic bags, plastic bttles, tw flip-flps and a bag cntaining mre than 1,000 pieces f string. In all, the plastic cntents f the whale’s stmach weighed 13.2 pund (six kilgrams). The bags are black due t a reactin with the creature’s stmach acids, accrding t Thai Whales rganizatin. A persn, n average, breathes r swallws at least 74,000 micrscpic particles f plastic each year.
1．Hw many whales died accrding t DPIPWE?
A．Abut 160.B．Abut 200.C．Abut 270.D．Abut 470.
2．What des the underlined wrd “stranding” mean in Paragraph 1?
A．Being put int danger.
B．Being trapped in truble.
C．Being fund in extinctin.
D．Being left r driven ashre.
3．What des the authr want t tell us by the numbers in Paragraph 5?
A．Whales mistake plastics fr fd.
B．Whales need the ability f self-prtectin.
C．Whales’ living cnditins are wrsening.
D．Whales have an excellent digestive system.
4．What will be discussed prbably fllwing the last paragraph?
A．Prtective measures fr whales.
B．The reasns fr whale stranding.
C．Studying whales’ stmach deeply.
D．Researching the ceans’ ecsystem.
【答案】1．A2．D3．C4．A
【文章大意】这是一篇新闻报道。文章讲述了星期一，大约270头领航鲸在麦格理海兹的沙洲上搁浅了。
1．细节理解题。由第一段“On Mnday, abut 270 pilt whales gt int difficulty n a sandbank at Macquarie Heads, near Strahan n Tasmania’s west cast, abut 190 kilmetres frm Hbart. Anther 200 f the animals were fund early n Wednesday, making it Tasmania’s largest recrded stranding event. The Department f Primary Industry, Parks, Water and Envirnment (DPIPWE) said that abut a third had died.”（星期一，大约270头领航鲸在麦格理海兹的沙洲上遇到了麻烦，这里靠近塔斯马尼亚州西海岸的斯特拉汉，距离霍巴特大约190公里。周三早些时候又发现了200只这种动物，这是塔斯马尼亚有记录以来最大的鲸搁浅事件。DPIPWE说，大约三分之一的鲸已经死亡。）可知总共有470头鲸搁浅，三分之一的鲸已经死亡，说明157头鲸死亡,即大约有160头。故选A项。
2．词句猜测题。由第二段中的“Marine bilgists arrived in the area t carry ut rescue peratins. They planned t use specialized equipment such as special tarpaulins t push the whales back int the deep water.”（海洋生物学家抵达该地区展开营救行动。他们计划使用特殊的设备，如特殊的防水布将鲸鱼推回到深水中。）可知海洋生物学家要把鲸鱼推回到深水中，说明这些鲸鱼在岸上搁浅了，stranding在此处意为“被留在或者被驱赶上岸”。故选D项。
3．推理判断题。由第五段中的“In Nvember 2018, a dead sperm whale that had washed ashre in eastern Indnesia cnsumed a hrrifying cllectin f plastic trash, including 115 drinking cups, 25 plastic bags, plastic bttles, tw flip-flps and a bag cntaining mre than 1,000 pieces f string. In all, the plastic cntents f the whale’s stmach weighed 13.2 pund (six kilgrams).”（2018年11月，一头在印尼东部被冲上岸的死抹香鲸吃掉了一堆骇人听闻的塑料垃圾，包括115个饮水杯、25个塑料袋、塑料瓶、两个人字拖和一个装有1000多条细绳的袋子。总的来说，鲸鱼胃中的塑料物质重13.2磅（6公斤）。）可知这头鲸鱼吃了很多的塑料垃圾，作者想通过第五段中的数字告诉我们鲸鱼的生存条件正在恶化。故选C项。
4．推理判断题。由第五段中的“In recent years, whale strandings have becme mre frequent arund the wrld. In Nvember 2018, a dead sperm whale that had washed ashre in eastern Indnesia cnsumed a hrrifying cllectin f plastic trash, including 115 drinking cups, 25 plastic bags, plastic bttles, tw flip-flps and a bag cntaining mre than 1,000 pieces f string. In all, the plastic cntents f the whale’s stmach weighed 13.2 pund (six kilgrams). The bags are black due t a reactin with the creature’s stmach acids, accrding t Thai Whales rganizatin.”（近年来，鲸鱼搁浅在世界各地变得越来越频繁。2018年11月，一头在印尼东部被冲上岸的死抹香鲸吃掉了一堆骇人听闻的塑料垃圾，包括115个饮水杯、25个塑料袋、塑料瓶、两个人字拖和一个装有1000多条细绳的袋子。总的来说，鲸鱼胃中的塑料物质重13.2磅（6公斤）。根据泰国鲸鱼组织的说法，这些袋子是黑色的，这是因为它们与胃酸发生反应。）可知搁浅鲸鱼越来越多，有些还吃了很多的塑料垃圾，鲸鱼的生存环境不好，导致鲸鱼死亡，接下来应该谈保护鲸鱼的措施。故选A项。
45.【2023·广东省华附、省实、广雅、深中四校联考】
One f the mst imprtant changes cities must make t imprve life in them is t separate peple frm their cars. Even when yu have a strng public transprt system in mving peple between ppulatin hubs, the last mile - that sectin between the railway statin and smene’s hme, fr example - can lead t car use if it’s cnsidered t far r t dangerus t walk.
The idea f a lw-traffic neighburhd (LTN) - where cars are banned frm quieter ‘rat runs’ (偏僻小路) t keep them n the majr rutes - has taken ff in parts f the UK. LTNs attempt t filter ut cars frm residential streets using bllards, camera-cntrlled gates r even planters full f flwers placed acrss the rad, while pedestrians, cyclists and emergency vehicles can still pass.
Analysis fr the active transprt charity Sustrans fund that “driving a mile n a minr urban rad is twice as likely t kill r seriusly injure a child pedestrian, and three times mre likely t kill r seriusly injure a child cyclist, cmpared t driving a mile n an urban A-rad,” and that heavy car traffic in residential areas can lead t a rise in scial islatin. LTNs reduce this danger, leading t a three-fld reductin in injuries, and have been shwn t increase the number f visitrs t lcal businesses.
Als ppular are e-scter hire trials, which are taking place in twns and cities including Middlesbrugh, Bristl and Chelmsfrd. The trials see gaggles f electric scters available t be picked up frm street crners. The scters are hired using an app and then, nce they’re finished with, parked elsewhere inside the trial area, where they’re cllected and recharged by the hiring cmpany. A Department f Transprt reprt n e-scter use fund they were “widely perceived t have envirnmental and cnvenience benefits,” but suffered frm cmparisns t children’s tys.
But that’s nt all. The wrld’s first hub fr demnstrating electric air taxis and drnes pened in Cventry earlier this year. The taxis and drnes based at the hub all take ff and land vertically like helicpters and are being used t travel shrt jurneys r deliver carg.
Weaning us ff ur car addictin is ne f the mre difficult barriers standing between us and healthier cities. The first step that needs t be taken will be t tackle the dminance f the car.
1．What can we learn frm Paragraph 1?
A．Peple are cnsidered reliant n cars t travel.
B．Public transprt system still needs imprvement.
C．Pllutin frm cars has an impact n peple’s life quality.
D．Residential areas are usually far away frm the railway statin.
2．What d we knw abut the idea f an LTN?
A．It’s a way t encurage scial interactin and lcal business.
B．It’s a series f measures t reserve the streets t walking residents.
C．It’s a system that emplys high technlgy t keep cars n the main rads.
D．It’s a practice prved effective in keeping children safe frm traffic accidents.
3．What’s the structure f the text?
P=Paragraph
A．B．
C．D．
4．What’s the purpse f the text?
A．T call n readers t cnstruct a healthier city.
B．T prmte the latest develpments in car alternatives.
C．T intrduce pssible ways t get rid f dependence n cars.
D．T infrm citizens f technlgical advances t tackle scial prblems.
【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．C
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章指出人们过于依赖汽车，这不利于健康城市的建设，因此需要解除对汽车的依赖，并提出三个措施。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段第一句“One f the mst imprtant changes cities must make t imprve life in them is t separate peple frm their cars. (为了改善城市的生活，城市必须做出的最重要的改变之一就是将人们与汽车分开。)”可知，改善城市生活最重要的改变就是将人们与汽车分开，可见人们出行对汽车很依赖。故选A项。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Analysis fr the active transprt charity Sustrans fund that “driving a mile n a minr urban rad is twice as likely t kill r seriusly injure a child pedestrian, and three times mre likely t kill r seriusly injure a child cyclist, cmpared t driving a mile n an urban A-rad,” and that heavy car traffic in residential areas can lead t a rise in scial islatin. LTNs reduce this danger, leading t a three-fld reductin in injuries, and have been shwn t increase the number f visitrs t lcal businesses. (积极交通慈善机构Sustrans进行的分析发现，“与在城市一级道路上行驶一英里相比，在城市次要道路上行驶一英里，导致儿童行人死亡或严重受伤的可能性是前者的两倍，而导致儿童骑自行车者死亡或严重伤害的可能性是前者的三倍”，居民区的汽车交通拥挤可能会导致社会孤立的加剧。LTN减少了这一危险，导致受伤人数减少了三倍，并已表明增加了当地企业的游客数量。)”可知，LTN使得在次要道路上因交通工具导致的儿童重伤和死亡人数减少，因此它被证实是使孩子远离交通事故的有效措施。故选D项。
3．推理判断题。根据第一段第一句“One f the mst imprtant changes cities must make t imprve life in them is t separate peple frm their cars. (为了改善城市的生活，城市必须做出的最重要的改变之一就是将人们与汽车分开。)”可知，改善城市生活最重要的改变就是将人们与汽车分开，可见人们出行对汽车很依赖，本文旨在解决这个问题；根据第二段第一句“The idea f a lw-traffic neighburhd (LTN) - where cars are banned frm quieter ‘rat runs’ (偏僻小路) t keep them n the majr rutes - has taken ff in parts f the UK. (低交通量社区（LTN）的想法已经在英国部分地区流行起来。在这里，汽车被禁止在较安静的“老鼠跑道”上行驶，以保证它们在主干道上行驶。)”，第四段第一句“Als ppular are e-scter hire trials, which are taking place in twns and cities including Middlesbrugh, Bristl and Chelmsfrd. (试行电子滑板车租赁也很受欢迎，目前正在米德尔斯堡、布里斯托尔和切尔姆斯福德等城镇进行。)”和第五段第一二句“But that’s nt all. The wrld’s first hub fr demnstrating electric air taxis and drnes pened in Cventry earlier this year. (但这还不是全部。今年早些时候，世界上第一个演示电动空中出租车和无人机的中心在考文垂开始营业。)”可知，二，四，五段分别提出一种措施；根据第三段最后一句“LTNs reduce this danger, leading t a three-fld reductin in injuries, and have been shwn t increase the number f visitrs t lcal businesses. (LTN减少了这一危险，导致受伤人数减少了三倍，并已表明增加了当地企业的游客数量。)”可知，第三段延续第二段，继续讨论LTN。因此文章结构应该是总分总，第一段总起介绍，第二三段讨论措施一，第四段讨论措施二，第五段讨论措施三，第六段总结。故选B项。
4．推理判断题。根据本文最后一段“Weaning us ff ur car addictin is ne f the mre difficult barriers standing between us and healthier cities. The first step that needs t be taken will be t tackle the dminance f the car. (让我们摆脱对汽车的依赖是我们与更健康的城市之间更困难的障碍之一。需要采取的第一步是解决汽车的主导地位。)”可知，文章最后作者再次强调要摆脱对汽车的依赖，而前文几段也提出了三种措施，故可推测本文作者旨在介绍解除汽车依赖的措施。故选C项。Mike Shepherd(2011)
Skiddaw in Winter
Cumbria, England
It was an extremely cld winter's evening and freezing fg hung in the air. I climbed t the tp f a small rise and realised that the mist was little mre than a few feet deep, and thugh it was nly a shrt climb, I fund myself cmpletely abve it and lking at a wnderfully clear view f Skiddaw with the sum setting in the west. I used classical techniques, translated frm my cllege days spent in the darkrm int Phtshp, t achieve the black—and—white image（图像）.
Timthy Smith(2014)
Macclesfield Frest
Cheshire, England
I was back in my hme twn f Macclesfield t take sme winter images. Walking up a path thrugh the frest twards Shutlingsle. a lcal high pint, I came acrss a small clearing and immediately nticed the dead yellw grasses set against the fresh snw. The small pine added t the interest and I placed it centrally t take the view frm the fregrund right thrugh int the frest.