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压轴题04 阅读理解CD篇（动物、植物类）-2024年高考英语压轴题专项训练（新高考通用）
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一、在复习语言点的时候，要依据语言的横向组合和纵向聚合，按照“点—线—面”顺序，构建知识网络环境。
二、多做高考题，少扣模拟题
1、时间的把控。
2、总结一下各部分的得分情况，了解自己的强弱项。
3、留意出题点，揣摩不同内容出题人的着眼点在哪里，做到知己知彼。
三、多攻词汇表，少记课外词
四、写作。研究高考写作命题话题范围，根据测试的频度和交际场景的生活化程度进行分类。
压轴题04 阅读理解C、D篇
说明文基本规律及解题要领
高考中科普类阅读理解一般不给标题，反而经常要求考生选择最佳标题。说明文一般采用如下四部分：
首段：一般即是文章的主题段，开门见山点明新发明或研究对象。
背景: 交代问题的现状或研究的起因。
主干: 部分介绍研究所取得的突破，作者往往会详细介绍研究对象、研究方法、研究理论或具体的实验、统计等过程。
结尾: 通常会再次对中心进行概括、重述研究成果、预计的市场未来等与主题呼应。
二、说明文的解题技巧
1. 运用语篇结构（text structure），了解文章大意
科普说明文主题鲜明、脉络清晰，行文结构模式较为固定。弄清文本结构有助于把握文章主旨和阅读重点。动物植物类文章多用描述法、问题与历史文化背景等方法，通过列数据、做对比等来说明动植物在不同的历史时期或地点, 数目的变化及原因、动植物的习性等。 结构上一般采用上述四个部分，说明手法上常使用以下说明方法：描述法（包括举例子、下定义、列数据等）、因果法、问题与对策法。
实验研究型文章一般会以实验的过程进展为线索，多用描述法、问题与对策法等方法，通过列数据、做对比等来说明新的科学研究发现及其产生的影响。
阅读时，首先用略读法快速浏览每段的首尾句，根据英语说明文思维模式特征，作者一般都会开门见山，直奔主题。结尾通常也是中心思想的概括，并与导语相呼应。因此在做主旨大意、写作意图和最佳标题等题目时，需要重点关注首尾段落里面高频复现的词汇和内容。
2. 定位标志词，分析长难句，进行逻辑推理判断
每一个问题，在原文中，都要有一个定位。然后精读，找出那个标志词或者中心句。根据题干要求，用查读法快速定位到相关段落。再利用标志词所提供的逻辑关系找到细节信息，如列数据、举例子、原因和结果等。如果句子成分复杂，有生词，也不要烦躁退缩，分析主句和从句或非谓语动词之间的关系，一些出现在术语、抽象概念、长难句前后的同义词、近义词等，都是用以理解文章的语境线索。通过这些对长句进行层层剖析，露出主干部分，就能明晰句意，弄懂作者的真实意图。
关注某人说到或推断观点态度题
某人说过的话，有时并不是题眼，但可以从侧面或某个角度来反映作者的观点，也就是作者想表达的，正确答案都是和这样的观点相一致的。要把握关键词，有感情色彩的词。
4.关注转折关系的逻辑词
说明文中常会出现表示转折意义的词，如hwever, but, yet,while等。这些词后面才是作者真正想表达的意思，常常会在此处命题。
5. 熟悉选项设置规律，关注细节
正确选项：文中内容的“同义替换”或者“归纳概括”。
干扰项：“张冠李戴”、“偷梁换柱”、“无中生有”和“以偏概全”四种类型。
04 动物、植物类
1.（23-24高三下·山东·阶段练习）
Manatees — ften called sea cws — are an anmaly in the animal kingdm. Neither predatr nr prey, these peaceable creatures, which can grw t 13 feet and weigh mre than 2,000 punds, are evlutinarily devid f aggressin. Crystal River — “Manatee Capital f the Wrld” — is the epicenter f their presence and recvery.
Yet despite sme gains, manatees still face grave threats. Three-quarters f Flrida’s 22 millin peple live alng the cast, many in prime manatee habitat, where the strain f human-presence has degraded the state’s enchanted springs, waterways, and wetlands. In Indian River Lagn, fr example, an imprtant manatee habitat alng Flrida’s densely ppulated east cast, decades f human waste, sediment frm real estate develpment, and fertilizers frm lawns and farms have cluded the water. That has killed seagrass, manatees’ main fd surce there. Mre than a thusand manatees have died in the lagn during the past tw years.
What peple dn’t understand is the need t help supprt them in waterways. That means restring seagrass beds and freshwater aquatic vegetatin, the basis f their existence and f the verall health f Flrida’s waters. Steps t reverse the damage started small. Neighbrs gathered with rakes, scping up algae by hand. Irnically, it was Save Crystal River — the grup envirnmentalists had ppsed during their fight ver the manatee’s endangered status — that spearheaded the restratin f aquatic vegetatin. With funding frm the state gvernment, Save Crystal River hired Sea& Shreline, an aquatic restratin firm, t remve the waste and replant the river bttm with eelgrass, which grws lng, ribbn like leaves.
While the prspect f replanting the entire river was daunting, after vacuuming mre than 300 millin punds f detritus and planting sme 350,000 individual eelgrass pds by hand, the grups have flipped the river back t an ecsystem n lnger dminated by algae.
Instead f spending the few shrt winter mnths in Crystal River befre heading back ut int the Gulf f Mexic t graze, sme manatees nw linger here year-rund, enjying fat times. Aerial surveys frm January 2022 revealed the highest number f manatees ever recrded in these waters — mre than a thusand in Kings Bay alne.
1．What is a feature f manatees?
A．They are gentle animals.B．They feed n small creatures.
C．They are slightly aggressive.D．They lk cute fr their shape.
2．What is the main reasn fr manatees’ decline?
A．Climate change.B．Habitat lss.
C．Lw fd supply.D．Human activities.
3．Hw did Save Crystal River help imprve manatees’ endangered situatin?
A．By remving wastes frm the river.
B．By raising funds frm the gvernment.
C．By replanting algae in the river bttm.
D．By refining manatees’ living surrundings.
4．What can we learn abut manatees frm the last paragraph?
A．They enjy the cld winter f Mexic.
B．They remain in Manatee Capital fr lng.
C．They head twards the warmer waters during winter.
D．They have the largest ppulatin ever recrded glbally.
【答案】1．A 2．D 3．D 4．B
【导语】本文是说明文。文章详细解释了海牛（被称为海牛或海牛兽）的生态环境、所面临的威胁，以及人类为了保护这种特殊动物和它们的栖息地所采取的行动。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Manatees — ften called sea cws — are an anmaly in the animal kingdm. Neither predatr nr prey, these peaceable creatures, which can grw t 13 feet and weigh mre than 2,000 punds, are evlutinarily devid f aggressin.(海牛——通常被称为海牛——是动物王国里的异类。它们既不是掠食者，也不是猎物，这些能长到13英尺长，体重超过2000磅的和平生物，在进化上没有攻击性)”可知，海牛没有攻击性，所以它们是温顺的动物。故选A项。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Three-quarters f Flrida’s 22 millin peple live alng the cast, many in prime manatee habitat, where the strain f human-presence has degraded the state’s enchanted springs, waterways, and wetlands. In Indian River Lagn, fr example, an imprtant manatee habitat alng Flrida’s densely ppulated east cast, decades f human waste, sediment frm real estate develpment, and fertilizers frm lawns and farms have cluded the water. That has killed seagrass, manatees’ main fd surce there. Mre than a thusand manatees have died in the lagn during the past tw years.(佛罗里达州2200万人口中有四分之三居住在沿海地区，其中许多人居住在主要的海牛栖息地，人类的存在已经使该州迷人的泉水、水道和湿地退化。例如，在沿佛罗里达州人口稠密的东海岸的重要海牛栖息地印第安河泻湖，几十年来人类的排泄物、房地产开发的沉积物以及草坪和农场的肥料使水变得浑浊。这杀死了海牛的主要食物来源海草。在过去的两年里，有一千多只海牛死于泻湖)”可知，海牛数量减少的主要原因是人类活动。故选D项。
3．推理判断题。第三段“Neighbrs gathered with rakes, scping up algae by hand. Irnically, it was Save Crystal River—the grup envirnmentalists had ppsed during their fight ver the manatee’s endangered status—that spearheaded the restratin f aquatic vegetatin. With funding frm the state gvernment, Save Crystal River hired Sea& Shreline, an aquatic restratin firm, t remve the waste and replant the river bttm with eelgrass, which grws lng, ribbn like leaves.(邻居们拿着耙子聚集在一起，用手铲起海藻。具有讽刺意味的是，正是“拯救水晶河”——环保主义者在为海牛的濒危地位而斗争时反对的组织——带头恢复了水生植被。在州政府的资助下，“拯救水晶河”聘请了水生修复公司“海洋与海岸线”(sea&shreline)来清除废物，并在河底重新种植大叶藻，大叶藻会长出细长的丝带状叶子)”可知，“拯救水晶河”聘请了水生修复公司来清除废物，并在河底重新种植大叶藻，大叶藻会长出细长的丝带状叶子，所以是通过改善海牛的生活环境来帮助改善海牛的濒危状况。故选D项。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Instead f spending the few shrt winter mnths in Crystal River befre heading back ut int the Gulf f Mexic t graze, sme manatees nw linger here year-rund, enjying fat times. Aerial surveys frm January 2022 revealed the highest number f manatees ever recrded in these waters—mre than a thusand in Kings Bay alne.(一些海牛不再在水晶河度过短暂的冬季，然后返回墨西哥湾吃草，而是全年在这里逗留，享受丰美的时光。从2022年1月开始的航空调查显示，这片水域的海牛数量是有史以来最多的——仅在金斯湾就有1000多头)”可知，一些海牛不再在水晶河度过短暂的冬季，然后返回墨西哥湾吃草，而是全年在这里逗留，推知他们在海牛之都待了很长时间。故选B项。
2.（2024·山西晋中·模拟预测）
Sleep-deprived human parents knw the value f a quick nap, but it turns ut chinstrap penguins have us all beat. When nesting, these Antarctic birds take fur-secnd-lng “micr- sleeps”, a strategy that allws parents t keep cnstant watch ver weak eggs and chicks, all while having 11 hurs f ttal sleep a day, accrding t a new study.
Like ther penguins, chinstrap parents take turns guarding the nest. While ne bird prtects the chicks, the partner finds fd at sea. Then the penguins trade places. Fr tw mnths between egg laying and fledging(羽化) , it’s a series f nnstp demands.
T study hw penguins manage t accmplish all this and get the necessary sleep, Lee, a leader researcher, first stuck bilggers, small battery-pwered devices, t the backs f 14 nesting penguins f bth sexes. This device functins like a smart-watch, measuring physical activity, pulse, and the cean depths f fraging birds.
Next, the team humanely arrested each f the penguins, attaching the devices temprarily int their skull t measure brain activity. When an animal is awake, the brain cnstantly buzzes with activity. During sleep, hwever, brain waves slw dwn and stretch ut. When Lee started reviewing the data, he was surprised t discver the birds, slept in fur-secnd intervals thrughut the day and night while lking after their eggs r chicks.
“In bth humans and penguins, micr-sleeps ccur during times f exhaustin, yet nesting chinstrap penguins seem t have a near-exclusive reliance n it,” Cirelli, anther scientist, says. Studying sleep in natural envirnments is difficult, s “the simple fact that they were able t recrd data in these cnditins is incredible. ”
While the data is cnvincing, Cirelli ntes that the researchers nly studied the penguins during nesting perids, making it impssible t tell if the birds micr-sleep when they’re nt parenting. The ther challenge is understanding hw micr-sleep impacts the brains and bdies f the pen-guins. Sleep deprivatin in humans causes a range f health prblems, and it’s nt clear whether penguins experience this, t.
5．When d the birds have micr-sleeps?
A．When they lay eggs.B．When they hunt fr fd.
C．When they care fr babies.D．When they exchange places.
6．What is the bilgger?
A．A charger.B．A smart-watch.
C．A sleep mnitrD．A safety alarm.
7．What des Cirelli mean in the last but ne paragraph?
A．The micr-sleep study is successful.B．Chinstrap penguins sleep mre than human.
C．The data frm the micr-sleep study is simple.D．Chinstrap penguins rely entirely n micr-sleep.
8．What is prbably cntinued with the text?
A．Effects and ccurrence f micr-sleep.B．Shrt-term strategies fr tired bird parents.
C．Prblems caused by lack f sleep in humans.D．Appraches f chinstrap penguins’ parenting.
【答案】5．C 6．C 7．D 8．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文介绍了一项新研究，发现南极栖息的带帽企鹅在孵蛋和照顾幼鸟期间会进行四秒钟的微睡，这个策略使它们能够持续看护弱小的蛋和幼仔，并每天获得11小时的总睡眠时间。
5．细节理解题。根据第一段中“When nesting, these Antarctic birds take fur-secnd-lng “micr- sleeps”, a strategy that allws parents t keep cnstant watch ver weak eggs and chicks, all while having 11 hurs f ttal sleep a day, accrding t a new study.(根据一项新的研究，这些南极鸟类在筑巢时需要4秒钟的“微睡眠”，这种策略可以让父母在每天总共有11个小时睡眠的同时，不断地照看虚弱的蛋和雏鸟。)”可知，带帽企鹅在孵蛋和照顾幼鸟期间，会进行四秒钟的微睡来保持对薄弱的蛋和幼仔的持续看护。故选C。
6．细节理解题。根据第三段中“This device functins like a smart-watch, measuring physical activity, pulse, and the cean depths f fraging birds.(这种设备的功能类似于智能手表，可以测量觅食鸟类的身体活动、脉搏和海洋深度。)”可知，bilggers 是一种小型电池供电设备，可以测量物理活动、脉搏和觅食鸟类的海洋深度，所以它是一种用于测量睡眠的监测器。故选C。
7．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中““In bth humans and penguins, micr-sleeps ccur during times f exhaustin, yet nesting chinstrap penguins seem t have a near-exclusive reliance n it,” Cirelli, anther scientist, says.(另一位科学家Cirelli说:“无论是人类还是企鹅，在疲惫的时候都会有微睡眠，但筑巢的帽带企鹅似乎几乎完全依赖微睡眠。”)”可知，Cirelli认为微睡在人类和企鹅中都是在精疲力竭时发生的，但巢穴中的带帽企鹅似乎几乎完全依赖于微睡这一点。故选D。
8．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“The ther challenge is understanding hw micr-sleep impacts the brains and bdies f the pen-guins. Sleep deprivatin in humans causes a range f health prblems, and it’s nt clear whether penguins experience this, t.(另一个挑战是了解微睡眠如何影响企鹅的大脑和身体。人类睡眠不足会导致一系列健康问题，目前尚不清楚企鹅是否也会出现这种情况。)”可知，此处提出微睡对企鹅的大脑和身体的影响。因此，文章可能会继续探讨微睡眠的作用和发生。故选A。
3.（2024·湖南娄底·一模）
The speedy lizard (蜥蜴) was mving quickly acrss the tabletp when suddenly ne ft hit a slippery spt. It just made a split-secnd adjustment as it mved nward. Afterward, its mvements, recrded with Hllywd-style mtin-capture technlgy, were played back in slw mtin.
This is the lab f Tnia Hsieh, a Temple University bilgist wh studies life n the mve. The gal f the lizard study is t use the animals as a mdel fr humans, t figure ut better ways t prevent falls amng the aged. The scientists are using tw species — the frilled dragn and the brwn basilisk — that share an unusual characteristic with humans: the ability t run n tw legs.
If the scientists can figure ut hw these lizards remain upright in different situatins, they hpe sme f the lessns can be used t guide human treatment.
The lizards run n a tabletp cvered with sandpaper except fr ne slippery spt in the middle: a square f pster bard cvered with cntact paper.
In the lab recently, the scientists filmed ne f the frilled dragns in actin and played it back at slw speed n a cmputer screen, the lizard’s mvements reduced t a series f clred dts n a gray backgrund. At the mment the lizard stepped n the cntact paper, its left ft slid t the side, and its upper bdy twisted in the ppsite directin. It barely seemed t lse its balance.
Culd sme clue in thse clred dts be used t imprve stability in lder adults? Every year, thusands f lder, adults die frm injuries sustained in falls.
The wrk is still nging, but early indicatins are that. tendns (肌腱) in the lizards’ feet play . a key rle in balance, acting as springs that cunteract (抵消) small changes in the surface. It’s a valuable first line f defense that kicks in even befre the brain has time t react, Hsieh said.
If the scientists can figure ut what factrs are mst imprtant in keeping the lizards upright, perhaps smene can wrk ut strategies t enhance thse factrs in peple.
“I think this is a great first step,” said Hsieh.
9．What made the scientists decide t cnduct the lizard study?
A．Their curisity abut running lizards.
B．Their cncern fr lizard cnservatin.
C．The characteristics f different lizards.
D．The similarity between lizards and humans.
10．Why was cntact paper used in the lizard study?
A．T recrd the lizard’s mvements.B．T prvide stability fr the lizard.
C．T make the lizard lse its balance.D．T limit the lizard’s running speed.
11．Hw des Hsieh feel abut the lizard study?
A．It’s imprtant fr lizards.B．It has been a great success.
C．It needs mre assistance.D．It shws great prmise.
12．What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A．Running like LizardsB．Learning frm Lizards
C．Keeping Yur BalanceD．Develping Yur Ptential
【答案】9．D 10．C 11．D 12．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍蜥蜴在可能跌倒的情况下仍能保持身体的平衡，人类如何防跌倒方面可以从中获得启示和借鉴。
9．细节理解题。根据第二段“The gal f the lizard study is t use the animals as a mdel fr humans, t figure ut better ways t prevent falls amng the aged. The scientists are using tw species — the frilled dragn and the brwn basilisk — that share an unusual characteristic with humans: the ability t run n tw legs. (蜥蜴研究的目的是用这种动物作为人类的模型，找出更好的方法来防止老年人跌倒。科学家们使用了两种物种——褶边龙和棕色蛇怪——它们与人类有一个不同寻常的特征：用两条腿跑步的能力)”可知，对蜥蜴奔跑的好奇心促使科学家们决定对蜥蜴进行研究。故选D。
10．推理判断题。根据第四段“The lizards run n a tabletp cvered with sandpaper except fr ne slippery spt in the middle: a square f pster bard cvered with cntact paper. (蜥蜴在一张铺着砂纸的桌面上奔跑，除了中间有一块光滑的地方：一块贴着接触纸的方形海报板)”可推知，设置一块光滑的地方是为了观看蜥蜴怎样跌倒的。故选C。
11．推理判断题。根据最后一段“ “I think this is a great first step,” said Hsieh. (“我认为这是伟大的第一步，”Hsieh说) ”可推知，Hsieh对蜥蜴的研究抱有很大的希望。故选D。
12．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其第三段“If the scientists can figure ut hw these lizards remain upright in different situatins, they hpe sme f the lessns can be used t guide human treatment.(如果科学家们能弄清楚这些蜥蜴是如何在不同的情况下保持直立的，他们希望其中的一些经验教训可以用来指导人类的治疗)”可知，文章介绍蜥蜴在可能跌倒的情况下仍能保持身体的平衡，人类可以在防跌倒方面获得启示和借鉴。由此可知，B选项“向蜥蜴学习”符合文章大意题，适合作标题。故选B。
4.（2024·山西·模拟预测）
Cruching n all furs n Widdybank Fell in Teesdale, Margaret Bradshaw, a 97-year-ld btanist, calls ut the names f sme rare plants. This part f the uplands is a seemingly empty landscape, heavily grazed (吃草) by sheep, but it hides btanical treasures that have been here fr mre than 10,000 years. Sme f the plants can’t be fund anywhere else in the UK and —until Bradshaw arrived n the scene—many were unaccunted fr.
Bradshaw is the chief caretaker f sme f the cuntry’s rarest flwers. She has spent seven decades studying the unique flra (植物群) f Teesdale, in the nrth f England. Althugh nce they were widespread in Britain, nw nly a few remain, and 28 species are threatened with extinctin.
Bradshaw has just written a 288-page bk n the subject, Teesdale’s Special Flra: Places, Plants and Peple, published as part f the Princetn Wild Guides series.The Teesdale fra is celebrated because it is a mix f alpine-arctic (高寒的) flwers and suthern Eurpean species; nwhere else in Britain d they all grw tgether.
Nw, thugh, the area’s unique features are under threat. Bradshaw has been recrding rare
plants here since the early 1950s and has witnessed great declines. Since the 1960s, plant abundance has drpped by 54%n average. Sme have essentially disappeared, such as the dwarf milkwrt, dwn by 98%, and the hary whitlw-grass, dwn by 100%.
She says, “We’ve gt varius buildings in the cuntry—Stnehenge, Durham Cathedral, and thers; if they were falling apart, there wuld be grups and mney helping stp it, because peple wuld say we can’t let this happen. “These flwers’ cmmunities are much lder, and in sme respects they are mre beautiful.
The main reasn fr the decline f these plants is an unusual ne—nt enugh sheep. The number f sheep n the areas had been reduced by half by 2000, as the uplands were generally believed t be vergrazed. Bradshaw says while sme upland areas are damaged by sheep, reducing grazing n Teesdale has been devastating. Lnger grass vershadws the delicate flwers, taking away the light they need t grw.
13．Why is the flra in Teesdale unique?
A．It is site-specific.
B．There is a bk abut it.
C．It is under strict prtectin.
D．There are many sheep feeding n it.
14．Why are sme buildings mentined in paragraph 5?
A．T recmmend ppular turist attractins.
B．T recgnize their histric value.
C．T draw attentin t the flra in Teesdale.
D．T praise the cnservatin effrts.
15．What is the main threat t the flra in Teesdale?
A．Overgrazing in upland areas.
B．Reduced sheep ppulatin.
C．Respnse t climate change.
D．Lack f enugh shadws.
16．What des the underlined wrd “devastating” in the last paragraph mean?
A．Innvative.B．Satisfying
C．ChallengingD．Destructive
【答案】13．A 14．C 15．B 16．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了97岁高龄的植物学家Margaret Bradshaw花费数十年研究英格兰北部Tees dale地区特有的植物群，然而这些植物群正面临灭绝的威胁。
13．推理判断题。根据第一段“Sme f the plants can’t be fund anywhere else in the UK (有些植物在英国其他地方是找不到的。)”及第三段中“nwhere else in Britain d they all grw tgether (在英国其他任何地方，它们都不会同时生长)”可知，该植物群的独特之处在于其仅存在于该地区。故选A。
14．推理判断题。根据文章第五段“She says, “We’ve gt varius buildings in the cuntry—Stnehenge, Durham Cathedral, and thers; if they were falling apart, there wuld be grups and mney helping stp it, because peple wuld say we can’t let this happen.” These flwers’ cmmunities are much lder, and in sme respects they are mre beautiful. ( 她说：“我们在这个国家有各种各样的建筑——巨石阵、达勒姆大教堂等等;如果他们崩溃了，就会有团体和资金来阻止它，因为人们会说我们不能让这种情况发生。”这些花卉群落更古老，在某些方面它们更美丽。)”可知，本段提到英国的一些著名建筑是为了说明如果这些建筑即将崩塌，会有团队和资金来帮助阻止这种情况的发生。而这些植物群比这些建筑更古老，却没有得到应有的关注。由此可推知，提到这些建筑物是为了引起人们对Tees dale地区植物群的关注。故选C。
15．细节理解题。根据最后一段“The main reasn fr the decline f these plants is an unusual ne—nt enugh sheep. (这些植物数量减少的主要原因是一个不寻常的原因——没有足够的羊。)”可知，Tees dale地区独特的植物群面临的主要威胁是羊的数量减少。故选B。
16．词句猜测题。根据上文“The main reasn fr the decline f these plants is an unusual ne—nt enugh sheep. The number f sheep n the areas had been reduced by half by 2000, as the uplands were generally believed t be vergrazed. (这些植物数量减少的主要原因是一个不寻常的原因——没有足够的羊。到2000年，这些地区的绵羊数量减少了一半，因为人们普遍认为这些高地被过度放牧。)”和下文“Lnger grass vershadws the delicate flwers, taking away the light they need t grw. (较长的草遮住了娇嫩的花朵，带走了它们生长所需的阳光。)” 可知，Tees dale独特的植物群面临的主要威胁是羊的数量减少。虽然一些高地地区被羊破坏了，但减少在Tees dale的放牧却具有破坏性。长长的草遮住了娇嫩的花朵，带走了它们生长所需要的光。因此，devastating意为“破坏性的”。故选D。
5.（2024高三下·海南·学业考试）
“A mth (飞蛾) t a flame” is ften used t indicate an inescapable attractin, yet it is a strange example f animal behavir that cntinues t cnfuse peple tday. Scientists have raised a number f theries ver the years t explain why. One hlds that insects flying at night are fllwing their nature t fly tward the brightest spt in their field f visin, which they mistake fr the sky. Anther suggests that insects are trying t warm themselves with the heat prduced by the light. The mst ppular thery, thugh, is that insects are cnfusing lights with the mn r ther celestial bdies (天体) that they nrmally use t navigate (导航).
T find ut the real reasn, the team carried ut a first set f experiments in an insect flight area. The researchers used eight high-speed infrared (红外线) cameras equipped with mtin-capture technlgies t track 30 insects frm three mth and tw dragnfly species. They als flew lab-raised insects frm six different insect rders that were t small fr mtin-capture technlgy, including fruit flies and hneybees, t make sure different insects all shwed similar respnses t light. Wrking with c-authr Pabl Allen f the Cuncil n Internatinal Educatinal Exchange in Mnteverde, Csta Rica, the researchers put heavy cameras, lights and tripds in tw field sites t gather behaviral data frm insects in the wild.
The team was able t cnfirm that insects were nt beelining t the light but rather circling it as they tilted (倾斜) in an attempt t turn their backs tward it. This behavir, knwn as a “drsal light respnse”, nrmally helps insects t remain in an unchanging path f flight that is prperly lined t the hrizn (地平线). Artificial light that arrives frm a pint surce causes them t fly in unpredictable patterns as they try t turn their backs t what they are mistaking fr the sky.
Nw research might have finally slved the mystery mentined first: artificial light cnfuses insects’ ability t turn themselves t the hrizn, cnfusing their sense f what is up and dwn and causing them t fly in circles.
17．Which thery abut a mth t a flame is accepted by mst peple?
A．They fllw their nature t fly.B．They are blind t artificial light.
C．They mistake artificial light fr celestial bdies.D．They are attracted by the warmth f artificial light.
18．What’s the authr’s purpse in using the figures in paragraph 2?
A．T shw the study is cmprehensive.B．T intrduce the purpse f the study.
C．T estimate the cst f the research.D．T stress the challenge faced by the researchers.
19．What des the underlined wrd “beelining” in paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A．Flying slwly.B．Sticking.C．Respnding.D．Ging straight.
20．What benefit can insects get frm “drsal light respnse”?
A．They can fly beynd the hrizn.B．They can fllw a steady flight path.
C．They can turn their backs tward lights.D．They can circle the light surce upside dwn.
【答案】17．C 18．A 19．D 20．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。飞蛾为什么扑火？科学家发现人造光似乎将飞蛾和其他飞虫困在不稳定的飞行模式中。它们不一定被光吸引，但更有可能被困在它的光芒中。
17．细节理解题。根据第一段的“The mst ppular thery, thugh, is that insects are cnfusing lights with the mn r ther celestial bdies (天体) that they nrmally use t navigate (导航).(然而，最流行的理论是，昆虫将光与它们通常用来导航的月亮或其他天体混淆了)”可知，最流行的理论是昆虫将光与它们通常用来导航的月球或其他天体混淆了。故选C。
18．推理判断题。根据第二段中“The researchers used eight high-speed infrared (红外线) cameras equipped with mtin-capture technlgies t track 30 insects frm three mth and tw dragnfly species. They als flew lab-raised insects frm six different insect rders that were t small fr mtin-capture technlgy, including fruit flies and hneybees, t make sure different insects all shwed similar respnses t light.(研究人员使用八台配备动作捕捉技术的高速红外摄像机来追踪来自三种飞蛾和两种蜻蜓的 30 种昆虫。他们还对实验室饲养的六种不同昆虫目昆虫（包括果蝇和蜜蜂）进行了飞行，这些昆虫对于动作捕捉技术来说太小了，包括果蝇和蜜蜂，以确保不同的昆虫都对光表现出相似的反应。)”所给出的数字可推断，这些数字是为了强调此研究的涵盖面广，科学严谨。故选A。
19．词义猜测题。根据画线单词所在句子“The team was able t cnfirm that insects were nt beelining t the light but rather circling it as they tilted (倾斜) in an attempt t turn their backs tward it.(研究小组证实，昆虫并不是beelining向光，而是在倾斜时绕着光转，试图背对着光。)”可知，昆虫是在倾斜身体试图背向光源的时候绕着光源转，由此可推知，昆虫不是直线向光飞行，划线单词意为“直线前进”。故选D。
20．细节理解题。根据第三段的“This behavir, knwn as a ‘drsal light respnse’, nrmally helps insects t remain in an unchanging path f flight that is prperly lined t the hrizn (地平线).(这种行为被称为‘背光反应’，通常可以帮助昆虫保持在与地平线正确排列的不变的飞行路径上)”可知，背光反应有助于昆虫保持稳定的飞行路线。故选B。
6.（23-24高三·河南·阶段练习）
When lightning caused fires arund Califrnia’s Big Basin Redwds State Park nrth f Santa Cruz in August 2020, the fire spread quickly. Mild fires strike castal redwd (红杉) frests abut every decade. The giant trees resist burning thanks t the bark (树皮), up t abut 30 centimetres thick at the base, which cntains acids. Their branches and needles are nrmally beynd the reach f flames. But this time flames sht thrugh the tp f 100-metre-tall trees, burning the needles. “It was shcking,” says Drew Peltier, a tree expert at Nrthern Arizna University. “It really seemed like mst f the trees were ging t die.”
Yet many f them lived. In a paper published yesterday in Nature Plants, Peltier and his clleagues help explain why: The survivrs use lng-held energy reserves—sugars that had been made frm sunlight decades earlier—and pured them int buds (芽) that had been lying drmant (休眠的) under the bar k fr centuries.
“This is ne f thse papers that challenges ur previus knwledge n tree grwth,” says Adrian Rcha, an ecsystem eclgist at the University f Ntre Dame. “It is amazing t learn that carbn taken up decades ag can be used t sustain its grwth int the future.” The findings suggest redwds have the tls t cpe with big fires driven by climate change, Rcha says. Still, it’s unclear whether the trees culd cpe with the regular inferns that might ccur under a warmer climate envirnment.
The fire in 2020 was s intense that even the tp branches f many trees burned and their ability t phtsynthesize (光合作用) went up in smke alng with their pine needles. Trees phtsynthesize t create sugars and ther carbhydrates (碳水化合物), which prvide the energy they need t grw and repair tissue. Trees d stre sme f this energy, which they can call n during a drught r after a fire. Althugh the redwds have spruted (长出) new grwth, Peltier and ther frest experts wnder hw the trees will cpe with far less energy frm phtsynthesis, given that it will be years befre they grw as many needles as they had befre the fire. “They’re alive, but I wuld be a little cncerned fr them in the future.”
21．What’s special abut this big fire fr castal redwd frests in 2020?
A．It burnt the tp f the trees.B．It was very clse t the last fire.
C．It resisted burning effectively.D．It caused relatively minr damage.
22．Why did redwds survive in the big fire?
A．Sugars prtected their barks.B．Energy reserves prmted the grwth f buds.
C．They gt used t ht climate.D．They tk in much carbn t resist fire.
23．What des the underlined wrd “inferns” in the third paragraph mean?
A．Unpredictable disasters.B．Changeable climate.
C．Terrible envirnment.D．Uncntrllable fires.
24．Why des Peltier wrry abut the survival f redwds?
A．Their tissues can’t be repaired.B．They can’t save energy anymre.
C．Their energy saved is nt sufficient.D．They grw t slwly.
【答案】21．A 22．B 23．D 24．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了2020年8月，加州大盆地红杉州立公园周围发生严重的火灾，红杉林遭到严重破坏，但是很多红杉活了下来，因为它们使用了长期保存的能量储备——几十年前从阳光中提取的糖——并将其注人休眠的芽中，但是由于红杉的很多针叶被烧毁，光合作用受到影响，这引起了专家的担忧。
21．推理判断题。根据第一段“Mild fires strike castal redwd frests abut every decade. The giant trees resist burning thanks t the bark, up t abut 30 centimetres thick at the base, which cntains acids. Their branches and needles are nrmally beynd the reach f flames. But this time flames sht thrugh the tp f 100-metre-tall trees, burning the needles.(沿海红杉森林大约每十年发生一次轻度火灾。由于红杉下部的树皮厚达约30厘米且含有酸，大树可以在火中抗燃烧。它们的树枝和针叶通常是火焰无法触及的，但这一次，火焰穿透了100米高的树顶，点燃了针叶)”可推知，这次的大火烧了树顶。故选A。
22．细节理解题。根据第二段“Yet many f them lived. In a paper published yesterday in Nature Plants, Peltier and his clleagues help explain why: The survivrs use lng-held energy reserves—sugars that had been made frm sunlight decades earlier—and pured them int buds (芽) that had been lying drmant (休眠的) under the bark fr centuries.(然而，它们中的许多活了下来。在昨天发表在《自然植物》杂志上的一篇论文中，Peltier和他的同事解释了其中的原因：存活下来的植物利用长期储存的能量储备——几十年前从阳光中产生的糖——并将它们注入在阳光下休眠了几个世纪的花蕾中)”可知， 很多红杉活了下来， 因为它们使用了长期保存的能量储备——几十年前从阳光中提取的糖——促进了新芽的生长。故选B。
23．词义猜测题。根据划线词前文“The findings suggest redwds have the tls t cpe with big fires driven by climate change, Rcha says.( Rcha说， 研究结果表明，红杉拥有应对气候变化引发的大火的工具)”结合“Still, it’s unclear whether the trees culd cpe with the regular inferns that might ccur under a warmer climate envirnment.”中的“that might ccur under a warmer climate envirnment”是inferns的定语从句， 我们可以推断出，气候变暖环境下可能发生定期的不可控的火灾，故inferns的意思可能是“无法控制的大火”。故选D。
24．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Althugh the redwds have spruted new grwth, Peltier and ther frest experts wnder hw the trees will cpe with far less energy frm phtsynthesis, given that it will be years befre they grw as many needles as they had befre the fire.(尽管红杉已经长出了新枝，但珀尔蒂埃和其他森林专家想知道，考虑到红杉需要数年才能长出大火前那么多的针叶，它们将如何应对光合作用产生的能量大大减少)”可推知，Peltier担心红杉的生存是因为节约的能源不够。故选C。
命题预测
分析近几年高考阅读理解C、D篇可知，高考命题中科普说明文一直都是以压轴题的形式存在，着重考查考生对于语篇的理解能力以及信息处理能力。 题材多样，语篇主要来源于英美主流报刊、杂志和网站。内容涉及科技创新发明、人工智能类、医疗健身健康类、社会与文化研究报告、观念事理类、环境与保护类、动植物研究等多种领域，具有较强的思想性、趣味性、实际功用性和较强的时代感。
从近年全国卷和各地高考试卷中科普类阅读命题的统计来看，高考阅读理解科普类文章的理论性和逻辑性强、生词多、句式结构复杂。六种命题类型都有所体现。命题尊重语篇的文体特征和行文特点，考查了考生理解说明文语篇的能力，以及灵活运用各种阅读策略提取、归纳所读信息的能力，尤其加大了对概括能力和推断能力等高阶思维能力的考查。预测2024年高考对于科普说明文的考查仍然是重点。
高频考法
推理判断题
标题归纳题
细节理解题
词义猜测题
一、在复习语言点的时候，要依据语言的横向组合和纵向聚合，按照“点—线—面”顺序，构建知识网络环境。
二、多做高考题，少扣模拟题
1、时间的把控。
2、总结一下各部分的得分情况，了解自己的强弱项。
3、留意出题点，揣摩不同内容出题人的着眼点在哪里，做到知己知彼。
三、多攻词汇表，少记课外词
四、写作。研究高考写作命题话题范围，根据测试的频度和交际场景的生活化程度进行分类。
压轴题04 阅读理解C、D篇
说明文基本规律及解题要领
高考中科普类阅读理解一般不给标题，反而经常要求考生选择最佳标题。说明文一般采用如下四部分：
首段：一般即是文章的主题段，开门见山点明新发明或研究对象。
背景: 交代问题的现状或研究的起因。
主干: 部分介绍研究所取得的突破，作者往往会详细介绍研究对象、研究方法、研究理论或具体的实验、统计等过程。
结尾: 通常会再次对中心进行概括、重述研究成果、预计的市场未来等与主题呼应。
二、说明文的解题技巧
1. 运用语篇结构（text structure），了解文章大意
科普说明文主题鲜明、脉络清晰，行文结构模式较为固定。弄清文本结构有助于把握文章主旨和阅读重点。动物植物类文章多用描述法、问题与历史文化背景等方法，通过列数据、做对比等来说明动植物在不同的历史时期或地点, 数目的变化及原因、动植物的习性等。 结构上一般采用上述四个部分，说明手法上常使用以下说明方法：描述法（包括举例子、下定义、列数据等）、因果法、问题与对策法。
实验研究型文章一般会以实验的过程进展为线索，多用描述法、问题与对策法等方法，通过列数据、做对比等来说明新的科学研究发现及其产生的影响。
阅读时，首先用略读法快速浏览每段的首尾句，根据英语说明文思维模式特征，作者一般都会开门见山，直奔主题。结尾通常也是中心思想的概括，并与导语相呼应。因此在做主旨大意、写作意图和最佳标题等题目时，需要重点关注首尾段落里面高频复现的词汇和内容。
2. 定位标志词，分析长难句，进行逻辑推理判断
每一个问题，在原文中，都要有一个定位。然后精读，找出那个标志词或者中心句。根据题干要求，用查读法快速定位到相关段落。再利用标志词所提供的逻辑关系找到细节信息，如列数据、举例子、原因和结果等。如果句子成分复杂，有生词，也不要烦躁退缩，分析主句和从句或非谓语动词之间的关系，一些出现在术语、抽象概念、长难句前后的同义词、近义词等，都是用以理解文章的语境线索。通过这些对长句进行层层剖析，露出主干部分，就能明晰句意，弄懂作者的真实意图。
关注某人说到或推断观点态度题
某人说过的话，有时并不是题眼，但可以从侧面或某个角度来反映作者的观点，也就是作者想表达的，正确答案都是和这样的观点相一致的。要把握关键词，有感情色彩的词。
4.关注转折关系的逻辑词
说明文中常会出现表示转折意义的词，如hwever, but, yet,while等。这些词后面才是作者真正想表达的意思，常常会在此处命题。
5. 熟悉选项设置规律，关注细节
正确选项：文中内容的“同义替换”或者“归纳概括”。
干扰项：“张冠李戴”、“偷梁换柱”、“无中生有”和“以偏概全”四种类型。
04 动物、植物类
1.（23-24高三下·山东·阶段练习）
Manatees — ften called sea cws — are an anmaly in the animal kingdm. Neither predatr nr prey, these peaceable creatures, which can grw t 13 feet and weigh mre than 2,000 punds, are evlutinarily devid f aggressin. Crystal River — “Manatee Capital f the Wrld” — is the epicenter f their presence and recvery.
Yet despite sme gains, manatees still face grave threats. Three-quarters f Flrida’s 22 millin peple live alng the cast, many in prime manatee habitat, where the strain f human-presence has degraded the state’s enchanted springs, waterways, and wetlands. In Indian River Lagn, fr example, an imprtant manatee habitat alng Flrida’s densely ppulated east cast, decades f human waste, sediment frm real estate develpment, and fertilizers frm lawns and farms have cluded the water. That has killed seagrass, manatees’ main fd surce there. Mre than a thusand manatees have died in the lagn during the past tw years.
What peple dn’t understand is the need t help supprt them in waterways. That means restring seagrass beds and freshwater aquatic vegetatin, the basis f their existence and f the verall health f Flrida’s waters. Steps t reverse the damage started small. Neighbrs gathered with rakes, scping up algae by hand. Irnically, it was Save Crystal River — the grup envirnmentalists had ppsed during their fight ver the manatee’s endangered status — that spearheaded the restratin f aquatic vegetatin. With funding frm the state gvernment, Save Crystal River hired Sea& Shreline, an aquatic restratin firm, t remve the waste and replant the river bttm with eelgrass, which grws lng, ribbn like leaves.
While the prspect f replanting the entire river was daunting, after vacuuming mre than 300 millin punds f detritus and planting sme 350,000 individual eelgrass pds by hand, the grups have flipped the river back t an ecsystem n lnger dminated by algae.
Instead f spending the few shrt winter mnths in Crystal River befre heading back ut int the Gulf f Mexic t graze, sme manatees nw linger here year-rund, enjying fat times. Aerial surveys frm January 2022 revealed the highest number f manatees ever recrded in these waters — mre than a thusand in Kings Bay alne.
1．What is a feature f manatees?
A．They are gentle animals.B．They feed n small creatures.
C．They are slightly aggressive.D．They lk cute fr their shape.
2．What is the main reasn fr manatees’ decline?
A．Climate change.B．Habitat lss.
C．Lw fd supply.D．Human activities.
3．Hw did Save Crystal River help imprve manatees’ endangered situatin?
A．By remving wastes frm the river.
B．By raising funds frm the gvernment.
C．By replanting algae in the river bttm.
D．By refining manatees’ living surrundings.
4．What can we learn abut manatees frm the last paragraph?
A．They enjy the cld winter f Mexic.
B．They remain in Manatee Capital fr lng.
C．They head twards the warmer waters during winter.
D．They have the largest ppulatin ever recrded glbally.
【答案】1．A 2．D 3．D 4．B
【导语】本文是说明文。文章详细解释了海牛（被称为海牛或海牛兽）的生态环境、所面临的威胁，以及人类为了保护这种特殊动物和它们的栖息地所采取的行动。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Manatees — ften called sea cws — are an anmaly in the animal kingdm. Neither predatr nr prey, these peaceable creatures, which can grw t 13 feet and weigh mre than 2,000 punds, are evlutinarily devid f aggressin.(海牛——通常被称为海牛——是动物王国里的异类。它们既不是掠食者，也不是猎物，这些能长到13英尺长，体重超过2000磅的和平生物，在进化上没有攻击性)”可知，海牛没有攻击性，所以它们是温顺的动物。故选A项。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Three-quarters f Flrida’s 22 millin peple live alng the cast, many in prime manatee habitat, where the strain f human-presence has degraded the state’s enchanted springs, waterways, and wetlands. In Indian River Lagn, fr example, an imprtant manatee habitat alng Flrida’s densely ppulated east cast, decades f human waste, sediment frm real estate develpment, and fertilizers frm lawns and farms have cluded the water. That has killed seagrass, manatees’ main fd surce there. Mre than a thusand manatees have died in the lagn during the past tw years.(佛罗里达州2200万人口中有四分之三居住在沿海地区，其中许多人居住在主要的海牛栖息地，人类的存在已经使该州迷人的泉水、水道和湿地退化。例如，在沿佛罗里达州人口稠密的东海岸的重要海牛栖息地印第安河泻湖，几十年来人类的排泄物、房地产开发的沉积物以及草坪和农场的肥料使水变得浑浊。这杀死了海牛的主要食物来源海草。在过去的两年里，有一千多只海牛死于泻湖)”可知，海牛数量减少的主要原因是人类活动。故选D项。
3．推理判断题。第三段“Neighbrs gathered with rakes, scping up algae by hand. Irnically, it was Save Crystal River—the grup envirnmentalists had ppsed during their fight ver the manatee’s endangered status—that spearheaded the restratin f aquatic vegetatin. With funding frm the state gvernment, Save Crystal River hired Sea& Shreline, an aquatic restratin firm, t remve the waste and replant the river bttm with eelgrass, which grws lng, ribbn like leaves.(邻居们拿着耙子聚集在一起，用手铲起海藻。具有讽刺意味的是，正是“拯救水晶河”——环保主义者在为海牛的濒危地位而斗争时反对的组织——带头恢复了水生植被。在州政府的资助下，“拯救水晶河”聘请了水生修复公司“海洋与海岸线”(sea&shreline)来清除废物，并在河底重新种植大叶藻，大叶藻会长出细长的丝带状叶子)”可知，“拯救水晶河”聘请了水生修复公司来清除废物，并在河底重新种植大叶藻，大叶藻会长出细长的丝带状叶子，所以是通过改善海牛的生活环境来帮助改善海牛的濒危状况。故选D项。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Instead f spending the few shrt winter mnths in Crystal River befre heading back ut int the Gulf f Mexic t graze, sme manatees nw linger here year-rund, enjying fat times. Aerial surveys frm January 2022 revealed the highest number f manatees ever recrded in these waters—mre than a thusand in Kings Bay alne.(一些海牛不再在水晶河度过短暂的冬季，然后返回墨西哥湾吃草，而是全年在这里逗留，享受丰美的时光。从2022年1月开始的航空调查显示，这片水域的海牛数量是有史以来最多的——仅在金斯湾就有1000多头)”可知，一些海牛不再在水晶河度过短暂的冬季，然后返回墨西哥湾吃草，而是全年在这里逗留，推知他们在海牛之都待了很长时间。故选B项。
2.（2024·山西晋中·模拟预测）
Sleep-deprived human parents knw the value f a quick nap, but it turns ut chinstrap penguins have us all beat. When nesting, these Antarctic birds take fur-secnd-lng “micr- sleeps”, a strategy that allws parents t keep cnstant watch ver weak eggs and chicks, all while having 11 hurs f ttal sleep a day, accrding t a new study.
Like ther penguins, chinstrap parents take turns guarding the nest. While ne bird prtects the chicks, the partner finds fd at sea. Then the penguins trade places. Fr tw mnths between egg laying and fledging(羽化) , it’s a series f nnstp demands.
T study hw penguins manage t accmplish all this and get the necessary sleep, Lee, a leader researcher, first stuck bilggers, small battery-pwered devices, t the backs f 14 nesting penguins f bth sexes. This device functins like a smart-watch, measuring physical activity, pulse, and the cean depths f fraging birds.
Next, the team humanely arrested each f the penguins, attaching the devices temprarily int their skull t measure brain activity. When an animal is awake, the brain cnstantly buzzes with activity. During sleep, hwever, brain waves slw dwn and stretch ut. When Lee started reviewing the data, he was surprised t discver the birds, slept in fur-secnd intervals thrughut the day and night while lking after their eggs r chicks.
“In bth humans and penguins, micr-sleeps ccur during times f exhaustin, yet nesting chinstrap penguins seem t have a near-exclusive reliance n it,” Cirelli, anther scientist, says. Studying sleep in natural envirnments is difficult, s “the simple fact that they were able t recrd data in these cnditins is incredible. ”
While the data is cnvincing, Cirelli ntes that the researchers nly studied the penguins during nesting perids, making it impssible t tell if the birds micr-sleep when they’re nt parenting. The ther challenge is understanding hw micr-sleep impacts the brains and bdies f the pen-guins. Sleep deprivatin in humans causes a range f health prblems, and it’s nt clear whether penguins experience this, t.
5．When d the birds have micr-sleeps?
A．When they lay eggs.B．When they hunt fr fd.
C．When they care fr babies.D．When they exchange places.
6．What is the bilgger?
A．A charger.B．A smart-watch.
C．A sleep mnitrD．A safety alarm.
7．What des Cirelli mean in the last but ne paragraph?
A．The micr-sleep study is successful.B．Chinstrap penguins sleep mre than human.
C．The data frm the micr-sleep study is simple.D．Chinstrap penguins rely entirely n micr-sleep.
8．What is prbably cntinued with the text?
A．Effects and ccurrence f micr-sleep.B．Shrt-term strategies fr tired bird parents.
C．Prblems caused by lack f sleep in humans.D．Appraches f chinstrap penguins’ parenting.
【答案】5．C 6．C 7．D 8．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文介绍了一项新研究，发现南极栖息的带帽企鹅在孵蛋和照顾幼鸟期间会进行四秒钟的微睡，这个策略使它们能够持续看护弱小的蛋和幼仔，并每天获得11小时的总睡眠时间。
5．细节理解题。根据第一段中“When nesting, these Antarctic birds take fur-secnd-lng “micr- sleeps”, a strategy that allws parents t keep cnstant watch ver weak eggs and chicks, all while having 11 hurs f ttal sleep a day, accrding t a new study.(根据一项新的研究，这些南极鸟类在筑巢时需要4秒钟的“微睡眠”，这种策略可以让父母在每天总共有11个小时睡眠的同时，不断地照看虚弱的蛋和雏鸟。)”可知，带帽企鹅在孵蛋和照顾幼鸟期间，会进行四秒钟的微睡来保持对薄弱的蛋和幼仔的持续看护。故选C。
6．细节理解题。根据第三段中“This device functins like a smart-watch, measuring physical activity, pulse, and the cean depths f fraging birds.(这种设备的功能类似于智能手表，可以测量觅食鸟类的身体活动、脉搏和海洋深度。)”可知，bilggers 是一种小型电池供电设备，可以测量物理活动、脉搏和觅食鸟类的海洋深度，所以它是一种用于测量睡眠的监测器。故选C。
7．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中““In bth humans and penguins, micr-sleeps ccur during times f exhaustin, yet nesting chinstrap penguins seem t have a near-exclusive reliance n it,” Cirelli, anther scientist, says.(另一位科学家Cirelli说:“无论是人类还是企鹅，在疲惫的时候都会有微睡眠，但筑巢的帽带企鹅似乎几乎完全依赖微睡眠。”)”可知，Cirelli认为微睡在人类和企鹅中都是在精疲力竭时发生的，但巢穴中的带帽企鹅似乎几乎完全依赖于微睡这一点。故选D。
8．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“The ther challenge is understanding hw micr-sleep impacts the brains and bdies f the pen-guins. Sleep deprivatin in humans causes a range f health prblems, and it’s nt clear whether penguins experience this, t.(另一个挑战是了解微睡眠如何影响企鹅的大脑和身体。人类睡眠不足会导致一系列健康问题，目前尚不清楚企鹅是否也会出现这种情况。)”可知，此处提出微睡对企鹅的大脑和身体的影响。因此，文章可能会继续探讨微睡眠的作用和发生。故选A。
3.（2024·湖南娄底·一模）
The speedy lizard (蜥蜴) was mving quickly acrss the tabletp when suddenly ne ft hit a slippery spt. It just made a split-secnd adjustment as it mved nward. Afterward, its mvements, recrded with Hllywd-style mtin-capture technlgy, were played back in slw mtin.
This is the lab f Tnia Hsieh, a Temple University bilgist wh studies life n the mve. The gal f the lizard study is t use the animals as a mdel fr humans, t figure ut better ways t prevent falls amng the aged. The scientists are using tw species — the frilled dragn and the brwn basilisk — that share an unusual characteristic with humans: the ability t run n tw legs.
If the scientists can figure ut hw these lizards remain upright in different situatins, they hpe sme f the lessns can be used t guide human treatment.
The lizards run n a tabletp cvered with sandpaper except fr ne slippery spt in the middle: a square f pster bard cvered with cntact paper.
In the lab recently, the scientists filmed ne f the frilled dragns in actin and played it back at slw speed n a cmputer screen, the lizard’s mvements reduced t a series f clred dts n a gray backgrund. At the mment the lizard stepped n the cntact paper, its left ft slid t the side, and its upper bdy twisted in the ppsite directin. It barely seemed t lse its balance.
Culd sme clue in thse clred dts be used t imprve stability in lder adults? Every year, thusands f lder, adults die frm injuries sustained in falls.
The wrk is still nging, but early indicatins are that. tendns (肌腱) in the lizards’ feet play . a key rle in balance, acting as springs that cunteract (抵消) small changes in the surface. It’s a valuable first line f defense that kicks in even befre the brain has time t react, Hsieh said.
If the scientists can figure ut what factrs are mst imprtant in keeping the lizards upright, perhaps smene can wrk ut strategies t enhance thse factrs in peple.
“I think this is a great first step,” said Hsieh.
9．What made the scientists decide t cnduct the lizard study?
A．Their curisity abut running lizards.
B．Their cncern fr lizard cnservatin.
C．The characteristics f different lizards.
D．The similarity between lizards and humans.
10．Why was cntact paper used in the lizard study?
A．T recrd the lizard’s mvements.B．T prvide stability fr the lizard.
C．T make the lizard lse its balance.D．T limit the lizard’s running speed.
11．Hw des Hsieh feel abut the lizard study?
A．It’s imprtant fr lizards.B．It has been a great success.
C．It needs mre assistance.D．It shws great prmise.
12．What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A．Running like LizardsB．Learning frm Lizards
C．Keeping Yur BalanceD．Develping Yur Ptential
【答案】9．D 10．C 11．D 12．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍蜥蜴在可能跌倒的情况下仍能保持身体的平衡，人类如何防跌倒方面可以从中获得启示和借鉴。
9．细节理解题。根据第二段“The gal f the lizard study is t use the animals as a mdel fr humans, t figure ut better ways t prevent falls amng the aged. The scientists are using tw species — the frilled dragn and the brwn basilisk — that share an unusual characteristic with humans: the ability t run n tw legs. (蜥蜴研究的目的是用这种动物作为人类的模型，找出更好的方法来防止老年人跌倒。科学家们使用了两种物种——褶边龙和棕色蛇怪——它们与人类有一个不同寻常的特征：用两条腿跑步的能力)”可知，对蜥蜴奔跑的好奇心促使科学家们决定对蜥蜴进行研究。故选D。
10．推理判断题。根据第四段“The lizards run n a tabletp cvered with sandpaper except fr ne slippery spt in the middle: a square f pster bard cvered with cntact paper. (蜥蜴在一张铺着砂纸的桌面上奔跑，除了中间有一块光滑的地方：一块贴着接触纸的方形海报板)”可推知，设置一块光滑的地方是为了观看蜥蜴怎样跌倒的。故选C。
11．推理判断题。根据最后一段“ “I think this is a great first step,” said Hsieh. (“我认为这是伟大的第一步，”Hsieh说) ”可推知，Hsieh对蜥蜴的研究抱有很大的希望。故选D。
12．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其第三段“If the scientists can figure ut hw these lizards remain upright in different situatins, they hpe sme f the lessns can be used t guide human treatment.(如果科学家们能弄清楚这些蜥蜴是如何在不同的情况下保持直立的，他们希望其中的一些经验教训可以用来指导人类的治疗)”可知，文章介绍蜥蜴在可能跌倒的情况下仍能保持身体的平衡，人类可以在防跌倒方面获得启示和借鉴。由此可知，B选项“向蜥蜴学习”符合文章大意题，适合作标题。故选B。
4.（2024·山西·模拟预测）
Cruching n all furs n Widdybank Fell in Teesdale, Margaret Bradshaw, a 97-year-ld btanist, calls ut the names f sme rare plants. This part f the uplands is a seemingly empty landscape, heavily grazed (吃草) by sheep, but it hides btanical treasures that have been here fr mre than 10,000 years. Sme f the plants can’t be fund anywhere else in the UK and —until Bradshaw arrived n the scene—many were unaccunted fr.
Bradshaw is the chief caretaker f sme f the cuntry’s rarest flwers. She has spent seven decades studying the unique flra (植物群) f Teesdale, in the nrth f England. Althugh nce they were widespread in Britain, nw nly a few remain, and 28 species are threatened with extinctin.
Bradshaw has just written a 288-page bk n the subject, Teesdale’s Special Flra: Places, Plants and Peple, published as part f the Princetn Wild Guides series.The Teesdale fra is celebrated because it is a mix f alpine-arctic (高寒的) flwers and suthern Eurpean species; nwhere else in Britain d they all grw tgether.
Nw, thugh, the area’s unique features are under threat. Bradshaw has been recrding rare
plants here since the early 1950s and has witnessed great declines. Since the 1960s, plant abundance has drpped by 54%n average. Sme have essentially disappeared, such as the dwarf milkwrt, dwn by 98%, and the hary whitlw-grass, dwn by 100%.
She says, “We’ve gt varius buildings in the cuntry—Stnehenge, Durham Cathedral, and thers; if they were falling apart, there wuld be grups and mney helping stp it, because peple wuld say we can’t let this happen. “These flwers’ cmmunities are much lder, and in sme respects they are mre beautiful.
The main reasn fr the decline f these plants is an unusual ne—nt enugh sheep. The number f sheep n the areas had been reduced by half by 2000, as the uplands were generally believed t be vergrazed. Bradshaw says while sme upland areas are damaged by sheep, reducing grazing n Teesdale has been devastating. Lnger grass vershadws the delicate flwers, taking away the light they need t grw.
13．Why is the flra in Teesdale unique?
A．It is site-specific.
B．There is a bk abut it.
C．It is under strict prtectin.
D．There are many sheep feeding n it.
14．Why are sme buildings mentined in paragraph 5?
A．T recmmend ppular turist attractins.
B．T recgnize their histric value.
C．T draw attentin t the flra in Teesdale.
D．T praise the cnservatin effrts.
15．What is the main threat t the flra in Teesdale?
A．Overgrazing in upland areas.
B．Reduced sheep ppulatin.
C．Respnse t climate change.
D．Lack f enugh shadws.
16．What des the underlined wrd “devastating” in the last paragraph mean?
A．Innvative.B．Satisfying
C．ChallengingD．Destructive
【答案】13．A 14．C 15．B 16．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了97岁高龄的植物学家Margaret Bradshaw花费数十年研究英格兰北部Tees dale地区特有的植物群，然而这些植物群正面临灭绝的威胁。
13．推理判断题。根据第一段“Sme f the plants can’t be fund anywhere else in the UK (有些植物在英国其他地方是找不到的。)”及第三段中“nwhere else in Britain d they all grw tgether (在英国其他任何地方，它们都不会同时生长)”可知，该植物群的独特之处在于其仅存在于该地区。故选A。
14．推理判断题。根据文章第五段“She says, “We’ve gt varius buildings in the cuntry—Stnehenge, Durham Cathedral, and thers; if they were falling apart, there wuld be grups and mney helping stp it, because peple wuld say we can’t let this happen.” These flwers’ cmmunities are much lder, and in sme respects they are mre beautiful. ( 她说：“我们在这个国家有各种各样的建筑——巨石阵、达勒姆大教堂等等;如果他们崩溃了，就会有团体和资金来阻止它，因为人们会说我们不能让这种情况发生。”这些花卉群落更古老，在某些方面它们更美丽。)”可知，本段提到英国的一些著名建筑是为了说明如果这些建筑即将崩塌，会有团队和资金来帮助阻止这种情况的发生。而这些植物群比这些建筑更古老，却没有得到应有的关注。由此可推知，提到这些建筑物是为了引起人们对Tees dale地区植物群的关注。故选C。
15．细节理解题。根据最后一段“The main reasn fr the decline f these plants is an unusual ne—nt enugh sheep. (这些植物数量减少的主要原因是一个不寻常的原因——没有足够的羊。)”可知，Tees dale地区独特的植物群面临的主要威胁是羊的数量减少。故选B。
16．词句猜测题。根据上文“The main reasn fr the decline f these plants is an unusual ne—nt enugh sheep. The number f sheep n the areas had been reduced by half by 2000, as the uplands were generally believed t be vergrazed. (这些植物数量减少的主要原因是一个不寻常的原因——没有足够的羊。到2000年，这些地区的绵羊数量减少了一半，因为人们普遍认为这些高地被过度放牧。)”和下文“Lnger grass vershadws the delicate flwers, taking away the light they need t grw. (较长的草遮住了娇嫩的花朵，带走了它们生长所需的阳光。)” 可知，Tees dale独特的植物群面临的主要威胁是羊的数量减少。虽然一些高地地区被羊破坏了，但减少在Tees dale的放牧却具有破坏性。长长的草遮住了娇嫩的花朵，带走了它们生长所需要的光。因此，devastating意为“破坏性的”。故选D。
5.（2024高三下·海南·学业考试）
“A mth (飞蛾) t a flame” is ften used t indicate an inescapable attractin, yet it is a strange example f animal behavir that cntinues t cnfuse peple tday. Scientists have raised a number f theries ver the years t explain why. One hlds that insects flying at night are fllwing their nature t fly tward the brightest spt in their field f visin, which they mistake fr the sky. Anther suggests that insects are trying t warm themselves with the heat prduced by the light. The mst ppular thery, thugh, is that insects are cnfusing lights with the mn r ther celestial bdies (天体) that they nrmally use t navigate (导航).
T find ut the real reasn, the team carried ut a first set f experiments in an insect flight area. The researchers used eight high-speed infrared (红外线) cameras equipped with mtin-capture technlgies t track 30 insects frm three mth and tw dragnfly species. They als flew lab-raised insects frm six different insect rders that were t small fr mtin-capture technlgy, including fruit flies and hneybees, t make sure different insects all shwed similar respnses t light. Wrking with c-authr Pabl Allen f the Cuncil n Internatinal Educatinal Exchange in Mnteverde, Csta Rica, the researchers put heavy cameras, lights and tripds in tw field sites t gather behaviral data frm insects in the wild.
The team was able t cnfirm that insects were nt beelining t the light but rather circling it as they tilted (倾斜) in an attempt t turn their backs tward it. This behavir, knwn as a “drsal light respnse”, nrmally helps insects t remain in an unchanging path f flight that is prperly lined t the hrizn (地平线). Artificial light that arrives frm a pint surce causes them t fly in unpredictable patterns as they try t turn their backs t what they are mistaking fr the sky.
Nw research might have finally slved the mystery mentined first: artificial light cnfuses insects’ ability t turn themselves t the hrizn, cnfusing their sense f what is up and dwn and causing them t fly in circles.
17．Which thery abut a mth t a flame is accepted by mst peple?
A．They fllw their nature t fly.B．They are blind t artificial light.
C．They mistake artificial light fr celestial bdies.D．They are attracted by the warmth f artificial light.
18．What’s the authr’s purpse in using the figures in paragraph 2?
A．T shw the study is cmprehensive.B．T intrduce the purpse f the study.
C．T estimate the cst f the research.D．T stress the challenge faced by the researchers.
19．What des the underlined wrd “beelining” in paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A．Flying slwly.B．Sticking.C．Respnding.D．Ging straight.
20．What benefit can insects get frm “drsal light respnse”?
A．They can fly beynd the hrizn.B．They can fllw a steady flight path.
C．They can turn their backs tward lights.D．They can circle the light surce upside dwn.
【答案】17．C 18．A 19．D 20．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。飞蛾为什么扑火？科学家发现人造光似乎将飞蛾和其他飞虫困在不稳定的飞行模式中。它们不一定被光吸引，但更有可能被困在它的光芒中。
17．细节理解题。根据第一段的“The mst ppular thery, thugh, is that insects are cnfusing lights with the mn r ther celestial bdies (天体) that they nrmally use t navigate (导航).(然而，最流行的理论是，昆虫将光与它们通常用来导航的月亮或其他天体混淆了)”可知，最流行的理论是昆虫将光与它们通常用来导航的月球或其他天体混淆了。故选C。
18．推理判断题。根据第二段中“The researchers used eight high-speed infrared (红外线) cameras equipped with mtin-capture technlgies t track 30 insects frm three mth and tw dragnfly species. They als flew lab-raised insects frm six different insect rders that were t small fr mtin-capture technlgy, including fruit flies and hneybees, t make sure different insects all shwed similar respnses t light.(研究人员使用八台配备动作捕捉技术的高速红外摄像机来追踪来自三种飞蛾和两种蜻蜓的 30 种昆虫。他们还对实验室饲养的六种不同昆虫目昆虫（包括果蝇和蜜蜂）进行了飞行，这些昆虫对于动作捕捉技术来说太小了，包括果蝇和蜜蜂，以确保不同的昆虫都对光表现出相似的反应。)”所给出的数字可推断，这些数字是为了强调此研究的涵盖面广，科学严谨。故选A。
19．词义猜测题。根据画线单词所在句子“The team was able t cnfirm that insects were nt beelining t the light but rather circling it as they tilted (倾斜) in an attempt t turn their backs tward it.(研究小组证实，昆虫并不是beelining向光，而是在倾斜时绕着光转，试图背对着光。)”可知，昆虫是在倾斜身体试图背向光源的时候绕着光源转，由此可推知，昆虫不是直线向光飞行，划线单词意为“直线前进”。故选D。
20．细节理解题。根据第三段的“This behavir, knwn as a ‘drsal light respnse’, nrmally helps insects t remain in an unchanging path f flight that is prperly lined t the hrizn (地平线).(这种行为被称为‘背光反应’，通常可以帮助昆虫保持在与地平线正确排列的不变的飞行路径上)”可知，背光反应有助于昆虫保持稳定的飞行路线。故选B。
6.（23-24高三·河南·阶段练习）
When lightning caused fires arund Califrnia’s Big Basin Redwds State Park nrth f Santa Cruz in August 2020, the fire spread quickly. Mild fires strike castal redwd (红杉) frests abut every decade. The giant trees resist burning thanks t the bark (树皮), up t abut 30 centimetres thick at the base, which cntains acids. Their branches and needles are nrmally beynd the reach f flames. But this time flames sht thrugh the tp f 100-metre-tall trees, burning the needles. “It was shcking,” says Drew Peltier, a tree expert at Nrthern Arizna University. “It really seemed like mst f the trees were ging t die.”
Yet many f them lived. In a paper published yesterday in Nature Plants, Peltier and his clleagues help explain why: The survivrs use lng-held energy reserves—sugars that had been made frm sunlight decades earlier—and pured them int buds (芽) that had been lying drmant (休眠的) under the bar k fr centuries.
“This is ne f thse papers that challenges ur previus knwledge n tree grwth,” says Adrian Rcha, an ecsystem eclgist at the University f Ntre Dame. “It is amazing t learn that carbn taken up decades ag can be used t sustain its grwth int the future.” The findings suggest redwds have the tls t cpe with big fires driven by climate change, Rcha says. Still, it’s unclear whether the trees culd cpe with the regular inferns that might ccur under a warmer climate envirnment.
The fire in 2020 was s intense that even the tp branches f many trees burned and their ability t phtsynthesize (光合作用) went up in smke alng with their pine needles. Trees phtsynthesize t create sugars and ther carbhydrates (碳水化合物), which prvide the energy they need t grw and repair tissue. Trees d stre sme f this energy, which they can call n during a drught r after a fire. Althugh the redwds have spruted (长出) new grwth, Peltier and ther frest experts wnder hw the trees will cpe with far less energy frm phtsynthesis, given that it will be years befre they grw as many needles as they had befre the fire. “They’re alive, but I wuld be a little cncerned fr them in the future.”
21．What’s special abut this big fire fr castal redwd frests in 2020?
A．It burnt the tp f the trees.B．It was very clse t the last fire.
C．It resisted burning effectively.D．It caused relatively minr damage.
22．Why did redwds survive in the big fire?
A．Sugars prtected their barks.B．Energy reserves prmted the grwth f buds.
C．They gt used t ht climate.D．They tk in much carbn t resist fire.
23．What des the underlined wrd “inferns” in the third paragraph mean?
A．Unpredictable disasters.B．Changeable climate.
C．Terrible envirnment.D．Uncntrllable fires.
24．Why des Peltier wrry abut the survival f redwds?
A．Their tissues can’t be repaired.B．They can’t save energy anymre.
C．Their energy saved is nt sufficient.D．They grw t slwly.
【答案】21．A 22．B 23．D 24．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了2020年8月，加州大盆地红杉州立公园周围发生严重的火灾，红杉林遭到严重破坏，但是很多红杉活了下来，因为它们使用了长期保存的能量储备——几十年前从阳光中提取的糖——并将其注人休眠的芽中，但是由于红杉的很多针叶被烧毁，光合作用受到影响，这引起了专家的担忧。
21．推理判断题。根据第一段“Mild fires strike castal redwd frests abut every decade. The giant trees resist burning thanks t the bark, up t abut 30 centimetres thick at the base, which cntains acids. Their branches and needles are nrmally beynd the reach f flames. But this time flames sht thrugh the tp f 100-metre-tall trees, burning the needles.(沿海红杉森林大约每十年发生一次轻度火灾。由于红杉下部的树皮厚达约30厘米且含有酸，大树可以在火中抗燃烧。它们的树枝和针叶通常是火焰无法触及的，但这一次，火焰穿透了100米高的树顶，点燃了针叶)”可推知，这次的大火烧了树顶。故选A。
22．细节理解题。根据第二段“Yet many f them lived. In a paper published yesterday in Nature Plants, Peltier and his clleagues help explain why: The survivrs use lng-held energy reserves—sugars that had been made frm sunlight decades earlier—and pured them int buds (芽) that had been lying drmant (休眠的) under the bark fr centuries.(然而，它们中的许多活了下来。在昨天发表在《自然植物》杂志上的一篇论文中，Peltier和他的同事解释了其中的原因：存活下来的植物利用长期储存的能量储备——几十年前从阳光中产生的糖——并将它们注入在阳光下休眠了几个世纪的花蕾中)”可知， 很多红杉活了下来， 因为它们使用了长期保存的能量储备——几十年前从阳光中提取的糖——促进了新芽的生长。故选B。
23．词义猜测题。根据划线词前文“The findings suggest redwds have the tls t cpe with big fires driven by climate change, Rcha says.( Rcha说， 研究结果表明，红杉拥有应对气候变化引发的大火的工具)”结合“Still, it’s unclear whether the trees culd cpe with the regular inferns that might ccur under a warmer climate envirnment.”中的“that might ccur under a warmer climate envirnment”是inferns的定语从句， 我们可以推断出，气候变暖环境下可能发生定期的不可控的火灾，故inferns的意思可能是“无法控制的大火”。故选D。
24．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Althugh the redwds have spruted new grwth, Peltier and ther frest experts wnder hw the trees will cpe with far less energy frm phtsynthesis, given that it will be years befre they grw as many needles as they had befre the fire.(尽管红杉已经长出了新枝，但珀尔蒂埃和其他森林专家想知道，考虑到红杉需要数年才能长出大火前那么多的针叶，它们将如何应对光合作用产生的能量大大减少)”可推知，Peltier担心红杉的生存是因为节约的能源不够。故选C。
命题预测
分析近几年高考阅读理解C、D篇可知，高考命题中科普说明文一直都是以压轴题的形式存在，着重考查考生对于语篇的理解能力以及信息处理能力。 题材多样，语篇主要来源于英美主流报刊、杂志和网站。内容涉及科技创新发明、人工智能类、医疗健身健康类、社会与文化研究报告、观念事理类、环境与保护类、动植物研究等多种领域，具有较强的思想性、趣味性、实际功用性和较强的时代感。
从近年全国卷和各地高考试卷中科普类阅读命题的统计来看，高考阅读理解科普类文章的理论性和逻辑性强、生词多、句式结构复杂。六种命题类型都有所体现。命题尊重语篇的文体特征和行文特点，考查了考生理解说明文语篇的能力，以及灵活运用各种阅读策略提取、归纳所读信息的能力，尤其加大了对概括能力和推断能力等高阶思维能力的考查。预测2024年高考对于科普说明文的考查仍然是重点。
高频考法
推理判断题
标题归纳题
细节理解题
词义猜测题
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