专题一 阅读理解 考法1 细节理解题（教师版+学生版）---高考英语精选考点专项突破

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细节理解题
细节理解题主要考查考生对阅读材料中某一特定细节或文章的主要事实的理解能力。题干常考查的六大信息有5个W，即When, Where, wh,What,Why和1个H,即Hw。高考对英语篇章中事实细节的考查主要分为两种情况：
一是直接细节类，其答案几乎可以直接从原文中找出来，考生只要根据题干中的关键词与原文进行对照，就能找到答案；
二是隐含细节类，这类题虽然不能直接从原文中找到对应的词或短语，但考生可以根据文章的隐含意义，如原因、前提或结果等仔细推敲，得出正确答案。细节理解题的常见设问方式有：
①、Which f the fllwing best characterizes the main feature
②、Which f the fllwing maps/diagrams gives the right psitin f... /relatinship
③、Which f the fllwing maps shws the right way
④、Which f the drawings belw gives an idea f what... is like?
⑤、Accrding t the passage, wh/what/which/when/where/why/
⑥、hw/hw many/hw much/hw lng/hw sn/hw
常见的干扰项特点
细节理解题一般针对原文中某个细节、某句话或某部分的具体内容设置问题，但干扰项也包含文章中的某个细节。不过请考生一定要注意，干扰项中的细节不符合解答题目所需要的文章细节，也就是说，两种细节不匹配。这就要求考生答题时一定要仔细、认真核实，以免造成失误，留下遗憾。
干扰1 扩缩范围
有时原文中的核心词在题中作为选项时，其原文中的限定词被人为地去掉或替换，使选项貌似正确，从而对考生造成很大的干扰。
干扰2 主观臆断
有时考生在作出选择时，不是依据原文息进行正确的理和推断，而是主观想象或凭空推测事实上文中并未涉及，也不能确定推断的合理性。这种情况在考生中非常普遍，尤其对一些理解能力偏低、词汇掌握不足的学生来说，应特别注意。
干扰3 张冠李戴
这种情况发生在两方面：一方面是考生身上，即考生错误地把发生在此者身上的事情理解为发生在彼者身上的事情，从而造成误选；另方面是在题目的设置上，即试题中的某些选项中会故意混淆两者的信息，使考生在思路不清晰的情况下误判。
干扰4 无中生有
有时考生会感觉试题中的信息说得很有道理，从而作出选择。但细心的学生会发现，这种信息再正确，也不能从文中找到其对应的词句，也不能推断其合理性。实这种信息只不过是无中生有，所以考生要头脑清醒，大胆舍弃。
常用的解题方法
方法1 题干定位法
所谓题干定位法，就是解题之前要先看题目，根据题中所提的信息确定关键词，然后带着问题快速地浏览原文，运用略读( skimming)的技巧方法迅速锁定与wh, what, when, where等问题有关的细节关键词，确定题目考查范围，准确理解，作出选择。对于广告、演出信息、讲座安排等阅读题目，“题干定位
法”会帮助考生得到事半功倍的效果。
[全国Ⅱ 2020·A] Dve Cttage& The Wrdswrth Museum
Discver William Wrdswrth's inspiratinal hme. Take at ur f his Lakeland cttage, walk thrugh his hillside garden and explre the riches f the cllectin in the Museum. Visit the shp and relax in the cafe. Exhibitins, events and family activities thrughut the year.
Open: Daily, 09. 30-17.30 (last admissin 17.00).
Twn: Grasmere
23. Where shuld visitrs g if they want t explre Wrdswrth's life?
A. Penrith. B. Kendal. C. Carlisle. D. Grasmere
【解析】根据题干中的 Wrdswrth's life可定位至Dve Cttage& The Wrdswrth Museum部分。根据本部分中的Twn: Grasmere可知，该博物馆位于格拉斯米尔，人们可以在这里探索华兹华斯的生平。故选D项。
方法2 “断章取义”法
带着问题，有针对性地扫读原文，迅速锁定相关词句或信息点，然后寻找相关的同义或反义表达，围绕主旨深刻理解材料。当问到what, when, which, where等具体信息时，往往有accrding t the authr/ passage这样的限制语，回答时，一定要以文章所谈到的内容为依据，切忌凭自己的观点和经验去选择不符合文章内容的答案。
[全国Ⅲ 2020·C] Fur years ag they all mved int a three-strey Victrian huse in Bristl-ne f a grwing
number f multigeneratinal families in the UK living tgether under the same rf. They share a frnt dr and a washing machine, but Rita Whitehead has her wn kitchen, bathrm,bedrm and living rm n the grund flr.
28. Wh mainly uses the grund flr in the Victrian huse in Bristl?
A.Nick. B. Rita. C.Kathryn D. The daughters.
【解析】根据本段中的 they all mved int a three-- strey Victrian huse in Bristl but Rita Whitehead has her wn kitchen, bathrm, bedrm and living rm n the grund flr可知，丽塔居住在一楼，因此主要使用一楼的应是丽塔，故选B项。
方法3 首尾定位法
解答排序题时，可最先找出第一个和最后一个事件，快速缩小选择范围，从而迅速选出答案。另外，也可以先不看四个选项，而是先把所给的事件排序，然后与备选项进行对照；若有相同排序的选项则基本可定为答案，之后再进行检查。
On Thursday night, while Pina was babysitting her granddaughter, nephew and tw nieces in her sister's apartment,she smelled smke and realized the apartment building was n fire. When her 4-year-ld granddaughter Garcia began saying,"We're ging t die", she knew she had t act. Pina, first sealed the dr, and then tld all fur children t lie n the flr. After calling 911, she tld the children t start singing and prmised them all treats as sn as they reached safety.
When Pina saw the fire, which is the right rder f what she did accrding t Paragraph 2?
①tld children t lie n the flr ②let children start singing ③sealed the dr ④called 911
A.③①④② B.④③①② C.③④①② D.①③④②
【解析】根据本段中的Pina, first sealed the dr,, and then tld all fur children t lie n the flr. After calling 911, she tld the children t start singing..可知，皮纳首先封住门，接着让孩子们躺在地板上，之后报警，然后让孩子们开始唱歌。故选A项。
方法4 查读分析法
在处理数字计算题时，首先通读题干明确题目要求，然后迅速找到与之相关的数字，对其进行分析、整合，并结合题干计算出正确答案。
[全国Ⅱ 2020·A]
Dalemain Mansin Histric Gardens
Histry, Culture Landscape ) Discver and enjy 4 centuries f histry, 5 acres f celebrated and award-
winning gardens with parkland walk. Owned by the Hasell family since 1679, hme t the Internatinal Marmalade
Festival. Gifts and antiques, plant sales, museums Mediaeval Hall Tearm.
Open: 29 Mar-29 Oct, Sun t Thurs.
Tearm, Gardens Gift Shp: 10:30-17.00(16:00 in Oct).
Huse: 11:15---16.00(15:00in 0ct)
Twn: Pley Bridge ＆Penrith
21. When is the Huse at Dalemain Mansin Histric Gardens pen n Sundays in July?
A.09:30---17:30 B.10:30---16:00 C.11:15---16:00 D.12:00---16:30
【解析】根据题千中的 Dalemain Mansin& Histric Gardens可定位至文中介绍的第一个景点。根据Open部分中Huse的开放信息 Huse: 11:15-16:00(15:00 in Oct)).可知,3月到9月期间, Huse在周日到周四的开放时间为11:15--16:00。7月在这个时间段内,故选C项。
方法5 词语复现法
细节理解题的词语复现指的是：正确答案选项中的单词或短语与原文中的单词或短语构成一种重复出现的关系，可分为：同义词复现、反义词复现同根词复现或原词复现。同义词和反义词复现指选项中用与原文具有相同意义或相反意义的单词或短语来表达相同或相反意思的复现形式：同根词复现是指词根相同、意义相似的单词在选项中的复现形式；原词复现是指同一单词或短语在选项中和阅读材料中同时出现。运用复现策略解题时，首先要定位与问题相关的句子，然后观察和分析该句子前后的句子是否符合复现的情况。
[全国2020·C] As a result, she says, sme f the injuries assciated with running, such as runner's knee, are
uncmmn amng race walkers. But the sprt's strange frm des place cnsiderable stress n the ankles and hips, s peple with a histry f such injuries might want t be cautius in adpting the sprt. In fact, anyne wishing t try race walking shuld prbably first cnsult a cach r experienced racer t learn prper technique, she says. It takes sme practice.
29. What advantage des race walking have ver running?
A. It's mre ppular at the Olympics. B. It's less challenging physically.
C. It's mre effective in bdy building. D. It's less likely t cause knee injuries.
【解析】根据本段第一句中的 sme f the injuries assciated with running, such as runner's knee, are uncmmn amng race walkers可知，跑步时常见的膝盖受伤在竞走者中是很少见的。由此可知，这是竞走相对于跑步而言的一个优势。故选D项。
Passage 1
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。
（2022·全国高考甲卷）Gffin’s cckats, a kind f small parrt native t Australasia, have been shwn t have similar shape-recgnitin abilities t a human tw-year-ld. Thugh nt knwn t use tls in the wild, the birds have prved skilful at tl use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cckats were presented with a bx with a nut inside it. The clear frnt f the bx had a “keyhle” in a gemetric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” t chse frm. Inserting the crrect “key” wuld let ut the nut.
In humans, babies can put a rund shape in a rund hle frm arund ne year f age, but it will be anther year befre they are able t d the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability t recgnize that a shape will need t be turned in a specific directin befre it will fit is called an “allcentric frame f reference”. In the experiment, Gffin’s cckats were able t select the right tl fr the jb, in mst cases, by visual recgnitin alne. Where trial-and-errr was used, the cckats did better than mnkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Gffin’s cckats d indeed pssess an allcentric frame f reference when mving bjects in space, similar t tw-year-ld babies.
The next step, accrding t the researchers, is t try and wrk ut whether the cckats rely entirely n visual clues (线索), r als use a sense f tuch in making their shape selectins.
24．Hw did the cckats get the nut frm the bx in the experiment?
A．By fllwing instructins.B．By using a tl.
C．By turning the bx arund.D．By remving the lid.
【答案】 B
【解析】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Thugh nt knwn t use tls in the wild, the birds have prved skilful at tl use while kept in the cage. (虽然人们不知道这些鸟在野外会使用工具，但事实证明，它们在关在笼子里时就能熟练地使用工具)”以及“the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” t chse frm. Inserting, the crrect “keys” wuld let ut the nut. (研究人员给了这些鸟5把形状各异的“钥匙”供它们选择。插入，正确的“钥匙”会让坚果出来)”可知，在实验中，凤头鹦鹉是通过使用工具从盒子里取出坚果的。故选B。
25．Which task can human ne-year-lds mst likely cmplete accrding t the text?
A．Using a key t unlck a dr.B．Telling parrts frm ther birds.
C．Putting a ball int a rund hle.D．Gruping tys f different shapes.
【答案】 C
【解析】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段“In humans, babies can put a rund shape in a rund hle frm arund ne year f age (在人类身上，婴儿从一岁左右就可以把一个圆形的物品放进一个圆形的洞里)”结合选项，可知，一岁儿童最有可能完成“将一个球放进一个圆形的洞里”的任务。故选C。
Passage 2
本篇是一篇说明文。主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音。
（2022·全国新高考I卷）Human speech cntains mre than 2,000 different sunds, frm the cmmn “m” and “a” t the rare clicks f sme suthern African languages. But why are certain sunds mre cmmn than thers? A grund-breaking, five-year study shws that diet-related changes in human bite led t new speech sunds that are nw fund in half the wrld’s languages.
Mre than 30 years ag, the schlar Charles Hckett nted that speech sunds called labidentals, such as “f” and “v”, were mre cmmn in the languages f scieties that ate sfter fds. Nw a team f researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University f Zurich, Switzerland, has fund hw and why this trend arse.
They discvered that the upper and lwer frnt teeth f ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard t prduce labidentals, which are frmed by tuching the lwer lip t the upper teeth. Later, ur jaws changed t an verbite structure (结构), making it easier t prduce such sunds.
The team shwed that this change in bite was cnnected with the develpment f agriculture in the Nelithic perid. Fd became easier t chew at this pint. The jawbne didn’t have t d as much wrk and s didn’t grw t be s large.
Analyses f a language database als cnfirmed that there was a glbal change in the sund f wrld languages after the Nelithic age, with the use f “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thusand years. These sunds are still nt fund in the languages f many hunter-gatherer peple tday.
This research verturns the ppular view that all human speech sunds were present when human beings evlved arund 300,000 years ag. ”The set f speech sunds we use has nt necessarily remained stable since the appearance f human beings, but rather the huge variety f speech sunds that we find tday is the prduct f a cmplex interplay f things like bilgical change and cultural evlutin,“ said Steven Mran, a member f the research team.
32．Which aspect f the human speech sund des Damián Blasi’s research fcus n?
A．Its variety.B．Its distributin.C．Its quantity.D．Its develpment.
【答案】 D
【解析】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“Mre than 30 years ag, the schlar Charles Hckett nted that speech sunds called labidentals, such as “f” and "v", were mre cmmn in the languages f scieties that ate sfter fds. Nw a team f researchers led by Damian Blasi at the University f Zurich, Switzerland, has fund hw and why this trend arse.（30多年前，学者Charles Hckett注意到，被称为唇齿音的语音，如“f”和“v”，在吃软食物的社会的语言中更常见。现在，瑞士苏黎世大学的Damian Blasi领导的一组研究人员发现了这一趋势产生的方式和原因。）”可知Damian Blasi的研究重点是在语言的演变上。故选D项。
33．Why was it difficult fr ancient human adults t prduce labidentals?
A．They had fewer upper teeth than lwer teeth. B．They culd nt pen and clse their lips easily.
C．Their jaws were nt cnveniently structured. D．Their lwer frnt teeth were nt large enugh.
【答案】 C
【解析】
细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They discvered that the upper and lwer frnt teeth f ancient human adults were aligned，making it hard t prduce labidentals，which are frmed by tuching the lwer lip t the upper teeth. Later, ur jaws changed t an verbite structure , making it easier t prduce such sunds.（他们发现，古人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，因此很难产生唇齿音，唇齿音是通过下唇接触上牙齿而形成的。后来，我们的下颚变成了覆盖咬合结构，更容易发出这样的声音）”可知，因为古代成年人的下颚结构使他们很难发出唇齿音。故选C项。
Passage 3
这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者曾经是一名记者，在春节期间，作者给孙子拿了一本儿童读物，孙子却以为是平板电脑，不停地戳书。
（2022·全国新高考II卷）We jurnalists live in a new age f strytelling, with many new multimedia tls. Many yung peple dn’t even realize it’s new. Fr them, it’s just nrmal.
This hit hme fr me as I was sitting with my 2-year-ld grandsn n a sfa ver the Spring Festival hliday. I had brught a children’s bk t read. It had simple wrds and clrful pictures — a perfect match fr his age.
Picture this: my grandsn sitting n my lap as I hld the bk in frnt s he can see the pictures. As I read, he reaches ut and pkes (戳) the page with his finger.
What’s up with that? He just likes the pictures, I thught. Then I turned the page and cntinued. He pked the page even harder. I nearly drpped the bk. I was cnfused: Is there smething wrng with this kid?
Then I realized what was happening. He was actually a stranger t bks. His father frequently amused the by with a tablet cmputer which was laded with clrful pictures that cme alive when yu pke them. He thught my strybk was like that.
Srry, kid. This bk is nt part f yur high-tech wrld. It’s an utdated, lifeless thing. An antique, like yur grandfather. Well, I may be ld, but I’m nt hpelessly challenged, digitally speaking. I edit vide and prduce audi. I use mbile payment. I’ve even built websites.
There’s ne ntable gap in my new-media experience, hwever: I’ve spent little time in frnt f a camera, since I have a face made fr radi. But that didn’t stp China Daily frm asking me last week t share a persnal stry fr a vide prject abut the integratin f Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei prvince.
Anyway, grandpa is nw an internet star — tw minutes f fame! I prmise nt t let it g t my head. But I will make sure my 2-year-ld grandsn sees it n his tablet.
25．Why did the kid pke the strybk?
A．He tk it fr a tablet cmputer.B．He disliked the clrful pictures.
C．He was angry with his grandpa.D．He wanted t read it by himself.
【答案】 A
【解析】
细节理解题。根据第五段中“He was actually a stranger t bks. His father frequently amused the by with a tablet cmputer which was laded with clrful pictures that cme alive when yu pke them. He thught my strybk was like that.(事实上，他对书本并不熟悉。他的父亲经常用一台装有彩色图片的平板电脑逗他开心，当你戳它们的时候，这些图片就会变得栩栩如生。他认为我的故事书就是那样的)”可知，那孩子戳故事书是因为他把它当成了平板电脑。故选A。
26．What des the authr think f himself?
A．Scially ambitius.B．Physically attractive.
C．Financially independent.D．Digitally cmpetent.
【答案】 D
【解析】
细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中“Well, I may be ld, but I’m nt hpelessly challenged, digitally speaking. I edit vide and prduce audi. I use mbile payment. I’ve even built websites. (我可能老了，但从数字角度来说，我还没有毫无希望的挑战。我编辑视频，制作音频。我用移动支付。我甚至建立了网站)”可知，作者认为自己懂数码技术。故选D。
27．What can we learn abut the authr as a jurnalist?
A．He lacks experience in his jb.B．He seldm appears n televisin.
C．He manages a vide department.D．He ften interviews internet stars.
【答案】 B
【解析】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“There’s ne ntable gap in my new-media experience, hwever: I’ve spent little time in frnt f a camera, since I have a face made fr radi.(然而，在我的新媒体体验中有一个明显的差距：我很少在镜头前呆着，因为我的脸是为电台而生的)”可知，作者作为记者他很少上电视。故选B。
Passage 1（2022·黑龙江·大庆实验中学模拟预测）
The use f AI (artificial intelligence) is becming mre cmmn in many branches f industry and nline shpping. Traditinal lines f wrk, such as gds transprt and driving, are develping in a similar directin althugh mainly ut f public view. Scientists at the University f Göttingen have nw investigated hw efficient (高效的) the use f AI can be in the cmmercial management f trucks.
“Digital applicatins—as well as machine leaning, a kind f AI—are increasingly applied t peratins and curses in the transprt area,” explains Prfessr Matthias Klumpp frm the Faculty f Ecnmics. “The questin in the cmmercial area, hwever, is whether r nt this cntributes t achieving gals.”
T answer this questin, the researchers cmpared the wrk efficiency f truck drivers with their main use f AI applicatins. Lking at trade delivery by truck, they studied three grups: the first drve cmpletely fllwing human decisin-making mdels; the secnd used a cmbinatin f human and machine; and the third depended cmpletely n fully autmated decisins.
The researchers fund that an intelligent cmbinatin f human wrk and decisin-making abilities with AI applicatins prmises the highest transprt and driving efficiency. “On average, the secnd grup achieved the mst efficient transprt trips, with the fewest interventins (干预) and ff-curse frm the best path.” ne researcher said, “Clearly, neither a cmpletely human decisin-making structure nr a fully autmated driving system can prmise t meet current gds transprt requirements.” The scientists therefre summarized that despite the prgress f AI in the field f transprtatin by truck, human experience and decisin-making abilities will still be necessary in the lnger term. Hwever, the challenge is that a wide range f training and qualificatin (资格) needs will cme alng by wrking with Al applicatins, especially fr simple gds transprt activities.
1．What des Matthias Klumpp fcus n?
A．The efficiency f AI. B．The advantages f AI.
C．The prblems caused by AI. D．The wide applicatins f AI.
2．Hw did the researchers get the finding?
A．By prviding examples. B．By making cmparisns.
C．By using different trucks. D．By listing three experiments.
3．What can we knw frm the last paragraph?
A．Al is better at making decisins. B．A balance is needed between human and AI.
C．Human will sn be replaced by AI in driving. D．Al applicatins meet the current requirements.
4．What is the best title fr the text?
A．The future f transprt. B．Artificial intelligence as a c-driver.
C．Artificial intelligence-a better chice in driving. D．The strengths f artificial intelligence in transprt.
【答案】
1．A 2．D 3．B 4．B
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了人工智能在许多行业和网上购物中变得越来越普遍。科学家正在研究在卡车的商业管理中，人工智能的使用效率有多高，并通过实验得出结论——人与人工智能并存效率最高。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段最后一句“Scientists at the University f Göttingen have nw investigated hw efficient (高效的) the use f AI can be in the cmmercial management f trucks.”（哥廷根大学的科学家已经开始调查在卡车的商业管理中，人工智能的使用效率有多高）和第二段最后一句“The questin in the cmmercial area, hwever, is whether r nt this cntributes t achieving gals.”（然而，在商业领域中的问题是这是不是有助于实现目标）以及第三段第一句“T answer this questin, the researchers cmpared the wrk efficiency f truck drivers with their main use f AI applicatins.”（为了回答这个问题，研究人员将卡车司机的工作效率与人工智能的主要应用进行了比较）可知，Matthias Klumpp教授主要关注的是人工智能的效率。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Lking at trade delivery by truck, they studied three grups: the first drve cmpletely fllwing human decisin-making mdels; the secnd used a cmbinatin f human and machine; and the third depended cmpletely n fully autmated decisins.”（观察用卡车运送货物，他们研究了三组：第一组完全按照人类的决定的模式来运送，第二组用人类和机器的组合模式，第三组完全自动化的模式）可知，研究人员通过分三组实验来研究。故选D。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The researchers fund that an intelligent cmbinatin f human wrk and decisin-making abilities with AI applicatins prmises the highest transprt and driving efficiency”（研究人员发现人类工作和决策能力与人工智能应用的智能结合有着最高的运输和驾驶效率）可知，人与人工智能并存效率最高，所以需要人类和人工智能之间的平衡。故选B。
4．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“The use f AI (artificial intelligence) is becming mre cmmn in many branches f industry and nline shpping.”（人工智能在许多行业和网上购物中变得越来越普遍）最后一句“Scientists at the University f Göttingen have nw investigated hw efficient (高效的) the use f AI can be in the cmmercial management f trucks.”（哥廷根大学的科学家已经开始调查在卡车的商业管理中，人工智能的使用效率有多高）引出要谈论的话题，以及之后引出的实验——对比人和人工智能当司机的效率，最好一段得出结论，人与人工智能并存效率最高，可知，文章最好的标题“人工智能作为共同的司机”，凸显文章主旨。故选B。
Passage 2（2022·陕西·西安中学模拟预测）
Plants: we eat them, juice them-and nw it seems we can mine them t!
After a successful experiment n the island f Brne, the btany prfessr Alan Baker and a grup f researchers want t intrduce phytmining (harvesting minerals frm plants) as a better, partial substitute fr traditinal mining.
Phytmining, als knwn as agrmining, means cllecting metals frm live plants. Hwever, this can nly be dne with a grup f plants knwn as "hyperaccumulatrs". There are arund 700 identified types wrldwide, and what makes these hyperaccumulatrs special is that they naturally attract and absrb minerals thrugh their rts-metals pisnus t ther plants-and then stre huge, pure cncentratins f these minerals in their bdies. The metals can then be extracted frm the plants' sap(汁;液), il, r smetimes even live tissue.
Baker and his clleagues see a lt f ptential in phytmining. Nt nly can it help meet the grwing glbal demand fr metals, but is a way f unding sme f that damage t the envirnment by traditinal mining.
One f the biggest prblems with traditinal mining is that it pllutes the surrunding area. Phytmining can extract metal waste, plus planting the hyperaccumulatrs wuld regrw the defrested areas caused by mining peratins. Aside frm this, if phytmining is able t replace part f traditinal mining, then there wuld be fewer instances f bad mining practices like abandned mines, which pllute the nearby waters. Als, since phytmining prvides metals that are already naturally pure, there is n need t use huge amunts f energy t purify the re(矿石).
Phytmining has its drawbacks. Harvesting plants n a large scale is expensive tday, cmpared t traditinal mining. Besides, plants can be wiped ut by diseases r unexpected weather cnditins.
Hwever, there are many reasns t cnsider phytmining. After all, we need t make sure that ur planet can keep up and sustainable practices like phytmining give us the hpe that ur advancement desn't mean sacrificing Mther Earth.
5．What makes hyperaccumulatrs different frm ther plants?
A．The sap pisnus t ther plants. B．The ability t take in and stre minerals.
C．The il extracted frm live plant tissue. D．The cncentratins f minerals in their bdies.
6．What is the advantage f phytmining?
A．It can stp defrestatin. B．It may reduce the desertedmines.
C．It uses clean energy t purify the re. D．It can't be destryed by diseases.
7．What is the authr's attitude tward phytmining?
A．Pessimistic.B．Indifferent.C．Optimistic.D．Skeptical.
8．What can be the best title fr the text?
A．Metals Frm Plants. B．The Future f Phytmining.
C．What Are Hyperaccumulatrs? D．Benefits f Phytmining.
【答案】
5．B 6．B 7．C 8．A
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是植物采矿——从植物中获取矿物，作为传统采矿的一种更好的、部分的替代品。
5．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“what makes these hyperaccumulatrs special is that they naturally attract and absrb minerals thrugh their rts-metals pisnus t ther plants-and then stre huge, pure cncentratins f these minerals in their bdies”（这些超级积累物的特别之处在于，它们通过根部自然地吸引和吸收矿物质——对其他植物有毒的金属——然后在它们的体内储存大量纯矿物质。）可知超积累植物之所以独特，是因为它们可以通过根部吸收矿物质并将这些纯的矿物质储存在体内。故选B项。
6．细节理解题。根据第五段中的“if phytmining is able t replace part f traditinal mining, then there wuld be fewer instances f bad mining practices like abandned mines”（如果植矿开采能够部分取代传统采矿，那么像废弃矿井这样的不良采矿实践就会减少。）可知，如果植物采矿可以代替部分传统的采矿模式，就不会有那么多废弃的矿井。故选B项。
7．推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句中的“sustainable practices like phytmining give us the hpe that ur advancement desn't mean sacrificing Mther Earth”（植物采掘等可持续的实践给了我们希望，我们的进步并不意味着牺牲地球母亲。）可知作者认为像植物采矿这样的可持续发展的做法给了我们希望——我们的进步并不意味着要以牺牲环境为代价。由此推知，作者对植物采矿持乐观态度。故选C项。
8．主旨大意题。本文开篇点题“Plants: we eat them, juice them-and nw it seems we can mine them t!”（植物：我们吃它们，用它们榨汁，现在看来我们也可以开采它们了！）然后进一步介绍了植物采矿的含义及其优缺点。A项“来自植物的金属”可以概括全文。故选A项。
Passage 3（2022·山西阳泉·模拟预测）
With the wrld’s attentin n vaccines (疫苗), nw feels like a gd mment t sing the praises f an ften frgtten cntributin t their develpment. Three hundred years ag this mnth, Lady Mary Wrtley Mntagu gt her daughter inculated (接种) against smallpx, making her child the first persn in the West t be prtected in this way. Withut Mntagu’s willingness t adpt a practice she had learned frm ther cultures, the intrductin f vaccines arund 80 years later wuld never have taken place.
Mntagu first witnessed inculatin when she accmpanied her husband t Turkey in 1717. Inculatin had started in Asia, prbably in China, as early as the 10th century AD．Mntagu bserved hw lder wmen in Turkey tk a tiny amunt f pus (脓) frm a persn with smallpx. They then used needles t make cuts n peple’s wrists and ankles and added the pus t their bldstream. This helped peple gain immunity frm future infectin.
Like ther visitrs t the cuntry, Mntagu tk steps t ensure that her sn was inculated in Turkey. This wrked well, but she knew that trying it in England wuld be far mre challenging. Inculatin perfrmed by unlicensed amateurs wuld threaten dctrs’ prfessinal standing and ptentially rb them f valuable incme. Churchmen als disagree with the practice, as they saw it as ging against nature.
Back in England, Mntagu bserved the increased severity f smallpx infectins. Eventually, in April 1721, she decided t use the Turkish practice t have her daughter inculated, because she believed that the rewards wuld utweigh the risks. After a safe time had passed fllwing the inculatin, Mntagu allwed dctrs t examine her daughter.
Dctrs in Britain gradually accepted the practice. Abut s years later, a pineering physician fund smallpx vaccines t destry smallpx cmpletely. As early as last century, academics argued that Mntagu was n mre than an enthusiastic amateur. In truth, she made a vital scientific cntributin twards finding the cure fr smallpx.
9．What is the secnd paragraph mainly abut?
A．The rigin f smallpx inculatin. B．Mntagu’s first access t inculatin.
C．The benefits frm smallpx inculatin. D．Turkish wmen’s inventin f inculatin.
10．Mntagu fund it difficult t try inculatin in England because ________.
A．it was against human natureB．it might harm dctrs’ interests
C．it was beynd dctrs’ abilitiesD．it might shake churchmen’s belief
11．What led dctrs in Britain t accept inculatin?
A．The increased severity f smallpx infectins. B．A physician’s discvery f smallpx vaccines.
C．The result f Mntagu’s daughter’s inculatin. D．Mntagu’s fcus n its rewards rather than its risks.
12．What might be the best title f the test?
A．An unsung herB．N limit t creatin
C．Develpment f vaccinesD．A histric medical innvatin
【答案】
9．B 10．B 11．C 12．A
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了早期疫苗引入的历史。
9．细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“Mntagu first witnessed inculatin when she accmpanied her husband t Turkey in 1717.(1717年，蒙塔古第一次目睹了疫苗接种，当时她陪丈夫去了土耳其)”可知，第二段说的是她在土耳其第一次看到了有人接种的行为，也就是第一次接触到这种情况。故选B。
10．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Inculatin perfrmed by unlicensed amateurs wuld threaten dctrs’ prfessinal standing and ptentially rb them f valuable incme.(由无执照的业余医师进行接种会威胁到医生的职业地位，并有可能剥夺他们宝贵的收入)”可知，Mntagu发现在英国接种疫苗很困难，因为它可能会损害医生的利益。故选B。
11．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Eventually, in April 1721, she decided t use the Turkish practice t have her daughter inculated, because she believed that the rewards wuld utweigh the risks. After a safe time had passed fllwing the inculatin, Mntagu allwed dctrs t examine her daughter.(最终，在1721年4月，她决定使用土耳其的方法让她的女儿接种疫苗，因为她相信回报会大于风险。在接种疫苗后的一段安全时间过后，Mntagu允许医生为她的女儿进行检查)”可知，Mntagu的女儿接种的结果使英国的医生们接受了接种。故选C。
12．主旨大意题。这篇文章围绕的是M这个人将接种疫苗引进当地的过程，期间还将女儿作为实验对象，由此可见，她对医学事业的奉献精神。B谈创造，偏离主题；C讲疫苗本身的发展，不全面；D讲历史性的医学创新，不符合主旨。故选A。
Passage 4 （2022·河南·一模）
Every superher, n matter hw small, needs a cape. That was Rbyn Rsenberger’s mtivatin when she started sewing superher capes fr kids with cancer, heart defects, and ther serius diseases. It all began when she was making a cape as a birthday present fr her nephew. Rsenberger heard f a girl named Brenna wh was battling a ptentially deadly skin cnditin called harlequin ichthysis. Anyne suffering frm what she was ging thrugh had t be tugh. “I had an aha mment (顿悟),” Rsenberger says. “Brenna was a superher! She needed a cape.” S Rsenberger sent her ne, and Brenna’s mther was delighted.
Rsenberger fund ten mre kids nline and sent ut ten mre capes. Befre lng, she quit her jb at a sftware cmpany t dedicate herself full time t tinysuperheres.cm, a website where peple can buy hand-made capes fr brave kids facing illness and disability.
Since 2013, Rsenberger and her small paid staff have sent mre than 12,000 handmade capes t kids in all 50 states and 15 ther cuntries. The capes cme in pink, blue, purple, r red and can be decrated with the child’s initials r specialized patches, including a heart, a rcket, r a lightning blt. One recipient was eight-mnth-ld Gabe, wh was brn with a cleft palate (腭裂), which causes distinct facial features. Rsenberger sent him a red cape with a bright yellw G in the center. It was a hit.
Gabe is nw a fixture n the cmpany’s scial media psts. “The Tiny Superher cmmunity has been a wnderful cnnectin t have,” says Gabe’s mm, Kate Glcke. In fact, tw years later, “We still bring Gabe’s cape with us t every hspital appintment.”
13．Rsenberger started making capes because she _______.
A．wanted t set a gd example t sick kids B．hped t encurage kids with serius diseases
C．aimed t cure the kids with serius diseases D．made an attempt t make mney nline
14．Which wrd can best describe Rsenberger?
A．Optimistic.B．Independent.
C．Diligent.D．Caring.
15．Which f the fllwing capes are NOT available?
A．Purple capes with the child’s initials. B．Pink capes with the child’s pht.
C．Red capes with a heart-shaped patch. D．Blue capes with a patch shaped like a rcket.
16．In which clumn f the newspaper are yu likely t read the stry?
A．Cver Stry.B．Bk Review.
C．Medical Research.D．Campus Life.
【答案】
13．B 14．D 15．B 16．A
【解析】
这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了主人公Rbyn Rsenberger乐于为残疾和生病的孩子送手工披风鼓励他们抗击病魔的故事，她辞职全身心投入到这项事业中并已给美国各州以及世界上的其他15个国家的孩子送去一万多个披风。
13．细节理解题。根据第一段的“Every superher, n matter hw small, needs a cape. That was Rbyn Rsenberger’s mtivatin when she started sewing superher capes fr kids with cancer, heart defects, and ther serius diseases.(每个超级英雄，无论多小，都需要披风。这就是Rbyn Rsenberger的动机，当时她开始为患有癌症，心脏病和其他严重疾病的孩子缝制超级英雄披风)”可知，Rsenberger开始做披风是因为她要鼓励患有严重疾病的孩子。故选B。
14．推理判断题。ptimistic(乐观的)，independent(独立的)，diligent(勤奋的)，caring(富有爱心的)。由第1小题的分析可知，Rsenberger 乐于为残疾和生病的孩子送手工披风鼓励他们抗击病魔，因此使用caring(富有爱心的)来描述她最合适。故选D。
15．细节理解题。根据第三段的“The capes cme in pink, blue, purple, r red and can be decrated with the child’s initials r specialized patches, including a heart, a rcket, r a lightning blt.(披风有粉红色，蓝色，紫色或红色，可以用孩子的姓名缩写或特殊补丁装饰，包括心的样子，火箭或闪电)”可知，不存在带有孩子照片的粉红色披风。故选B。
16．推理判断题。通览全文，尤其是第一段中的“Every superher, n matter hw small, needs a cape. That was Rbyn Rsenberger’s mtivatin when she started sewing superher capes fr kids with cancer, heart defects, and ther serius diseases. It all began when she was making a cape as a birthday present fr her nephew. Rsenberger heard f a girl named Brenna wh was battling a ptentially deadly skin cnditin called harlequin ichthysis. Anyne suffering frm what she was ging thrugh had t be tugh. “I had an aha mment ,” Rsenberger says. “Brenna was a superher! She needed a cape.” S Rsenberger sent her ne, and Brenna’s mther was delighted.(每个超级英雄，无论多小，都需要披风。这就是Rbyn Rsenberger的动机，当时她开始为患有癌症，心脏病和其他严重疾病的孩子缝制超级英雄披风。这一切都始于她为自己的侄子做披风作为生日礼物的时候。Rsenberger听说有一个名为Brenna的女孩正在与一种可能致命的皮肤病作斗争，这种疾病被称为丑角鱼鳞病。任何遭受她正在经历的痛苦的人都必须坚强。Rsenberger说：“我觉得Brenna是一个超级英雄！她需要一件披风”。Rsenberger送给她一件，Brenna的母亲很高兴)”可知，文章讲述了Rsenberger给一个患病的小孩送披风鼓励他勇敢面对病魔的故事。这样的内容既不属于医学研究，也不属于书评和校园生活类的范畴，可以是书刊的封面故事。故选A。
Passage 5 （2022·河南·模拟预测）
Scientific research n yga has fund that yga practice can help with prblems such as back pain, depressin and anxiety. Still, yga studies tend t be f uneven quality, ften relying n self-reprted survey data. Hwever, a 2019 review paper fcused n a mre bjective measure: brain scans. Thugh far frm definitive, the findings shw that the practice may imprve brain health, and they indicate a way t bring yga and science mre cnvincingly tgether.
The review, led by Neha Gthe, directr f the Exercise Psychlgy Lab, examined 11 papers that used varius types f brain scans t assess the impact f yga practice n the brain. Gthe and her clleagues limited their review t studies in which all three majr elements f yga were included: the physical pses, breathing exercises, and meditatin r mindfulness. Three patterns emerged with sme cnsistency: yga practice culd be linked t increased gray matter vlume(体积) in the hippcampus, a key structure fr memry; increased vlume in certain regins f the prefrntal crtex, the seat f higher-rder-cgnitin(认知); and greater cnnectivity acrss the default mde netwrk. This netwrk plays a rle in prcessing memries and emtins.
Jessica Damiseaux, a c-authr f the review paper, fcuses her research n aging-related changes in the brain, and she ntes that the structures that seem t be strengthened by yga are nes that tend t shrink with aging. The greater vlumes linked t yga are similar t thse seen in studies f aerbic (有氧的)exercise. This raises a questin: Is there really anything special abut yga r is it just anther brain-preserving wrkut?
At this pint it’s hard t say. Clearer answers will cme with better studies that build n the smaller experiments. Gthe, fr example, recently received gvernment funds fr a study that will assign 168 ld adults t six mnths f classes f yga, aerbic exercise, r stretching and strengthening. “It’s exactly the kind f trial we need,” says Gthe.
17．What d we knw abut the 2019 review paper n yga?
A．It is far frm bjective.B．It is centered n brain scans.
C．It prves t be f lw quality.D．It relies n self-reprted data.
18．What is the secnd paragraph mainly abut?
A．Three majr elements f yga.B．The key structure fr memry.
C．The finding f the review by Gthe.D．The emtin prcessing netwrk.
19．What des Gthe plan t d in the future?
A．Take aerbic exercise.B．Apply fr gvernment funds.
C．Assign ld peple t jbs.D．Carry ut smaller experiments.
20．Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A．Yga back in fashin.B．Age can affect brain pwer
C．Brain trials n the wayD．Yga may bst brain health
【答案】
17．B 18．C 19．D 20．D
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。科学研究发现，瑜伽练习可以帮助解决背痛、抑郁和焦虑等问题。使用一种更客观的衡量方法:大脑扫描，表明了一种将瑜伽和科学更令人信服地结合在一起的方法。
17．细节理解题。根据第一段第三句“Hwever, a 2019 review paper fcused n a mre bjective measure: brain scans.( 然而，2019年的一篇综述论文关注的是一种更客观的衡量方法:大脑扫描。)”可知， fcused n a mre bjective measure: brain scans.，与B项内容中It is centered n brain scans.（它以脑部扫描为中心。）意义一致。故选B项。
18．主旨大意题。根据第二段首句“The review, led by Neha Gthe, directr f the Exercise Psychlgy Lab, examined 11 papers that used varius types f brain scans t assess the impact f yga practice n the brain.（这项研究由运动心理学实验室主任内哈·戈特牵头，研究了11篇使用各种脑部扫描来评估瑜伽练习对大脑影响的论文。）”可知，Gthe 和他的团队研究了之前的11篇使用各种脑部扫描来评估瑜伽练习对大脑影响的论文，接下来整个段落展开陈述他们的研究发现。故选C项。
19．细节理解题。根据最后一段第二三句“Clearer answers will cme with better studies that build n the smaller experiments. Gthe, fr example, recently received gvernment funds fr a study that will assign 168 ld adults t six mnths f classes f yga, aerbic exercise, r stretching and strengthening.（基于小型实验的更好的研究将带来更清晰的答案。例如，Gthe最近获得了一项政府资助的研究，该研究将安排168名老年人参加为期6个月的瑜伽、有氧运动或伸展和强化课程。）”可知，在接下来的时间里Gthe将在政府资助下进行基于小型实验的研究，有可能会更清晰准确的回答倒数第二段末的问题。故选D项。
20．主旨大意题。根据第一段的三四句“Hwever, a 2019 review paper fcused n a mre bjective measure: brain scans. Thugh far frm definitive, the findings shw that the practice may imprve brain health, and they indicate a way t bring yga and science mre cnvincingly tgether.（…尽管还远未确定，但研究结果表明，这种练习可能改善大脑健康，而且它们表明了一种将瑜伽和科学更令人信服地结合在一起的方法。）可知，研究发现瑜伽练习可以促进大脑健康”，接下来全文张开叙述使用脑部扫描进行的研究过程。故选D项。
Passage 6 （2022·河南·模拟预测）
It’s hard t verstate just hw much Writer’s Digest has survived t make it t its centennial. The Great Depressin. Wrld War II. The many wars and scietal revlutins f the ’50s, ’60s, and ’70s. The technlgical revlutin and the creatin f the internet. The shift frm being family-wned business t a crpratin with investrs. And mst recently, glbal pandemic(流行病).
It is because WD survived all that, that I view this anniversary issue as a lve letter t every single persn wh has cntributed t keeping WD alive ver these amazing, and tugh, and change-filled 100 years. Thank yu t the Rsenthal family fr starting a magazine—a cmmunity—like this. T the publishers, editrs, and all the ther behind--the-scenes flks wh made sure each issue ver the many decades was the best it culd be, thank yu fr yur hard wrk and lng hurs. T the abslutely incmparable list f writers wh shared their wisdm, insights, and encuragement: This magazine was made better by yur cntributins.
But mst f all, this is a lve letter t ur readers. Yu give the magazine purpse and the mtivatin t keep ging. Withut yu, WD wuldn’t exist, s n behalf f all the current and frmer WD staffers, we ffer ur sincerest thanks.
Yu’ll see a cllectin f new clumns cming in 2021. We are thrilled t have Bryan Washingtn, award-winning authr f the shrt stry cllectin Lt and the new nvel Memrial, as ur first guest clumnist. The WD team started planning this issue mre than a year ag and putting it tgether has been a jy. We hpe yu find as much pleasure and inspiratin in reading it as we fund in creating it. See yu in year 101.
21．What des the underlined wrd “centennial” mean?
A．The first publicatin.B．The cllectin versin.
C．The 100th anniversary.D．The pening ceremny.
22．What d we knw abut Writer’s Digest frm the text?
A．It has a lng list f guest clumnists. B．It was nce a family-wned business.
C．It is financially supprted by the cmmunity. D．It cntributed t the technlgical revlutin.
23．What can we infer abut the authr?
A．She used t be a nvelist.B．She is with Writer’s Digest
C．She was a business wner.D．She is ne hundred years ld.
24．What is the authr’s main purpse in writing the text?
A．T express gratitude.B．T prmte sales.
C．T intrduce a magazine.D．T emply new staff.
【答案】
21．C 22．B 23．B 24．A
【解析】
这是一篇应用文。主要讲述了Writer’s Digest杂志庆祝创刊100周年，对读者和所有支持这本杂志的人表示感谢。
21．词义猜测题。根据第二段中“It is because WD survived all that, that I view this anniversary issue as a lve letter t every single persn wh has cntributed t keeping WD alive ver these amazing, and tugh, and change-filled 100 years.”（正是因为Writer’s Digest幸免于难，我将这个周年纪念日视为致每位个人的情书，这些人是的Writer’s Digest历经了100年的艰辛依然顽强存活着。）以及第一段中“It’s hard t verstate just hw much Writer’s Digest has survived t make it t its centennial.”（很难描述Writer’s Digest生存了多少年，以迎接centennial华诞。）可推知Writer’s Digest迎接的是100周年纪念。故选C项。
22．细节理解题。根据第一段中“The shift frm being family-wned business t a crpratin with investrs.”（从家族企业转变为有投资者的公司。）可知Writer’s Digest过去曾经是家族企业。故选B项。
23．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“But mst f all, this is a lve letter t ur readers. Yu give the magazine purpse and the mtivatin t keep ging.”（但最重要的是，这是给读者的一封情书。 您赋予杂志以继续前进的目的和动力。）可推知作者就职于Writer’s Digest。故选B项。
24．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Thank yu t the Rsenthal family fr starting a magazine—a cmmunity—like this. T the publishers, editrs, and all the ther behind--the-scenes flks wh made sure each issue ver the many decades was the best it culd be, thank yu fr yur hard wrk and lng hurs.”（感谢Rsenthal家人创建这样的杂志。 对于出版商，编辑者以及所有其他后面的人——幕后工作人员，他们确保数十年来的每一期都是最好的，感谢您的辛勤工作和辛苦的工作。）可知作者写这篇文章的目的是为了表达感谢。故选A项。
Passage 7 （2022·安徽省舒城中学三模）
Smetime back, after a six-year-ld liness named Magigi repeatedly killed cattle, Btswana authrities caught and mved her int Central Kalahari Game Reserve, far frm peple. Magigi spent mst f her time within the reserved prtective bundaries, but after a year she escaped utside and was sht dead by a farmer. New research Maude and his clleagues have cnducted cnfirms that Magigi's unfrtunate stry is cmmn fr many relcated lins. Fr decades, wildlife managers in a number f African cuntries have used such a kind way t deal with lins that repeatedly kill livestck (牲畜).But the new research shws that after lins are mved, mst cntinue t kill livestck and endanger villagers' living.
Acrss Africa, lin numbers have fallen by 43 percent in the past tw decades, t as few as 23,000 animals tday. Abut 3,000 remain in Btswana. The sharp declines are primarily driven by develpment-lins nw ccupy just 8 percent f their histric habitat. With less space set aside fr cnservatin, lins are mre frequently cming int cntact with humans. These are usually farms, expanding arund the edges f the prtected areas. The lins eat livestck, which negatively impacts the livelihd f the farmers in these rural areas. Withut a prper way t prevent these attacks, the dinners ften turn t deadly frce, shting r pisning the lins, which has resulted in the decrease in lin ppulatin.
Rather than trying t mve lins, wildlife cnservatinist Glyn Maude says, emphasis shuld be placed n reducing the chances f lins encuntering and killing livestck in the first place. Many preventative measures are being tested in varius African cuntries, including hiring lin guardians (护卫者) t mnitr these big cats, creating lin-prf fences, sending ut lin text alerts, and teaching herders t keep livestck away frm high-risk areas.
25．Why was Magigi mved t a reserve?
A．T stp her frm being caught. B．T prevent her frm killing cattle.
C．T get her t stay with her family. D．T train her t get alng with peple.
26．What is the majr reasn fr the decline in the lin ppulatin in Africa?
A．Illegal wildlife trade.B．Human-lin cnflict.
C．A natural disaster.D．The lack f fd in their habitat.
27．What can we infer frm Maude's wrds in the last paragraph?
A．Lins will be fenced in t avid meeting peple.
B．The relcatin f lins has prven t be effective.
C．Preventin is the cure fr lins' attacking livestck.
D．It's impssible fr lins t live with humans in harmny.
28．Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A．Big Cats' Relcatin Prving Deadly B．Lins Sht Dead after Attacking a Man
C．The Tragic Stry f a Magical Liness D．Cnservatin Status f the African Lin
【答案】
25．B 26．B 27．C 28．A
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了非洲野生狮子攻击牲畜的情况以及如何有效预防该情况的产生。
25．细节理解题。根据文章首段“Smetime back, after a six-year-ld liness named Magigi repeatedly killed cattle, Btswana authrities caught and mved her int Central Kalahari Game Reserve, far frm peple.（不久前，在一头名叫Magigi的六岁母狮多次杀牛后，博茨瓦纳当局将其抓获，并将其转移到远离人群的中央喀拉哈里野生动物保护区。）”可知，Magigi被转移到保护区的原因是为了防止她杀牛。故选B项。
26．推理判断题。通过文章第二段“With less space set aside fr cnservatin, lins are mre frequently cming int cntact with humans. These are usually farms, expanding arund the edges f the prtected areas. The lins eat livestck, which negatively impacts the livelihd f the farmers in these rural areas. Withut a prper way t prevent these attacks, the dinners ften turn t deadly frce, shting r pisning the lins, which has resulted in the decrease in lin ppulatin.（由于预留的保护空间越来越少，狮子与人类的接触也越来越频繁。这些通常是农场，在保护区的边缘扩展。狮子吃牲畜，这对这些农村地区农民的生计产生了不利影响。如果没有一个适当的方法来阻止这些攻击，晚餐往往变成致命的力量，射击或中毒的狮子，这导致了狮子数量的减少。）”可推知，非洲狮子数量减少的主要原因是人狮冲突。故选B项。
27．推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“Many preventative measures are being tested in varius African cuntries, including hiring lin guardians t mnitr these big cats, creating lin-prf fences, sending ut lin text alerts, and teaching herders t keep livestck away frm high-risk areas.（许多预防措施正在非洲各国进行测试，包括雇佣狮子护卫者为了监视这些大型猫科动物，建立防狮子围栏，发出狮子文字警报，并教导牧民让牲畜远离高风险地区。）”可推知，Maude认为，预防是治疗狮子攻击牲畜的良药。故选C项。
28．标题判断题。通读全文，结合文章首段“But the new research shws that after lins are mved, mst cntinue t kill livestck and endanger villagers' living.（但新的研究表明，狮子被移走后，大多数狮子继续捕杀牲畜，危及村民的生活。）”可推知，本文主要介绍了狮子即使迁移到一个新环境，也多半会继续捕杀牲畜，危及村民。A项“大型猫科动物的迁移证明是致命的”符合文意，适合作为本文标题。故选A项。
Passage 8 （2022·湖北·襄阳五中模拟预测）
“Alexa, what’s 5 minus 3?” A 6-year-ld by recently asked that questin in a vide, which was ppular n Twitter. Alexa, Amazn’s vice-started assistant, delivered a quick answer: 2.
It’s cute, but it raises a questin that’s been n the minds f many parents and educatrs lately: Hw d virtual assistants like Alexa affect children’s learning experiences?
Clint Hill, an English teacher, says in his classrms he ften sees “children quietly talking int their phnes and asking Ggle r ther services t spell sme cmplicated wrds that they dn’t knw.” But Hill says he desn’t mind. “I struggle with spelling, and spellcheck n my wrd prcessing has been a lifesaver fr me.” he says. “I think being able t use thse technlgical aids is nt hurting anybdy,” Hill adds.
But sme experts say it’s nt just abut learning basic math r spelling. “One f the best gifts we can give ur children is ding that kind f prblem-slving tgether,” says Diane Levin, a prfessr f applied human develpment. Levin says it’s imprtant fr children t learn t struggle—even just a little—with challenges. “They will use thse skills that they’re learning fr all kinds f things that cme alng,” Levin says.
Hw much cncern shuld parents have ver Alexa and their children? Every new wave f technlgy, frm calculatrs t TV sets, causes a panic abut its effect n children, and nstalgia (怀旧) fr the past, says Dimitri Christakis, an expert in child health, behavir and develpment.
But he says that a child watching televisin is having a cmpletely passive experience. Because new technlgy is interactive, “it helps understand hw the wrld wrks,” Christakis says. “But while watching televisin, yu play n rle in the cntent,” Christakis says.
Still, he agrees that this debate is abut much mre than knwing what 5 minus 3 is. It’s als abut develping the patience t slve prblems. “That ability t stay fcused,” he says, “is ne f the mst imprtant develpmental skills that children acquire.”
29．What can be inferred frm Hill’s wrds?
A．Technlgical aids are helpful. B．His students dn’t use their brains.
C．His students aren’t fcused in class. D．Spelling is really difficult fr small children.
30．What can we learn abut technlgical aids in Levin’s pinin?
A．They fail t slve prblems. B．They give children challenges.
C．They present a threat t teachers at schl. D．They are harmful t children’s develpment.
31．Which f the fllwing wuld Christakis agree with?
A．New technlgy affects children mst.B．New technlgy tends t cause wrries.
C．Televisin has been a thing f the past.D．Tday’s parents are t cncerned.
32．What des Christakis stress abut children in the last paragraph?
A．Their ability t interact with thers.B．Their ability t learn frm the past.
C．Their ability t study technlgy.D．Their ability t pay attentin.
【答案】
29．A 30．D 31．B 32．D
【解析】
这是一篇议论文。文章针对科技援助手段在儿童的学习和发展过程中的利弊进行了讨论。
29．细节理解题。根据第三段中Hill的话“I struggle with spelling, and spellcheck n my wrd prcessing has been a lifesaver fr me.”可知，他的拼写很困难，他认为利用技术手段对他的拼写进行检查是他的救命稻草。再根据他接下来的话“I think being able t use thse technlgical aids is nt hurting anybdy”可知，他认为使用这些技术援助不会伤害到任何人。由此可推断出，Hill认为技术援助是有帮助的。故选A项。
30．细节理解题。根据第四段中Levin的话“One f the best gifts we can give ur children is ding that kind f prblem-slving tgether”可知，我们能给孩子最好的礼物之一就是培养孩子一起解决问题的能力。通过文意可知，技术援助手段帮助孩子解决了问题，同时也使孩子丧失了自己解决问题的能力，这对孩子的发展是有害的。由此可推断出，Levin认为技术援助手段危害了孩子的发展。故选D项。
31．细节理解题。根据第五段中Christakis的话“Every new wave f technlgy, frm calculatrs t TV sets, causes a panic abut its effect n children, and nstalgia (怀旧) fr the past”可知，每一次新的科技浪潮，从计算器到电视机，都会引起家长们关于新科技给孩子们带来的影响的恐慌，以及对过去的怀念。由此可推断出，Christakis认为新的技术会引起家长们的忧虑和担心。故选B项。
32．细节理解题。根据最后一段中Christakis的话“That ability t stay fcused,” he says, “is ne f the mst imprtant develpmental skills that children acquire.”可知，保持专注的能力，是儿童获得的最重要的发展技能之一。由此可推断出，在本段中，Christakis强调了儿童专注能力的重要性。故选D项。
Passage 9 （2022·山东潍坊·模拟预测）
China's histric 23-day Chang'e 5 missin has nt nly btained precius rck and sil samples frm the mn, but has als brught back a grup f seeds that traveled the furthest in the natin's agricultural and frestry histries. Mre than 30 kinds f seeds, including that f rice, ats etc., were placed inside the multi-mdule Chang'e 5 spacecraft and rbited arund the mn fr abut 15 days.
Scientists wished t check what wuld happen t the seeds after being expsed t extraterrestrial (地外的) frces in lunar rbit and als hped that they culd develp beneficial mutatins (突变). This missin ffered gd pprtunities t scientists, which enabled them t deepen their studies n the effect f csmic rays n the grwth and evlutin f life n Earth.
Space-based mutatin breeding refers t the prcess f expsing seeds t frces such as micrgravity, vacuums and csmic radiatin during a spaceflight and then sending them back t Earth fr further bservatin and planting. Researchers bserve and examine several generatins f plants grwn frm space-bred seeds and investigate their mutatins-sme are psitive and desirable while thers are negative. Thse with psitive mutatins will be kept and analyzed, and will be intrduced t farmers after their certificatin and apprval.
Space breeding can generate mutatins faster and mre cnveniently than grund-based experiments and can bring abut sme desirable traits that are therwise hard t intrduce. Cmpared with natural r cnventinally bred types f plants, space-develped versins with psitive mutatins usually feature higher nutritinal cntent, greater annual yields, shrter grwth perids and better resistance t diseases and insect pests.
China cnducted its first space breeding experiment in 1987, using a satellite t carry seeds int space. Since then, hundreds f kinds f seeds and seedlings have traveled with dzens f Chinese spaceships. Space breeding has helped t prduce mre than 200 new types f mutated plants in China that have been apprved fr large-scale cultivatin, ranging frm grains t vegetables and fruits. The Chang'e 5 rbtic missin returned 1,731 grams f lunar rck and sil t Earth, marking a histric accmplishment 44 years after the last lunar substances were taken back.
33．Why were the seeds placed inside Chang'e 5?
A．T pick ut the fittest fr mutatins.B．T understand extraterrestrial frces.
C．T study the intensity f csmic rays.D．T expse them t a special envirnment.
34．What d we knw abut space-based mutatin breeding?
A．It is nt a time-cnsuming prcess.B．Mutatins develp in a randm way.
C．It ften brings abut desirable effects.D．Apprval will be granted t mutated plants.
35．What can we learn frm the last paragraph?
A．It is a custm t put seedlings n a spacecraft. B．China was the first t d a space breeding experiment.
C．It is sme time since seeds were last taken int space. D．Space breeding has brught us cmmercial benefits.
36．What is the best title f the passage?
A．Space-bred Seeds Offer Great ChancesB．Chang'e 5 Returns with a Big Package
C．Plant Mutatins Result in a Better LifeD．Seeds frm Space Mark a New Histry
【答案】
33．D 34．B 35．D 36．A
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。包括大米、燕麦等在内的30多种种子被放置在多舱“嫦娥五号”飞船内，绕月飞行了约15天。这些种子都进行了太空育种。文章对太空育种的概念、优势和收益进行了介绍。
33．推理判断题。根据第二段第一句“Scientists wished t check what wuld happen t the seeds after being expsed t extraterrestrial (地外的) frces in lunar rbit and als hped that they culd develp beneficial mutatins (突变).”（科学家们希望检查这些种子在月球轨道上受到外星力量的影响后会发生什么，也希望它们能发展出有益的突变。）可知，种子被放在嫦娥五号里是为了让它们暴露在特殊环境下。故选D。
34．推理判断题。根据第三段第二句“Researchers bserve and examine several generatins f plants grwn frm space-bred seeds and investigate their mutatins-sme are psitive and desirable while thers are negative.”（研究人员观察和检查了几代由太空培育的种子长成的植物，并调查了它们的突变——一些是积极和可取的，而另一些是消极的。）可知，突变是以随机的方式发生的。故选B。
35．细节理解题。根据最后一段第三句“Space breeding has helped t prduce mre than 200 new types f mutated plants in China that have been apprved fr large-scale cultivatin, ranging frm grains t vegetables and fruits.”（太空育种已帮助中国培育出200多种新的突变植物，这些植物已获准进行大规模种植，从谷物到蔬菜和水果。）可知，太空培育给我们带来了商业利益。故选D。
36．标题判断题。文章主要讲了太空育种给人类带来了很多好处，相比来说有更多优势，所以选项A（太空培育的种子提供了巨大的机遇）是最好的标题。选项B没有提到太空育种，选项C没有提到太空，选项D混淆了概念，不是来自太空的种子，而是从地球带到太空发生突变再带回地球的种子，所以选项B、选项C和选项D都不是合适的标题。故选A。
Passage 10 （2022·辽宁·东北育才双语学校模拟预测）
An 85-year-ld primary schl cnstructed in 1935 in Shanghai has been lifted ff the grund in its entirety and relcated using new technlgy called the “walking machine.” The prject marks the first time this “walking machine” methd has been used in Shanghai t relcate a histrical building.
Urbanizatin（都市化）has cntinued t significantly threaten architectural heritage. In the capital Beijing, fr instance, mre than 1,000 acres f its histric hutngs and traditinal curtyard hmes were destryed between 1990 and 2010.
In the early 2000s, cities including Nanjing and Bejjing-due t the critics’ prtest abut the lss f ld neighbrhds-drew up lng-term plans t preserve what was left f their histric sites, with prtectins intrduced t safeguard buildings and restrict develpers.
These cnservatin effrts have taken different frms. In Beijing, a near-ruined temple was transfrmed int a restaurant and gallery, while in Nanjing, a cinema frm the 1930s was restred t its riginal frm, with sme additins prviding it fr mdern use. In 2019, Shanghai welcmed Tank Shanghai, an arts center built in renvated（重修的）il tanks.
“Relcatin is nt the first chice, but better than destrying,” said Lan, the Shanghai primary schl’s prject supervisr. “I’d rather nt tuch the histrical buildings at all.” Building relcatins he said hwever, are “a wrkable ptin.” “The central gvernment is putting mre emphasis n the prtectin f histrical buildings. I’m happy t see that prgress in recent years.”
Shanghai has arguably been China’s mst prgressive city when it cmes t heritage preservatin. The survival f a number f 1930s buildings and 19th-century “shikumen” （r “stne gate”） huse have ffered examples f hw t give ld buildings new life.
“We have t preserve the histrical building n matter what, ” Lan said. “The relcatin has challenges, but in general, it is cheaper than destrying and then rebuilding smething in a new lcatin.”
37．Hw did cities respnd t the lss f histrical sites?
A．They criticized the develpers.B．They rebuilt the histric hutngs.
C．They ended the significant threat.D．They prpsed the prtectin prject.
38．What des the underlined wrd “it” in Para. 4 refer t?
A．All riginal frm.B．A new additin.C．A cinema.D．A temple.
39．What des the authr intend t d in Para. 6?
A．Prvide strng evidence.B．Intrduce different pinins.
C．Summarize previus paragraphs.D．Add sme backgrund infrmatin.
40．What’s the best title fr the passage?
A．Walking Machine: a New TechnlgyB．Rebuilding: a New Optin fr Relics
C．Old Building Trn dwn fr Mdern UseD．Histrical Site “Walks” t New Life
【答案】
37．D 38．C 39．A 40．D
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。上海一所始建于1935年、拥有85年历史的小学，日前全部拔地而起，并使用名为“步行机”的新技术进行了重新安置。该项目标志着上海首次采用这种“步行机器”的方式来搬迁一座历史建筑。文章对各个城市对历史遗迹的保护的努力进行了介绍，并详细介绍了上海的重新安置历史遗迹的方法。
37．细节理解题。根据第三段“In the early 2000s, cities including Nanjing and Bejjing-due t the critics’ prtest abut the lss f ld neighbrhds-drew up lng-term plans t preserve what was left f their histric sites, with prtectins intrduced t safeguard buildings and restrict develpers.”（21世纪初，包括南京和北京在内的城市——由于批评人士对老街区流失的抗议——制定了长期计划来保护遗留下来的历史遗迹，引入保护措施来保护建筑，并限制开发商。）可知，城市提出了保护计划来应对历史遗迹的丧失。故选D。
38．指代猜测题。根据第四段第二句中的“a cinema frm the 1930s was restred t its riginal frm”（20世纪30年代的一座电影院被恢复了原来的形式）可知，it是指电影院。故选C。
39．目的意图题。根据第六段第二句The survival f a number f 1930s buildings and 19th-century “shikumen” （r “stne gate”） huse have ffered examples f hw t give ld buildings new life.（幸存下来的一些20世纪30年代的建筑和19世纪的“石库门”(或“石门”)房屋为如何赋予旧建筑新的生命提供了范例。）可知，第六段中作者提供证据证明在遗产保护方面，上海可以说是中国最先进的城市。故选A。
40．标题判断题。根据第一段An 85-year-ld primary schl cnstructed in 1935 in Shanghai has been lifted ff the grund in its entirety and relcated using new technlgy called the “walking machine.” The prject marks the first time this “walking machine” methd has been used in Shanghai t relcate a histrical building.（上海一所始建于1935年、拥有85年历史的小学，日前全部拔地而起，并使用名为“步行机”的新技术进行了重新安置。该项目标志着上海首次采用这种“步行机器”的方式来搬迁一座历史建筑。）可知，文章主要是讲的是名胜古迹重新走进生活，所以选项D切题。故选D。
新高考卷
全国卷
2022
2021
2022
2021
卷I
卷II
卷I
卷II
乙卷
甲卷
乙卷
甲卷
细节理解题
6
7
8
8
8
8
6
5
推理判断题
7
5
5
5
5
3
6
8
词义猜测题
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
主旨大意题
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
1