专题08.第八章 句子的成分及结构（初升高衔接）（教师版+学生版）--（人教版高中英语）

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初中知识回顾
初中阶段，我们学习的基本句子成分包括：主谓宾，定状补；我们学习的句子结构主要是主谓宾和主系表；我们学习的句子类型主要是简单句和并列句。
回顾一：句子的基本成分
1.主语：一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，表示句子说的是什么人或什么事。例如：
He is a student.
2.谓语：说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。例如：He likes reading.
3.表语：用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，一般位于系动词之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：She is a girl.
4.宾语：表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：He likes bks.
5.定语：修饰，限制，描述或补充说明名词或代词的词、短语或从句。例如：This is an interesting bk.
6.状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征。状语一般由副词充当。例如：He runs fast.
回顾二：句子的基本句型
句子的基本句型：1.主语+谓语；2.主语+谓语+宾语；3.主语+系动词+表语。例如：
l.Wh cares'?主语+谓语
2.I lve China.主语+谓语+宾语
3.I am a Chinese.主语+系动词+表语
回顾三：句子的类型
1.简单句：含有一个主语和一个谓语的句子。例如：
He ften reads English in the mrning.
2.并列句：包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子，且句子之间有并列连词and/but等或用分号连接。例如：
Yu help him and he helps yu.
高中知识衔接
知识一：句子中的其他成分
1.主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等充当。例如：
(1)One-third f the students in this class are girls.数词
(2)T swim in the river is a great pleasure..不定式
(3)Smking des harm t the health..动名词
(4)The rich shuld help the pr..名词化的形容词
(5)When we are ging t have an English test has nt been decided.主语从句
2.(1)简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。例如：
He practices running every mrning.
The plane tk ff at ten 'clck.
(2)复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。例如：
Yu may keep the bk fr tw weeks.
He has caught a bad cld.
3.系动词用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态、性质特征和身份等。
(1)状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be动词，例如：
He is a teacher.
(2)持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,remain,stay,stand。例如：
He always keep silent at meeting.
(3)感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sund,taste。例如：
This kind f clth feels very sft.
(4)变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有becme.grw,turn,fall,get,g,cme,run。例如：
He became mad after that.
除此之外，还有prve,turn ut,appear,seem等。
The rumr prved false.
His plan turned ut a success
4.双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：
Lend me yur dictinary,please.
He gave me a bk yesterday.
5.从情况、时间、处所、方式、条件、对象、肯定、否定、范围和程度等方面对谓语中心进行修饰或限制，可以构成状语成分。状语一般由副词充当，也可由名词、介词短语、非谓语动词、从句等充当。例如：
(1)Light travels mst quickly.副词及副词性短语
(2)He has lived in the city fr ten years.介词短语
(3)He is prud t have passed the natinal cllege entrance examinatin.不定式
(4)He is in the rm making a mdel plane.分词短语
(5)Wait a minute.名词
(6)Once yu begin,yu must cntinue.从句
9种状语种类如下：
(l)Hw abut meeting again at six?时间状语
(2)Last night she didn't g t the dance party because f the rain.原因状语(3)I shall g there if it desn't rain.条件状语
(4)Mr.Smith lives n the third flr.地点状语
(5)She put the eggs int the basket with great care.方式状语
(6)In rder t catch up with thers,I must wrk harder.目的状语
(7)He was s tired that he fell asleep immediately.结果状语
(8)She wrks very hard thugh she is ld.让步状语(9)I am taller than he is.比较状语
6.同位语是对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，例如：
This is Mr.Zhu,ur headmaster.
We students shuld study hard.
We all are students.
7.插入语是对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有t be hnest(诚实地说)，I think(我认为)等，例如：
T be hnest,I dn't quite agree with yu.
知识二：句子的基本句型
1.句子的基本句型4：主+谓+间宾+直宾。有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，这两个宾语通常一个指人（间接宾语）；一个指物（直接宾语）。例如：
(1)She rdered herself a new dress.
(2)He brught yu a dictinary.
(3)I shwed him my pictures.
(4)I tld him that the bus was late.
(5)He shwed me hw t run the machine.
2.句子的基本句型5：主+谓+宾+宾补。此句型的句子的特点是，动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。例如：
(1)They painted the dr green.
(2)This set them thinking.
(3)They fund the huse deserted.
(4)He asked me t cme back sn.
(5)I saw them getting n the bus.
知识三：复合句
复合句包含一个主句和一个从句或一个主句和多个从句的句子，且从句用从属连词引导。定语从句、状语从句和名词性从句都是复合句。例如：
The freign visitrs tk a lt f pictures when they were at the Great Wall.时间状语从句思考总结
句子的成分和结构，是英语学习中一个重要却往往被忽视的部分。在高中英语学习中，教师在分析长难句的时候，很多学生茫然不知所措，正是因为对于句子的结构不了解造成的。在初中阶段，英语学习重视对于简单英语知识和语法的学习，而到了高中阶段则侧重于培养综合能力。这就需要我们把学到的知识灵活运用到对语言、文章的理解中，不断提高分析判断能力、逻辑思维能力和语言运用能力。而分析判断能力的基础，就在于阅读中点点滴滴的积累。
随堂练习
练习一：指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：
1. The students gt n the schl bus.
2. He handed me the newspaper.
3. I shall answer yur questin after class.
4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!
5. They went hunting tgether early in the mrning.
6. His jb is t train swimmers.
7. He tk many phts f the palaces in Beijing.
8. There is ging t be an American film tnight.
9. He is t leave fr Shanghai tmrrw.
10. His wish is t becme a scientist.
11. He managed t finish the wrk in time.
12. Tm came t ask me fr advice.
13. He fund it imprtant t master English.
14. D yu have anything else t say?
15. T be hnest， yur prnunciatin is nt s gd.
16. Wuld yu please tell me yur address?
17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.
18. It is ur duty t keep ur classrm clean and tidy.
19. He nticed a man enter the rm.
20. The apples tasted sweet.
练习二：分析下列句子的结构：
1.This is an English-Chinese dictinary.
2.The dinner smells gd.
3.He fell in lve.
4.Wh knws the answer?
5.She smiled her thanks.
6.He has refused t help them.
7.She cked her husband a delicius meal.
8.He brught yu a dictinary.
9.They appinted him the manager.
10.They painted the dr green.
11.This set them thinking.
12.I saw them getting n the bus.
13.Wh cares?
14.It desn’t matter.
15.Everything lks different.
16.He grws tall and strng.
17.They are shrt f mney.
18.He enjys reading.
19.He said"Gd mrning."
20.I shwed him my pictures.
练习三
1.(2020课标全国Ⅰ)Chinese researchers hpe t use the instruments nbard Chang'e-4 (find) and study areas f the Suth Ple-Aitken basin.
2.(2020课标全国Ⅱ)This is why decrating with plants, fruits and flwers (carry) special significance.
3.(2020全国新高考Ⅰ)Often, nly a small part f a museum's cllectin (be) n display. Mst f it is stred away r used fr research.
4.(2020浙江)Agriculture gave peple their first experience f the pwer f technlgy (change) lives.
四
单句填空
1.The (disappear) f dinsaurs is nt necessarily caused by astrnmical incidents.
2.In the 1950s in the USA, mst families (have) just ne phne at hme, and wireless phnes hadn't been invented yet.
3.I cannt cntrl my bdy well. My legs becme (pain).
4.Susan made it clear t me that she wished (make) a new life fr herself.
5.I gt n the bus and fund a seat near the back, and then I nticed a man (sit) at the frnt.
6.Althugh birds use (they) feathers fr flight, sme f their feathers are fr ther purpses.
7.I was driving dwn t Lndn when I (sudden) fund that I was n the wrng rad.
8.The nly way t succeed at the highest level is t have ttal belief yu are better than anyne else in the sprts field.
9.There is n dubt that ding exercise (be) beneficial t ur health.
10.I fund the test difficult, but I tried hard t d it;suddenly Mary, my best friend, (ask) me t let her cpy my answers.
练习五
Ⅰ.分析下列的句子成分并尝试翻译
1.(2019课标全国Ⅰ阅读B)What yu need is a great teacher wh lets yu make mistakes.
分析:句子的主干是 结构。其中What yu need是 语;is是 语;a great teacher wh lets yu make mistakes是 语,其中wh lets yu make mistakes是 从句。
2.(2019课标全国Ⅰ阅读D)Enviable as the cl kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein's studies shw unpleasant cnsequences.
分析:Dr. Prinstein's studies shw unpleasant cnsequences是 句;Enviable as the cl kids may have seemed是as引导的 从句,使用了倒装结构。
3.(2019天津阅读B)By pening a nvel, I can leave behind my burdens and enter int a wnderful and mysterius wrld where I am nw a new character.
分析:第一个I是主句的 语;can leave和enter是句子的 语;my burdens和 a wnderful、mysterius wrld where I am nw a new character是句子的 语,其中wnderful、mysterius 和where I am nw a new character作 语修饰wrld。
4.(2018课标全国Ⅰ阅读A)This small grup bike tur is a fantastic way t see the wrld-famus cherry trees with beautiful flwers f Washingtn, D.C.
分析:This small grup bike tur是句子的 语; is是句子的 语; fantastic和t see the wrld-famus cherry trees with beautiful flwers f Washingtn, D.C.作 语修饰way,其中with beautiful flwers f Washingtn, D.C.作 语修饰cherry trees。
5.(2018课标全国Ⅰ阅读A)Knwledgeable guides will entertain yu with the mst interesting stries abut Presidents, Cngress, memrials, and parks.
分析:Knwledgeable guides作句子的 语;will entertain作句子的 语;with the mst interesting stries abut Presidents, Cngress, memrials, and parks作 语,其中介词短语abut Presidents, Cngress, memrials, and parks作 语修饰stries。
Ⅱ.完成下列句子
1.(2020课标全国Ⅰ)我非常崇拜我的爸爸。

2.(2020课标全国Ⅰ)我的父亲是一个老师,他非常热爱他的工作和他的学生。

3.(2020课标全国Ⅱ)我们开车离开了学校。农场离我们学校大约2公里远。

4.(2020课标全国Ⅱ)通过这次活动,我们知道了农民有多辛苦和粮食有多珍贵。

5.(2020课标全国Ⅰ)当我在学习中遇到问题时,爸爸会耐心地听我说,鼓励我勇敢克服困难。

六
语法填空
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
A
China has becme the first cuntry t land a spacecraft n the far side f the mn. The unmanned Chang'e-4 prbe (探测器)—the name 1 (inspire) by an ancient Chinese mn gddess— 2 (tuch) dwn last week in the Suth Ple-Aitken basin. 3 (land) n the mn's far side is extremely challenging. Because the mn's bdy blcks direct radi cmmunicatin with a prbe, China first had t put a satellite in rbit abve the mn in a spt 4 it culd send signals t the spacecraft and t Earth. The far side f the mn is f particular 5 (interesting) t scientists because it has a lt f deep craters (环形山), mre s 6 the familiar near side. Chinese researchers hpe t use the instruments nbard Chang'e-4 7 (find) and study areas f the Suth Ple-Aitken basin. “This really excites scientists,” Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brwn University, says, “because it 8 (mean) we have the chance t btain infrmatin abut hw the mn 9 (cnstruct).” Data abut the mn's cmpsitin, such as hw much ice and ther treasures it cntains, culd help China decide 10 its plans fr a future lunar (月球的) base are practical.
B
Using scial media t much and psting many selfies (自拍) 1 (cause) a rise in narcissism (自恋) since the scial media became ppular, accrding t a newly published study. Narcissism is when smene becmes very 2 (self) and believes they are very talented and beautiful. They need attentin frm ther peple, 3 (think) they are better than everyne else. Researchers fund that heavy users f scial media like Facebk shwed a 25% rise in narcissism in just fur mnths. They studied hw 74 peple 4 (age) 18 t 34 used scial media and lked at hw their persnalities changed. They said that psting selfies seemed t increase mre levels f narcissism 5 text-messaging.
Prfessr Phil Reed, wh is frm 6 Department f Psychlgy at Swansea University, said:“There have been suggestins f links 7 narcissism and the use f selfies n scial media, but until this study, it wasn't knwn if 8 (use) such platfrms is related t the grwth in narcissism. The results f this study suggest that psting selfies can increase narcissism.” Prfessr Reed said that “nearly 20% f peple may develp narcissism” because they want attentin and 9 (apprve) frm thers after psting a selfie. They als want t shw thers their life is 10 (gd) and that they are mre beautiful r attractive.