初三暑假英语预习讲义 第01讲 句子成分及五种简单句（学生版）

这是一份初三暑假英语预习讲义 第01讲 句子成分及五种简单句（学生版），共10页。学案主要包含了句子成分，五种基本句型结构，句型3，句型4，句型5等内容，欢迎下载使用。

一、句子成分
（一）句子成分的定义：
构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。
句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；
主要成分有主语和谓语；
次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和插入语。
主语
主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，表明句子里所谈的是:“什么人”或“什么物”，一般位于句首。但在 there be 结构、疑问句(当主语不是疑问词时)和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。如:
Since the 1990s, American cuntry music has becme mre and mre ppular(名词)自从 20 世纪 90 年代以来，美国乡村音乐已经变得越来越流行。
They ften speak English after class. (代词)
Twenty years is a shrt time in histry.(数词)
T swim in the deep river is a great pleasure.(不定式)
Eating t much des harm t yur health.(动名词)·
The rich shuld help the pr.(名词化的形容词).
What he needs is a bk.(主语从句)
It is necessary fr us t master a freign language(it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式)掌握一门外语对我们来说是必要的。
It is very clear that the elephant is rund and tall like a tree(It形式主语，that 引导的主语从句是真正主语》
大象像树一样又圆又高，这一点是显然的。
谓语
谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后(在倒装语序下，谓语可放于主语之前)。谓语的构成如下:
(1)简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。如:
She practises running every mrning.(单个动词 practise 做谓语)
(2)复合谓语
①由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如:·
Yu may keep the bk fr three weeks.(情态动词 may+动词原形keep 做谓语)
The little girl has caught a bad cld.(助动词 hast动词过去分词 caught做谓语)
②由系动词加表语构成。如:
We are students nw.(系动词 are+名词 students 构成系表结构做谓语)
【注意】谓语和主语在人称和数方面必须保持一致。如:
I am reading.
Yu are reading.
He/She is reading.
We are reading.
Mary lves swimming.
Yu dn't trust me.
He believes me.
表语
表语用以表述说明主语的身份、特征和状态，说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”，它一般位于系动词(如 be、becme、get、lk、grw、turn、seem 等)之后，与系动词共同构成谓语。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。如:
Our freign teacher is an American.(名词)
Are they yurs? (代词)(They are yurs.)
The weather has turned warm.(形容词)
The lecture is exciting.(分词)
Three times seven is twenty-ne.(数词)三乘七等于二十一。
Her jb is t teach English.(不定式)
Her hbby is singing ppular sngs.(动名词)
The ld machine must be ut frder.(介词短语)
这台老机器肯定运转不畅。
Time is up. Class is ver.(副词)
The truth is that she has never been abrad.(表语从句)事实是她从没去过国外。
宾语
宾语表示动作行为的对象或承受者。由名词、代词或相当于名词或代词的词或短语充当，和及物动词一起构成谓语，说明主语“做什么”。如:
He went t see a film yesterday.(名词)
The thick fg prevented us frm cming t schl n time.(代词)浓雾使我们无法准时到校。
Hw many bks d yu have? -I have fifty.(数词)
We helped the ld with their husewrk.(名词化形容词)·She pretended nt t see me.(不定式短语)
He enjys listening t ppular sngs.(动名词短语)·We think (that) she is fit fr her jb.(宾语从句)
宾语种类:
直接宾语和间接宾语--有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，一个指人，一个指物，指人的通常为动词的间接承受者叫作间接宾语，指物的通常为动词的直接承受者叫直接宾语，在一起称为成为双宾语，一般间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后，如:
He gavemesme ink.他给了我一些墨水。
间接宾语直接宾语
Our teacher tld usan interesting stry. 老师给我妈讲了一个有趣的故事。
间接宾语直接宾语
宾语补足语
英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾语和它的补足语构成宾语复合宾语。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为:某些及物动词(如 make 等)+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。如:
His father namedhimJack.
谓语 宾语 宾补(名词)
He painted his wall yellw.(形容词)·
Let the dg ut.(副词)
Yu mustn't frce her t lend her mney t yu.(不定式短语) 你不能强迫她借钱给你。
We saw him entering the rm.(现在分词)
He fund everything in the lab in gd rder.
谓语 定语(修饰 everything) (介词短语)
We will sn make ur schl what yur schl is nw. (从句)
我们不久就要把我们的学校发展成你们学校目前的那个样子。
定语
修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。可以作定语的除形容词外，还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语等。如:
Hangzhu is a beautiful city.(形容词)
China is a develping cuntry while the USA is a develped cuntry(分词)
中国是个发展中国家，而美国是个发达国家。
There are thirty men teachers in ur schl.(名词)
Her prgress in English made us surprised.(代词)
Our mnitr is always the first t enter the classrm.(不定式短语)我们班长总是第一个进教室的人。
Our teaching plan fr the next term has been wrked ut.(动名词)
He is reading an article abut hw t learn a freign language.(介词短语)
他正在读一本关于如何学外语的书。
状语
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可以作状语的主要是副词、介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语等。如:
Light travels mst quickly.(副词及副词性词组)·
We have lived in the city fr ten years.(介词短语)
She is prud t have passed the examinatin.(不定式短语)·
The by is in the rm making a mdel plane.(分词短语)·
Once yu begin,yu must cntinue.(状语从句)状语的种类如下:
Hw abut meeting again at seven?(时间状语)
Last night she didn't g t the party because f the heavy rain.(原因状语).
We shall g there if it desn't rain.(条件状语)·
Mrs.Green lives n the third flr.(地点状语)
He put the eggs int the basket with great care.(方式状语)
He came in with a bk in his hand.(伴随状语)手上拿着本书，他进来了。
In rder t catch up with the thers, we must wrk harder.(目的状语)
She was s tired that she fell asleep immediately.(结果状语)
Tu Yuyu wrks very hard thugh she is ld.(让步状语)
I am taller than she is.(比较状语)
同位语
把一个名词(短语)、代词或从句放在另一名词或代词后，对前面的名词或代词作进一步解释， 用以说明前者的性质或情况，这样的名词或代词叫同位语。如:
·We Chinese peple lve peace.(Chinese peple 是主语 We 的同位语)
Yu all shuld be punished.(代词做同位语)
She herself went there.(反身代词做同位语)
Our English teacher, Mr. Zhang, is very thin.(名词做同位语)
Dctr Li, a kind and friendly girl, lives next t me.(名词短语做同位语)李医生，一个善良又待人友好的女孩儿，住在我家隔壁。
二、五种基本句型结构
一、句型1： Subject (主语) ＋ Vi (谓语)
这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，所谓不及物动词，就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语。常见的动词有：wrk, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, cme, die, disappear, cry, happen等。如：
1) Li Ming wrks very hard.
2)Spring is cming.
补充： 少数不及物动词后面能跟一个相同意义的名词作宾语这个名词和前面的动词在词根上是相同的或者在意义上是相近的这样的宾语就叫做同源宾语。 常见的能带同源宾语的动词有lead, live, die, sleep, dream, breathe, smile, laugh, fight, run, sing等。如：
1) Under the leadership f the Party we lead a happy life.
2) I dreamed a terrible dream last night.
3) Our sldiers fught a wnderful fight against the flds last August.
4) He died a glrius death.
二、句型2：Subject (主语) ＋ Link. V(系动词) ＋ Predicate(表语)
这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类：
(1)表示状态。这样的词有：be, lk, seem, smell, taste, sund, keep等。如：
1) This kind f fd tastes delicius.
2) He lked wrried just nw.
(2)表示变化。这类系动词有：becme, turn, get, grw, g等。如：
1) Spring cmes. It is getting warmer and warmer.
2) The tree has grwn much taller than befre.
三、句型3：Subject(主语) ＋ Vt(谓语) ＋ Object (宾语)
这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词, 所谓及物动词，就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语，其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。例：
1) He tk his bag and left. (名词)
2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. (代词)
3) She plans t travel in the cming May Day. (不定式)
4) He managed t escape suffering frm the disease. (动名词)
5) I dn't knw what I shuld d next. (从句)
注意：英语中的许多动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词。如：start, answer, sing, clse, cnsider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, imprve, grw, beat, perate, smell, play, hang, ring, speak等。如：
Everybdy, ur game begins.
Let’s begin ur game.
四、句型4： Subject (主语)＋Vt (谓语)＋ Indirect bject (间接宾语)＋Direct bject (直接宾语)
这种句型中，直接宾语为主要宾语，表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语，去掉之后，对整个句子的影响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, shw, bring, send等。如：
Her father bught her a dictinary as a birthday present.
2) The ld man always tells the children stries abut the heres in the Lng March.
这种句型还可转换为其他两种句型：
动词 ＋ 直接宾语 ＋ fr sb.； B. 动词 ＋ 直接宾语 ＋ t sb.。
上述句子还可以表达为：
1) Her father bught a dictinary fr her as a birthday present.
2) The ld man always tells stries abut the heres t the children in the Lng March.
五、句型5： Subject (主语)＋Vt (动词)＋Object (宾语)＋Cmplement (补语)
这种句型中的“宾语 ＋ 补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如：
1) Yu shuld keep the rm clean and tidy. (形容词)
2) We made him ur mnitr. (名词)
3) His father tld him nt t play in the street. (不定式)
4) My father likes t watch the bys playing basketball. (现在分词)
5) Yesterday I had a picture taken with tw Americans. (过去分词)
6) We went t her huse but fund her ut. (副词)
7) I fund him in truble. (介词短语)
● 常见的动词有: tell, ask, advise, help, want, wuld like, rder, frce, allw等。
● 注意：动词have, make, let, see, hear, ntice, feel, watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，不带t。如：
1) The bss made him d the wrk all day.
2) I heard her sing in the next rm all the time last night.
名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词和介词辨析
（2022年全国甲卷语法填空）
by the Belt and Rad Frum fr Internatinal Cperatin held in Beijing, Ca decided t cver the rute by hiking as a tribute (致敬) t the ancient Silk Rad. ___64___ friend f his, Wu Fan, vlunteered t be his cmpanin during the trip.
Ca and Wu als cllected garbage alng the rad, in rder t prmte envirnmental ___65___ (prtect). Ca believes this will make the hiking trip even mre ___66___ (meaning). The tw f them cllected mre than 1,000 plastic bttles alng the 40-day jurney.
In the last five years. Ca has walked thrugh 34 cuntries in six cntinents, and in 2016, he reached the tp f Kilimanjar, Africa’s ___68___ (high) muntain.
Nw, Ca has started the secnd part f his dream t walk alng the Belt and Rad rute. He flew 4, 700 kilmeters ___69___ Xi’an t Kashgar n Sept. 20, planning t hike back t Xi’an in five mnths.
（2022年全国甲卷短文改错）
My father ften tk me t his hspital when I was ff my schl. He shwed me hw his medical instruments were used. I felt s clsely t him. Hwever, after I went t high schl, smehw I becme distant frm The disagreement was s sharp that neither he nr I knew hw t settle it. One day, he talked with me r hped t mend ur relatins. With the effrts made by all sides, we began t understand each ther better.
基础过关检测
一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：
1. The students gt n the schl bus.
2. He handed me the newspaper.
3. I shall answer yur questin after class.
4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!
5. They went hunting tgether early in the mrning.
6. His jb is t train swimmers.
7. He tk many phts f the palaces in Beijing.
8. There is ging t be an American film tnight.
9. He is t leave fr Shanghai tmrrw.
10. His wish is t becme a scientist.
11. He managed t finish the wrk in time.
12. Tm came t ask me fr advice.
13. He fund it imprtant t master English.
14. D yu have anything else t say?
15. T be hnest, yur prnunciatin is nt s gd.
16. Wuld yu please tell me yur address?
17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.
18. It is ur duty t keep ur classrm clean and tidy.
19. He nticed a man enter the rm.
20. The apples tasted sweet.
二、写出下列句子是什么简单句型。
1. Our schl is nt far frm my hme.
2. It is a great pleasure t talk with yu
3. All f us cnsidered him hnest.
4. My grandfather bught me a pair f sprts shes.
5. He brke a piece f glass.
6. He made it clear that he wuld leave the city．
7. At last he gt hme, tired and hungry.
8. Trees turn green when spring cmes.
9. They pushed the dr pen.
10. Grandma tld me an interesting stry last night.
11. He wrte carefully sme letters t his friends.
12.All the students think highly f his teaching
13. We need a place twice larger than this ne.
14. He asked us t sing an English sng.
15. Dn’t get nervus. Help yurself t what yu like．
三、划分下列简单句的成分，并写出是什么句型。
All my effrts will pay ff.
Senir high schl is a time f learning and discvering.
All rads lead t Rme.
Jack ffered me sme helpful advice.
Setting gals makes yu mre cnfident.
Teenagers’ physical changes may result in such family tensins.
Mdern technlgy has allwed rich peple t accumulate wealth mre easily.
Ppulatin grwth remains a serius prblem in Bangladesh.
四、用所学简单句句型翻译下列句子。
这个提议听起来很棒！（主+系+表）

天气很重要。（主+谓+状）

下周六我们将举办一场英语演讲比赛。（主+谓+宾+状）

全球气候一直在变化。（主+谓）

很多父母觉得和他们的孩子们经常沟通是很困难的。（find+形式宾语+宾补）

我无法想象没有互联网的生活。（主+谓+宾）

互联网有助于我们与我们的朋友保持联系。（主+谓+宾+宾补）

太阳给了我们光和热。（主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语）

高考必考题型练习
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Text 1
(湖南省长沙市雅礼中学2022-2023学年新高一入学分班考试) 1 (address)anxiety and mental health cncerns caused by the nvel crnavirus utbreak, the Natinal Health Cmmissin has required prvincial-level regins t cmbine 2 (psychlgy) supprt resurces and standardize such public services.
"Clleges 3 (equip) with psychlgical centers are als encuraged t step up interventin and cunseling（建议） t students 4 may be affected by the disease's spread," said Wang Bin, deputy directr f the cmmissin's disease cntrl and 5 (prevent) bureau（局，办事处）at a news cnference held n Mnday.
Days f intensive（密集的）wrk had exhausted him and caused him t lse his temper fr a brief mment. The dctr quickly cllected 6 (he) and went back t 7 (treat) patients.
Yang Fude , Party secretary f the Beijing Hui lng guan Hspital, said many medical wrkers and persnnel 8 charge f registering and screening residents in neighbrhds 9 (face) tremendus pressure and are pushing their mental and physical 10 (limit).
Text 2
(河南省六市重点高中2022-2023学年高一下学期开学联考) East China’s Jiangsu Prvince is 1 land f abundance (富饶). It is hme t several UNESCO wrld heritages sites, including the Classical Gardens f Suzhu, the Ming Xialing Mausleum in Nanjing and part f the Grand Canal.
As the 2 (traditin) tea prcessing techniques and their assciated scial practices in China 3 (add) t UNESCO’s Representative List f the Intangible Cultural Heritage f Humanity n Nv 29, 2022, tea culture in Jiangsu Prvince attracts attentin again.
Fuchun teahuse lies 4 a hutng in Yangzhu f Jiangsu Prvince. Althugh it is nt lcated in the very heart f the city, its reputatin persuades many custmers int 5 (cme) in grups.
6 (fund) in 1885, Fuchun teahuse was a flwer shp and 77 (becme) a place fr peple 8 (drink) tea then. It started t ffer 9 (variety) f delicate pastries (甜点) until the wner intrduced them, 10 nt nly perfectly matched the Chinese tea, but als represented a kind f artistry frm the kitchen. Fuchun pastry craft was listed in the natinal intangible cultural heritage in 2008.
目标 1
熟悉句子的各个成分。
目标 2
了解五种简单句。