初三暑假英语预习讲义 第02讲 谓语动词的时态、语态与主谓一致 （学生版）

这是一份初三暑假英语预习讲义 第02讲 谓语动词的时态、语态与主谓一致 （学生版），共23页。学案主要包含了疑难辨析等内容，欢迎下载使用。

谓语动词十种必考时态
动词的时态
时态是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。英语中有16种时态。高考必考时态有十种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时，现在进行时、过去进行时、过去将来时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、现在完成进行时。
一般现在时
构成：d/des
1．通常表示现阶段经常发生的动作、存在状态或经常的习惯性的动作。常与ften, usually, always,
smetimes, tday, every five minutes, n Sundays等时间状语连用。
She is always ready t help thers. 她总是乐于助人。
The ld man ges t park every mrning. 这位老人每天早上都去公园。
2．表示永恒的真理以及客观事实。
The earth ges rund the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。
3．表示按规定或计划要发生的动作。
The train starts at seven in the mrning. 火车早上七点出发。
4．主将从现：主句中使用一般将来时，在时间和条件状语从句中代替一般将来时。
I’ll g with yu, if yu are free tmrrw. 如果你明天有空，我就会和你一起去。
一般过去时
构成：did
(3)动词过去式变化规则:
1一般在动词末尾加-ed:clean--cleaned，ck--cked，lk--lked②以e结尾的动词加 d:live--lived，mve--mved，change--changed
③末尾只有一个元音字母和一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，应双写末尾的辅音字母，再加-ed:stp--stpped,shp--shpped
④以“辅音字母+y”结尾的，变y为 i，再加-ed:study--studied，carry--carried⑤常考不规则动词过去式:
am/is--was,are--were,becme-became,buy--bught,bring--brught,break--brke. cme--came,catch--caught,d--did, drink--drank, drive--drve, eat--ate, find--fund fly--flew,fight--fught, get--gt, g--went, give--gave, have--had, hurt--hurt,keep--kept,make--made, meet--met, mean--meant, ride--rde, run--ran, see--saw, sleep--slept, sing--sang, swim--swam …
1．一般过去时表示过去某一时间发生的动作或情况。常与表示过去的时间状语ag, yesterday , last week, in the ld days ,when I was five years ld, in 1995，the ther day 等连用。
I met him yesterday. 昨天我遇见了他。
They began t wrk tw mnths ag. 两个月前他们开始工作。
2．一般过去时多和表示过去了的时间状语连用。但是有时候句子并没有过去的时间状语，这时就要通过语境、说话人的口气来判断。
He wrte a nvel. 他写了一部小说。
I didn’t expect yu were waiting fr us. 我没预料到你正在等我们。
3．used t d sth. 意为“过去常常做某事”，暗含“现在不做了”之意。be used t d sth. 意为“被用于做某事”，不定式表示目的，可用于多种时态。be used t ding sth. 习惯做某事。
He used t get up early . 过去他总是早起。（现在不这样了）
He will be used t getting up early . 他将会习惯早起。
Wd is used t make paper. 木材被用来造纸。
一般将来时
3. 一般将来时
（1）构成：
①will/ shall+动词原形
②is/am/are ging t+动词原形
③is/am/are abut t+动词原形
④is/am/are t+动词原形
⑤is/am/are due t+动词原形
⑥某些动词的一般现在时或现在进行时形式
（2）用法：
①will
表示将来的习惯性动作或状态；
Spring will cme again. 春天还会再来。
He will be here in an hur. 他一个小时后到这里。
表示将来发生的一次性动作；
If yu dn't hurry, yu will miss the train. 如果你不快点儿，你就会赶不上火车。
表示事物的固有属性或必然趋势；
Fish will die withut water. 离开水，鱼就会死。
表示偶然的、临时的决定。
－D yu knw Mr. Smith has cme t ur twn?
－N. I will g and visit him right nw.
－你知道史密斯先生来我们镇了吗？
－不知道。我马上就去看他。
②be ging t
用在口语中，表示“计划、打算要做某事”， 此外，be ging t还可表示根据现在的迹象对未来进行推断。
He is ging t speak n TV this evening. 他今晚要在电视上演讲。
Lk at the dark cluds. It is ging t rain. 看这些乌云，要下雨了。
③be abut t/be n the pint f +动名词
表示“立即的将来（immediate future）”，这两种结构不与表示将来的具体时间状语连用，但可以和并列连词 when (=and at this/that time)引出的分句连用
The train is abut t start. 火车就要开了。
I'm nt abut t stp when I'm s clse t success. 在这样接近成功时，我不打算就此罢手。
④ be t
表示“按计划或安排要做的事”；
When are yu t leave fr hme? 你什么时候回家？
表示要求做某事，意为“应该”， 相当于shuld, ught t；
Yu are t reprt it t the plice. 你应该报警。
表示“想，打算”， 相当于 intend, want。
If we are t be there befre ten, we'll have t g nw.
如果我们要在10点前到那儿，我们现在就得走。
⑤ be due t
表示“预定、定于”；
They are due t meet again tmrrw. 他们定于明天再见面。
有些动词，如 cme, g, arrive, leave, begin, start 等，其现在进行时表示按计划、安排近期将要发生的动作；
I'm leaving fr Beijing next mnth. 下个月我要动身去北京。
某些动词的一般现在时可以表示按计划、安排将要做的事情，这种用法常常用于介绍火车时刻表、飞机时刻表、电影开演时刻表、作息安排等。
We must hurry up. The first class begins at 8 'clck. 我们必须快点儿。第一节课将在8点开始。
（四）. 现在进行时的用法:
（1）构成：
is/am/are +现在分词
（2）用法：
①表示现在（说话人说话时）正在发生或进行的动作或状态，常与 nw，right nw，at this mment，at present等时间状语连用。
We are waiting fr yu nw. 我们正在等你。
②表示现阶段发生的动作，说话时该动作未必正在进行。
He is teaching in a middle schl. 他在一所中学教书。
③表示将要发生的动作，此时常与表示将来的时间状语连用，多指按计划、安排好的事情。
I'm meeting my father at the statin at 5 'clck. 我五点要去车站接我的父亲。
④表示渐变，有些动词，如 cme，g，leave，start，begin，stp，arrive，return等的进行时表示逐渐变化的过程。
It is getting warmer and warmer in spring. 春天天气越来越暖和了。
⑤表示动作的反复。进行时与 always，cnstantly，frever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的厌烦、喜爱等感情色彩。
Yu are always changing yur mind. 你总是不停地改变主意。 （不满）
She's always helping peple. 她总是乐意帮助别人。（赞扬）
The by is cnstantly lying. 这个男孩老是撤谎。（厌烦）
⑥不能用进行时态的动词。
感觉类：lk，smell，feel，sund，taste，see，hear等。
The sup tastes gd. (不可说：The sup is tasting gd.) 这汤尝起来不错。
Yur hands feel cld. (不可说：Yur hands are feeling cld.)你的手摸起来很凉。
情感类：like，lve，prefer，admire，hate，fear，adre等。
I lve my dad and mum. (不可说：I am lving my dad and mum.)我爱我的爸爸妈妈。
心态类：wish，hpe，want，need，believe，understand，agree，knw，remember，frget等。
I dn't believe my eyes. (不可说：I am nt believing my eyes.) 我不相信我的眼睛。
存在状态类：appear，lie (位于），remain，belng，have等。
Thse bks belng t Mr. Li. (不可说：Thse bks are belnging t Mr. Li.)那些书是李先生的。
（五） 过去进行时的用法:
（1）构成：was/were +现在分词
（2）用法：
①表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在发生的动作，常有表过去时间的状语（从句）
The last time I saw Jane, she was picking cttn in the fields.
我最后一次见简时，她正在地里摘棉花。
②表示过去某段时间内持续进行的动作。常用的时间状语有this mrning，the whle mrning，all day，frm nine t ten等
We were watching TV frm seven t nine last night.
昨天晚上七点到九点我们在看电视。
③用过去进行时表过去将来时，与现在进行时表将来相同，表示过去将要发生的动作，常用动词有g，cme，stay，leave等
She asked him whether he was cming back fr supper.
她问他是否要回来吃晚饭。
④表示过去的反复性或习惯性的动作，常与副词 always，cnstantly，cntinually，frequently 等连用，常常带有说话人的某种感情色彩
His mther was always wrking like that.
他母亲总是那样工作。
（六） 现在完成时的用法:
1、表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常与already, ever, never, just ,yet等副词连用。
I have just finished my hmewrk. 我刚刚完成我的家庭作业。
He has been t Germany. 他去过德国。
2、表示从过去某时刻开始，持续到现在的动作或情况，并且有可能会继续持续下去，此时经常用延续性动词。时间状语常用since加一个过去的时间点，或fr加一段时间，或加一个现在时间。
I have knwn him fr three years. 我认识他三年了。
He has lived here since 1995.他自1995年以来就住在这儿。
【注意】（1）因为含有fr加一段时间或since加一时间点这样的时间状语的完成时，有延续性的特点，所以不能使用瞬间动词。
My sister has been married fr 5 years.我姐姐结婚五年了。
My sister has married. Dn’t disturb her. 我姐姐已经结婚了。不要打扰她。
（2）在This/That/It is the that..句型里，从句要用现在完成时。
This is the secnd time that the prducts f ur cmpany have been shwn in the Internatinal Exhibitin. 这是我公司产品第二次参加国际展览会。
（3）句型It is/has 所使用的两种时态都正确。
It is/has been 10 years since I last saw him. 从我上次见到他以来已经有10年了。
【注意】
一般过去时与现在完成时的区别:
过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作;现在完
成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响;一般过去时
常与具体的时间状语连用。
试比较:
I saw this film yesterday.(强调看的动作发生过了，不涉及现在)
I have seen this film.(强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。)
（七）. 过去完成时的用法:
1、过去完成时是一个相对时态，表示过去的过去，只有在两个过去发生的动作相比较时才可显示出来。
When we gt t the statin, the train had left.
2、过去完成时表示截止到过去某一时间已经完成的动作。
By the end f last mnth, we had reviewed fur bks. 截止到上个月末，我们已经复习了四本书。
3、表示思维的动词用过去完成时，意为“原本······（但事与愿违）”。
I had thught that he wuld win. 我原以为他能赢。
We had believed that he culd tell the truth. 我们原本相信他能够说实话。
（八）. 过去将来时的用法:
（1）构成：
①shuld/wuld+动词原形
②was/were ging t+动词原形
③was/were abut t+动词原形
④was/were t+动词原形
⑤was/were due t+动词原形
⑥was/were +t have dne
（2）用法：
表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态
He said he wuld be here at eight 'clck.
他说他将在八点钟到这里。
He tld me he was leaving in an hur.
他告诉我他一小时后就要走了。
I was abut t take a bath when the telephne rang.
我正要洗澡时电话铃响了。
He tld me he was t get married the next week.
他告诉我他下周结婚。
. 将来进行时的用法:
1. 定义：将来进行时是指将来某个时间正在进行的动作。
2. 基本结构：主语+will be/be ging t be +ding
I will be sleeping at 12:00 p.m. 十二点的时候我将在睡觉。
I will be studying in university at the age f 20. 我20岁的时候我将会在大学里学习。
3. 用法：
（1）表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作，一般带状语。
What will yu be ding at this time next Mnday? 下周一的这个时候你会做什么？
When he cmes t my huse tmrrw, I will be writing the reprt. 明天他来我家时，我将在写报告。
（2）表示现在正在进行的动作，但这个动作会延续到将来。
I wnder if it will still be raining this afternn. 我想知道今天下午是否还会一直下雨。
I think that she will be wrking n this experiment until next mrning. 我想她会一直在做这个实验直到第二天早上。
（3）表示预定的将来动作或对将来的预测。
Tmrrw I will be flying t Bmbay. 明天我将飞往孟买。
After yu take the medicine, yu will be feeling much better. 吃完药后，你会感觉好很多。
（4）表示委婉的请求。
When shall we be meeting again? 我们什么时候能再见面？
（5）表示原因。
Please cme tmrrw afternn. Tmrrw mrning I’ll be having a meeting. 请明天下午过来。明天早上我将有一个会议。
（6）表示结果。
Stp the child r he will be falling ver. 快阻止那个孩子，要不然他会摔跤的。
（7）表示对将来的打算（区别于对将来的预测）
My duties will end in July, and I’ll be returning t Beijing. 七月我将结束工作，返回北京。
（十）. 现在完成进行时的用法:
1. 现在完成进行时的定义
现在完成进行时表示某动作从过去某个时间开始，一直延续到现在，并且还有可能持续下去。
We have been waiting fr him fr tw hurs.
2. 现在完成进行时的结构
have/has been + ding
3. 现在完成进行时所用的时间状语
this mnth/week/year，these days，recently/lately，in the past few+时间段，since +时间点，fr+时间段。
They have been building the bridge fr tw mnths.
They have been planting trees this mnth. 这个月他们在植树。
4. 现在完成进行时的用法
（1）表示动作的延续
The Chinese have been making paper fr tw thusand years. 中国有2，000年的造纸历史。（动作还将继续下去）
I have been learning English since three years ag. 自从三年前以来我一直在学英语。（表示在说话时刻之前刚刚结束的动作）
We have been waiting fr yu fr half an hur. 我们已经等你半个钟头了。（动作不再继续下去）
★ 有些现在完成进行时的句子等同于现在完成时的句子。
They have been living in this city fr ten years.
They have lived in this city fr ten years. 他们在这个城市已经住了10年了。
I have been wrking here fr five years.
I have wrked here fr five years. 我在这里已经工作两年了。
★大多数现在完成进行时的句子不等同于现在完成时的句子。
I have been writing a bk. 我一直在写一本书。（动作还将继续下去）
I have written a bk. 我已经写了一本书。（动作已经完成）
They have been building a bridge. 他们一直在造一座桥。
They have built a bridge. 他们造了一座桥。
★表示状态的动词不能用于现在完成进行时。
I have knwn him fr years. 我认识他已经好几年了。
I have been knwing...（×）
★ 这类不能用于现在完成进行时的动词还有：lve爱，like喜欢，hate讨厌等。
【疑难辨析】
现在完成进行时和现在完成时的辨析：
（1）现在完成进行时可以表示动作的重复，而现在完成时一般不表示重复性
Have yu been meeting him recently?你最近常和他见面吗？
Have yu met him recently?你最近见到过他吗？
（2）现在完成进行时有时含有感情色彩，而现在完成时一般是平铺直叙
I have been waiting fr yu fr tw hurs.我一直等了你两个小时。（可能表示不满）
I have waited fr yu fr tw hurs.我等了你两个小时。（说明一个事实）
（3）现在完成进行时强调动作，而现在完成时强调结果
Wh has been eating the ranges?谁一直在吃这些桔子呀？（还剩余一些）
Wh has eaten the ranges?谁把桔子吃光了？（强调吃得一个不剩）
被动语态
构成： be＋过去分词be＋过去分词，口语中也用“get/becme＋过去分词”表示。
被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态；强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态(by短语有时可以省略)。
1.使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题
(1)被动语态中的谓语动词一定要是及物动词
因为被动句中的主语是动作的承受者，某些短语动词如lk after, think f, take care f, wrk ut, laugh at等，也可用于被动语态。
The children were taken gd care f by her.
【注意】
短语动词中的介词或副词变成被动语态时不可遗漏。
(2) 主动语态变为被动语态要加“t”的情况
若宾语补足语是不带t 的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加“t”。此类动词为感官动词，如：feel, hear, help, listen t, lk at, make, bserve, see, ntice, watch等。例如：
The teacher made me g ut f the classrm.
I was made t g ut f the classrm (by the teacher).
(3)短语动词变被动语态时，注意介词短语的完整性。
③Yur prnunciatin and spelling shuld be paid attentin t.你应该注意你的发音和拼写。
情态动词， be ging t, be t, be sure t, have t等结构变为被动语态时，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为“be＋过去分词”。
④We can repair this watch in tw days.
→This watch can be repaired in tw days.
我们可以在两天内修好这块手表。
当句子的谓语为say, believe, expect, think, knw, write, cnsider, reprt等时，被动语态有两种形式：
a．谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。
b．用it作形式主语，真正的主语用主语从句来表示。
⑤Peple say he is a smart by.
→He is said t be a smart by.
→It is said that he is a smart by.
据说他是个聪明的男孩。
⑥Peple knw paper was made in China first.
→Paper was knwn t be made in China first.
→It is knwn that paper was made in China first.
众所周知，纸最先在中国被制造。
类似句型有：It is said/knwn/suggested/believed/hped/thught that ...
2．不能用被动语态的几种情况
(1)所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态。
(2)表示状态的谓语动词，如：last, hld, cntain, fit, cst等。
(3)表示归属的动词，如have，wn，belng t等。
(4)表示“希望、意图、喜好”的动词，如：wish, want, hpe, like, lve, hate等。
(5)宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。
(6)宾语是同源宾语、不定式、动名词等，谓语动词不用被动语态。
3. 主动形式表示被动意义
英语中有一类既是及物动词又是不及物动词的动词。当它们作为不及物动词而主语又是指物的名词或代词时，往往含有被动意义。因为从逻辑意义上讲这些名词本身不具备执行动作的能力，只能作为动作的承受者。由于动词本身的含义及主语的内在特征，这些动词表达被动意义的方式和与其他词语的搭配又有很多不同之处。
1. 某些连系动词smell，taste，sund，feel等。如：
The clth feels sft. 这布摸上去很柔软。
The cake tastes gd. 这蛋糕很好吃。
That sunds very reasnable. 那听起来很有道理的。
2. 某些不及物动词如build，ck，print，bake 等用于进行时态（主要是现在进行时）。这些动词构成的主动结构可以转化为相应的被动语态。如：
The new huse is building.
=The new huse is being built. 新房在建造中。
The newspapers are printing.
=The newspapers are being printed.报纸在印刷中。
3. 某些与can't，wn't连用的不及物动词。如：
The cntainer can't mve.
=The cntainer cannt be mved. 这集装箱移动不了。
The dr wn't lck.
=The dr wn't be lcked. 这门锁不住。
4. 某些不及物动词常与副词连用。这些常见的不及物动词有：read，write，wash，clean，draw，burn，sell，ck，phtgraph，dye，dry，light，tear，carry 等。副词包括well，badly，easily，quickly等。如：
The pen writes smthly. 这支钢笔很好写。
The knife cuts well. 这把刀很快。
The clth washes well. 这种布料好洗。
These bwls dn't clean easily. 这些碗不容易洗干净。
The kind f rice cks mre quickly than that kind. 这种米饭比那种米饭熟得快。
Nyln dries quickly. 尼龙织物干得快。
5. 某些以含动词意义的名词作介词宾语构成的介词词组可表示被动意义。如：
Oranges are n sale. 橘子在出售。
The questin is under discussin. 问题在讨论之中。
主谓一致
主谓一致要遵循三个原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。
语法一致原则指的是主语和谓语的数互相匹配，根据主语的语法形式，决定谓语动词的单复数形式。语法形式是单数的主语，谓语动词用单数形式；语法形式是复数的主语，谓语动词用复数形式。
意义一致原则指的是主谓语的一致不是根据其外部形态来决定的，而是取决于主语所表达的内在涵义，也就是说，要从意义着眼来处理主谓一致问题。有时主语形式为单数，但是意义为复数，谓语动词根据意义而定，亦采取复数形式。
就近一致原则指的是谓语动词根据它前面最邻近的名词或代词或其他词的数保持一致，而不是根据整个主语部分的数来决定。
语法一致原则和意义一致原则通常是协调统一的，究竟何时采用何种原则视习惯用法而定。
一、语法一致原则
主语和谓语通常是从语法上取得一致，即主语为单数形式，谓语动词也采取单数形式;主语为复数形式，谓语动词也为复数形式。在正式用法中往往遵循语法一致的原则。
1. 单数名词或代词、动词不定式、动名词和主语从句作主语，其谓语动词应月单数形式。
2.复数名词或代词作主语，其谓语动词应用复数形式。如:
T play basketball and t g swimming is useful fr character-training.
When he was brn and where he grew up is still unknwn.·
Ging t bed early and getting up early is a gd habit.
Reading English magazines and nvels is helpful t yur study f English.
What yu said just nw has smething t d with the matter we are discussing.
【注意】在大多数情况下，由 what 引导的主语从句，其后主句的谓语动词(多数是 be的某种形式)应采取单数形式。但是表语是复数时或者 what 从句是个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词也可采取复数形式。如:
What I saw was/ were tw bks.
What we need badly here are dctrs..
What he said and what he did have greatly encuraged his brther·What I say and think is/ are n business f yurs.
3.某些不定代词，如:either，neither,each,ne, the ne, anther, anybdy, anyne,anything, everything, smething, smebdy, smene, everybdy, everyne nbdy, n ne,nthing，all (指物)等作主语时，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。如:
Everything arund us is matter.·Each f them has an apple.
Either f these buses ges t the museum
Nthing in the wrld is difficult fr ne wh sets his mind t it.世上无难事，只怕有心人。
I knw that all is getting n well with the new cmer.
【注意】当 each 位于复数主语后或句未作同位语时，不影响谓语动词的数，即谓语动词仍用复数。如:
They each have bught a Chinese-English dictinary=They have bught a Chinese-English dictinary each.
他们每个人都买了一本汉英词典。
4. 由 and 或 bth.…连接的并列主语,其谓语动词常用复数形式。如:
Bth bread and butter are sld ut in that shp
The directr and the chief engineer are experienced·Playing ftball and watching TV are bth interesting
Bth he and his parents are ging t visit the Great Wall next mnth.
【注意】(1)如果并列主语所表示的是同一个人，同一事物或同一概念时(包含通常由两个部件配成的物品，如:a knife and frk,a cup and saucer, a cart and hrse, a watch and chain, a key and lck,bread and butter 等等)，谓语动词则要用单数形式，这时 and 后面的名词没有冠词。如:
The wrker and writer is ging t give us a talk this afternn.·The secretary and directr has nt cme yet.
The League secretary and mnitr takes the lead in everything
Science and technlgy plays an imprtant part in ur fur mdernizatins.
科学技术在我们的四个现代化建设中起着重要作用。
Des such a watch and chain cst much?
In this htel, the bread and butter (=the bread with butter n it ) is served fr breakfast.
A glass f milk and tw eggs is my breakfast every day.
and 连接的并列单数主语的前面如果分别有 each，every，n 或 many a修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如:
Each man and each wman enjys equal rights.
In ur cuntry, every by and every girl has the right t educatin.·N teacher and n student is allwed t take the magazines ut f the reading-rm.
Many a by and many a girl has been t Beijing很多男孩女孩都去过北京。
5. 当主语后面跟有 as well as, n less than, rather than, but, except, besides,with，alng with, tgether with，like，including,in additin t 以及 f 等介词引导的短语时，尽管含有并列意义，但不能看作是并列主语，其谓语动词的形式依前面主语的单复数而定。如:
Air as well as water is matter
E-mail, as well as telephnes, is playing an imprtant part in daily cmmunicatin
The mther. rather than the children, is respnsible fr the accident.
是母亲而不是孩子们应对此次事故负责。
Alice, tgether with tw girls, was punished fr having brken the rule.
艾丽斯和另外两个女孩因违反纪律而被处罚。
Nbdy in the schl but my friend Zhu Yan ften wins prizes in natinal English cmpetitins.
学校里只有我的朋友周燕经常在全国英语竞赛中获奖。
Everyne here, including children and ld peple, ges in fr sprts
这儿所有的人，包含孩子和老人，都热爱体育运动。
6. 由“many a +单数名词”和 “mre than ne +单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数，但表示复数意义。如:
Many a factry was built last year.
Many a student has cme but mre than ne is able t d it.·Mre than ne persn has made the suggestin.
Mre than ne student was late fr the class this mrning.
由“a lt f( lts f, plenty f, half f, the rest f, part f, mst f, sme f,mre than)+名词或代词”构成的短语以及由 “分数(如:tw thirds f)或百分数….percent+f+名词或代词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词要根据短语中后面名词的数而定，这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词，而短语中前面的量词是修饰语。如:
Tw thirds f the apple has gne bad.
Tw thirds f the apples are green.
Three furths f the surface f the earth is sea
Over 70 percent f the ppulatin f China are peasants
Thirty percent f the students are frm the nrth.The rest f them are frm the Suth.
Mre than tw hundred peple have turned ut at the meeting.
Mst f his time has been spent n nvels.
Mst f the mistakes in his cmpsitin were made because f carelessness.
Half f the furniture is made f wd.
8.在定语从句中关系代词作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与主句中的先行词的数保持一致。如:
The girl wh is talking with ur English teacher is his frmer student.
They have fund many elements in the mn rcks which are fund in the earth.
他们在月球岩石中发现了很多在地球上所发现的元素。
【注意】以“ne f +复数名词”作定语从句的先行词时，关系代词 wh，that，which 所指的是复数名词而不是“ne”，因此从句的谓语动词应为复数形式。但当 ne 之前有 the，the nly 等修饰语时，则应处理为单数形式。如:
Jhn is ne f the freign students wh speak Chinese quite well.
This is ne f the best bks that have ever been written by him.
She is the nly ne f the best singers wh is knwn t us all.
The by sitting by the windw is the nly ne f the students wh is frm the cuntryside in ur schl.
He is the nly ne f the students in ur schl wh has taken part in the Internatinal Olympic Mathematics Cntest.他是我们学校唯一一个参加过国际奥林匹克数学竞赛的学生。
9.在强调句结构中，如被强调的是主语，则 that 或 wh 之后的谓语动词需与该主语一致。如:
It is I wh am ging t attend the meeting instead f him. 是我将代替他去参加这个会议。
It is Mary and I wh are leaving fr Tianjin next week.是玛丽和我下周要去天津。
在主谓倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语保持一致。如:
Lk, here cmes the singer and dancer. 看，那个音乐舞蹈家来了。
On the wall hang famus tw il paintings and a map f the wrld.
墙上挂着两幅油画和一张世界地图。
二、语法意义一致原则
根据主语所表达的内在涵义，决定其谓语的数。主语形式为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词依意义而定，也采用复数形式;反之亦然。
1.表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的复数名词或短语，以及国家、组织和书报等的名称，作为一个整体看待，其谓语动词用单数。如:
I dn't think three days is enugh fr such a trip·Sixty miles is nt a lng distance.
Tw thusand dllars is mre than we can affrd·The United States is a develped cuntry
The Chinese Cmmunist Party is a great ne.·The Arabian Nights is full f interesting stries《一千零一夜》里尽是些有趣的故事。
【注意】
the Olympic Games(奥运会)作主语时，其后的谓语动词要用复数。如:
The Olympic Games are held every fur years
(2)另外，数词作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数，表示算式的主语，谓语动词用单复数皆可。如:
Ten is a rund number. 10 是个整数。
Three and three is/ are six. 3 加3等于6。
Six times seven is/ are frty-tw. 6乘7等于42。
2.某些集合名词，如:family(家，一家人)，team(队，全队成员)，grup(组，全组成员)，crwd(群，一群人)，class(班，全班人)，gvernment(政府，政府官员)，cmmittee(委员会，委员会全体委员)，enemy(敌人，敌兵),cmpany(公司，公司全体职员)，club(俱乐部，俱乐部全体成员)等作为一个整体看待时，其谓语动词要用单数形式是单数;如果作为个体(成员)看待，则其谓语动词要用复数形式。如:
His family is in the cuntry and d farm wrk except his elder brther and him.
他家住在农村，除开他和他的哥哥，家里其他人都要做农活。
The whle class were greatly mved at his wrds.
3.表示总称意义的名词，如:plice(警察)，peple(人民，人们)，cattle(牛)，yuth(青年人)，(the)public(公众)，crew(全体船员，全体乘务员)等，单数形式代表复数的内容，这类“形单意复”的名词作主语时，其谓语动词总是用复数形式。如:
Tw scre plice were sent t cntrl the traffic.
Lk, the cattle are grazing n the meadw.
Peple frm the United States stand clser than peple frm Britain when they are talking tgether.
Chinese, French，English，Japanese，Swiss 等名词作主语表示语言时，谓语动词用单数，表示人民时(其前有定冠词 the)则用复数。如:
English is spken in many cuntries
The Chinese are brave and hard- wrking.
5. 有些以-s 结尾的表示疾病、游戏名称的名词以及以-ics 结尾的表示学科名称的名词，如:physics(物理)，plitics(政治)，mathematics(数学)，gymnastics(体操)，statistics(统计学)以及 news 都属于“形复意单”的名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如:
Mathematics seems t be difficult t me
News that ur team wn all the maths has just cme.
6. 单复同形的名词，如:wrks(著作，作品，工厂，工事，工程)，means(方法，手段)，sheep(绵羊)，deer(鹿)，fish(鱼)，Japanese(日本人)，Chinese(中国人)，Swiss(瑞士人)，bellws(风箱，减压舱)等作主语时，如果表示单数意义，其后的谓语动词用单数，如果表示复数意义，其后的谓语动词用复数。如:
The glass wrks was built in 1959.
Every means is used t stp the water being plluted.
All pssible means have been tried, but there is n result.
7，由两个相同部分组成的表示整体名称的词，如:由两个相同部分组成的表示整体名称的词。如:glasses(眼镜)，trusers(裤子)，shes(鞋子)，clthes(衣服)，shrts(短裤)，scks(短袜)，stckings(长袜)，slippers(拖鞋)，scissrs(剪刀)，spectacles 眼镜)，cmpasses(圆规)，scales(天平)，chpsticks(筷子)等作主语时，谓语动词要用复数。如:
My glasses are brken.
Yur trusers are dirty, yu must have them washed.
*但如果这些词由a(this,that,ne 等)pair(kind,type,piece,suit等)+f修饰时，谓语动词用单数形式;如果在 these/thse pairs(kinds，types，pieces等)+f+复数名词之后，谓语动词要用复数形式。如:
This pair f scissrs belngs t the tailr.
These kinds f scissrs are gd.
Sme new types f cmputer are n shw.
8.只有复数形式的名词，如:belngings(所有物),surrundings(环境),dings(行为)，savings(储蓄)，findings(调查结果)，earnings(收入)，sweepings(扫拢的垃圾)， ashes(灰，灰烬)，firewrks(烟火)，remains(残余)，thanks(感谢)，cngratulatins(祝贺)，manners(礼貌)，gds(商品，货物)，wds(树林)，brains(智力)，times(时代;次数)，papers(报纸，论文，试卷，文件) arms(武器)等作主语时，谓语动词要用复数形式。如:
It is said that half his gds have been stlen.
9.定冠词 the+形容词或分词指一类人作主语，其后的谓语动词用复数形式;但如果指的是抽象概念，其谓语动词则用单数形式。如:
The aged are well taken care f in the village.
The sick here have t g n a diet at present.
The beautiful gives pleasure t all f us.
The new always takes the place f the ld.
10.主语前面有 a number f 修饰时，谓语动词用复数;主语前面是 the number f时，谓语动词用单数。如:
A number f bks have been published n the subject.
The number f bks published n the subject is simply amazing.
The number f peple invited was fifty, but a number f them were absent fr different reasns.
11.有些不定代词，如:all，mst，mre，sme，any，the fllwing 等，指代或修饰单数或不可数内容时，其后的谓语动词用单数形式;指代或修饰复数内容时，其后的谓语动词用复数形式。如:
All that needs t be dne has been dne. 该做的都做了。(all指物表单数内容用单数)
All are present. 所有的人都到了。(all指人用复数)
All is nt gld that glitters.并不是闪光的都是金子。
The fllwing is a piece f pp music.接下来是一首流行音乐。
I dn’t think that any f my friends have seen them.我认为我的朋友中没有人见过他们。
12. Wh, what, which，nne 等代词作主语时，其后的谓语动词可以用单数，也可以用复数，主要由意义来决定。如:
Wh is/ are in the reading-rm?
What is/ are there n the wall between the tw windws?·
Which is yur bk?
Which are yur bks?
Nne f them is/ are lazy.
三、就近一致原则
就近一致原则指的是谓语动词根据它前面最邻近的名词或代词或其他词的数保持一致，而不是根据整个主语部分的数来决定。
1.用连词 r，, , , nt (als).….等连接并列主语时，谓语动词和邻近的一个主语保持一致。如:
Is the child r the parents t blame?
----Is either he r I fit fr the jb? --是他还是我胜任这项工作?
---Neither he nr yu are.--无论是他还是你都不胜任这项工作。
Neither yu nr he is able t d such wrk alne.
Neither yu nr I nr anybdy else knws anything abut it.
Nt nly the students but als the teacher has taken part in the match.
Nt nly I but als Jane and Marry are tired f having ne examinatin after anther.
在 there be 句型结构中,谓语动词一般都与邻近的主语保持一致。如:
There is a ntebk, a pen and sme bks n the desk.
在桌子上有一本笔记本，一只笔和一些书。
There is mre than ne answer t yur questin.
There are just tw chairs, an ld writing-desk and a wden bed in his bedrm.
（2022年全国甲卷语法填空）In the last five years. Ca ___67___ (walk) thrugh 34 cuntries in six cntinents, and in 2016, he reached the tp f Kilimanjar, Africa’s ___68___ (high) muntain.
（2022年全国甲卷短文改错） He shwed me hw his medical instruments was used. Hwever, after I went t high schl, smehw I becme distant frm him. I was unwilling talk with him and ften disbeyed his rule f nt stay ut with my friends t late.
（2022年全国乙卷语法填空） chairman f the China Culture Prmtin Sciety 63 （address）the pening ceremny. " It can help t build a cmmunity with a 66 （share）future fr mankind," he said.
addressed 【解析】考查时态。句意：中国文化促进会会长在开幕式上致辞。陈述过去事情，用一般过去时。故填addressed。
66. shared【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：这有助于构建人类命运共同体。此处为非谓语动词做定语来修饰名词future。非谓语动词share和名词future之间为被动关系，所以用过去分词作定语。故填shared。
4. （2022年全国乙卷短文改错） dctr tells me peple wh lives the lngest are dancers and Just see hw cars have been taken ver ur cities. And there were traffic jams, t. ...
(2022年全国高考新高考I卷语法填空) The plan will extend prtectin t a significant number f areas that __58___ (be)previusly unprtected, bringing many f the existing prtected areas fr giant pandas under ne authrity ___59___ (increase)effectiveness and reduce incnsistencies in management.
After a three-year pilt perid, the GPNP will be fficially set up next year. The GPNP ___60___ (design)t reflect the guiding principle f “prtecting the authenticity and integrity (完整性) f natural ecsystems, preserving bilgical diversity, prtecting eclgical buffer znes, ___61___ leaving behind precius natural assets(资产)fr future generatins”.
5. (2022年全国高考新高考II卷语法填空)
Henry ___42___ (fix) his car when he heard the screams. He lked up and saw Eric hanging frm the balcny. He quickly ___43___ (thrw) his tls aside, and started running, arms ut.
一、单句语法填空
1．He ________(watch) TV when smene kncked at the dr.
2．It’s said that Samuel ___________ the first permanent __________ (settle) in present Canada.
3．They ___________ (settle) in Shanghai last year.
The cmpetitin was s clse that n ne was sure that wh________(win) the Best Actr award.
5．He ______ (behave) as if nthing had happened.
6．My sister, as well as her classmates wh __________（be）late fr class, __________（punish）by Mr. Hunt this mrning.
7．She________ (face) difficulties befre, and she knew that her yung players culd win if they wrked tgether as a team.
8．In the past 10 years, frequent natural disasters such as flds and earthquakes ________ (destry) cuntless hmes.
9．This is the first time that I________ (visit) Shanghai.
10．It has been fifteen years since we last________ (meet )each ther.
11．This is the mst interesting mvie we ________ (watch).
12．Sme citizens f this area supprted the idea f rebuilding the park, but thers_____(argue) that the nise may cause truble.
13．What _______(strike) me in the mvie Changjinhu mst was the sldiers’ strng will and determinatin.
14．Thanksgiving which Children all ver the USA are lking frward t ________ (be) a traditinal American hliday.
15．It is the third time yu ________ (ask) me such a silly questin.
16．I fund the lecture hard t fllw because it ______ (start) when I arrived.
17．Hw many f yu ______ (cme) t the party tnight?
18．The students f ur class ______ (visit) the museum nw.
19．If I see him, I ______ (give) him yur message.
20．It was nly after he went abrad ________ he realized the imprtance f English.
21．They didn’t finish the prject n time; I __________（后悔）that I hadn’t given them a hand.
22．We ________ (mve) t the new huse the day after tmrrw.
23．Abut 9,000 African elephants ________ (appear) in the 1990s. They’re in great danger.
24．Lily ________ (leave)tnight. we had better send her ff.
25．They will cme if he ________ (invite)them.
二、用单词的适当形式完成句子
1．This cncert ________（cnduct）by a famus ________（cnduct）frm Beijing.
2．He said physical inactivity shuld ________ (recgnise) as a glbal epidemic.
3．It is said that a new rbt ________ (design) by him in a few days.
4．The cllectin has been built ______ ver the last seventeen years.
5．After successfully raising the alarm, Bailey went dwnstairs t try t get ut. But he______________(catch) in the fire.
6．The ld adding machine ________ (replace) with a cmputer many years ag.
7．WWF hpes that mre and mre wild animals ________ (prtect) in the future.
8．Thusands f hliday-makers remained __________(stick) abrad due t the earthquake.
9．My sister, as well as her classmates wh __________（be）late fr class, __________（punish）by Mr. Hunt this mrning.
10．The wrkers in the factry demanded that their pay ________ (raise) by 20 percent.
11．It is bvius that babies________(attract) t bright clurs.
12．All the business letters ________(answer) by tmrrw.
13．At present, smething is ______ (d) t prevent the rain frests frm being destryed.
14．It is the first time that this kind f bk ________ (publish) in this wrld.
15．Just nw I______(remind) f the time t meet the interviewee at Starbucks.
16．The earliest gardens in Egypt ________ (create) fr rich peple t rest in the shade f trees.
17．Fr sme reasn, she ________ (impress) with my wrk and me.
18．Drunken persns ________(禁止) driving. (prhibit)
19．Thugh the main building ________ (destry), the library still survives as a museum.
20．The first part f the Space Explratin Prject ________(imprve) by ur grup s far.
21．English nw ________ (speak) as a freign r secnd language in Suth Asia.
22．Listen! The prject _________ (discuss) at the meeting nw.
23．The fifth generatin cmputers, with artificial intelligence, _________ (develp) and perfected nw.
24．We went t the supermarket t d sme shpping. nly t be tld that it ______（decrate）
25．By the end f 2021, several ther metr lines ______. （cmplete）
高考必考题型练习
一、阅读理解
A
（广东省深圳实验学校2022-2023学年高一上学期新生入学测试）Frm early times, man has been interested in art. Peple have ften wrked tgether t cllect and save the wrld’s art treasures.
Fine art treasures frm many cuntries are kept in an art museum called the Luvre in Paris, France. The wrks f art have been cllected by the peple f France ver many centuries. It is the biggest art museum in the wrld.
The Luvre has nt always been a museum. The first building was a castle. In 1190, it was the king’s castle with high wails and a rund twer. It had a river t keep ut the enemies.
Over the years, the number f the buildings arund the castle grew. By 1350, the castle n lnger needed t be extended. The Luvre became a palace hme fr French kings and queens.
During times f peace, new treasures were brught in. During the days f war, many treasures were stlen, and the buildings, were damaged.
When Francis I became king f France in 1515, he brught in many artists frm ther cuntries. One f the artists was Lenard da Vinci frm Italy. Da Vinci’s “Mna Lisa” is the best-knwn painting in the museum tday.
In 1793, the Luvre became a public museum, just as it is nw. It is a place where art treasures are kept fr everyne t enjy, every year millins f peple frm all ver the wrld cme t the Luvre t see the masterpieces.
1．Hw lng has the Luvre been a public museum?
A．Fr ver 800 years.B．Since 1350.C．Since 1515.D．Fr ver 200 years.
2．Which f the fllwing is NOT mentined in the passage?
A．Da Vinci nce stayed in France.
B．“Mna Lisa” is kept in the Luvre.
C．The Luvre was nce a church as well as a palace.
D．The Luvre is a place f interest t different peple frm all ver the wrld.
3．We knw frm the passage that ______.
A．French kings and queens rdered peple t build anther buildings as their palace hme in 1350
B．many treasures were brught int the Luvre in 1190
C．Francis I came int pwer in 1515 and damaged sme buildings
D．Sme wrks f art in the museum have been cllected frm many cuntries
4．The passage is mainly abut ______.
A．an art museum called the LuvreB．an Italian artist named Lenard da Vinci
C．a king f France named Francis ID．the best-knwn painting in the Luvre
B
（广东省深圳市福田外国语高级中学2022-2023学年高一上学期入学考试）Rainfrests prvide much f the wrld’s xygen. Peple have been trying t prtect them fr years. But anther type f frest, the clud frest, is just as imprtant t humans.
These frests are at the tps f muntains, generally near the equatr (赤道). These wet, wded muntaintps are mainly in African and Central and Suth American cuntries. They are called “clud frests” because their height allws fr the frmatin f cluds amng the trees. The trees in these frests pull water ut f the cluds. The water gathers n the leaves and falls int small rivers belw, which flw int twns at the bttm f the muntain. The yearly rainfall in these areas is abut 180 centimetres. Clud frests can pull in up t 60 percent f that. The water is imprtant t the plants and the peple in the area. It helps them survive.
Clud frests are als hme t cuntless species f plants that can’t be fund anywhere else. One small clud frest has as many types f plants as there are in all f Eurpe. In fact, there are s many that scientists haven’t made a cmplete list f them yet.
These frests are being destryed at an increasing speed. Trees are being cut dwn, and rads are being built in their place. Sme peple have a gal t get gvernment mney t prtect the frests. But they have had little success s far. Anther way is t take the place f the destryed plants with new nes. That, t, has been difficult because the plants are s special. There’s plenty f wrk t be dne, but saving the clud frests is still pssible with creative slutins.
10．Where can yu prbably find clud frests?
A．In Nrth America.
B．Far frm the equatr.
C．In an African cuntry.
D．At the ft f muntains.
11．Hw much rainfall is pulled in by the clud frests in thse areas every year?
A．Abut 60 cm.
B．Abut 108 cm.
C．Abut 180 cm.
D．Abut 300 cm.
12．What is the main idea f paragraph 3?
A．Eurpe is shrt f plant types.
B．Scientists are wrking n a list.
C．Clud frests are getting smaller.
D．Clud frests huse many plants.
13．What will be discussed in the fllwing part f the text?
A．Ways t prtect clud frests.
B．Gals f clud frest prtectrs.
C．Difficulties in planting new trees.
D．Successes f getting wide supprt.
14．Where can we prbably find the text?
A．In a strybk.
B．In a travel guide.
C．In a chemistry textbk.
D．In a gegraphy magazine.
二、阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
(广东省佛山市2022-2023学年高一上学期入学分班考试)When I was in primary schl, I disliked ding exercise. I felt tired when I did any kind f exercise. My parents were really 1 (wrry) abut my health. One day, after having supper, my father 2 (cme) and asked me t have a walk with him in the park. I agreed and we went 3 tgether. It was hard fr me t walk fr half an hur. I wanted t give up, 4 my father encuraged me t keep n walking. Frm then n. I was ften asked t walk with my parents. T my surprise, I culd walk fr an hur in the 5 (five) mnth. Hw 6 (pride) I felt! I lved taking exercise gradually. Nw I am 7 excellent runner in my schl. I take part in the schl sprts meeting every year.
During all ur life, we may face a lt f 8 (difficulty). Dn’t be afraid f 9 (they). Please try t face them 10 (brave). After yu vercme what yu used t be afraid f, yu may find hw great yu are!
目标 1
认识谓语动词十种必考时态的形式及意义。
目标 2
掌握被动语态的各个形式。
目标 3
了解主谓一致三大原则。
常见考法：
1. 现在完成进行时的基本用法；
2. 现在完成进行时和现在完成时的区别；
3. 现在完成进行时和其他时态的搭配。
误区提醒：
1. 现在完成进行时的构成记忆不清；
2. 不能准确区分现在完成进行和现在完成时的区别；
3. 时态搭配上出现错误。
一般现在时 d des
am/is/are + dne
一般过去时 did
was/were + dne
一般将来时 will d
will + be + dne
过去将来时 wuld d
wuld + be + dne
现在进行时 am/is/are ding
am/is/are + being + dne
过去进行时 was/was ding
was/were + being + dne
现在完成时 have/has dne
have/has + been + dne
过去完成时 had dne
had + been + dne