专题 15 阅读理解议论文（学生卷）--十年（2015-2024）高考真题英语分项汇编（全国通用）

这是一份专题 15 阅读理解议论文（学生卷）--十年（2015-2024）高考真题英语分项汇编（全国通用），共69页。


Passage 1
【2024新课标Ⅰ卷】Is cmprehensin the same whether a persn reads a text nscreen r n paper? And are listening t and viewing cntent as effective as reading the written wrd when cvering the same material? The answers t bth questins are ften “n”. The reasns relate t a variety f factrs, including reduced cncentratin, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency t multitask while cnsuming digital cntent.
When reading texts f several hundred wrds r mre, learning is generally mre successful when it’s n paper than nscreen. A large amunt f research cnfirms this finding. The benefits f print reading particularly shine thrugh when experimenters mve frm psing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — t nes that require mental abstractin — such as drawing inferences frm a text.
The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related t paper’s physical prperties. With paper, there is a literal laying n f hands, alng with the visual gegraphy f distinct pages. Peple ften link their memry f what they’ve read t hw far int the bk it was r where it was n the page.
But equally imprtant is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have prpsed a thery called “shallwing hypthesis (假说)”. Accrding t this thery, peple apprach digital texts with a mindset suited t scial media, which are ften nt s serius, and devte less mental effrt than when they are reading print.
Audi (音频) and vide can feel mre engaging than text, and s university teachers increasingly turn t these technlgies — say, assigning an nline talk instead f an article by the same persn. Hwever, psychlgists have demnstrated that when adults read news stries, they remember mre f the cntent than if they listen t r view identical pieces.
Digital texts, audi and vide all have educatinal rles, especially when prviding resurces nt available in print. Hwever, fr maximizing learning where mental fcus and reflectin are called fr, educatrs shuldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they cntain identical wrds.
28. What des the underlined phrase “shine thrugh” in paragraph 2 mean?
A Seem unlikely t last.B. Seem hard t explain.
C. Becme ready t use.D. Becme easy t ntice.
29. What des the shallwing hypthesis assume?
A. Readers treat digital texts lightly.B. Digital texts are simpler t understand.
C. Peple select digital texts randmly.D. Digital texts are suitable fr scial media.
30. Why are audi and vide increasingly used by university teachers?
A. They can hld students' attentin.B. They are mre cnvenient t prepare.
C. They help develp advanced skills.D. They are mre infrmative than text.
31. What des the authr imply in the last paragraph?
A. Students shuld apply multiple learning techniques.
B. Teachers shuld prduce their wn teaching material.
C. Print texts cannt be entirely replaced in educatin.
D. Educatin utside the classrm cannt be ignred.

Passage 2
【2024全国甲卷】“I didn’t like the ending,” I said t my favrite cllege prfessr. It was my junir year f undergraduate, and I was ding an independent study n Victrian literature. I had just finished reading The Mill n the Flss by Gerge Elit, and I was heartbrken with the ending. Prf. Gracie, with all his patience, asked me t think abut it beynd whether I liked it r nt. He suggested I think abut the difference between endings that I wanted fr the characters and endings that were right fr the characters, endings that satisfied the stry even if they didn’t have a traditinally psitive utcme. Of curse, I wuld have preferred a different ending fr Tm and Maggie Tulliver, but the ending they gt did make the mst sense fr them.
This was an aha mment fr me, and I never thught abut endings the same way again. Frm then n, if I wanted t read an ending guaranteed t be happy, I’d pick up a lve rmance. If I wanted an ending I culdn’t guess, I’d pick up a mystery (悬疑小说). One where I kind f knew what was ging t happen, histrical fictin. Chsing what t read became easier.
But writing the end—that’s hard. It’s hard fr writers because endings carry s much weight with readers. Yu have t balance creating an ending that's unpredictable, but desn’t seem t cme frm nwhere, ne that fits what’s right fr the characters.
That’s why this issue (期) f Writer’s Digest aims t help yu figure ut hw t write the best ending fr whatever kind f writing yu’re ding. If it’s shrt stries, Peter Muntfrd breaks dwn six techniques yu can try t see which ne helps yu stick the landing. Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters f five great nvels t see what key pints they include and hw yu can adapt them fr yur wrk.
This issue wn’t tell yu what yur ending shuld be—that’s up t yu and the stry yu’re telling—bu it might prvide what yu need t get there.
12. Why did the authr g t Prf. Gracie?
A. T discuss a nvel.B. T submit a bk reprt.
C. T argue fr a writer.D. T ask fr a reading list.
13. What did the authr realize after seeing Gracie?
A. Writing is a matter f persnal preferences.
B. Readers are ften carried away by character.
C. Each type f literature has its unique end.
D. A stry which begins well will end well.
14. What is expected f a gd ending?
A It satisfies readers’ taste.B. It fits with the stry develpment.
C. It is usually psitive.D. It is pen fr imaginatin.
15. Why des the authr mentin Peter Muntfrd and Elizabeth Sims?
A. T give examples f great nvelists.B. T stress the theme f this issue.
C. T encurage writing fr the magazine.D. T recmmend their new bks.

Passage 3
【2024北京卷】The ntin that we live in smene else’s vide game is irresistible t many. Searching the term “simulatin hypthesis” (模拟假说) returns numerus results that debate whether the universe is a cmputer simulatin —— a cncept that sme scientists actually take seriusly. Unfrtunately, this is nt a scientific questin. We will prbably never knw whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea t advance scientific knwledge.
The 18th-century philspher Kant argued that the universe ultimately cnsists f things-in-themselves that are unknwable. While he held the ntin that bjective reality exists, he said ur mind plays a necessary rle in structuring and shaping ur perceptins. Mdern sciences have revealed that ur perceptual experience f the wrld is the result f many stages f prcessing by sensry systems and cgnitive (认知的) functins in the brain. N ne knws exactly what happens within this black bx. If empirical (实证的) experience fails t reveal reality, reasning wn’t reveal reality either since it relies n cncepts and wrds that are cntingent n ur scial, cultural and psychlgical histries. Again, a black bx.
S, if we accept that the universe is unknwable, we als accept we will never knw if we live in a cmputer simulatin. And then, we can shift ur inquiry frm “Is the universe a cmputer simulatin?” t “Can we mdel the universe as a cmputer simulatin? ” Mdelling reality is what we d. T facilitate ur cmprehensin f the wrld, we build mdels based n cnceptual metaphrs (隐喻) that are familiar t us. In Newtn’s era, we imagined the universe as a clck. In Einstein’s, we uncvered the standard mdel f particle (粒子) physics.
Nw that we are in the infrmatin age, we have new cncepts such as the cmputer, infrmatin prcessing, virtual reality, and simulatin. Unsurprisingly, these new cncepts inspire us t build new mdels f the universe. Mdels are nt the reality, hwever. There is n pint in arguing if the universe is a clck, a set f particles r an utput f cmputatin. All these mdels are tls t deal with the unknwn and t make discveries. And the mre tls we have, the mre effective and insightful we can becme.
It can be imagined that cmparable t the prcess f building previus scientific mdels, develping the “cmputer simulatin” metaphr-based mdel will als be a hugely rewarding exercise.
28. What des the authr intend t d by challenging a hypthesis?
A. Make an assumptin.B. Illustrate an argument.
C. Give a suggestin.D. Justify a cmparisn.
29. What des the phrase “cntingent n” underlined in Paragraph 2 prbably mean?
A. Accepted by.B. Determined by.C. Awakened by.D. Discvered by.
30. As fr Kant’s argument, the authr is _________.
A. appreciativeB. dubtfulC. uncncernedD. disapprving
31. It is implied in this passage that we shuld _________.
A. cmpare the current mdels with the previus nes
B. cntinue explring the classical mdels in histry
C. stp arguing whether the universe is a simulatin
D. turn simulatins f the universe int realities up.

2023年阅读理解议论文
Passage 1
【2023年全国乙卷】If yu want t tell the histry f the whle wrld, a histry that des nt privilege ne part f humanity, yu cannt d it thrugh texts alne, because nly sme f the wrld has ever had texts, while mst f the wrld, fr mst f the time, has nt. Writing is ne f humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) scieties recrded their cncerns nt nly in writing but in things.
Ideally a histry wuld bring tgether texts and bjects, and sme chapters f this bk are able t d just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example f this between literate and nn-literate histry is perhaps the first cnflict, at Btany Bay, between Captain Ck’s vyage and the Australian Abriginals. Frm the English side, we have scientific reprts and the captain’s recrd f that terrible day. Frm the Australian side, we have nly a wden shield (盾) drpped by a man in flight after his first experience f gunsht. If we want t recnstruct what was actually ging n that day, the shield must be questined and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reprts.
In additin t the prblem f miscmprehensin frm bth sides, there are victries accidentally r deliberately twisted, especially when nly the victrs knw hw t write. Thse wh are n the lsing side ften have nly their things t tell their stries. The Caribbean Tain, the Australian Abriginals, the African peple f Benin and the Incas, all f whm appear in this bk, can speak t us nw f their past achievements mst pwerfully thrugh the bjects they made: a histry tld thrugh things gives them back a vice. When we cnsider cntact (联系) between literate and nn-literate scieties such as these, all ur first-hand accunts are necessarily twisted, nly ne half f a dialgue. If we are t find the ther half f that cnversatin, we have t read nt just the texts, but the bjects.
12. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. Hw past events shuld be presented.B. What humanity is cncerned abut.
C. Whether facts speak luder than wrds.D. Why written language is reliable.
13. What des the authr indicate by mentining Captain Ck in paragraph 2?
A. His reprt was scientific.B. He represented the lcal peple.
C. He ruled ver Btany Bay.D. His recrd was ne-sided.
14. What des the underlined wrd “cnversatin” in paragraph 3 refer t?
A. Prblem.B. Histry.C. Vice.D. Sciety.
15. Which f the fllwing bks is the text mst likely selected frm?
A. Hw Maps Tell Stries f the WrldB. A Shrt Histry f Australia
C. A Histry f the Wrld in 100 ObjectsD. Hw Art Wrks Tell Stries

2022年阅读理解议论文
Passage1
【2022年全国甲卷】Smetime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discvered its harbr. Then, ne after anther, Sydney discvered lts f things that were just srt f there — brad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse ppulatin. But it is the harbr that makes the city.
Andrew Reynlds, a cheerful fellw in his early 30s, pilts Sydney ferrybats fr a living. I spent the whle mrning shuttling back and frth acrss the harbr. After ur third run Andrew shut dwn the engine, and we went ur separate ways — he fr a lunch break, I t explre the city.
“I’ll miss these ld bats,” he said as we parted.
“Hw d yu mean?” I asked.
“Oh, they’re replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they’re nt s elegant, and they’re nt fun t pilt. But that’s prgress, I guess.”
Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and prgress are the watchwrds (口号), and traditins are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s fficial histrian, tld me that in its rush t mdernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much f its past, including many f its finest buildings. “Sydney is cnfused abut itself,” she said. “We can’t seem t make up ur minds whether we want a mdern city r a traditinal ne. It’s a cnflict that we aren’t getting any better at reslving (解决).”
On the ther hand, being yung and ld at the same time has its attractins. I cnsidered this when I met a thughtful yung businessman named Anthny. “Many peple say that we lack culture in this cuntry,” he tld me. “What peple frget is that the Italians, when they came t Australia, brught 2000 years f their culture, the Greeks sme 3000 years, and the Chinese mre still. We’ve gt a fundatin built n ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism f a yung cuntry. It’s a pretty hard cmbinatin t beat.”
He is right, but I can’t help wishing they wuld keep thse ld ferries.
12. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. Sydney’s striking architecture.B. The cultural diversity f Sydney.
C. The key t Sydney’s develpment.D. Sydney’s turist attractins in the 1960s.
13. What can we learn abut Andrew Reynlds?
A. He ges t wrk by bat.B. He lks frward t a new life.
C. He pilts catamarans well.D. He is attached t the ld ferries.
14. What des Shirley Fitzgerald think f Sydney?
A. It is lsing its traditins.B. It shuld speed up its prgress.
C. It shuld expand its ppulatin.D. It is becming mre internatinal.
15. Which statement will the authr prbably agree with?
A. A city can be yung and ld at the same time.
B. A city built n ancient cultures is mre dynamic.
C. mdernity is usually achieved at the cst f elegance.
D. Cmprmise shuld be made between the lcal and the freign.
Passage2
【2022年北京卷】Quantum ( 量子 ) cmputers have been n my mind a lt lately. A friend has been sending me articles n hw quantum cmputers might help slve sme f the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve als had exchanges with tw quantum-cmputing experts. One is cmputer scientist Chris Jhnsn wh I see as smene wh helps keep the field hnest. The ther is physicist Philip Taylr.
Fr decades, quantum cmputing has been little mre than a labratry curisity. Nw, big tech cmpanies have invested in quantum cmputing, as have many smaller nes. Accrding t Business Weekly, quantum machines culd help us “cure cancer, and even take steps t turn climate change in the ppsite directin.” This is the srt f hype ( 炒作 ) that annys Jhnsn. He wrries that researchers are making prmises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Jhnsn wrte, “is that millins f dllars are nw ptentially available t quantum cmputing researchers.”
As quantum cmputing attracts mre attentin and funding, researchers may mislead investrs, jurnalists, the public and, wrst f all, themselves abut their wrk’s ptential. If researchers can’t keep their prmises, excitement might give way t dubt, disappintment and anger, Jhnsn warns. Lts f ther technlgies have gne thrugh stages f excitement. But smething abut quantum cmputing makes it especially prne t hype, Jhnsn suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands fr smething cl yu shuldn’t be able t understand.” And that brings me back t Taylr, wh suggested that I read his bk Q fr Quantum.
After I read the bk, Taylr patiently answered my questins abut it. He als answered my questins abut PyQuantum, the firm he c-funded in 2016. Taylr shares Jhnsn’s cncerns abut hype, but he says thse cncerns d nt apply t PyQuantum.
The cmpany, he says, is clser than any ther firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” t building a “useful” quantum cmputer, ne that “slves an impactful prblem that we wuld nt have been able t slve therwise.” He adds, “Peple will naturally discunt my pinins, but I have spent a lt f time quantitatively cmparing what we are ding with thers.”
Culd PyQuantum really be leading all the cmpetitin “by a wide margin”, as Taylr claims? I dn’t knw. I’m certainly nt ging t advise my friend r anyne else t invest in quantum cmputers. But I trust Taylr, just as I trust Jhnsn.
31. Regarding Jhnsn’s cncerns, the authr feels ________.
A. sympatheticB. uncncernedC. dubtfulD. excited
32. What leads t Taylr’s ptimism abut quantum cmputing?
A. His dminance in physics.B. The cmpetitin in the field.
C. His cnfidence in PyQuantum.D. The investment f tech cmpanies.
33. What des the underlined wrd “prne” in Paragraph 3 mst prbably mean?
A. Open.B. Cl.C. Useful.D. Resistant.
34. Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A. Is Jhnsn Mre Cmpetent Than Taylr?
B. Is Quantum Cmputing Redefining Technlgy?
C. Will Quantum Cmputers Ever Cme int Being?
D. Will Quantum Cmputing Ever Live Up t Its Hype?
Passage3
【2022年天津卷第二次】Ralph Emersn nce said that the purpse f life is nt t be happy, but t be useful, t be lving, t make sme difference in he wrld. While we appreciate such wrds f wisdm, we rarely try t fllw them in ur lives.
Mst peple prefer t live a gd life themselves, ignring their respnsibilities fr the wrld. This narrw perceptin f a gd life may prvide shrt-term benefits, but is sure t lead t lng-term harm and suffering. A gd life based n cmfrt and luxury may eventually lead t mre pain be-cause we spil ur health and even ur character, principles, ideals, and relatinships.
What then, is the secret f a gd life? A gd life is a prcess, nt a state f being : a directin, nt a destinatin. We have t earn a gd life by first serving thers withut any expectatin in return because their happiness is the very surce f ur wn happiness. Mre imprtantly, we must knw urselves inside ut. Only when we examine urselves deeply can we discver ur abilities and recgnize ur limitatins, and then wrk accrdingly t create a better wrld.
The first requirement fr a gd life is having a lving heart. When we d certain right things merely as a duty, we find ur jb s tiresme that we’ll sn burn ut. Hwever, when we d that same jb ut f lve, we nt nly enjy what we d, but als d it with an effrtless feeling.
Hwever, lve alne is insufficient t lead a gd life. Lve smetimes blinds us t the reality. Cnsequently, ur gd intentins may nt lead t gd results. T achieve desired utcme, thse wh want t d gd t thers als need t equip themselves with accurate wrld knwledge. False knwledge is mre dangerus than ignrance. If lve is the engine f a car knwledge is the steering wheel(方向盘). If the engine lacks pwer, th car can’t mve; if the driver lses cntrl f the steering, a rad accident prbably ccurs. Only with lve in heart and the right knwledge in mind can we lead a gd life.
With lve and knwledge, we g all ut t create a better wrld by ding gd t thers. When we see the impact f ur gd wrk n the wrld we give meaning t ur life and earn lasting jy and happiness.
51. What effect des the narrw perceptin f a gd life have n us?
A. Making us simple-mindedB. Making us shrt-signted.
C. Leading us nt a busy rad.D. Keeping us frm cmfrt and luxury.
52. Accrding t the authr, hw can ne gain true happiness?
A. Thrugh maintaining gd health.
B. By ging thrugh pain and suffering.
C. By recgnizing ne’s abilities and limitatins.
D. Thrugh ffering help much needed by thers.
53. Accrding t Paragraph 4, ding certain right things with a lving heart makes ne________.
A. less selfishB. less annying
C. mre mtivatedD. mre respnsible
54. In what case may gd intentins fail t lead t desired results?
A. When we have wrng knwledge f the wrld.
B. When ur lve fr the wrld is insufficient.
C. When we are insensitive t dangers in life.
D. When we stay blind t the reality.
55. Accrding t Paragraph 5, life can be made truly gd when ________.
A. inspired by lve and guided by knwledge
B. directed by lve and pushed by knwledge
C. purified by lve and enriched by knwledge
D. prmted by lve and defined by knwledge
2021年阅读理解议论文
Passage1
【2021年全国甲卷】Wh is a genius? This questin has greatly interested humankind fr centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almst the internatinal symbl fr genius. But we want t g beynd ne man and explre the nature f genius itself. Why is it that sme peple are s much mre intelligent r creative than the rest f us? And wh are they?
In the sciences and arts, thse praised as geniuses were mst ften white men, f Eurpean rigin. Perhaps this is nt a surprise. It's said that histry is written by the victrs, and thse victrs set the standards fr admissin t the genius club. When cntributins were made by geniuses utside the club—wmen, r peple f a different clr r belief—they were unacknwledged and rejected by thers.
A study recently published by Science fund that as yung as age six, girls are less likely than bys t say that members f their gender(性别)are “really, really smart.” Even wrse, the study fund that girls act n that belief: Arund age six they start t avid activities said t be fr children wh are “really, really smart.” Can ur planet affrd t have any great thinkers becme discuraged and give up? It desn't take a genius t knw the answer: abslutely nt.
Here's the gd news. In a wired wrld with cnstant glbal cmmunicatin, we're all psitined t see flashes f genius wherever they appear. And the mre we lk, the mre we will see that scial factrs(因素)like gender, race, and class d nt determine the appearance f genius. As a writer says, future geniuses cme frm thse with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance(毅力), and simple gd frtune, wh are able t change the wrld.”
12. What des the authr think f victrs' standards fr jining the genius club?
A. They're unfair.B. They're cnservative.
C. They're bjective.D. They're strict.
13. What can we infer abut girls frm the study in Science?
A. They think themselves smart.
B. They lk up t great thinkers.
C. They see gender differences earlier than bys.
D. They are likely t be influenced by scial beliefs
14. Why are mre geniuses knwn t the public?
A. Imprved glbal cmmunicatin.
B. Less discriminatin against wmen.
C. Acceptance f victrs' cncepts.
D. Changes in peple's scial psitins.
15. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Geniuses Think AlikeB. Genius Takes Many Frms
C. Genius and IntelligenceD. Genius and Luck
Passage2
【2021年全国乙卷】When almst everyne has a mbile phne, why are mre than half f Australian hmes still paying fr a landline（座机）?
These days yu’d be hard pressed t find anyne in Australia ver the age f 15 wh desn’t wn a mbile phne. In fact plenty f yunger kids have ne in their pcket. Practically everyne can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime.
Still, 55 percent f Australians have a landline phne at hme and nly just ver a quarter （29%） rely nly n their smartphnes accrding t a survey （调查）. Of thse Australians wh still have a landline, a third cncede that it’s nt really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case f emergencies. I think my hme falls int that categry.
Mre than half f Australian hmes are still chsing t stick with their hme phne. Age is naturally a factr（因素）— nly 58 percent f Generatin Ys still use landlines nw and then, cmpared t 84 percent f Baby Bmers wh’ve perhaps had the same hme number fr 50 years. Age isn’t the nly factr; I’d say it’s als t d with the makeup f yur husehld.
Generatin Xers with yung families, like my wife and I, can still find it cnvenient t have a hme phne rather than prviding a mbile phne fr every family member. That said, t be hnest the nly peple wh ever ring ur hme phne are ur Baby Bmers parents, t the pint where we play a game and guess wh is calling befre we pick up the phne（using Caller ID wuld take the fun ut f it）.
Hw attached are yu t yur landline? Hw lng until they g the way f gas street lamps and mrning milk deliveries?
24. What des paragraph 2 mainly tell us abut mbile phnes?
A. Their target users.B. Their wide ppularity.
C. Their majr functins.D. Their cmplex design.
25. What des the underlined wrd “cncede” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Admit.B. Argue.
C. Remember.D. Remark.
26. What can we say abut Baby Bmers?
A. They like smartphne games.B. They enjy guessing callers’ identity.
C. They keep using landline phnes.D. They are attached t their family.
27. What can be inferred abut the landline frm the last paragraph?
A. It remains a family necessity.
B. It will fall ut f use sme day.
C. It may increase daily expenses.
D. It is as imprtant as the gas light.
Passage3
【2021年北京卷】Early fifth-century philspher St．Augustine famusly wrte that he knew what time was unless smene asked him．Albert Einstein added anther wrinkle when he therized that time varies depending n where yu measure it．Tday's state-f-the-art atmic（原子的） clcks have prven Einstein right．Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends n the questin yu're asking．
Frget abut time as an abslute．What if，instead f cnsidering time in terms f astrnmy,we related time t eclgy？What if we allwed envirnmental cnditins t set the temp（节奏） f human life？We're increasingly aware f the fact that we can't cntrl Earth systems with engineering alne，and realizing that we need t mderate（调节）ur actins if we hpe t live in balance．What if ur definitin f time reflected that？
Recently，I cnceptualized a new apprach t timekeeping that's cnnected t circumstances n ur planet，cnditins that might change as a result f glbal warming．We're nw building a clck at the Anchrage Museum that reflects the ttal flw f several majr Alaskan rivers，which are sensitive t lcal and glbal envirnmental changes．We've prgrammed it t match an atmic clck if the waterways cntinue t flw at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future n average，the clck will get ahead f standard time．If they run slwer，yu'll see the ppsite effect．
The clck registers bth shrt-term irregularities and lng-term trends in river dynamics．It's a srt f bservatry that reveals hw the rivers are behaving frm their wn tempral frame（时间框架），and allws us t witness thse changes n ur smartwatches r phnes．Anyne wh pts t g n Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmny with the planet．Anyne wh cnsiders river time in relatin t atmic time will encunter a majr imbalance and may be mtivated t cunteract it by cnsuming less fuel r supprting greener plicies．
Even if this methd f timekeeping is nvel in its particulars，early agricultural scieties als cnnected time t natural phenmena．In pre-Classical Greece，fr instance，peple“crrected”fficial calendars by shifting dates frward r backward t reflect the change f seasn．Tempral cnnectin t the envirnment was vital t their survival．Likewise，river time and ther timekeeping systems we're develping may encurage envirnmental awareness．
When St．Augustine admitted his inability t define time， he highlighted ne f time 's mst nticeable qualities：Time becmes meaningful nly in a defined cntext．Any timekeeping system is valid，and each is as praisewrthy as its purpse．
31 What is the main idea f Paragraph 1？
A. Timekeeping is increasingly related t nature．
B. Everyne can define time n their wn terms．
C. The qualities f time vary with hw yu measure it．
D. Time is a majr cncern f philsphers and scientists．
32. The authr raises three questins in Paragraph 2 mainly t________．
A. present an assumptinB. evaluate an argument
C. highlight an experimentD. intrduce an apprach
33. What can we learn frm this passage？
A. Thse wh d nt g n river time will live an imbalanced life．
B. New ways f measuring time can help t cntrl Earth systems．
C. Atmic time will get ahead f river time if the rivers run slwer．
D. Mdern technlgy may help t shape the rivers’ tempral frame．
34. What can we infer frm this passage？
A. It is crucial t imprve the definitin f time．
B. A fixed frame will make time meaningless．
C. We shuld live in harmny with nature．
D. Histry is a mirrr reflecting reality．
Passage4
【2021年天津卷第一次】Abut five weeks ag, I nticed the skin f ur pet lizard was grwing dusty. It wrried me. I reprted the strange surface n the skin f the lizard t my husband and children the next mrning. Secnds later, ur lizard emerged frm its tank with its ld skin flwing behind it.
I didn't think abut it much until a mrning last week when I kncked my favrite teapt ff the table. It burst int hundreds f pieces. As I swept up the mess, I wndered why we had been breaking s many things ver the mnths.
The destructin started three mnths ag. It was my husband's birthday. He had just lst his jb. The uncertainty was starting t wear n us, s I wanted t d smething special.
“Let's make a cake fr Dad!” I cried.
My kids screamed with jy. We baked, iced and sprinkled fr mst f the day. Candles n the cake! Ballns n the walls! Flwers n the table!
Tw hurs befre my husband came back hme frm anther jb interview, my daughter climbed up t grab a glass vase frm a high shelf. It fell and crashed beside the cake. Tiny pieces f glass were everywhere. She sbbed ludly as I threw the cake away. My husband had banana pudding fr his birthday.
Three days ag, the light in ur living rm suddenly went ut. After several frustrating hurs f unsuccessful attempts t fix it, my husband suggested watching the Michael Jrdan dcumentary series The Last Dance.
The pignancy f Jrdan retiring frm his belved basketball t play baseball and what had pushed him t make such a tugh decisin tk me by surprise. As I watched him take ff his basketball unifrm and replace it with a baseball unifrm, I saw him leaving behind the layer that n lnger served him, just as ur lizard had. Neither f them chse the mment that had transfrmed them. But they had t live with wh they were after everything was different. Just like us. I realized that we have t learn t leave the past behind.
Humans d nt shed skin as easily as ther animals. The beginning f change is upsetting. The prcess is tiring. Damage changes us befre we are ready. I see ur lizard, raw and nearly new.
Jrdan said that n matter hw it ends, it starts with hpe. With ur tender, hpeful skin, that is where we begin.
40．What can we learn abut the pet lizard frm Paragraph 1?
A．Its tank grew dirty.B．Its ld skin came ff.
C．It gt a skin disease.D．It went missing.
41．Why did the authr's husband have banana pudding fr his birthday?
A．The birthday cake was ruined.B．The authr made gd puddings.
C．Pudding was his favrite dessert.D．They culdn't affrd a birthday cake.
42．Why des the authr mentin The Last Dance in the passage?
A．T prve a thery.B．T define a cncept.
C．T develp the theme.D．T prvide the backgrund.
43．The underlined part "leaving behind the layer" in Paragraph 8 can be understd as .
A．letting g f the pastB．lking fr a new jb
C．getting rid f a bad habitD．giving up an pprtunity
44．What des the authr mst likely want t tell us?
A．Lve f family helps us survive great hardships.B．It's nt the end f the wrld if we break things.
C．We shuld mve n n matter what happens.D．Past experiences shuld be treasured.
Passage5
【2021年天津卷第一次】There is smething t be said fr being a generalist, even if yu are a specialist. Knwing a little abut a lt f things that interest yu can add t the richness f a whle, well-lived life.
Sciety pushes us t specialize, t becme experts. This requires cmmitment t a particular ccupatin, branch f study r research. The drawback t being specialists is we ften cme t knw mre and mre abut less and less. There is a great deal f pressure t master ne's field. Yu may pursue training, degrees, r increasing levels f respnsibility at wrk. Then yu discver the pressure f having t keep up.
Sme peple seem willing t wrk arund the clck in their narrw specialty. But such cmmitment can als weaken a sense f freedm. These specialists culd wrk at the ffice until ten each night, then lk back and realize they wuld have lved t have gne hme and enjyed the sweetness f their family and friends, r traveled t exciting places, meeting interesting peple. Mastering ne thing t the exclusin （排 除）f thers can hld back yur true spirit.
Generalists, n the ther hand, knw a lt abut a wide range f subjects and view the whle with all its cnnectins. They are peple f ability, talent, and enthusiasm wh can bring their brad perspective （视角）int specific fields f expertise （专长）.The dctr wh is als a pet and philspher is a superir dctr, ne wh can give s much mre t his patients than just gd medical skills.
Things are cnnected. Let yur expertise in ne field fuel yur passins in all related areas. Sme f yur interests may nt appear t be cnnected but, nce yu explre their depths, yu discver that they are. My editr Tni, wh is als a writer, has edited several histry bks. She has decided t study Chinese histry. Fascinated by the structural beauty f the Frbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested t learn mre abut Chinese philsphy. "I dn't knw where it will lead, but I'm excited I'm n this pursuit."
These expansins int new wrlds help us by giving us new perspectives. We begin t see the intercnnectedness f ne thing t anther in all aspects f ur life, f urselves and the universe. Develp brad, general knwledge and experience. The universe is all yurs t explre and enjy.
51．T becme a specialist, ne may have t_____.
A．narrw his range f knwledge
B．avid respnsibilities at wrk
C．knw mre abut the sciety
D．braden his perspective n life
52．The specialists mentined in Paragraph 3 tend t______.
A．treasure their freedm
B．travel arund the wrld
C．spend mst time wrking
D．enjy meeting funny peple
53．Accrding t the authr, a superir dctr is ne wh_____.
A．is fully aware f his talent and ability
B．is a pure specialist in medicine
C．shuld lve petry and philsphy
D．brings knwledge f ther fields t wrk
54．What des the authr intend t shw with the example f Tni?
A．Passin alne des nt ensure a persn's success.
B．In-depth explratin makes discveries pssible.
C．Everyne has a chance t succeed in their pursuit.
D．Seemingly unrelated interests are in a way cnnected.
55．What culd be the best title fr the passage?
A．Be Mre a Generalist Than a Specialist
B．Specialist r Generalist: Hard t Decide
C．Turn a Generalist int a Specialist
D．Ways t Becme a Generalist
2020年阅读理解议论文
Passage1
【2020年新课标Ⅱ】I have a special place in my heart fr libraries. I have fr as lng as I can remember. I was always an enthusiastic reader, smetimes reading up t three bks a day as a child. Stries were like air t me and while ther kids played ball r went t parties, I lived ut adventures thrugh the bks I checked ut frm the library.
My first jb was wrking at the Ukiah Library when I was 16 years ld .It was a dream jb and I did everything frm shelving bks t reading t the children fr stry time.
As I grew lder and became a mther, the library tk n a new place and an added meaning in my life. I had several children and bks were ur main surce(来源) f entertainment. It was a big deal fr us t lad up and g t the lcal library, where my kids culd pick ut bks t read r bks they wanted me t read t them.
I always read ,using different vices ,as thugh I were acting ut the stries with my vice and they lved it !It was a special time t bnd with my children and it filled them with the wnderment f bks .
Nw, I see my children taking their children t the library and I lve that the excitement f ging t the library lives n frm generatin t generatin.
As a nvelist, I’ve fund a new relatinship with libraries. I encurage readers t g t their lcal library when they can’t affrd t purchase a bk. I see libraries as a safe haven(避风港) fr readers and writers, a bridge that helps put tgether a reader with a bk. Libraries, in their wn way, help fight bk piracy(盗版行为) and 1 think all writers shuld supprt libraries in a significant way when they can. Encurage readers t use the library. Share library annuncements n yur scial media. Frequent them and talk abut them when yu can.
32. Which wrd best describes the authr’s relatinship with bks as a child?
A. Cperative.B. Uneasy.C. Inseparable.D. Casual.
33. What des the underlined phrase “an added meaning” in paragraph 3 refer t?
A. Pleasure frm wrking in the library.
B. Jy f reading passed n in the family.
C. Wnderment frm acting ut the stries.
D. A clser bnd develped with the readers.
34. What des the authr call n ther writers t d?
A. Spnsr bk fairs.B. Write fr scial media.
C. Supprt libraries.D. Purchase her nvels.
35. Which can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Reading: A Surce f Knwledge
B. My Idea abut writing
C. Library: A Haven fr the Yung
D. My Lve f the Library
Passage 2
【2020年北京卷】Certain frms f AI are indeed becming ubiquitus. Fr example, algrithms (算法) carry ut huge vlumes f trading n ur financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing n city streets, and ur smartphnes are translating frm ne language int anther. These systems are smetimes faster and mre perceptive than we humans are. But s far that is nly true fr the specific tasks fr which the systems have been designed. That is smething that sme AI develpers are nw eager t change.
Sme f tday’s AI pineers want t mve n frm tday’s wrld f “weak” r “narrw” AI, t create “strng” r “full” AI, r what is ften called artificial general intelligence (AGI). In sme respects, tday’s pwerful cmputing machines already make ur brains lk weak. A GI culd, its advcates say, wrk fr us arund the clck, and drawing n all available data, culd suggest slutins t many prblems. DM, a cmpany fcused n the develpment f AGI, has an ambitin t “slve intelligence”. “If we’re successful,” their missin statement reads, “we believe this will be ne f the mst imprtant and widely beneficial scientific advances ever made.”
Since the early days f AI, imaginatin has utpaced what is pssible r even prbable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Gd predicted the eventual creatin f an “ultra-intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities f any man, hwever clever.” Gd went n t suggest that “the first ultra-intelligent machine” culd be “the last inventin that man need ever make.”
Fears abut the appearance f bad, pwerful, man-made intelligent machines have been reinfrced (强化) by many wrks f fictin — Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and the Terminatr film series, fr example. But if AI des eventually prve t be ur dwnfall, it is unlikely t be at the hands f human-shaped frms like these, with recgnisably human mtivatins such as aggressin (敌对行为). Instead, I agree with Oxfrd University philspher Nick Bstrm, wh believes that the heaviest risks frm A GI d nt cme frm a decisin t turn against mankind but rather frm a dgged pursuit f set bjectives at the expense f everything else.
The prmise and danger f true A GI are great. But all f tday’s excited discussin abut these pssibilities presuppses the fact that we will be able t build these systems. And, having spken t many f the wrld’s fremst AI researchers, I believe there is gd reasn t dubt that we will see A GI any time sn, if ever.
42. What des the underlined wrd “ubiquitus” in Paragraph I prbably mean?
A. Enrmus in quantity.B. Changeable daily.
C. Stable in quality.D. Present everywhere.
43. What culd AGI d fr us, accrding t its supprters?
A. Help t tackle prblems.B. Make brains mre active.
C. Benefit ambitius peple.D. Set up pwerful databases.
44. As fr Irving Gd’s pinin n ultra-intelligent machines the authr is ____________.
A. supprtiveB. disapprving
C. fearfulD. uncertain
45. What can be inferred abut AGI frm the passage?
A. It may be nly a dream.
B. It will cme int being sn.
C. It will be cntrlled by humans.
D. It may be mre dangerus than ever.
Passage 3
【2020年江苏卷】I was in the middle f the Amazn (亚马逊) with my wife, wh was there as a medical researcher. We flew n a small plane t a faraway village. We did nt speak the lcal language, did nt knw the custms, and mre ften than nt, did nt entirely recgnize the fd. We culd nt have felt mre freign.
We were raised n bks and cmputers, highways and cell phnes, but nw we were living in a village withut running water r electricity It was easy fr us t g t sleep at the end f the day feeling a little misunderstd.
Then ne perfect Amaznian evening, with mnkeys calling frm beynd the village green, we played sccer. I am nt gd at sccer, but that evening it was wnderful. Everyne knew the rules. We all spke the same language f passes and shts. We understd ne anther perfectly. As darkness came ver the field and the match ended, the gal keeper, Juan, walked ver t me and said in a matter-f-fact way, “In yur hme, d yu have a mn t?” I was surprised.
After I explained t Juan that yes, we did have a mn and yes, it was very similar t his, I felt a srt f awe (敬畏) at the pssibilities that existed in his wrld. In Juan’s wrld, each village culd have its wn mn. In Juan’s wrld. the unknwn and undiscvered was vast and marvelus. Anything was pssible.
In ur sciety, we knw that Earth has nly ne mn. We have lked at ur planet frm every angle and fund all f the wildest things left t find. I can, frm my cmputer at hme, pull up satellite images f Juan’s village. There are n mre cntinents and n mre mns t search fr, little left t discver. At least it seems that way.
Yet, as I thught abut Juan’s questin, I was nt sure hw much mre we culd really rule ut. I am, in part, an ant bilgist, s my thughts turned t what we knw abut insect life and I knew that much in the wrld f insects remains unknwn. Hw much, thugh? Hw ignrant (无知的) are we? The questin f what we knw and d nt knw cnstantly bthered me.
I began cllecting newspaper articles abut new species, new mnkey, new spider…, and n and n they appear. My drawer quickly filled. I began a secnd drawer fr mre general discveries: new cave system discvered with dzens f nameless species, fur hundred species f bacteria fund in the human stmach. The secnd drawer began t fill and as it did I wndered whether there were bigger discveries ut there, nt just species, but life that depends n things thught t be useless, life even withut DNA. I started a third drawer fr these big discveries. It fills mre slwly, but all the same, it fills.
In lking int the stries f bilgical discvery, I als began t find smething else, a cllectin f scientists, usually brilliant ccasinally half-mad, wh made the discveries. Thse scientists very ften see the same things that ther scientists see, but they pay mre attentin t them, and they fcus n them t the pint f exhaustin (穷尽), and at the risk f the ridicule f their peers. In lking fr the stries f discvery, I fund the stries f these peple and hw their lives changed ur view f the wrld.
We are repeatedly willing t imagine we have fund mst f what is left t discver. We used t think that insects were the smallest rganisms (生物), and that nthing lived deeper than six hundred meters. Yet, when smething new turns up, mre ften than nt, we d nt even knw its name.
65. Hw did the authr feel n his arrival in the Amazn?
A. Out f place.B. Full f jy.C. Sleepy.D. Regretful.
66. What made that Amaznian evening wnderful?
A. He learned mre abut the lcal language.
B. They had a nice cnversatin with each ther.
C. They understd each ther while playing.
D. He wn the sccer game with the gal keeper.
67. Why was the authr surprised at Juan’s questin abut the mn?
A. The questin was t straightfrward.
B. Juan knew s little abut the wrld.
C. The authr didn’t knw hw t answer.
D. The authr didn’t think Juan was sincere.
68. What was the authr’s initial purpse f cllecting newspaper articles?
A. T srt ut what we have knwn.
B. T deepen his research int Amaznians.
C. T imprve his reputatin as a bilgist.
D. T learn mre abut lcal cultures.
69. Hw did thse brilliant scientists make great discveries?
A. They shifted their viewpints frequently.
B. They fllwed ther scientists clsely.
C. They ften criticized their fellw scientists.
D. They cnducted in-depth and clse studies.
70. What culd be the mst suitable title fr the passage?
A. The Pssible and the Impssible .
B. The Knwn and the Unknwn .
C. The Civilized and the Uncivilized .
D. The Ignrant and the Intelligent.

2019年阅读理解议论文
Passage1
【2019年江苏卷】Wh cares if peple think wrngly that the Internet has had mre imprtant influences than the washing machine? Why des it matter that peple are mre impressed by the mst recent changes?
It wuld nt matter if these misjudgments were just a matter f peple's pinins. Hwever, they have real impacts, as they result in misguided use f scarce resurces.
The fascinatin with the ICT(Infrmatin and Cmmunicatin Technlgy) revlutin, represented by the Internet, has made sme rich cuntries wrngly cnclude that making things is s "yesterday" that they shuld try t live n ideas. This belief in "pst-industrial sciety" has led thse cuntries t neglect their manufacturing sectr(制造业) with negative cnsequences fr their ecnmies.
Even mre wrryingly, the fascinatin with the Internet by peple in rich cuntries has mved the internatinal cmmunity t wrry abut the "digital divide" between the rich cuntries and the pr cuntries. This has led cmpanies and individuals t dnate mney t develping cuntries t buy cmputer equipment and Internet facilities. The questin, hwever, is whether this is what the develping cuntries need the mst. Perhaps giving mney fr thse less fashinable things such as digging wells, extending electricity netwrks and making mre affrdable washing machines wuld have imprved peple's lives mre than giving every child a laptp cmputer r setting up Internet centres in rural villages, I am nt saying that thse things are necessarily mre imprtant, but many dnatrs have rushed int fancy prgrammes withut carefully assessing the relative lng-term csts and benefits f alternative uses f their mney.
In yet anther example, a fascinatin with the new has led peple t believe that the recent changes in the technlgies f cmmunicatins and transprtatin are s revlutinary that nw we live in a "brderless wrld". As a result, in the last twenty years r s, many peple have cme t believe that whatever change is happening tday is the result f great technlgical prgress, ging against which will be like trying t turn the clck back. Believing in such a wrld, many gvernments have put an end t sme f the very necessary regulatins n crss-brder flws f capital, labur and gds, with pr results.
Understanding technlgical trends is very imprtant fr crrectly designing ecnmic plicies, bth at the natinal and the internatinal levels, and fr making the right career chices at the individual level. Hwever, ur fascinatin with the latest, and ur under valuatin f what has already becme cmmn, can, and has, led us in all srts f wrng directins.
61. Misjudgments n the influences f new technlgy can lead t __________.
A. a lack f cnfidence in technlgy
B. a slw prgress in technlgy
C. a cnflict f public pinins
D. a waste f limited resurces
62. The example in Paragraph 4 suggests that dnatrs shuld __________.
A. take peple's essential needs int accunt
B. make their prgrammes attractive t peple
C. ensure that each child gets financial supprt
D. prvide mre affrdable internet facilities
63. What has led many gvernments t remve necessary regulatins?
A. Neglecting the impacts f technlgical advances.
B. Believing that the wrld has becme brderless.
C. Ignring the pwer f ecnmic develpment.
D. Over-emphasizing the rle f internatinal cmmunicatin.
64. What can we learn frm the passage?
A. Peple shuld be encuraged t make mre dnatins.
B. Traditinal technlgy still has a place nwadays.
C. Making right career chices is crucial t persnal success.
D. Ecnmic plicies shuld fllw technlgical trends.
Passage 2
【2019年天津卷】I must have always knwn reading was very imprtant because the first memries I have as a child deal with bks. There was nt ne night that I dn't remember mm reading me a strybk by my bedside. I was extremely inspired by the elegant way the wrds sunded.
I always wanted t knw what my mm was reading. Hearing mm say," I can't believe what's printed in the newspaper this mrning," made me want t grab it ut f her hands and read it myself. I wanted t be like my mm and knw all f the things she knew. S I carried arund a bk, and each night, just t be like her, I wuld pretend t be reading.
This is hw everyne learned t read. We wuld start ff with sentences, then paragraphs, and then stries. It seemed an unending jurney, but even as a six-year-ld girl I realized that knwing hw t read culd pen many drs. When mm said," The C-A-N-D-Y is hidden n the tp shelf," I knew where the candy was. My prgress in reading raised my curisity, and I wanted t knw everything. I ften fund myself telling my mm t drive mre slwly, s that I culd read all f the rad signs we passed.
Mst f my reading thrugh primary, middle and high schl was factual reading. I read fr knwledge, and t make A's n my tests. Occasinally, I wuld read a nvel that was assigned, but I didn't enjy this type f reading. I liked facts, things that are cncrete. I thught anything abstract left t much rm fr argument.
Yet, nw that I'm grwing and the wrld I nce knew as being s simple is becming mre cmplex, I find myself needing a way t escape. By pening a nvel, I can leave behind my burdens and enter int a wnderful and mysterius wrld where I am nw a new character. In these wrlds I can becme anyne. I dn't have t write dwn what happened r what technique the authr was using when he r she wrte this. I just read t relax.
We're taught t read because it's necessary fr much f human understanding. Reading is a vital part f my life. Reading satisfies my desire t keep learning. And I've fund that the pssibilities that lie within bks are limitless.
41. Why did the authr want t grab the newspaper ut f mm's hands？
A. She wanted mm t read the news t her.
B. She was anxius t knw what had happened.
C. She culdn't wait t tear the newspaper apart.
D. She culdn't help but stp mm frm reading.
42. Accrding t Paragraph 3，the authr's reading f rad signs indicates___________
A. her unique way t lcate herself
B. her eagerness t develp her reading ability
C. her effrt t remind mm t bey traffic rules
D. her grwing desire t knw the wrld arund her.
43. What was the authr's view n factual reading？
A. It wuld help her update test-taking skills.
B. It wuld allw much rm fr free thinking.
C. It wuld prvide true and bjective infrmatin.
D. It wuld help shape a realistic and serius attitude t life.
44. The authr takes nvel reading as a way t___________.
A. explre a fantasy land
B. develp a passin fr leaning
C. learn abut the adult cmmunity
D. get away frm a cnfusing wrld
45. What culd be the best title fr the passage？
A. The Magic f ReadingB. The Pleasure f Reading
C. Grwing Up with ReadingD. Reading Makes a Full Man
Passage 3
【2019年天津卷】Wuld yu BET n the future f this man？He is 53 years ld. Mst f his adult life has been a lsing struggle against debt and misfrtune. A war injury has made his left hand stp functining，and he has ften been in prisn. Driven by heaven-knws-what mtives，he determines t write a bk.
The bk turns ut t be ne that has appealed t the wrld fr mre than 350 years. That frmer prisner was Cervantes，and the bk was Dn Quixte（《堂吉诃德》）. And the stry pses an interesting questin: why d sme peple discver new vitality and creativity t the end f their days，while thers g t seed lng befre？
We've all knwn peple wh run ut f steam befre they reach life's halfway mark. I'm nt talking abut thse wh fail t get t the tp. We can't all get there. I'm talking abut peple wh have stpped learning n grwing because they have adpted the fixed attitudes and pinins that all t ften cme with passing years.
Mst f us，in fact，prgressively narrw the variety f ur lives. We succeed in ur field f specializatin and then becme trapped in it. Nthing surprises us. We lse ur sense f wnder. But，if we are willing t lean，the pprtunities are everywhere.
The things we learn in maturity seldm invlve infrmatin and skills. We learn t bear with the things we can't change. We learn t avid self-pity. We learn that hwever much we try t please，sme peple are never ging t lve us-an idea that trubles at first but is eventually relaxing.
With high mtivatin and enthusiasm，we can keep n learning. Then we will knw hw imprtant it is t have meaning in ur life. Hwever，we can achieve meaning nly if we have made a cmmitment t smething larger than ur wn little egs（自我），whether t lved nes，t fellw humans，t wrk，r t sme mral cncept.
Many f us equate（视……等同于）“cmmitment” with such “caring” ccupatins as teaching and nursing. But ding any rdinary jb as well as ne can is in itself an admirable cmmitment. Peple wh wrk tward such excellence whether they are driving a truck，r running a stre-make the wrld better just by being the kind f peple they are. They've learned life's mst valuable lessn.
51. The passage starts with the stry f Cervantes t shw that_________.
A. lss f freedm stimulates ne's creativity
B. age is nt a barrier t achieving ne's gal
C. misery inspires a man t fight against his fate
D. disability cannt stp a man's pursuit f success
52. What des the underlined part in Paragraph 3 prbably mean？
A. End ne's struggle fr liberty.
B. Waste ne's energy taking risks.
C. Miss the pprtunity t succeed.
D. Lse the interest t cntinue learning.
53. What culd be inferred frm Paragraph 4？
A. Thse wh dare t try ften get themselves trapped.
B. Thse wh tend t think back can hardly g ahead.
C. Opprtunity favrs thse with a curius mind.
D. Opprtunity awaits thse with a cautius mind.
54. What des the authr intend t tell us in Paragraph 5？
A. A tugh man can tlerate suffering.
B. A wise man can live withut self-pity
C. A man shuld try t satisfy peple arund him.
D. A man shuld learn suitable ways t deal with life
55. What is the authr's purpse in writing the passage？
A. T prvide guidance n leading a meaningful adult life.
B. T stress the need f shuldering respnsibilities at wrk.
C. T state the imprtance f generating mtivatin fr learning.
D. T suggest a way f pursuing excellence in ur lifelng career.
2018年阅读理解议论文
Passage1
【2018年全国Ⅱ卷】We’ve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank r n an airplane, surrunded by peple wh are, like us, deeply fcused n their smartphnes r, wrse, struggling with the uncmfrtable silence.
What’s the prblem? It’s pssible that we all have cmprmised cnversatinal intelligence. It’s mre likely that nne f us start a cnversatin because it’s awkward and challenging, r we think it’s annying and unnecessary. But the next time yu find yurself amng strangers, cnsider that small talk is wrth the truble. Experts say it’s an invaluable scial practice that results in big benefits.
Dismissing small talk as unimprtant is easy, but we can’t frget that deep relatinships wuldn’t
even exist if it weren’t fr casual cnversatin. Small talk is the grease(润滑剂) fr scial cmmunicatin, says Bernard Carducci, directr f the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Sutheast. ＂Almst every great lve stry and each big business deal begins with small talk,＂ he explains. ＂The key t successful small talk is learning hw t cnnect with thers, nt just cmmunicate with them.＂
In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, assciate prfessr f psychlgy at UBC, invited peple n their way int a cffee shp. One grup was asked t seek ut an interactin(互动) with its waiter; the ther, t speak nly when necessary. The results shwed that thse wh chatted with their server reprted significantly higher psitive feelings and a better cffee shp experience. ＂It’s nt that talking t the waiter is better than talking t yur husband,＂ says Dunn. ＂But interactins with peripheral(边缘的) members f ur scial netwrk matter fr ur well-being als.＂
Dunn believes that peple wh reach ut t strangers feel a significantly greater sense f belnging, a bnd with thers. Carducci believes develping such a sense f belnging starts with small talk. ＂Small talk is the basis f gd manners,＂ he says.
32. What phenmenn is described in the first paragraph?
A. Addictin t smartphnes.
B. Inapprpriate behaviurs in public places.
C. Absence f cmmunicatin between strangers.
D. Impatience with slw service.
33. What is imprtant fr successful small talk accrding t Carducci?
A. Shwing gd manners. B. Relating t ther peple.
C. Fcusing n a tpic. D. Making business deals.
34. What des the cffee-shp study suggest abut small talk?
A. It imprves family relatinships. B. It raises peple’s cnfidence.
C. It matters as much as a frmal talk. D. It makes peple feel gd.
35. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Cnversatin Cunts B. Ways f Making Small Talk
C. Benefits f Small Talk D. Uncmfrtable Silence
Passage 2
【2018年全国Ⅲ卷】Adults understand what it feels like t be flded with bjects. Why d we ften assume that mre is mre when it cmes t kids and their belngings? The gd news is that I can help my wn kids learn earlier than I did hw t live mre with less.
I fund the pre-hlidays a gd time t encurage yung children t dnate less-used things, and it wrked. Because f ur effrts, ur daughter Gergia did decide t dnate a large bag f tys t a little girl whse mther was unable t pay fr her hliday due t illness. She chse t sell a few larger bjects that were less ften used when we prmised t put the mney int her schl fund(基金）(ur kindergarten daughter is serius abut becming a dctr)
Fr weeks, I've been thinking f bigger, deeper questins: Hw d we make it a habit fr them? And hw d we train urselves t help them live with, need, and use less? Yesterday, I sat with my sn, Shepherd, determined t test my wn thery n this. I decided t play with him with nly ne ty fr as lng as it wuld keep his interest. I expected that ne ty wuld keep his attentin fr abut five minutes, ten minutes, max. I chse a red rubber ball-simple, universally available. We passed it, he tried t put it in his muth, he tried buncing it, rlling it, sitting n it, thrwing it. It was ttally, cmpletely enugh fr him. Befre I knew it an hur had passed and it was time t mve n t lunch.
We bth became absrbed in the simplicity f playing tgether. He had my full attentin and I had his. My little experiment t find jy in a single bject wrked fr bth f us.
32. What d the wrds “mre is mre” in paragraph 1 prbably mean?
A. The mre, the better. B. Enugh is enugh.
C. Mre mney, mre wrries. D. Earn mre and spend mre.
33. What made Gergia agree t sell sme f her bjects?
A. Saving up fr her hliday B. Raising mney fr a pr girl
C. Adding the mney t her fund D. Giving the mney t a sick mther
34. Why did the authr play the ball with Shepherd?
A. T try ut an idea
B. T shw a parent's lve
C. T train his attentin
D. T help him start a hbby
35. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Take It r Leave It B. A Lessn frm Kids
C. Live Mre with Less D. The Pleasure f Giving
Passage 3
【2018年北京卷】 Preparing Cities fr Rbt Cars
The pssibility f self-driving rbt cars has ften seemed like a futurist’s dream, years away frm materializing in the real wrld. Well, the future is apparently nw. The Califrnia Department f Mtr Vehicles began giving permits in April fr cmpanies t test truly self-driving cars n public rads. The state als cleared the way fr cmpanies t sell r rent ut self-driving cars, and fr cmpanies t perate driverless taxi services. Califrnia, it shuld be nted, isn’t leading the way here. Cmpanies have been testing their vehicles in cities acrss the cuntry. It’s hard t predict when driverless cars will be everywhere n ur rads. But hwever lng it takes, the technlgy has the ptential t change ur transprtatin systems and ur cities, fr better r fr wrse, depending n hw the transfrmatin is regulated.
While much f the debate s far has been fcused n the safety f driverless cars(and rightfully s), plicymakers als shuld be talking abut hw self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissins(排放) and ffer mre cnvenient, affrdable mbility ptins. The arrival f driverless vehicles is a chance t make sure that thse vehicles are envirnmentally friendly and mre shared.
D we want t cpy — r even wrsen — the traffic f tday with driverless cars? Imagine a future where mst adults wn individual self-driving vehicles. They tlerate lng, slw jurneys t and frm wrk n packed highways because they can wrk, entertain themselves r sleep n the ride, which encurages urban spread. They take their driverless car t an appintment and set the empty vehicle t circle the building t avid paying fr parking. Instead f walking a few blcks t pick up a child r the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The cnvenience even leads fewer peple t take public transprt — an unwelcme side effect researchers have already fund in ride-hailing(叫车) services.
A study frm the University f Califrnia at Davis suggested that replacing petrl-pwered private cars wrldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems culd reduce carbn emissins frm transprtatin 80% and cut the cst f transprtatin infrastructure(基础设施) and peratins 40% by 2050. Fewer emissins and cheaper travel sund pretty appealing. The first cmmercially available driverless cars will almst certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, cnsidering the cst f self-driving technlgy as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless car wnership culd increase as the prices drp and mre peple becme cmfrtable with the technlgy. zxxk
Plicymakers shuld start thinking nw abut hw t make sure the appearance f driverless vehicles desn’t extend the wrst aspects f the car-cntrlled transprtatin system we have tday. The cming technlgical advancement presents a chance fr cities and states t develp transprtatin systems designed t mve mre peple, and mre affrdably. The car f the future is cming. We just have t plan fr it.
47. Accrding t the authr, attentin shuld be paid t hw driverless cars can __________.
A. help deal with transprtatin-related prblems
B. prvide better services t custmers
C. cause damage t ur envirnment
D. make sme peple lse jbs
48. As fr driverless cars, what is the authr’s majr cncern?
A. Safety. B. Side effects.
C. Affrdability. D. Management.
49. What des the underlined wrd ＂fielded＂ in Paragraph 4 prbably mean?
A. Emplyed. B. Replaced.
C. Shared. D. Reduced.
50. What is the authr’s attitude t the future f self-driving cars?
A. Dubtful. B. Psitive.
C. Disapprving. D. Sympathetic.
Passage 4
【2018年江苏卷】In the 1760s, Mathurin Rze pened a series f shps that basted(享有) a special meat sup called cnsmmé. Althugh the main attractin was the sup, Rze's chain shps als set a new standard fr dining ut, which helped t establish Rze as the inventr f the mdern restaurant.
Tday, schlars have generated large amunts f instructive research abut restaurants. Take visual hints that influence what we eat: diners served themselves abut 20 percent mre pasta(意大利面食) when their plates matched their fd. When a dark-clred cake was served n a black plate rather than a white ne, custmers recgnized it as sweeter and mre tasty.
Lighting matters, t. When Berlin restaurant custmers ate in darkness, they culdn't tell hw much they'd had: thse given extra-large shares ate mre than everyne else, nne the wiser—they didn’t feel fuller, and they were just as ready fr dessert.
Time is mney, but that principle means different things fr different types f restaurants. Unlike fast-fd places, fine dining shps prefer custmers t stay lnger and spend. One way t encurage custmers t stay and rder that extra rund: put n sme Mzart(莫扎特).When classical, rather than pp, music was playing, diners spent mre. Fast music hurried diners ut.
Particular scents als have an effect: diners wh gt the scent f lavender(薰衣草) stayed lnger and spent mre than thse wh smelled lemn, r n scent.
Meanwhile, things that yu might expect t discurage spending—"bad" tables, crwding. high prices — dn't necessarily. Diners at bad tables — next t the kitchen dr, say — spent nearly as much as thers but sn fled. It can be cncluded that restaurant keepers need nt "be verly cncerned abut ‘bad’ tables," given that they're prfitable. As fr crwds, a Hng Kng study fund that they increased a restaurant's reputatin, suggesting great fd at fair prices. And dubling a buffet's price led custmers t say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier.
58. The underlined phrase "nne the wiser" in paragraph 3 mst prbably implies that the custmers were .
A. nt aware f eating mre than usual
B. nt willing t share fd with thers
C. nt cnscius f the fd quality
D. nt fnd f the fd prvided
59. Hw culd a fine dining shp make mre prfit?
A. Playing classical music.
B. Intrducing lemn scent.
C. Making the light brighter,
D. Using plates f larger size.
60. What des the last paragraph talk abut?
A. Tips t attract mre custmers.
B. Prblems restaurants are faced with.
C. Ways t imprve restaurants' reputatin.
D. Cmmn misunderstandings abut restaurants.
Passage 5
【2018年江苏卷】Children as yung as ten are becming dependent n scial media fr their sense f self-wrth, a majr study warned.
It fund many yungsters(少年）nw measure their status by hw much public apprval they get nline, ften thrugh “likes”. Sme change their behaviur in real life t imprve their image n the web.
The reprt int yungsters aged frm 8 t 12 was carried ut by Children's Cmmissiner (专员）Anne Lngfield. She said scial media firms were expsing children t majr emtinal risks, with sme yungsters starting secndary schl ill-equipped t cpe with the tremendus pressure they faced nline.
Sme scial apps were ppular amng the children even thugh they suppsedly require users t be at least 13.The yungsters admitted planning trips arund ptential pht-pprtunities and then messaging friends—and friends f friends — t demand “likes” fr their nline psts.
The reprt fund that yungsters felt their friendships culd be at risk if they did nt respnd t scial media psts quickly, and arund the clck.
Children aged 8 t 10 were "starting t feel happy" when thers liked their psts. Hwever, thse in the 10 t 12 age grup were "cncerned with hw many peple like their psts", suggesting a “need” fr scial recgnitin that gets strnger the lder they becme.
Miss Lngfield warned that a generatin f children risked grwing up "wrried abut their appearance and image as a result f the unrealistic lifestyles they fllw n platfrms, and increasingly anxius abut switching ff due t the cnstant demands f scial media.
She said: "Children are using scial media with family and friends and t play games when they are in primary schl. But what starts as fun usage f apps turns int tremendus pressure in real scial media interactin at secndary schl."
As their wrld expanded, she said, children cmpared themselves t thers nline in a way that was "hugely damaging in terms f their self-identity, in terms f their cnfidence, but als in terms f their ability t develp themselves".
Miss Lngfield added: "Then there is this push t cnnect—if yu g ffline, will yu miss smething, will yu miss ut, will yu shw that yu dn't care abut thse peple yu are fllwing, all f thse cme tgether in a huge way at nce." "Fr children it is very, very difficult t cpe with emtinally." The Children's Cmmissiner fr England's study—life in Likes—fund that children as yung as 8 were using scial media platfrms largely fr play.
Hwever, the research—invlving eight grups f 32 children aged 8 t 12—suggested that as they headed tward their teens, they became increasingly anxius nline.
By the time they started secndary schl—at age 11—children were already far mre aware f their image nline and felt under huge pressure t ensure their psts were ppular, the reprt fund.
Hwever, they still did nt knw hw t cpe with mean-spirited jkes, r the sense f incmpetence they might feel if they cmpared themselves t celebrities(名人）r mre brilliant friends nline. The reprt said they als faced pressure t respnd t messages at all hurs f the day—especially at secndary schl when mre yungsters have mbile phnes.
The Children’s Cmmissiner said schls and parents must nw d mre t prepare children fr the emtinal minefield(雷区）they faced nline. And she said scial media cmpanies must als "take mre respnsibility". They shuld either mnitr their websites better s that children d nt sign up t early, r they shuld adjust their websites t the needs f yunger users.
Javed Khan, f children's charity Bamard's, said: "It's vital that new cmpulsry age- apprpriate relatinship and sex educatin lessns in England shuld help equip children t deal with the grwing demands f scial media.
“It’s als hugely imprtant fr parents t knw which apps their children are using.”
65. Why did sme secndary schl students feel t much pressure?
A. They were nt prvided with adequate equipment.
B. They were nt well prepared fr emtinal risks.
C. They were required t give quick respnses.
D. They were prevented frm using mbile phnes.
66. Sme scial app cmpanies were t blame because .
A. they didn't adequately check their users' registratin
B. they rganized pht trips t attract mre yungsters
C. they encuraged yungsters t pst mre phts
D. they didn't stp yungsters frm staying up late
67. Children's cmparing themselves t thers nline may lead t .
A. less friendliness t each ther
B. lwer self-identity and cnfidence
C. an increase in nline cheating
D. a strnger desire t stay nline
68. Accrding t Life in Likes, as children grew, they became mre anxius t .
A. circulate their psts quickly
B. knw the qualities f their psts
C. use mbile phnes fr play
D. get mre public apprval
69. What shuld parents d t slve the prblem?
A. Cmmunicate mre with secndary schls.
B. Urge media cmpanies t create safer apps.
C. Keep track f children's use f scial media.
D. Frbid their children frm visiting the web.
70. What des the passage mainly talk abut?
A. The influence f scial media n children.
B. The imprtance f scial media t children.
C. The prblem in building a healthy relatinship.
D. The measure t reduce risks frm scial media.
Passage 6
【2018年天津卷】Give yurself a test. Which way is the wind blwing? Hw many kinds f wildflwers can be seen frm yur frnt dr? If yur awareness is as sharp as it culd be, yu’ll have n truble answering these questins.
Mst f us bserved much mre as children than we d as adults. A child’s day is filled with fascinatin, newness and wnder. Curisity gave us all a natural awareness. But distinctins that were sharp t us as children becme unclear; we are numb(麻木的) t new stimulatin(刺激), new ideas. Relearning the art f seeing the wrld arund us is quite simple, althugh it takes practice and requires breaking sme bad habits.
The first step in awakening senses is t stp predicting what we are ging t see and feel befre it ccurs. This blcks awareness. One chilly night when I was hiking in the Rcky Muntains with sme students, I mentined that we were ging t crss a muntain stream. The students began cmplaining abut hw cld it wuld be. We reached the stream, and they unwillingly walked ahead. They were almst knee-deep when they realized it was a ht spring. Later they all admitted they’d felt cld water at first.
Anther blck t awareness is the bsessin(痴迷) many f us have with naming things. I saw bird watchers wh sptted a bird, immediately lked it up in field guides, and said, a "ruby-crwned kinglet" and checked it ff. They n lnger paid attentin t the bird and never learned what it was ding.
The pressures f "time" and "destinatin" are further blcks t awareness. I encuntered many hikers wh were headed t a distant camp-grund with just enugh time t get there befre dark. It seldm ccurred t them t wander a bit, t take a mment t see what’s arund them. I asked them what they’d seen. "Oh, a few birds," they said. They seemed bent n their destinatins.
Nature seems t unfld t peple wh watch and wait. Next time yu take a walk, n matter where it is, take in all the sights, sunds and sensatins. Wander in this frame f mind and yu will pen a new dimensin t yur life.
51. Accrding t Paragraph 2, cmpared with adults, children are mre ________.
A. anxius t d wnders
B. sensitive t thers’ feelings
C. likely t develp unpleasant habits
D. eager t explre the wrld arund them
52. What idea des the authr cnvey in Paragraph 3?
A. T avid jumping t cnclusins.
B. T stp cmplaining all the time.
C. T fllw the teacher’s advice.
D. T admit mistakes hnestly.
53. The bird watchers’ behavir shws that they ________.
A. are very patient in their bservatin
B. are really fascinated by nature
C. care nly abut the names f birds
D. questin the accuracy f the field guides
54. Why d the hikers take n ntice f the surrundings during the jurney?
A. The natural beauty isn’t attractive t them.
B. They fcus n arriving at the camp in time.
C. The frest in the dark is dangerus fr them.
D. They are keen t see rare birds at the destinatin.
55. In the passage, the authr intends t tell us we shuld ________.
A. fill ur senses t feel the wnders f the wrld
B. get rid f sme bad habits in ur daily life
C. pen ur mind t new things and ideas
D. try ur best t prtect nature 2017年阅读理解议论文
Passage1
【2017年浙江卷】Getting less sleep has becme a bad habit fr mst American kids. Accrding t a new survey(调查)by the Natinal Sleep Fundatin, 51% f kids aged 10 t 18 g t bed at 10 pm r later n schl nights, even thugh they have t get up early. Last year the Fundatin reprted that nearly 60% f 7- t 12-year-lds said they felt tired during the day, and 15% said they had fallen asleep at schl.
Hw much sleep yu need depends a lt n yur age. Babies need a lt f rest; mst f them sleep abut 18 hurs a day! Adults need abut eight hurs. Fr mst schl-age children, ten hurs is ideal(理想的). But the new Natinal Sleep Fundatin survey fund that 35% f 10- t 12-year-lds get nly seven r eight hurs. And guess what almst half f the surveyed kids said they d befre bedtime? Watch TV.
"Mre children are ging t bed with TVs n, and there are mre pprtunities(机会)t stay awake, with mre hmewrk, the Internet and the phne," says Dr. Mary Carskadn, a sleep researcher at Brwn University Medical Schl. She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard fr them t calm dwn and sleep. Other experts say part f the prblem is chemical. Changing levels f bdy chemicals called hrmnes nt nly make teenagers’ bdies develp adult characteristics, but als make it hard fr teenagers t fall asleep befre 11 pm.
Because sleepiness is such a prblem fr teenagers, sme schl districts have decided t start high schl classes later than they used t. Three years ag, schls in Edina, Minnesta, changed the start time frm 7:25 am t 8:30 am. Students, parents and teachers are pleased with the results.
25.What is the new Natinal Sleep Fundatin survey n?
A. American kids’ sleeping habits.B. Teenagers’ sleep-related diseases.
C. Activities t prevent sleeplessness.D. Learning prblems and lack f sleep.
26.Hw many hurs f sleep d 11-year-lds need every day?
A.7 hurs.B.8 hurs.C.10 hurs.D.18 hurs.
27.Why d teenagers g t sleep late accrding t Carskadn?
A. They are affected by certain bdy chemicals.
B. They tend t d things that excite them.
C. They fllw their parents’ examples.
D. They dn’t need t g t schl early.
Passage 2
【2017年浙江卷】FLORENCE, Italy — Svetlana Cjchru feels hurt. The Mldvan has lived here seven years as a caregiver t Italian kids and the elderly, but in rder t stay she’s had t prve her language skills by taking a test which requires her t write a pstcard t an imaginary friend and answer a fictinal jb ad.
Italy is the latest Western Eurpean cuntry trying t cntrl a grwing immigrant(移民)ppulatin by demanding language skills in exchange fr wrk permits, r in sme cases, citizenship.
Sme immigrant advcates wrry that as hard financial times make it mre difficult fr natives t keep jbs, such measures will becme mre a vehicle fr intlerance than integratin(融合).Others say it’s nly natural that newcmers learn the language f their hst natin, seeing it as a cnditin t ensure they can cntribute t sciety.
Other Eurpean cuntries laid dwn a similar requirement fr immigrants, and sme terms are even tugher. The gvernments argue that this will help freigners better jin the sciety and prmte understanding acrss cultures.
Italy, which has a much weaker traditin f immigratin, has witnessed a sharp increase in immigratin in recent years. In 1990, immigrants numbered sme 1.14 millin ut f Italy’s then 56.7 millin peple, r abut 2 percent. At the start f this year, freigners living in Italy amunted t 4.56 millin f a ttal ppulatin f 60.6 millin, r 7.5 percent, with immigrants’ children accunting fr an ever larger percentage f births in Italy.
Cjchru, the Mldvan caregiver, hped btaining permanent residence (居住权) wuld help her bring her tw children t Italy; they live with her sister in Mldva, where salaries are amng the lwest in Eurpe. She was skeptical that the language requirement wuld encurage integratin.
Italians always "see me as a freigner," an utsider, even thugh she’s stayed in the cuntry fr years and can speak the lcal language fluently, she said.
28.Why des Cjchru have t take a language test?
A. T cntinue t stay in Italy.B. T teach her children Italian.
C. T find a better jb in Italy.D. T better mix with the Italians.
29.Sme peple wrry that the new language requirement may .
A. reduce Italy’s ppulatin quicklyB. cause cnflicts amng peple
C. lead t financial difficultiesD. put pressure n schls
30.What d we knw abut Cjchru?
A. She lives with her sister nw in Italy.
B. She enjys learning the Italian language.
C. She speaks Italian well enugh fr her jb.
D. She wishes t g back t her hme cuntry.
Passage 3
【2017年北京卷】Hllywd’s thery that machines with evil(邪恶) minds will drive armies f killer rbts is just silly. The real prblem relates t the pssibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may becme extremely gd at achieving smething ther than what we really want. In 1960 a well-knwn mathematician Nrbert Wiener, wh funded the field f cybernetics（控制论）, put it this way: ＂If we use, t achieve ur purpses, a mechanical agency with whse peratin we cannt effectively interfere(干预), we had better be quite sure that the purpse put int the machine is the purpse which we really desire.＂
A machine with a specific purpse has anther quality, ne that we usually assciate with living things: a wish t preserve its wn existence. Fr the machine, this quality is nt in-brn, nr is it smething intrduced by humans; it is a lgical cnsequence f the simple fact that the machine cannt achieve its riginal purpse if it is dead. S if we send ut a rbt with the single instructin f fetching cffee, it will have a strng desire t secure success by disabling its wn ff switch r even killing anyne wh might interfere with its task. If we are nt careful, then, we culd face a kind f glbal chess match against very determined, super intelligent machines whse bjectives cnflict with ur wn, with the real wrld as the chessbard.
The pssibility f entering int and lsing such a match shuld cncentrate the minds f cmputer scientists. Sme researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind f firewall, using them t answer difficult questins but never allwing them t affect the real wrld. Unfrtunately, that plan seems unlikely t wrk: we have yet t invent a firewall that is secure against rdinary humans, let alne super intelligent machines.
Slving the safety prblem well enugh t mve frward in AI seems t be pssible but nt easy. There are prbably decades in which t plan fr the arrival f super intelligent machines. But the prblem shuld nt be dismissed ut f hand, as it has been by sme AI researchers. Sme argue that humans and machines can cexist as lng as they wrk in teams—yet that is nt pssible unless machines share the gals f humans. Others say we can just ＂switch them ff＂ as if super intelligent machines are t stupid t think f that pssibility. Still thers think that super intelligent AI will never happen. On September 11, 1933, famus physicist Ernest Rutherfrd stated, with cnfidence, ＂Anyne wh expects a surce f pwer in the transfrmatin f these atms is talking mnshine.＂ Hwever, n September 12, 1933, physicist Le Szilard invented the neutrn-induced(中子诱导) nuclear chain reactin.
67. Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may ____________.
A. run ut f human cntrl
B. satisfy human’s real desires
C. cmmand armies f killer rbts
D. wrk faster than a mathematician
68. Machines with specific purpses are assciated with living things partly because they might be able t ____________.
A. prevent themselves frm being destryed
B. achieve their riginal gals independently
C. d anything successfully with given rders
D. beat humans in internatinal chess matches
69. Accrding t sme researchers, we can use firewalls t ____________.
A. help super intelligent machines wrk better
B. be secure against evil human beings
C. keep machines frm being harmed
D. avid rbts’ affecting the wrld
70. What des the authr think f the safety prblem f super intelligent machines?
A. It will disappear with the develpment f AI.
B. It will get wrse with human interference.
C. It will be slved but with difficulty.
D. It will stay fr a decade.
Passage 4
【2017年江苏卷】Old Prblem, New Appraches
While clean energy is increasingly used in ur daily life, glbal warming will cntinue fr sme decades after CO2 emissins(排放) peak. S even if emissins were t begin t decrease tday, we wuld still face the challenge f adapting t climate change. Here I will stress sme smarter and mre creative examples f climate adaptatin.
When it cmes t adaptatin, it is imprtant t understand that climate change is a prcess. We are therefre nt talking abut adapting t a new standard, but t a cnstantly shifting set f cnditins. This is why, in part at least, the US Natinal Climate Assessment says that: "There is n ‘ne-size fits all’ adaptatin." Nevertheless, there are sme actins that ffer much and carry little risk r cst.
Arund the wrld, peple are adapting in surprising ways, especially in sme pr cuntries. Flds have becme mre damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades. Mhammed Rezwan saw pprtunity where thers saw nly disaster. His nt-fr-prfit rganizatin runs 100 river bats that serve as flating libraries, schls, and health clinics, and are equipped with slar panels and ther cmmunicating facilities. Rezwan is creating flating cnnectivity(连接) t replace flded rads and highways. But he is als wrking at a far mre fundamental level: his staff shw peple hw t make flating gardens and fish pnds t prevent starvatin during the wet seasn.
Elsewhere in Asia even mre astnishing actins are being taken. Chewang Nrphel lives in a muntainus regin in India, where he is knwn as the Ice Man. The lss f glaciers(冰川) there due t glbal warming represents an enrmus threat t agriculture. Withut the glaciers, water will arrive in the rivers at times when it can damage crps. Nrphel’s inspiratin came frm seeing the waste f water ver winter, when it was nt needed. He directed the wasted water int shallw basins where it frze, and was stred until the spring. His fields f ice supply perfectly timed irrigatin(灌溉) water. Having created nine such ice reserves, Nrphel calculates that he has stred abut 200,000m3f water. Climate change is a cntinuing prcess, s Nrphel’s ice reserves will nt last frever. Warming will vertake them. But he is prviding a few years during which the farmers will, perhaps, be able t find ther means f adapting.
Increasing Earth’s reflectiveness can cl the planet. In suthern Spain the sudden increase f greenhuses(which reflect light back t space) has changed the warming trend lcally, and actually cled the regin. While Spain as a whle is heating up quickly, temperatures near the greenhuses have decreased. This example shuld act as an inspiratin fr all cities. By painting buildings white, cities may slw dwn the warming prcess.
In Peru, lcal farmers arund a muntain with a glacier that has already fallen victim t climate change have begun painting the entire muntain peak white in the hpe that the added reflectiveness will restre the life-giving ice. The utcme is still far frm clear. But the Wrld Bank has included the prject n its list f "100 ideas t save the planet".
Mre rdinary frms f adaptatin are happening everywhere. A friend f mine wns an area f land in western Victria. Over five generatins the land has been t wet fr crpping. But during the past decade declining rainfall has allwed him t plant highly prfitable crps. Farmers in many cuntries are als adapting like this — either by grwing new prduce, r by grwing the same things differently. This is cmmn sense. But sme suggestins fr adapting are nt. When the plluting industries argue that we’ve lst the battle t cntrl carbn pllutin and have n chice but t adapt, it’s a nnsense designed t make the case fr business as usual.
Human beings will cntinue t adapt t the changing climate in bth rdinary and astnishing ways. But the mst sensible frm f adaptatin is surely t adapt ur energy systems t emit less carbn pllutin. After all, if we adapt in that way, we may avid the need t change in s many thers.
65. The underlined part in Paragraph 2 implies .
A. adaptatin is an ever-changing prcess
B. the cst f adaptatin varies with time
C. glbal warming affects adaptatin frms
D. adaptatin t climate change is challenging
66. What is special with regard t Rezwan’s prject?
A. The prject receives gvernment supprt.
B. Different rganizatins wrk with each ther.
C. His rganizatin makes the best f a bad situatin.
D. The prject cnnects flded rads and highways.
67. What did the Ice Man d t reduce the effect f glbal warming?
A. String ice fr future use.
B. Prtecting the glaciers frm melting.
C. Changing the irrigatin time.
D. Pstpning the melting f the glaciers.
68. What d we learn frm the Peru example?
A. White paint is usually safe fr buildings.
B. The glbal warming trend cannt be stpped.
C. This cuntry is heating up t quickly.
D. Sunlight reflectin may relieve glbal warming.
69. Accrding t the authr, plluting industries shuld .
A. adapt t carbn pllutinB. plant highly prfitable crps
C. leave carbn emissin alneD. fight against carbn pllutin
70. What’s the authr’s preferred slutin t glbal warming?
A. Setting up a new standard.B. Reducing carbn emissin.
C. Adapting t climate change.D. Mnitring plluting industries.
Passage 5
【2017年天津卷】I read smewhere that we spend a full third f ur lives waiting. But where are we ding all f this waiting, and what des it mean t an impatient sciety like urs? T understand the issue, let’s take a lk at three types f “waits”.
The very purest frm f waiting is the Watched-Pt Wait. It is withut dubt the mst annying f all. Take filling up the kitchen sink(洗碗池) as an example. There is abslutely nthing yu can d while this is ging n but keep bth eyes fixed n the sink until it’s full. During these waits, the brain slips away frm the bdy and wanders abut until the water runs ver the edge f the cunter and nt yur scks. This kind f wait makes the waiter helpless and mindless.
A cusin t the Watched-Pt Wait is the Frced Wait. This ne requires a bit f discipline. Prperly preparing packaged ndle sup requires a Frced Wait. Directins are very specific. “Bring three cups f water t bil, add mix, simmer three minutes, remve frm heat, let stand five minutes.” I have my dubts that anyne has actually fllwed the prcedures strictly. After all, Frced Waiting requires patience.
Perhaps the mst pwerful type f waiting is the Lucky-Break Wait. This type f wait is unusual in that it is fr the mst part vluntary. Unlike the Frced Wait, which is als vluntary, waiting fr yur lucky break des nt necessarily mean that it will happen.
Turning ne’s life int a waiting game requires faith and hpe, and is strictly fr the ptimists amng us. On the surface it seems as ridiculus as fllwing the directins n sup mixes, but the Lucky-Break Wait well serves thse wh are willing t d it. As lng as ne desn’t cme t rely n it, wishing fr a few gd things t happen never hurts anybdy.
We certainly d spend a gd deal f ur time waiting. The next time yu’re standing at the sink waiting fr it t fill while cking ndle sup that yu’ll have t eat until a large bag f cash falls ut f the sky, dn’t be desperate. Yu’re prbably just as busy as the next guy.
51. While ding a Watched-Pt Wait, we tend t ___________.
A. keep urselves busy
B. get absent-minded
C. grw anxius
D. stay fcused
52. What is the difference between the Frced Wait and the Watched-Pt Wait?
A. The Frced Wait requires sme self-cntrl.
B. The Frced Wait makes peple passive.
C. The Watched-Pt Wait needs directins.
D. The Watched-Pt Wait engages bdy and brain.
53. What can we learn abut the Lucky-Break Wait?
A. It is less vluntary than the Frced Wait.
B. It desn’t always bring the desired result.
C. It is mre fruitful than the Frced Wait.
D. It desn’t give peple faith and hpe.
54. What des the authr advise us t d the next time we are waiting?
A. Take it seriusly.
B. Dn’t rely n thers.
C. D smething else.
D. Dn’t lse heart.
55. The authr supprts his view by ____________.
A. explring varius causes f “waits”
B. describing detailed prcesses f “waits”
C. analyzing different categries f “waits”
D. revealing frustrating cnsequences f “waits”


2016年阅读理解议论文
Passage1
【2016年新课标Ⅲ卷】Bad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. N news is gd news, and gd news is n news. Thse are the classic rules fr the evening bradcasts and the mrning papers. But nw that infrmatin is being spread and mnitred(监控) in different ways, researchers are discvering new rules. By tracking peple’s e-mails and nline psts, scientists have fund that gd news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sb stries.
＂The ‘if it bleeds’ rule wrks fr mass media,＂ says Jnah Berger, a schlar at the University f Pennsylvania. ＂They want yur eyeballs and dn’t care hw yu’re feeling. But when yu share a stry with yur friends, yu care a lt mre hw they react. Yu dn’t want them t think f yu as a Debbie Dwner.＂
Researchers analyzing wrd-f-muth cmmunicatin — e-mails, Web psts and reviews, face-t-face cnversatins — fund that it tended t be mre psitive than negative(消极的), but that didn’t necessarily mean peple preferred psitive news. Was psitive news shared mre ften simply because peple experienced mre gd things than bad things? T test fr that pssibility, Dr. Berger lked at hw peple spread a particular set f news stries: thusands f articles n The New Yrk Times’ website. He and a Penn clleague analyzed the ＂mst e-mailed＂ list fr six mnths. One f his first findings was that articles in the science sectin were much mre likely t make the list than nn-science articles. He fund that science amazed Times’ readers and made them want t share this psitive feeling with thers.
Readers als tended t share articles that were exciting r funny, r that inspired negative feelings like anger r anxiety, but nt articles that left them merely sad. They needed t be arused(激发) ne way r the ther, and they preferred gd news t bad. The mre psitive an article, the mre likely it was t be shared, as Dr. Berger explains in his new bk, ＂Cntagius: Why Things Catch On.＂
32. What d the classic rules mentined in the text apply t?
A. News reprts.B. Research papers.
C. Private e-mails.D. Daily cnversatins.
33. What can we infer abut peple like Debbie Dwner?
A. They’re scially inactive.
B. They’re gd at telling stries.
C. They’re incnsiderate f thers.
D. They’re careful with their wrds.
34. Which tended t be the mst e-mailed accrding t Dr. Berger’s research?
A. Sprts news.B. Science articles.
C. Persnal accunts.D. Financial reviews.
35. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Sad Stries Travel Far and Wide.
B. Online News Attracts Mre Peple.
C. Reading Habits Change with the Times.
D. Gd News Beats Bad n Scial Netwrks.
Passage 2
【2016年浙江卷】"Did yu hear what happened t Adam last Friday?" Lindsey whispers t Tri.
With her eyes shining, Tri brags, "Yu bet I did. Sean tld me tw days ag."
Wh are Lindsey and Tri talking abut? It just happens t be yurs truly, Adam Freedman. I can tell yu that what they are saying is (a) nt nice and (b) nt even true. Still, Lindsey and Tri aren’t very different frm mst students here at Lintn High Schl, including me. Many f ur cnversatins are gssip(闲话). I have nticed three effects f gssip: it can hurt peple, it can give gssipers a strange kind f satisfactin, and it can cause scial pressures in a grup.
An imprtant negative effect f gssip is that it can hurt the persn being talked abut. Usually, gssip spreads infrmatin abut a tpic — breakups, truble at hme, even drpping ut — that a persn wuld rather keep secret. The mre embarrassing r shameful the secret is, the juicier the gssip it makes. Prbably the wrst type f gssip is the abslute lie. Peple ften think f gssipers as harmless, but cruel lies can cause pain.
If we knw that gssip can be harmful, then why d s many f us d it? The answer lies in anther effect f gssip: the satisfactin it gives us. Sharing the latest rumr(传言) can make a persn feel imprtant because he r she knws smething that thers dn’t. Similarly, hearing the latest rumr can make a persn feel like part f the "in grup." In ther wrds, gssip is satisfying because it gives peple a sense f belnging r even superirity(优越感).
Gssip als can have a third effect: it strengthens unwritten, unspken rules abut hw peple shuld act. Prfessr David Wilsn explains that gssip is imprtant in plicing behavirs in a grup. Translated int high schl terms, this means that if everybdy yu hang arund with is laughing at what Jhn wre r what Jane said, then yu can bet that wearing r saying smething similar will get yu the same kind f negative attentin. The d’s and dn’ts cnveyed thrugh gssip will never shw up in any student handbk.
The effects f gssip vary depending n the situatin. The next time yu feel the urge t spread the latest news, think abut why yu want t gssip and what effects yur "juicy stry" might have.
41.The authr uses a cnversatin at the beginning f the passage t ___________.
A. intrduce a tpicB. present an argument
C. describe the charactersD. clarify his writing purpse
42.An imprtant negative effect f gssip is that it ___________.
A. breaks up relatinshipsB. embarrasses the listener
C. spreads infrmatin arundD. causes unpleasant experiences
43.In the authr’s pinin, many peple like t gssip because it ___________.
A. gives them a feeling f pleasure
B. helps them t make mre friends
C. makes them better at telling stries
D. enables them t meet imprtant peple
44.Prfessr David Wilsn thinks that gssip can ___________.
A. prvide students with written rules
B. help peple watch their wn behavirs
C. frce schls t imprve student handbks
D. attract the plice’s attentin t grup behavirs
45.What advice des the authr give in the passage?
A. Never becme a gssiper.B. Stay away frm gssipers.
C. Dn’t let gssip turn int lies.D. Think twice befre yu gssip.
Passage 3
【2016年北京卷】Why Cllege Is Nt Hme
The cllege years are suppsed t be a time fr imprtant grwth in autnmy(自主性) and the develpment f adult identity. Hwever, nw they are becming an extended perid f adlescence, during which many f tday’s students and are nt shuldered with adult respnsibilities.
Fr previus generatins, cllege was a decisive break frm parental cntrl; guidance and supprt needed t cme frm peple f the same age and frm within. In the past tw decades, hwever, cntinued cnnectin with and dependence n family, thanks t cell phnes, email and scial media, have increased significantly. Sme parents g s far as t help with cursewrk. Instead f prmting the idea f cllege as a passage frm the shelter f the family t autnmy and adult respnsibility, universities have given in t the idea that they shuld prvide the same envirnment as that f the hme.
T prepare fr increased autnmy and respnsibility, cllege needs t be a time f explratin and experimentatin. This prcess invlves ＂trying n ＂ new ways f thinking abut neself bther intellectually(在思维方面) and persnally. While we shuld prvide ＂safe spaces＂ within clleges, we must als make it safe t express pinins and challenge majrity views. Intellectual grwth and flexibility are fstered by strict debate and questining.
Learning t deal with the scial wrld is equally imprtant. Because a cllege cmmunity(群体) differs frm the family, many students will struggle t find a sense f belnging. If students rely n administratrs t regulate their scial behavir and thinking pattern, they are nt facing the challenge f finding an identity within a larger and cmplex cmmunity.
Mrever, the tendency fr universities t mnitr and shape student behavir runs up against anther characteristic f yung adults: the respnse t being cntrlled by their elders. If acceptable scial behavir is t strictly defined(规定) and cntrlled, the insensitive r aggressive behavir that administratrs are seeking t minimize may actually be encuraged.
It is nt surprising that yung peple are likely t burst ut, particularly when there are reasns t d s. Our generatin nce jined hands and std firm at times f natinal emergency. What is lacking tday is the cnflict between adlescent’s desire fr autnmy and their understanding f an unsafe wrld. Therefre, there is the desire fr their drms t be replacement hmes and nt places t experience intellectual grwth.
Every cllege discussin abut cmmunity values, scial climate and behavir shuld include recgnitin f the develpmental imprtance f student autnmy and self-regulatin, f the necessary tensin between safety and self-discvery.
67. What’s the authr’s attitude tward cntinued parental guidance t cllege students?
A. Sympathetic. B. Disapprving.
C. Supprtive. D. Neutral.
68. The underlined wrd ＂passage＂ in Paragraph 2 means _________.
A. change B. chice
C. text D. extensin
69. Accrding t the authr, what rle shuld cllege play?
A. T develp a shared identity amng students.
B. T define and regulate students’ scial behavir.
C. T prvide a safe wrld withut tensin fr students.
D. T fster students’ intellectual and persnal develpment.
70. Which f the fllwing shws the develpment f ideas in the passage?
I: Intrductin P:Pint Sp:Sub-pint(次要点) C:Cnclusin
Passage 4
【2016年上海卷】 Is there link between humans and climate change r nt? This questin was first studied in the early 1900s. Since then, many scientists have thught that ur actins d make a difference. In 1997, the Kyt Prtcl explained ur rle in the Earth’s changing atmsphere and set internatinal limits fr gas emissins(排放) frm 2008 t 2012. Sme cuntries have decided t cntinue these reductins until 2020. Mre recently, the Paris Agreement, stuck by nearly 200 cuntries, als aims t limit glbal warming. But just nw hw much warmer it will get depends n hw deeply cuntries cut carbn emissins.
3.5℃
This is hw much temperatures wuld rise by 2100 even if natins live up t the initial Paris prmises t reduce carbn emissins; this rise culd still put castal cities under water and drive ver half f all species t extinctin.
2℃
T meet this minimum gal, the Agreement requires cuntries t tighten emissins targets every five years. Even this increase culd sink sme islands, wrse drught(干旱) and drive a decline f up t a third in the number f species.
1.5℃
This is the mst ambitius gal fr temperature rise set by the Paris Agreement, after a push by lw-lying island natins like Kiribati, which say limiting temperature rise t 1.5℃ culd save them frm sinking.

0.8℃
This is hw much temperatures have risen since the industrial age began, putting us 40% f the way t the 2℃ pint.
0℃
The baseline here is average glbal temperature befre the start f the industrial age.
70. It can be cncluded frm paragraph 1 that _______.
A. the prblem f glbal warming will have been quite slved by 2020
B. gas emissins have been effectively reduced in develped cuntries
C. the Paris Agreements is mre influential than the Kyt Prtcl
D. humans have made cntinuus effrts t slw dwn glbal warming
71. If natins culd nly keep the initial prmises f the Paris Agreement, what wuld happen by the year 2100?
A. The human ppulatin wuld increase by ne third.
B. Little ver 50% f all species wuld still exist.
C. Natins wuld nt need t tighten their emissins targets.
D. The Agreement’s minimum gal wuld nt be reached.
72. If thse island natins nt far abve sea level are t survive, the maximum temperature rise, since the start f the industrial age, shuld be_______.
A. 0.8℃ B. 1.5℃
C. 2℃ D. 3.5℃
Passage 5
【2016年四川卷】If yu culd have ne superpwer, what wuld it be?
Dreaming abut whether yu wuld want t read minds, see thrugh walls, r have superhuman strength may sund silly, but it actually gets t the heart f what really matters in yur life.
Every day in ur wrk, we are inspired by the peple we meet ding extrardinary things t imprve the wrld.
They have a different kind f superpwer that all f us pssess: the pwer t make a difference in the lives f thers.
We’re nt saying that everyne needs t cntribute their lives t the pr. Yur lives are busy enugh ding hmewrk, playing sprts, making friends, seeking after yur dreams. But we d think that yu can live a mre pwerful life when yu devte sme f yur time and energy t smething much larger than yurself. Find an issue yu are interested in and learn mre. Vlunteer r, if yu can, cntribute a little mney t a cause. Whatever yu d, dn’t be a bystander. Get invlved. Yu may have the pprtunity t make yur biggest difference when yu’re lder. But why nt start nw?
Our wn experience wrking tgether n health, develpment, and energy the last twenty years has been ne f the mst rewarding parts f ur lives. It has changed wh we are and cntinues t fuel ur ptimism abut hw much the lives f the prest peple will imprve in the years ahead.
24.What des the underlined part in Paragraph 2 refer t?
A. Yur life style.B. Yur life value.
C. Yur truble in life.D. Yur life experience.
25.Why des the authr say they are inspired every day?
A. They pssess different kinds f superpwers.
B. They have gt the pwer t change the wrld.
C. Sme peple arund them are making the wrld better.
D. There are many pwerful peple in their life and wrk.
26.What des the authr stress in Paragraph 5?
A. Learning mre and cntributing mre t a cause.
B. Rising abve self and acting t help thers.
C. Wrking hard t get a bigger pprtunity.
D. Trying yur best t help the pr.
27.What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A. The authr believes the lives f the prest will get better.
B. Much mre prgress will be made in the near future.
C. The wrk n health is the mst valuable experience.
D. Peple’s effrts have been materially rewarded.
2
Passage 6
【2016年天津卷】Failure is prbably the mst exhausting experience a persn ever has. There is nthing mre tiring than nt succeeding.
We experience this tiredness in tw ways: as start-up fatigue(疲惫) and perfrmance fatigue. In the frmer case, we keep putting ff a task because it has either t bring r t difficult. And the lnger we delay it, the mre tired we feel.
Such start-up fatigue is very real, even if nt actually physical, nt smething in ur muscles and bnes. The slutin is bvius thugh perhaps nt easy t apply: always handle the mst difficult jb first.
Years ag, I was asked t write 102 essays n the great ideas f sme famus authrs. Applying my wn rule, I determined t write them in alphabetical rder(按字母顺序), never letting myself leave ut a tugh idea. And I always started the day’s wrk with the difficult task f essay-writing. Experience prved that the rule wrks.
Perfrmance fatigue is mre difficult t handle. Thugh willing t get started, we cannt seem t d the jb right. Its difficulties appear s great that, hwever hard we wrk, we fail again and again. In such a situatin, I wrk as hard as I can — then let the uncnscius take ver.
When planning Encyclpaedia Britannica (《大英百科全书》), I had t create a table f cntents based n the tpics f its articles. Nthing like this had ever been dne befre, and day after day I kept cming up with slutins, but nne f them wrked. My fatigue became almst unbearable.
One day, mentally exhausted, I wrte dwn all the reasns why this prblem culd nt be slved. I tried t cnvince myself that the truble was with the prblem itself, nt with me. Relieved, I sat back in an easy chair and fell asleep.
An hur later, I wke up suddenly with the slutin clearly in mind. In the weeks that fllwed, the slutin which had cme up in my uncnscius mind prved crrect at every step. Thugh I wrked as hard as befre, I felt n fatigue. Success was nw as exciting as failure had been depressing.
Human beings, I believe must try t succeed. Success, then, means never feeling tired.
51. Peple with start-up fatigue are mst likely t _____________.
A. delay tasksB. wrk hardC. seek helpD. accept failure
52. What des the authr recmmend ding t prevent start-up fatigue?
A. Writing essays in strict rder. B. Building up physical strength.
C. Leaving ut the tughest ideas.D. Dealing with the hardest task first.
53. On what ccasin des a persn prbably suffer frm perfrmance fatigue?
A. Befre starting a difficult task.
B. When all the slutins fail.
C. If the jb is rather bring.
D. After finding a way ut.
54. Accrding t the authr, the uncnscius mind may help us _____________.
A. ignre mental prblemsB. get sme nice sleep
C. gain cmplete reliefD. find the right slutin
55. What culd be the best title fr the passage?
A. Success Is Built upn Failure
B. Hw t Handle Perfrmance Fatigue
C. Getting ver Fatigue: A Way t Success
D. Fatigue: An Early Sign f Health Prblems
2015年阅读理解议论文
Passage1
【2015年新课标Ⅱ卷】Mre students than ever befre are taking a gap year(间隔年) befre ging t university. It used t be the “year ff” between schl and university. The gap-year phenmenn riginated(起源) with the mnths left ver t Oxbridge applicants between entrance exams in Nvember and the start f the next academic year.
This year, 25,310 students wh have accepted places in higher educatin institutins have put ff their entry until next year, accrding t statistics n university entrance prvided by the University and Cllege Admissins Service (UCAS).
That is a recrd 14.7% increase in the number f students taking a gap year. Tny Higgins frm UCAS said that the statistics are gd news fr everyne in higher educatin. “Students wh take a well-planned year ut are mre likely t be satisfied with, and cmplete, their chsen curse. Students wh take a gap year are ften mre mature and respnsible,” he said.
But nt everyne is happy. Owain James, the president f the Natinal Unin f Students (NUS), argued that the increase is evidence f student hardship – yung peple are being frced int earning mney befre finishing their educatin. “New students are nw aware that they are likely t leave university up t￡15,000 in debt. It is nt surprising that mre and mre students are taking a gap year t earn mney t supprt their study fr the degree. NUS statistics shw that ver 40% f students are frced t wrk during term time and the figure increases t 90% during vacating perids,” he said.
29. What d we learn abut the gap year frm the text?
It is flexible in length.
It is a time fr relaxatin
It is increasingly ppular
It is required by universities
30. Accrding t Tny Higgins. students taking a gap year ____.
are better prepared fr cllege studies
knw a lt mre abut their future jb
are mre likely t leave university in debt
have a better chance t enter tp universities
31. Hw des Owain James feel abut the gap-year phenmenn?
He’s puzzled
He’s wrried
He’s surprised
He’s annyed
32. What wuld mst students d n their vacatin accrding t NUS statistics?
Attend additinal curses.
Make plans fr the new term
Earn mney fr their educatin
Prepare fr their graduate studies
Passage 2
【2015年浙江卷】If humans were truly at hme under the light f the mn and stars，we wuld g in darkness happily, the midnight wrld as visible t us as it is t the vast number f ncturnal(夜间活动的) species n this planet. Instead, we are diurnal creatures, with eyes adapted t living in the sun's light. This is a basic evlutinary fact, even thugh mst f us dn't think f urselves as diurnal beings. Yet it's the nly way t explain what we've dne t the night: We've engineered it t receive us by filling it with light.
The benefits f this kind f engineering cme with cnsequences — called light pllutin — whse effects scientists are nly nw beginning t study. Light pllutin is largely the result f bad lighting design, which allws artificial light t shine utward and upward int the sky. Ⅲ-designed lighting washes ut the darkness f night and cmpletely changes the light levels — and light rhythms — t which many frms f life, including, urselves, have adapted. Wherever human light spills int the natural wrld, sme aspect f life is affected.
In mst cities the sky lks as thugh it has been emptied f stars, leaving behind a vacant haze(霾) that mirrrs ur fear f the dark. We've grwn s used t this range haze that the riginal glry f an unlit nigh, - dark enugh fr the planet Venus t thrw shadw n Earth, is whlly beynd ur experience, beynd memry almst.
We’ve lit up the night as if it were an unccupied cuntry, when nthing culd be further frm the truth. Amng mammals alne, the number f ncturnal species is astnishing, Light is a pwerful bilgical frce, and n many species it acts as a magnet(磁铁). The effect is s pwerful that scientists speak f sngbirds and seabirds being“captured”by searchlights n land r by the light frm gas flares n marine il platfrms. Migrating at night, birds tend t cllide with brightly lit tall buildings.
Frgs living near brightly lit highways suffer ncturnal light levels that are as much as a millin times brighter than nrmal, thrwing nearly every aspect f their behavir ut f jint, including their nighttime breeding chruses. Humans are n less trapped by light pllutin than the frgs. Like mst ther creatures, we d need darkness .Darkness is as essential t ur bilgical welfare, t ur internal clckwrk, as light itself.
Living in a glare f ur making, we have cut urselves ff frm ur evlutinary and cultural heritage—the light f the stars and the rhythms f day and night .In a very real sense, light pllutin causes us t lse sight f ur true place in the universe, t frget the scale f ur being, which is best measured against the dimensins f a deep night with the Milky Way — the edge f ur galaxy — arching verhead.
50. Accrding t the passage, human beings .
A. prefer t live in the darkness
B. are used t living in the day light
C. were curius abut the midnight wrld
D. had t stay at hme with the light f the mn
51. What des “it”(Paragraph 1) mst prbably refer t?
A. The night.B. The mn
C. The sky D. The planet
52. The writer mentins birds and frgs t .
A. prvide examples f animal prtectin
B. shw hw light pllutin affects animals
C. cmpare the living habits f bth species
D. explain why the number f certain species has declined
53. It is implied in the last paragraph that .
A. light pllutin dse harm t the eyesight f animals
B. light pllutin has destryed sme f the wrld heritages
C. human beings cannt g t the uter space
D. human beings shuld reflect n their psitin in the universe
54.What might be the best title fr the passage?
A. The Magic Light.B. The Orange Haze.
C. The Disappearing Night.D. The Rhythms f Nature.
Passage 3
【2015年重庆卷】
Jin the discussin…
LakeLander ·2 hurs ag
Tday, a man talked very lud n his phne n a train between Malvern and Reading, making many passengers upset. I wnder hw he wuld react if I were t read my newspaper ut lud n the train, I have never had the curage t d it, thugh.
Pak50 ·57 minutes ag
Why nt give it a try? Perhaps yu shuld take lessns n a musical instrument. The late musician Dennis Brian is said t have asked a fellw train passenger t turn ff his radi. When his request was refused, he tk ut his French hrn(号) and started t practice.
Angie O’Edema·42 minutes ag
I dn’t see hw musical instruments can help imprve manners in public. Dn’t d t thers what yu wuldn’t like t be dne t yurself. Once, a passenger next t me talked ut lud n his mbile phne. I left my seat quietly, giving him sme privacy t finish his cnversatin. He realized this and aplgised t me. When his phne rang again later, he left his seat t answer it. Yu see, a bit f respect and cperatin can d the jb better.
Tadas ·29 minutes ag
I did read my newspaper ut lud n a train, and it turned ut well. The guy tk it in gd part, and we chatted happily all the way t Edinbergh.
Sphie 76 ·13minutes ag
I have nt tried reading my newspaper ut lud n a train, but, several years ag, I read sme chapters frm Harry Prter t my bred and nisy children. Several passengers seemed t appreciate what I did.
44. The passenger made an aplgy t Angie O’Edema because____.
A. he ffered his seat t smene else
B. he spke very ludly n his phne
C. he refused t talk with Angie
D. he ignred Angie’s request
45. Wh nce read a newspaper ut lud n a train?
A. Pak50.B. Angie O’Edema.C. Tadas.D. Sphie76.
46. What is the discussin mainly abut?
A. Hw t react t bad behavir.B. Hw t kill time n a train.
C. Hw t chat with strangers.D. Hw t make a phne call.
47. Where is the passage mst prbably taken frm?
A. A webpage.B. A newspaper.C. A nvel.D. A reprt.

Passage 4
【2015年北京卷】 Technlgical change is everywhere and affects every aspect f life, mstly fr the better. Hwever, scial changes are brught abut by new technlgy are ften mistaken fr a change in attitudes.
An example at hand is the invlvement f parents in the lives f their children wh are attending cllege. Surveys (调查) n this tpic suggests that parents tday cntinue t be ＂very＂r ＂smewhat＂verly-prtective even after their children mve int cllege drmitries. The same surveys als indicate that the rate f parental invlvement is greater tday than it was a generatin ag. This is usually interpreted as a sign that tday’s parents are trying t manage their children’s lives past the pint where this behavir is apprpriate.
Hwever, greater parental invlvement des nt necessarily indicate that parents are failing t let g f their ＂adult＂ children.
In the cntext (背景) f this discussin, it seems valuable t first find ut the cause f change in the case f parents’ invlvement with their grwn children. If parents f earlier generatins had wanted t be in tuch with their cllege-age children frequently, wuld this have been pssible? Prbably nt. On the ther hand, des the pssibility f frequent cmmunicatin tday mean that the urge t d s wasn’t present a generatin ag? Many studies shw that lder parents — tday’s grandparents — wuld have called their children mre ften if the means and cst f ding s had nt been a barrier.
Furthermre, studies shw that finances are the mst frequent subject f cmmunicatin between parents and their cllege children. The fact that cllege students are financially dependent n their parents is nthing new; nr are requests fr mre mney t be sent frm hme. This phenmenn is neither gd nr bad; it is a fact f cllege life, tday and in the past.
Thanks t the advanced technlgy, we live in an age f bettered cmmunicatin. This has many implicatins well beynd the rle that parents seem t play in the lives f their children wh have left fr cllege. But it is useful t bear in mind that all such changes cme frm the technlgy and nt sme imagined desire by parents t keep their children under their wings.
67. The surveys infrm us f __________.
A. the develpment f technlgy
B. the changes f adult children’s behavir
C. the parents’ ver-prtectin f their cllege children
D. the means and expenses f students’ cmmunicatin
68. The writer believes that __________.
A. parents tday are mre prtective than thse in the past
B. the disadvantages f new technlgy utweigh its advantages
C. technlgy explains greater invlvement with their children
D. parents’ changed attitudes lead t cllege children’s delayed independence
69. What is the best title fr the passage?
A. Technlgy r Attitude
B. Dependence r Independence
C. Family Influences r Scial Changes
D. Cllege Management r Cmmunicatin Advancement
70. Which f the fllwing shws the develpment f ideas in this passage?

Passage 5
【2015年广东卷】Daniel Andersn, a famus psychlgist, believes it’s imprtant t distinguish televisin’s influences n children frm thse f the family. We tend t blame TV, he says, fr prblems it desn’t really cause, verlking ur wn rles in shaping children’s minds.
One traditinal belief abut televisin is that it reduces a child’s ability t think and t understand the wrld. While watching TV, children d nt merely absrb wrds and images(影像). Instead, they learn bth explicit and hidden meanings frm what they see. Actually, children learn early the psychlgy f characters in TV shws. Furthermre, as many teachers agree, children understand far mre when parents watch TV with them, explaining new wrds and ideas. Yet, mst parents use an educatinal prgram as a chance t park their kids in frnt f the set and d smething in anther rm.
Anther argument against televisin is that it replaces reading as a frm f entertainment. But accrding t Andersn, the amunt f time spent watching televisin is nt related t reading ability. TV desn’t take the place f reading fr mst children; it takes the place f similar srts f recreatin, such as listening t the radi and playing sprts. Things like parents’ educatinal backgrund have a strnger influence n a child’s reading. "A child’s reading ability is best predicted by hw much a parent reads," Andersn says.
Traditinal wisdm als has it that heavy televisin-watching lwers IQ(智商)scres and affects schl perfrmance. But here, t, Andersn ntes that n studies have prved it. In fact, research suggests that it’s the ther way arund. "If yu’re smart yung, yu’ll watch less TV when yu’re lder," Andersn says. Yet, peple f lwer IQ tend t be lifelng televisin viewers.
Fr years researchers have attempted t shw that televisin is dangerus t children. Hwever, by shwing that televisin prmtes nne f the dangerus effects as cnventinally believed, Andersn suggests that televisin cannt be cndemned withut cnsidering ther influences.
36.By watching TV, children learn __________.
A. images thrugh wrdsB. mre than explicit meanings
C. mre abut images than wrdsD. little abut peple’s psychlgy
37.An educatinal prgram is best watched by a child___________.
A. n his wnB. with ther kids
C. with his parents D. with his teachers
38.Which f the fllwing is mst related t children’s reading ability?
A. Radi-listening.B. Televisin-watching.
C. Parents’ reading list.D. Parents’ educatinal backgrund.
39.Andersn believes that .
A. the mre a child watches TV, the smarter he is
B. the yunger a child is, the mre he watches TV
C. the smarter a child is, the less likely he gets addicted t TV
D. the less a child watches TV, the better he perfrms at schl
40.What is the main purpse f the passage?
A. T advise n the educatinal use f TV.
B. T describe TV’s harmful effects n children.
C. T explain traditinal views n TV influences.
D. T present Andersn’s uncnventinal ideas.

Passage 6
【2015年湖北卷】“I see yu’ve gt a bit f water n yur cat,” said the man at the petrl statin. “Is it raining ut there?””N, it’s pretty nice,” I replied, checking my sleeve. “Oh, right. A pny(马驹) bit me earlier.”
As it happened, the bite was virtually painless: mre the kind f small bite yu might get frm a naughty child. The pny respnsible was queuing up fr sme ice cream in the car park near Haytr, and perhaps thught I’d jumped in ahead f him.
The reasn why the pnies here are naughty is that Haytr is a turist-heavy area and turists are cnstantly feeding the pnies fds, despite signs asking them nt t. By feeding the pnies, turists increase the risk f them getting hit by a car, and make them harder t gather during the area’s annual pny drift(迁移).
The purpse f a pny drift is t gather them up s their health can be checked, the baby nes can be stpped frm feeding n their mther’s milk, and thse wh’ve gne beynd their limited area can be returned t their crrect area. Sme f them are als later sld, in rder t limit the number f pnies accrding t the rules set by Natural England.
Three weeks ag, I witnessed a small near-disaster a few miles west f here. While walking, I nticed a pny rll ver n his back. “Hell!” I said t him, assuming he was just rlling fr fun, but he was very still and, as I gt clser, I saw him kicking his legs in the air and breathing heavily. I began t prperly wrry abut him. Frtunately, I managed t get in tuch with a Dartmr’s Livestck Prtectin fficer and send her a pht. The fficer immediately sent a lcal farmer ut t check n the pny. The pny had actually been trapped between tw rcks. The farmer freed him, and he began t run happily arund again.
Dartmr has 1,000 r s pnies, wh play a critical rle in creating the diversity f species in this area. Many peple are wrking hard t preserve these pnies, and trying t cme up with plans t find a sustainable(可持续的) future fr ne f Dartmr’s mst financially-trubled elements.
51. Why are turists asked nt t feed the pnies?
A. T prtect the turists frm being bitten
B. T keep the pnies ff the petrl statin
C. T avid putting the pnies in danger
D. T prevent the pnies frm fighting
52. One f the purpses f the annual pny drift is ______________.
A. t feed baby pnies n milk
B. t cntrl the number f pnies
C. t expand the habitat fr pnies
D. t sell the pnies at a gd price
53. What as the authr’s first reactin when he saw a pny rll n its back?
A. He freed it frm the trap
B. He called a prtectin fficer
C. He wrried abut it very much
D. He thught f it as being naughty
54. What des the authr imply abut the preservatin f Dartmr’s pnies?
A. It lacks peple’s invlvement.
B. It csts a large amunt f mney
C. It will affect turism in Dartmr.
D. It has caused an imbalance f species
Passage 7
【2015年湖北卷】Science has a lt f uses. It can uncver laws f nature, cure diseseases, make bmbs, and help bridges t stand up. Indeed science is s gd at what it des that there’s always a temptatin(诱惑) t drag it int prblems where it may nt be helpful. David Brks, authr f The Scial Animal: The Hidden Surces f Lve, Character, and Achievement, appears t be the latest in a lng line f writers wh have failed t resist the temptatin.
Brks gained fame fr several bks. His latest bk The Scial Animal, hwever, is mre ambitius and serius than his earlier bks. It is an attempt t deal with a set f weighty tpics. The bk fcuses n big questins: What has science revealed abut human nature? What are the surces f character? And why are sme peple happy and successful while thers aren’t?
T answer these questins, Brks surveys a wide range f disciplines（学科）. Cnsidering this, yu might expect the bk t be a dry recitatin f facts. But Brks has structured his bk in an unrthdx(非常规的), and perhaps unfrtunate, way. Instead f intrducing scientific theries, he tells a stry, within which he tries t make his pints, perhaps in rder t keep the reader’s attentin. S as Harld and Erica, the her and herine in his stry, live thrugh childhd, we hear abut the science f child develpment, and as they begin t date we hear abut the thery f sexual attractin. Brks carries this thrugh t the death f ne f his characters.[来源:学+科+网]
On the whle,Brks’s stry is acceptable if uninspired. As ne wuld expect, his writing is mstly clear and, t be fair, sme chapters stand ut abve the rest. I enjyed, fr instance, the chapter in which Harld discvers hw t think n his wn. While Harld and Erica are certainly nt strng r memrable characters, the mre serius prblems with The Scial Animal lie elsewhere. These prblems partly invlve Brks’s attempt t translate his tale int science.
67. The authr mentins the functins f science at the beginning f the passage t__________.
A. illustrate where science can be applied
B. demnstrate the value f Brks’s new bk
C. remind the reader f the imprtance f science
D. explain why many writers use science in their wrks
68. Accrding t the authr, which f the fllwing culd be a strength f the bk?
A. Its strng basis.
B. Its cnvincing pints.
C. Its clear writing.
D. Its memrable characters.
69. What is the authr’s general attitude twards the bk?
A. Cntradictry.
B. Supprtive.
C . Cautius.
D. Critical.
70. What is the authr likely t write abut after the last paragraph?
A. Prblems with the bk.
B. Brks’s life experiences.
C. Death f the characters.
D. Brks’s translatin skills.
Passage 8
【2015年湖南卷】
56. Michael Hran wrte the letter mainly t shw that ________.
A. drivers shuld be plite t cyclists
B. rad accidents can actually be avided
C. sme pedestrians are a threat t rad safety
D. walking while using phnes hurts ne’s eyes
57. Carl Harvey suggests that cyclists shuld_______.
A.be prvided with enugh rads
B.be asked t ride n their wn lanes
C.be made t pay less tax fr cycling
D.be fined fr laughing at plicemen
58. What is a cmplaint f JML?
A. Very few drivers are insured.
B. Cyclists ride fast n pavements.
C. Pedestrians g thrugh red traffic lights.
D. Hrse riders disrespect ther rad users.
59. The underlined wrd "they" in the third letter refers t ________.
A. accidents B. vehicles C. pedestrians D. cyclists
60. The three letters present viewpints n _______.
A. real surces f rad dangers
B. ways t imprve rad facilities
C. measures t punish rad ffences
D. increased awareness f rad rules
Passage 9
【2015年江苏卷】Suppse yu becme a leader in an rganizatin. It’s very likely that yu’ll want t have vlunteers t help with the rganizatin’s activities. T d s, it shuld help t understand why peple undertake vlunteer wrk and what keeps their interest in the wrk.
Let’s begin with the questin f why peple vlunteer. Researchers have identified several factrs that mtivate peple t get invlved. Fr example, peple vlunteer t express persnal values related t unselfishness, t expand their range f experiences, and t strengthen scial relatinships. If vlunteer psitins d nt meet these needs, peple may nt wish t participate. T select vlunteers, yu may need t understand the mtivatins f the peple yu wish t attract.
Peple als vlunteer because they are required t d s. T increase levels f cmmunity service, sme schls have launched cmpulsry vlunteer prgrams. Unfrtunately, these prgrams can shift peple’s wish f participatin frm an internal factr (e.g., "I vlunteer because it’s imprtant t me") t an external factr (e.g., "I vlunteer because I’m required t d s"). When that happens, peple becme less likely t vlunteer in the future. Peple must be sensitive t this pssibility when they make vlunteer activities a must.
Once peple begin t vlunteer, what leads them t remain in their psitins ver time? T answer this questin, researchers have cnducted fllw-up studies in which they track vlunteers ver time. Fr instance, ne study fllwed 238 vlunteers in Flrida ver a year. One f the mst imprtant factrs that influenced their satisfactin as vlunteers was the amunt f suffering they experienced in their vlunteer psitins. Althugh this result may nt surprise yu, it leads t imprtant practical advice. The researchers nte that attentin shuld be given t "training methds that wuld prepare vlunteers fr trublesme situatins r prvide them with strategies fr cping with the prblem they d experience".
Anther study f 302 vlunteers at hspitals in Chicag fcused n individual differences in the degree t which peple view "vlunteer" as an imprtant scial rle. It was assumed that thse peple fr whm the rle f vlunteer was mst part f their persnal identity wuld als be mst likely t cntinue vlunteer wrk. Participants indicated the degree t which the scial rle mattered by respnding t statements such as "Vlunteering in Hspital is an imprtant part f wh I am. "Cnsistent with the researchers’ expectatins, they fund a psitive crrelatin(正相关) between the strength f rle identity and the length f time peple cntinued t vlunteer. These results, nce again, lead t cncrete advice: "Once an individual begins vlunteering, cntinued effrts might fcus n develping a vlunteer rle identity... Items like T-shirts that allw vlunteers t be recgnized publicly fr their cntributins can help strengthen rle identity".
61.Peple vlunteer mainly ut f_________.
A. academic requirementsB. scial expectatins
C. financial rewardsD. internal needs
62.What can we learn frm the Flrida study?
A. Fllw-up studies shuld last fr ne year.
B. Vlunteers shuld get mentally prepared.
C. Strategy training is a must in research.
D. Vlunteers are prvided with cncrete advice.
63.What is mst likely t mtivate vlunteers t cntinue their wrk?
A. Individual differences in rle identity.B. Publicly identifiable vlunteer T-shirts.
C. Rle identity as a vlunteer.D. Practical advice frm researchers.
64.What is the best title f the passage?
A. Hw t Get Peple t VlunteerB. Hw t Study Vlunteer Behavirs
C. Hw t Keep Vlunteers’ InterestD. Hw t Organize Vlunteer Activities
Passage 10
【2015年天津卷】Once when I was facing a decisin that invlved high risk, I went t a friend. He lked at me fr a mment, and then wrte a sentence cntaining the best advice I’ve ever had: Be bld and brave — and mighty (强大的) frces will cme t yur aid.
Thse wrds made me see clearly that when I had fallen shrt in the past, it was seldm because I had tried and failed. It was usually because I had let fear f failure stp me frm trying at all. On the ther hand, whenever I had plunged int deep water, frced by curage r circumstance, I had always been able t swim until I gt my feet n the grund again.
Bldness means a decisin t bite ff mre than yu are sure yu can eat. And there is nthing mysterius abut the mighty frces. They are ptential pwers we pssess: energy, skill, sund judgment, creative ideas — even physical strength greater than mst f us realize.
Admittedly, thse mighty frces are spiritual nes. But they are mre imprtant than physical nes. A cllege classmate f mine, Tim, was an excellent ftball player, even thugh he weighed much less than the average player. “In ne game I suddenly fund myself cnfrnting a huge player, wh had nthing but me between him and ur gal line,” said Tim. “I was s frightened that I clsed my eyes and desperately threw myself at that guy like a bullet(子弹) — and stpped him cld.”
Bldness — a willingness t extend yurself t the extreme — is nt ne that can be acquired vernight. But it can be taught t children and develped in adults. Cnfidence builds up. Surely, there will be setbacks (挫折) and disappintments in life; bldness in itself is n guarantee f success. But the persn wh tries t d smething and fails is a lt better ff than the persn wh tries t d nthing and succeeds.
S, always try t live a little bit beynd yur abilities — and yu’ll find yur abilities are greater than yu ever dreamed.
51. Why was the authr smetimes unable t reach his gal in the past?
A. He faced huge risks.
B. He lacked mighty frces.
C. Fear prevented him frm trying.
D. Failure blcked his way t success.
52. What is the implied meaning f the underlined part?
A. Swallw mre than yu can digest.
B. Act slightly abve yur abilities.
C. Develp mre mysterius pwers.
D. Learn t make creative decisins.
53. What was especially imprtant fr Tim’s successful defense in the ftball game?
A. His physical strength.B. His basic skill.
C. His real fear.D. His spiritual frce.
54. What can be learned frm Paragraph 5?
A. Cnfidence grws mre rapidly in adults.
B. Trying withut success is meaningless.
C. Repeated failure creates a better life.
D. Bldness can be gained little by little.
55. What is the authr’s purpse in writing this passage?
A. T encurage peple t be curageus.
B. T advise peple t build up physical pwer.
C. T tell peple the ways t guarantee success.
D. T recmmend peple t develp mre abilities.
Frget Cyclists, Pedestrians Are Real Danger
We are having a debate abut this tpic. Here are sme letters frm ur readers.
■Yes, many cyclists behave dangerusly. Many drivers are disrespectful f cyclists. But pedestrians are prbably the wrse ffenders.
Peple f all ages happily walk alng the pavement with eyes and hands glued t the mbile phne, quite unaware f what is ging n arund them. They may even d the same thing while crssing a rad at a pedestrian crssing r elsewhere. The rest f us have t evade(避让) them r just stand still t wait fr the unavidable cllisin.
The real prblem is that sme pedestrians seem t be, at least fr the mment, in wrlds f their wn that are, t them, much mre imprtant than the welfare f thers.
—Michael Hran
■I lved the letter frm Bb Brks abut cyclists(Viewpints, May 29). I am afraid they seem t think they wn the rads.
I was walking acrss Altrincham Rad ne mrning when a cyclist went rund me and n being asked what he was ding he shuted at me.
The gvernment built a cycle lane n the rad but it is hardly used.
The plice d nthing. What a laugh they are!
The cyclists shuld all have t be made t use the cycle lanes and wear helmets, flurescent(发荧光的) jackets and lights at night and in the mrning. They shuld pay sme srt f tax and be fined fr nt wearing them.
—Carl Harvey
■ Cyclists jump n and ff pavements(which are meant fr pedestrians), ride at speed alng the pavements, and think they have a special right t g thrugh traffic lights when they are n red.
I was almst kncked dwn recently by a cyclist riding n the pavement when there was a cycle lane right next t him.
Other rad users, including hrse riders, manage t bey the rules s why nt cyclists?
It’s abut time they had t be registered and insured, s when they d hit a pedestrian r a vehicle, r cause an accident, at least they can be traced and there might be an pprtunity t claim.
—JML
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