专题 15 阅读理解议论文（教师版+学生版）--（2015-2024）高考真题英语分项汇编（全国通用）

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Passage 1
【2024新课标Ⅰ卷】Is cmprehensin the same whether a persn reads a text nscreen r n paper? And are listening t and viewing cntent as effective as reading the written wrd when cvering the same material? The answers t bth questins are ften “n”. The reasns relate t a variety f factrs, including reduced cncentratin, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency t multitask while cnsuming digital cntent.
When reading texts f several hundred wrds r mre, learning is generally mre successful when it’s n paper than nscreen. A large amunt f research cnfirms this finding. The benefits f print reading particularly shine thrugh when experimenters mve frm psing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — t nes that require mental abstractin — such as drawing inferences frm a text.
The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related t paper’s physical prperties. With paper, there is a literal laying n f hands, alng with the visual gegraphy f distinct pages. Peple ften link their memry f what they’ve read t hw far int the bk it was r where it was n the page.
But equally imprtant is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have prpsed a thery called “shallwing hypthesis (假说)”. Accrding t this thery, peple apprach digital texts with a mindset suited t scial media, which are ften nt s serius, and devte less mental effrt than when they are reading print.
Audi (音频) and vide can feel mre engaging than text, and s university teachers increasingly turn t these technlgies — say, assigning an nline talk instead f an article by the same persn. Hwever, psychlgists have demnstrated that when adults read news stries, they remember mre f the cntent than if they listen t r view identical pieces.
Digital texts, audi and vide all have educatinal rles, especially when prviding resurces nt available in print. Hwever, fr maximizing learning where mental fcus and reflectin are called fr, educatrs shuldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they cntain identical wrds.
28. What des the underlined phrase “shine thrugh” in paragraph 2 mean?
A Seem unlikely t last.B. Seem hard t explain.
C. Becme ready t use.D. Becme easy t ntice.
29. What des the shallwing hypthesis assume?
A. Readers treat digital texts lightly.B. Digital texts are simpler t understand.
C. Peple select digital texts randmly.D. Digital texts are suitable fr scial media.
30. Why are audi and vide increasingly used by university teachers?
A. They can hld students' attentin.B. They are mre cnvenient t prepare.
C. They help develp advanced skills.D. They are mre infrmative than text.
31. What des the authr imply in the last paragraph?
A. Students shuld apply multiple learning techniques.
B. Teachers shuld prduce their wn teaching material.
C. Print texts cannt be entirely replaced in educatin.
D. Educatin utside the classrm cannt be ignred.
【答案】28. D 29. A 30. A 31. C
【导语】本文是议论文。主要讨论了纸质阅读与数字阅读、音频和视频学习方式的差异和效果。
【28题详解】
词句猜测题。根据前文“When reading texts f several hundred wrds r mre, learning is generally mre successful when it’s n paper than nscreen. A large amunt f research cnfirms this finding.(当阅读几百字或更多的文本时，在纸上学习通常比在屏幕上学习更成功。大量的研究证实了这一发现)”可知，在纸上学习更有成效，以及后文“when experimenters mve frm psing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — t nes that require mental abstractin — such as drawing inferences frm a text.(当实验人员从提出简单的任务(如识别阅读文章的主旨)转移到需要思维抽象的任务(如从文本中推断)时)”推知，此处应是表达“当实验者从简单的任务转向需要精神抽象的任务时，纸质阅读的益处就变得显而易见”之意，所以shine thrugh应是“显而易见”之意，和D项意思相近。故选D项。
【29题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“But equally imprtant is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have prpsed a thery called “shallwing hypthesis (假说)”. Accrding t this thery, peple apprach digital texts with a mindset suited t scial media, which are ften nt s serius, and devte less mental effrt than when they are reading print.(但同样重要的是精神层面。阅读研究人员提出了一个名为“shallwing hypthesis”的理论。根据这一理论，人们以适合社交媒体的心态接触数字文本，这些文本通常不那么严肃，与阅读印刷品时相比，投入的精神努力也更少)”可知，shallwing hypthesis假设读者在阅读数字文本时会持有一种轻松的心态，不会像阅读纸质书籍那样投入太多的心理努力。故选A项。
【30题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段“Audi (音频) and vide can feel mre engaging than text, and s university teachers increasingly turn t these technlgies — say, assigning an nline talk instead f an article by the same persn.(音频和视频可能比文本更具吸引力，因此大学教师越来越多地转向这些技术，例如分配在线讲座而不是同一作者的文章)”可知，音频和视频比文本更能吸引学生的注意力，所以大学教师越来越多地使用这些技术。故选A项。
【31题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Digital texts, audi and vide all have educatinal rles, especially when prviding resurces nt available in print. Hwever, fr maximizing learning where mental fcus and reflectin are called fr, educatrs shuldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they cntain identical wrds.(数字文本、音频和视频都具有教育作用，尤其是在提供印刷品中无法获得的资源时。然而，为了在需要精神集中和反思的情况下最大限度地学习，教育工作者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词)”可知，尽管数字文本、音频和视频在教育中有一定作用，但当需要精神集中和反思以最大化学习时，教育者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词。这表明作者认为纸质文本在教育中的作用仍然不可替代，因此暗示纸质文本在教育中的重要性。故选C项。
Passage 2
【2024全国甲卷】“I didn’t like the ending,” I said t my favrite cllege prfessr. It was my junir year f undergraduate, and I was ding an independent study n Victrian literature. I had just finished reading The Mill n the Flss by Gerge Elit, and I was heartbrken with the ending. Prf. Gracie, with all his patience, asked me t think abut it beynd whether I liked it r nt. He suggested I think abut the difference between endings that I wanted fr the characters and endings that were right fr the characters, endings that satisfied the stry even if they didn’t have a traditinally psitive utcme. Of curse, I wuld have preferred a different ending fr Tm and Maggie Tulliver, but the ending they gt did make the mst sense fr them.
This was an aha mment fr me, and I never thught abut endings the same way again. Frm then n, if I wanted t read an ending guaranteed t be happy, I’d pick up a lve rmance. If I wanted an ending I culdn’t guess, I’d pick up a mystery (悬疑小说). One where I kind f knew what was ging t happen, histrical fictin. Chsing what t read became easier.
But writing the end—that’s hard. It’s hard fr writers because endings carry s much weight with readers. Yu have t balance creating an ending that's unpredictable, but desn’t seem t cme frm nwhere, ne that fits what’s right fr the characters.
That’s why this issue (期) f Writer’s Digest aims t help yu figure ut hw t write the best ending fr whatever kind f writing yu’re ding. If it’s shrt stries, Peter Muntfrd breaks dwn six techniques yu can try t see which ne helps yu stick the landing. Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters f five great nvels t see what key pints they include and hw yu can adapt them fr yur wrk.
This issue wn’t tell yu what yur ending shuld be—that’s up t yu and the stry yu’re telling—bu it might prvide what yu need t get there.
12. Why did the authr g t Prf. Gracie?
A. T discuss a nvel.B. T submit a bk reprt.
C. T argue fr a writer.D. T ask fr a reading list.
13. What did the authr realize after seeing Gracie?
A. Writing is a matter f persnal preferences.
B. Readers are ften carried away by character.
C. Each type f literature has its unique end.
D. A stry which begins well will end well.
14. What is expected f a gd ending?
A It satisfies readers’ taste.B. It fits with the stry develpment.
C. It is usually psitive.D. It is pen fr imaginatin.
15. Why des the authr mentin Peter Muntfrd and Elizabeth Sims?
A. T give examples f great nvelists.B. T stress the theme f this issue.
C. T encurage writing fr the magazine.D. T recmmend their new bks.
【答案】12. A 13. C 14. B 15. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章首先通过作者与教授关于小说结局的讨论引发了对结局的思考，接着阐述了不同类型的文学作品结局的特点，最后提出了写作好的结局的重要性并介绍了《Writer’s Digest》杂志如何帮助作家写出更好的结尾。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段““I didn’t like the ending,” I said t my favrite cllege prfessr. It was my junir year f undergraduate, and I was ding an independent study n Victrian literature. I had just finished reading The Mill n the Flss by Gerge Elit, and I was heartbrken with the ending. Prf. Gracie, with all his patience, asked me t think abut it beynd whether I liked it r nt.( “我不喜欢这个结局，”我对我最喜欢的大学教授说。那是我大三的时候，我正在做一项关于维多利亚文学的独立研究。我刚刚读完乔治·艾略特的《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》，读到结尾我很伤心。格雷西教授耐心地让我考虑一下，不要只看我喜不喜欢)”可知，作者去找格雷西教授是为了讨论小说。故选A项。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段“This was an aha mment fr me, and I never thught abut endings the same way again. Frm then n, if I wanted t read an ending guaranteed t be happy, I’d pick up a lve rmance. If I wanted an ending I culdn’t guess, I’d pick up a mystery (悬疑小说). One where I kind f knew what was ging t happen, histrical fictin. Chsing what t read became easier.( 这对我来说是一个顿悟的时刻，我再也没有想过同样的结局。从那时起，如果我想读一个保证幸福的结局，我就会选一部爱情小说。如果我想要一个我猜不到的结局，我会选一本神秘小说。一种是我知道会发生什么，历史小说。选择读什么变得更容易了)”可知，见过格雷西教授后，作者意识到了每种类型的文学都有其独特的结局。故选C项。
【14题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“But writing the end—that’s hard. It’s hard fr writers because endings carry s much weight with readers. Yu have t balance creating an ending that’s unpredictable, but desn’t seem t cme frm nwhere, ne that fits what’s right fr the characters.(但是写出结局——那很难。对作家来说很难，因为结局对读者来说意义重大。你必须平衡创造一个不可预测的结局，但这个结局又不能显得凭空而来，要适合角色的设定)”可知，人们对一个好结局的期望是结局又不能显得凭空而来，要适合角色的设定，也就是符合故事的发展。故选B项。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“That’s why this issue (期) f Writer’s Digest aims t help yu figure ut hw t write the best ending fr whatever kind f writing yu’re ding. If it’s shrt stries, Peter Muntfrd breaks dwn six techniques yu can try t see which ne helps yu stick the landing. Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters f five great nvels t see what key pints they include and hw yu can adapt them fr yur wrk.( 这就是为什么这期《Writer’s Digest》旨在帮助你找出如何为你正在写的任何类型的作品写出最好的结局。如果是短篇小说，彼得·蒙特福德分解了六种技巧，你可以尝试看看哪一种能帮助你完美着陆。伊丽莎白·西姆斯分析了五部伟大小说的最后几章，看看它们包含了哪些关键点，以及你如何将它们应用到你的作品中)”可知，作者提到彼得·蒙福德和伊丽莎白·西姆斯是为了强调这期《Writer’s Digest》的主题，即帮助读者写出更好的结尾。故选B项。
Passage 3
【2024北京卷】The ntin that we live in smene else’s vide game is irresistible t many. Searching the term “simulatin hypthesis” (模拟假说) returns numerus results that debate whether the universe is a cmputer simulatin —— a cncept that sme scientists actually take seriusly. Unfrtunately, this is nt a scientific questin. We will prbably never knw whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea t advance scientific knwledge.
The 18th-century philspher Kant argued that the universe ultimately cnsists f things-in-themselves that are unknwable. While he held the ntin that bjective reality exists, he said ur mind plays a necessary rle in structuring and shaping ur perceptins. Mdern sciences have revealed that ur perceptual experience f the wrld is the result f many stages f prcessing by sensry systems and cgnitive (认知的) functins in the brain. N ne knws exactly what happens within this black bx. If empirical (实证的) experience fails t reveal reality, reasning wn’t reveal reality either since it relies n cncepts and wrds that are cntingent n ur scial, cultural and psychlgical histries. Again, a black bx.
S, if we accept that the universe is unknwable, we als accept we will never knw if we live in a cmputer simulatin. And then, we can shift ur inquiry frm “Is the universe a cmputer simulatin?” t “Can we mdel the universe as a cmputer simulatin? ” Mdelling reality is what we d. T facilitate ur cmprehensin f the wrld, we build mdels based n cnceptual metaphrs (隐喻) that are familiar t us. In Newtn’s era, we imagined the universe as a clck. In Einstein’s, we uncvered the standard mdel f particle (粒子) physics.
Nw that we are in the infrmatin age, we have new cncepts such as the cmputer, infrmatin prcessing, virtual reality, and simulatin. Unsurprisingly, these new cncepts inspire us t build new mdels f the universe. Mdels are nt the reality, hwever. There is n pint in arguing if the universe is a clck, a set f particles r an utput f cmputatin. All these mdels are tls t deal with the unknwn and t make discveries. And the mre tls we have, the mre effective and insightful we can becme.
It can be imagined that cmparable t the prcess f building previus scientific mdels, develping the “cmputer simulatin” metaphr-based mdel will als be a hugely rewarding exercise.
28. What des the authr intend t d by challenging a hypthesis?
A. Make an assumptin.B. Illustrate an argument.
C. Give a suggestin.D. Justify a cmparisn.
29. What des the phrase “cntingent n” underlined in Paragraph 2 prbably mean?
A. Accepted by.B. Determined by.C. Awakened by.D. Discvered by.
30. As fr Kant’s argument, the authr is _________.
A. appreciativeB. dubtfulC. uncncernedD. disapprving
31. It is implied in this passage that we shuld _________.
A. cmpare the current mdels with the previus nes
B. cntinue explring the classical mdels in histry
C. stp arguing whether the universe is a simulatin
D. turn simulatins f the universe int realities up.
【答案】28. C 29. B 30. A 31. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了哲学家对于宇宙的认知和信息时代下的作者对于宇宙争论的看法。
【28题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“Searching the term “simulatin hypthesis” (模拟假说) returns numerus results that debate whether the universe is a cmputer simulatin —— a cncept that sme scientists actually take seriusly. Unfrtunately, this is nt a scientific questin. We will prbably never knw whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea t advance scientific knwledge.(搜索“模拟假说”这一术语会得到许多关于宇宙是否是计算机模拟的争论结果——一些科学家实际上认真对待这个概念。不幸的是，这不是一个科学问题。我们可能永远都不知道这是不是真的。相反，我们可以利用这个想法来推进科学知识)”可知，作者对于模拟假说提出质疑，是为了提出自己的建议，建议使用这一想法来推进科学知识。故选C项。
【29题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第二段“If empirical (实证的) experience fails t reveal reality, reasning wn’t reveal reality either since it relies n cncepts and wrds that are cntingent n ur scial, cultural and psychlgical histries. Again, a black bx.(如果经验不能揭示现实，推理也不会揭示现实，因为它依赖于cntingent n我们的社会、文化和心理历史的概念和词语)”可知，句中that引导限制性定语从句，指代先行词cncepts and wrds，且结合常识，概念和词语取决于我们的社会、文化和心理历史，推测划线短语表示“取决于”，与determined by意义相近。故选B项。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段“The 18th-century philspher Kant argued that the universe ultimately cnsists f things-in-themselves that are unknwable. While he held the ntin that bjective reality exists, he said ur mind plays a necessary rle in structuring and shaping ur perceptins. (18世纪的哲学家康德认为，宇宙最终由不可知的事物本身组成。虽然他认为客观现实是存在的，但他说，我们的大脑在构建和塑造我们的感知方面发挥着必要的作用)”以及第三段“S, if we accept that the universe is unknwable, we als accept we will never knw if we live in a cmputer simulatin.(因此，如果我们接受宇宙是不可知的，我们也接受我们永远不会知道我们是否生活在计算机模拟中)”可知，作者引用康德的观点，并在客观陈述后利用该观点来构建自己的论述，由此可知，作者对康德的论点持欣赏的态度。故选A项。
【31题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“There is n pint in arguing if the universe is a clck, a set f particles r an utput f cmputatin. All these mdels are tls t deal with the unknwn and t make discveries. And the mre tls we have, the mre effective and insightful we can becme. (争论宇宙是否是一个时钟、一组粒子还是计算输出的产物是没有意义的。所有这些模型都是处理未知事物和发现事物的工具。我们拥有的工具越多，我们就能变得越有效、越有洞察力)”以及第五段“It can be imagined that cmparable t the prcess f building previus scientific mdels, develping the “cmputer simulatin” metaphr-based mdel will als be a hugely rewarding exercise.(可以想象，与之前构建科学模型的过程相比，开发基于“计算机模拟”隐喻的模型也将是一项非常有益的工作)”可知，作者认为争论宇宙是否是虚拟的，这是没有意义的，我们应该停止争论宇宙是否为模拟，而应该着手于将其作为一个模型来探索和理解，这样会更有助于科学的进步。故选C项。
2023年阅读理解议论文
Passage 1
【2023年全国乙卷】If yu want t tell the histry f the whle wrld, a histry that des nt privilege ne part f humanity, yu cannt d it thrugh texts alne, because nly sme f the wrld has ever had texts, while mst f the wrld, fr mst f the time, has nt. Writing is ne f humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) scieties recrded their cncerns nt nly in writing but in things.
Ideally a histry wuld bring tgether texts and bjects, and sme chapters f this bk are able t d just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example f this between literate and nn-literate histry is perhaps the first cnflict, at Btany Bay, between Captain Ck’s vyage and the Australian Abriginals. Frm the English side, we have scientific reprts and the captain’s recrd f that terrible day. Frm the Australian side, we have nly a wden shield (盾) drpped by a man in flight after his first experience f gunsht. If we want t recnstruct what was actually ging n that day, the shield must be questined and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reprts.
In additin t the prblem f miscmprehensin frm bth sides, there are victries accidentally r deliberately twisted, especially when nly the victrs knw hw t write. Thse wh are n the lsing side ften have nly their things t tell their stries. The Caribbean Tain, the Australian Abriginals, the African peple f Benin and the Incas, all f whm appear in this bk, can speak t us nw f their past achievements mst pwerfully thrugh the bjects they made: a histry tld thrugh things gives them back a vice. When we cnsider cntact (联系) between literate and nn-literate scieties such as these, all ur first-hand accunts are necessarily twisted, nly ne half f a dialgue. If we are t find the ther half f that cnversatin, we have t read nt just the texts, but the bjects.
12. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. Hw past events shuld be presented.B. What humanity is cncerned abut.
C. Whether facts speak luder than wrds.D. Why written language is reliable.
13. What des the authr indicate by mentining Captain Ck in paragraph 2?
A. His reprt was scientific.B. He represented the lcal peple.
C. He ruled ver Btany Bay.D. His recrd was ne-sided.
14. What des the underlined wrd “cnversatin” in paragraph 3 refer t?
A. Prblem.B. Histry.C. Vice.D. Sciety.
15. Which f the fllwing bks is the text mst likely selected frm?
A. Hw Maps Tell Stries f the WrldB. A Shrt Histry f Australia
C. A Histry f the Wrld in 100 ObjectsD. Hw Art Wrks Tell Stries
【答案】12. A 13. D 14. B 15. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。本文讨论了仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史的局限性，并强调了将物品纳入历史叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性。
【12题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“If yu want t tell the histry f the whle wrld, a histry that des nt privilege ne part f humanity, yu cannt d it thrugh texts alne, because nly sme f the wrld has ever had texts, while mst f the wrld, fr mst f the time, has nt. Writing is ne f humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) scieties recrded their cncerns nt nly in writing but in things. (如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人曾经有过文本，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。写作是人类较晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至许多有文字的社会也不仅用文字，而且用物件来记录他们所关心的事情。)”可推知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选A。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第二段首句“Ideally a histry wuld bring tgether texts and bjects, and sme chapters f this bk are able t d just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. (理想情况下，历史应该将文本和物品结合在一起，本书的某些章节能够做到这一点，但在许多情况下，我们根本做不到。)”可推断，作者认为历史应该是文本和物品相结合的产物，但是很多情况下，我们做不到。再根据所举例子的下文“Frm the English side, we have scientific reprts and the captain’s recrd f that terrible day. Frm the Australian side, we have nly a wden shield (盾) drpped by a man in flight after his first experience f gunsht. (在英国方面，我们有科学报告和船长对那可怕的一天的记录。从澳大利亚方面来看，我们只有一个木制盾牌，这是一名男子在第一次经历枪击后在飞行中扔下的。)”可知，作者举这个例子是为了说明船长的记录是片面的，只从自己的角度描述了问题。故选D。
【14题详解】
词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“The Caribbean Tain, the Australian Abriginals, the African peple f Benin and the Incas, all f whm appear in this bk, can speak t us nw f their past achievements mst pwerfully thrugh the bjects they made: a histry tld thrugh things gives them back a vice. When we cnsider cntact (联系) between literate and nn-literate scieties such as these, all ur first-hand accunts are necessarily twisted, nly ne half f a dialgue. (加勒比海的泰诺人、澳大利亚的土著人、贝宁的非洲人以及印加人，所有这些人都出现在这本书中，他们现在都可以通过他们制造的物品向我们讲述他们过去最强大的成就：通过物品讲述的历史给了他们一个声音。当我们考虑诸如此类的有文化社会和无文化社会之间的接触时，我们所有的第一手资料都必然是扭曲的，只有对话的一半。)”结合划线句“If we are t find the ther half f that cnversatin, we have t read nt just the texts, but the bjects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，我们对过去历史的了解，只是书写历史的人所想要让我们了解的历史，如果我们想要了解历史的另一半，我们不仅仅要读文本也要读对象。所以cnversatin指的是“历史”。故选B。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第一段“If yu want t tell the histry f the whle wrld, a histry that des nt privilege ne part f humanity, yu cannt d it thrugh texts alne, because nly sme f the wrld has ever had texts, while mst f the wrld, fr mst f the time, has nt.(如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人的历史曾经被文字记录过，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。)”结合最后一段的“ If we are t find the ther half f that cnversatin, we have t read nt just the texts, but the bjects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，本文讲述仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史有局限性，想要更好的了解历史就要将文本和物品结合在一起。从而推断文章最有可能选自《100件物品中的世界史》。故选C。
2022年阅读理解议论文
Passage1
【2022年全国甲卷】Smetime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discvered its harbr. Then, ne after anther, Sydney discvered lts f things that were just srt f there — brad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse ppulatin. But it is the harbr that makes the city.
Andrew Reynlds, a cheerful fellw in his early 30s, pilts Sydney ferrybats fr a living. I spent the whle mrning shuttling back and frth acrss the harbr. After ur third run Andrew shut dwn the engine, and we went ur separate ways — he fr a lunch break, I t explre the city.
“I’ll miss these ld bats,” he said as we parted.
“Hw d yu mean?” I asked.
“Oh, they’re replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they’re nt s elegant, and they’re nt fun t pilt. But that’s prgress, I guess.”
Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and prgress are the watchwrds (口号), and traditins are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s fficial histrian, tld me that in its rush t mdernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much f its past, including many f its finest buildings. “Sydney is cnfused abut itself,” she said. “We can’t seem t make up ur minds whether we want a mdern city r a traditinal ne. It’s a cnflict that we aren’t getting any better at reslving (解决).”
On the ther hand, being yung and ld at the same time has its attractins. I cnsidered this when I met a thughtful yung businessman named Anthny. “Many peple say that we lack culture in this cuntry,” he tld me. “What peple frget is that the Italians, when they came t Australia, brught 2000 years f their culture, the Greeks sme 3000 years, and the Chinese mre still. We’ve gt a fundatin built n ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism f a yung cuntry. It’s a pretty hard cmbinatin t beat.”
He is right, but I can’t help wishing they wuld keep thse ld ferries.
12. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. Sydney’s striking architecture.B. The cultural diversity f Sydney.
C. The key t Sydney’s develpment.D. Sydney’s turist attractins in the 1960s.
13. What can we learn abut Andrew Reynlds?
A. He ges t wrk by bat.B. He lks frward t a new life.
C. He pilts catamarans well.D. He is attached t the ld ferries.
14. What des Shirley Fitzgerald think f Sydney?
A. It is lsing its traditins.B. It shuld speed up its prgress.
C. It shuld expand its ppulatin.D. It is becming mre internatinal.
15. Which statement will the authr prbably agree with?
A. A city can be yung and ld at the same time.
B. A city built n ancient cultures is mre dynamic.
C. mdernity is usually achieved at the cst f elegance.
D. Cmprmise shuld be made between the lcal and the freign.
【答案】12. D 13. D 14. A 15. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章通过作者和悉尼人士的交流介绍了悉尼发展中面临的问题。
【12题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“Smetime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discvered its harbr. (20世纪60年代初，澳大利亚悉尼发生了一件大事。这座城市发现了它的港口) ”以及“But it is the harbr that makes the city. (但是是港口造就了城市)”可知，本段主要介绍了悉尼发展的关键是港口。故选C项。
【13题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“Andrew Reynlds, a cheerful fellw in his early 30s, pilt Sydney ferrybats fr a living. (30岁出头的Andrew Reynlds是个快乐的小伙子，他在悉尼担任渡轮领航员为生)”、第三段“I’ll miss these ld bats. (我会想念这些旧船的)”以及第五段“Catamarans are faster, but they’re nt s elegant, and they’re nt fun t pilt. (双体船更快，但它们不那么优雅，驾驶起来也不有趣)”可知，渡轮领航员Andrew Reynlds喜欢老式渡船。故选D项。
【14题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s fficial histrian, tld me that in its rush t mdernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much f its past, including many f its finest buildings. (悉尼的官方历史学家Shirley Fitzgerald告诉我，在20世纪70年代奔向现代化的过程中，悉尼把很多它的过去都抛在了一边，包括许多最漂亮的建筑)”可推知，Shirley Fitzgerald认为悉尼匆忙奔向现代化，正在失去它的传统。故选A项。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“On the ther hand, being yung and ld at the same time has its attractins. I cnsidered this when I met a thughtful yung businessman named Anthny. (另一方面，同时既年轻又古老也有它的魅力。当我遇到一位深思熟虑的年轻商人Anthny时，我考虑到了这一点)”以及最后一段“He is right (他说得没错)”可推知，作者赞同Anthny的观点，认为一座城市可以同时既年轻又古老。故选A项。
Passage2
【2022年北京卷】Quantum ( 量子 ) cmputers have been n my mind a lt lately. A friend has been sending me articles n hw quantum cmputers might help slve sme f the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve als had exchanges with tw quantum-cmputing experts. One is cmputer scientist Chris Jhnsn wh I see as smene wh helps keep the field hnest. The ther is physicist Philip Taylr.
Fr decades, quantum cmputing has been little mre than a labratry curisity. Nw, big tech cmpanies have invested in quantum cmputing, as have many smaller nes. Accrding t Business Weekly, quantum machines culd help us “cure cancer, and even take steps t turn climate change in the ppsite directin.” This is the srt f hype ( 炒作 ) that annys Jhnsn. He wrries that researchers are making prmises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Jhnsn wrte, “is that millins f dllars are nw ptentially available t quantum cmputing researchers.”
As quantum cmputing attracts mre attentin and funding, researchers may mislead investrs, jurnalists, the public and, wrst f all, themselves abut their wrk’s ptential. If researchers can’t keep their prmises, excitement might give way t dubt, disappintment and anger, Jhnsn warns. Lts f ther technlgies have gne thrugh stages f excitement. But smething abut quantum cmputing makes it especially prne t hype, Jhnsn suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands fr smething cl yu shuldn’t be able t understand.” And that brings me back t Taylr, wh suggested that I read his bk Q fr Quantum.
After I read the bk, Taylr patiently answered my questins abut it. He als answered my questins abut PyQuantum, the firm he c-funded in 2016. Taylr shares Jhnsn’s cncerns abut hype, but he says thse cncerns d nt apply t PyQuantum.
The cmpany, he says, is clser than any ther firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” t building a “useful” quantum cmputer, ne that “slves an impactful prblem that we wuld nt have been able t slve therwise.” He adds, “Peple will naturally discunt my pinins, but I have spent a lt f time quantitatively cmparing what we are ding with thers.”
Culd PyQuantum really be leading all the cmpetitin “by a wide margin”, as Taylr claims? I dn’t knw. I’m certainly nt ging t advise my friend r anyne else t invest in quantum cmputers. But I trust Taylr, just as I trust Jhnsn.
31. Regarding Jhnsn’s cncerns, the authr feels ________.
A. sympatheticB. uncncernedC. dubtfulD. excited
32. What leads t Taylr’s ptimism abut quantum cmputing?
A. His dminance in physics.B. The cmpetitin in the field.
C. His cnfidence in PyQuantum.D. The investment f tech cmpanies.
33. What des the underlined wrd “prne” in Paragraph 3 mst prbably mean?
A. Open.B. Cl.C. Useful.D. Resistant.
34. Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A. Is Jhnsn Mre Cmpetent Than Taylr?
B. Is Quantum Cmputing Redefining Technlgy?
C. Will Quantum Cmputers Ever Cme int Being?
D. Will Quantum Cmputing Ever Live Up t Its Hype?
【答案】31 A 32. C 33. A 34. D
【解题导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。
31.【解析】
推理判断题。根据第三自然段“As quantum cmputing attracts mre attentin and funding, researchers may mislead investrs, jurnalists, the public and, wrst f all, themselves abut their wrk’s ptential. If researchers can’t keep their prmises, excitement might give way t dubt, disappintment and anger, Jhnsn warns. （随着量子计算吸引了更多的关注和资金，研究人员可能会误导投资者、记者、公众，最糟糕的是，他们自己的工作潜力。约翰逊警告说，如果研究人员不能兑现承诺，兴奋可能会让位于怀疑、失望和愤怒）”根据最后一段“ But I trust Taylr, just as I trust Jhnsn.”（但我相信泰勒，就像我相信约翰逊一样）可知，关于约翰逊的担忧，作者是支持的。A. sympathetic同情的，赞同的；B. uncncerned不关心的；C. dubtful怀疑的；D. excited激动的。故选A。
32.【解析】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The cmpany, he says, is clser than any ther firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” t building a “useful” quantum cmputer, ne that “slves an impactful prblem that we wuld nt have been able t slve therwise.” He adds, “Peple will naturally discunt my pinins, but I have spent a lt f time quantitatively cmparing what we are ding with thers.”（ 他说，这家公司比其他任何公司都“在很大程度上”接近于制造出“有用的”量子计算机，它“解决了一个有影响力的问题，否则我们无法解决这个问题”。他补充说:“人们自然会不相信我的观点，但我已经花了很多时间来定量地比较我们与他人的做法）”可知，泰勒对量子计算的乐观来源于他对PyQuantum的信心。故选C。
33.【解析】
词义猜测题。根据第三自然段“But smething abut quantum cmputing makes it especially prne t hype, Jhnsn suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands fr smething cl yu shuldn’t be able t understand.”（ 但约翰逊表明，量子计算的某些方面使得它特别 prne被炒作，可能是因为“量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西。”）”可知，本句中含有一个原因状语从句，因为““量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西”，所以它特别容易被炒作。故prne意为“易于……的”。A. Open.开放的；易受损害的；B. Cl. 酷的；C. Useful. 有用的；D. Resistant. 有抵抗力的。故选A。
34.【解析】
主旨大意题。根据第二自然段“Nw, big tech cmpanies have invested in quantum cmputing, as have many smaller nes. Accrding t Business Weekly, quantum machines culd help us “cure cancer, and even take steps t turn climate change in the ppsite directin. This is the srt f hype ( 炒作 ) that annys Jhnsn.”（ 现在，大型科技公司和许多小型公司都在量子计算领域进行了投资。据《商业周刊》报道，量子机器可以帮助我们“治愈癌症，甚至采取措施将气候变化转向相反的方向。这种炒作让约翰逊感到恼火。”）”以及最后一段“Culd PyQuantum really be leading all the cmpetitin “by a wide margin”, as Taylr claims? I dn’t knw. I’m certainly nt ging t advise my friend r anyne else t invest in quantum cmputers.（PyQuantum真的能像泰勒所说的那样“以巨大的优势”领先所有竞争对手吗？我不知道。我当然不会建议我的朋友或其他人投资量子计算机。但我信任泰勒，就像我信任约翰逊一样。）”可知，本文主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。所以短文的最佳标题为“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”。故选D。
Passage3
【2022年天津卷第二次】Ralph Emersn nce said that the purpse f life is nt t be happy, but t be useful, t be lving, t make sme difference in he wrld. While we appreciate such wrds f wisdm, we rarely try t fllw them in ur lives.
Mst peple prefer t live a gd life themselves, ignring their respnsibilities fr the wrld. This narrw perceptin f a gd life may prvide shrt-term benefits, but is sure t lead t lng-term harm and suffering. A gd life based n cmfrt and luxury may eventually lead t mre pain be-cause we spil ur health and even ur character, principles, ideals, and relatinships.
What then, is the secret f a gd life? A gd life is a prcess, nt a state f being : a directin, nt a destinatin. We have t earn a gd life by first serving thers withut any expectatin in return because their happiness is the very surce f ur wn happiness. Mre imprtantly, we must knw urselves inside ut. Only when we examine urselves deeply can we discver ur abilities and recgnize ur limitatins, and then wrk accrdingly t create a better wrld.
The first requirement fr a gd life is having a lving heart. When we d certain right things merely as a duty, we find ur jb s tiresme that we’ll sn burn ut. Hwever, when we d that same jb ut f lve, we nt nly enjy what we d, but als d it with an effrtless feeling.
Hwever, lve alne is insufficient t lead a gd life. Lve smetimes blinds us t the reality. Cnsequently, ur gd intentins may nt lead t gd results. T achieve desired utcme, thse wh want t d gd t thers als need t equip themselves with accurate wrld knwledge. False knwledge is mre dangerus than ignrance. If lve is the engine f a car knwledge is the steering wheel(方向盘). If the engine lacks pwer, th car can’t mve; if the driver lses cntrl f the steering, a rad accident prbably ccurs. Only with lve in heart and the right knwledge in mind can we lead a gd life.
With lve and knwledge, we g all ut t create a better wrld by ding gd t thers. When we see the impact f ur gd wrk n the wrld we give meaning t ur life and earn lasting jy and happiness.
51. What effect des the narrw perceptin f a gd life have n us?
A. Making us simple-mindedB. Making us shrt-signted.
C. Leading us nt a busy rad.D. Keeping us frm cmfrt and luxury.
52. Accrding t the authr, hw can ne gain true happiness?
A. Thrugh maintaining gd health.
B. By ging thrugh pain and suffering.
C. By recgnizing ne’s abilities and limitatins.
D. Thrugh ffering help much needed by thers.
53. Accrding t Paragraph 4, ding certain right things with a lving heart makes ne________.
A. less selfishB. less annying
C. mre mtivatedD. mre respnsible
54. In what case may gd intentins fail t lead t desired results?
A. When we have wrng knwledge f the wrld.
B. When ur lve fr the wrld is insufficient.
C. When we are insensitive t dangers in life.
D. When we stay blind t the reality.
55. Accrding t Paragraph 5, life can be made truly gd when ________.
A. inspired by lve and guided by knwledge
B. directed by lve and pushed by knwledge
C. purified by lve and enriched by knwledge
D. prmted by lve and defined by knwledge
【答案】51 B 52. D 53. C 54. A 55. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了美好生活的秘诀是什么。人生的目的不是生而快乐，而是生而有益。
【51题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段“This narrw perceptin f a gd life may prvide shrt-term benefits, but is sure t lead t lng-term harm and suffering.(这种对美好生活的狭隘看法可能会带来短期的好处，但肯定会导致长期的伤害和痛苦。)”可知，对美好生活的狭隘看法只能给我们带来短期的好处，所以时间长了会让我们目光短浅、短视。故选B项。
【52题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第三段“We have t earn a gd life by first serving thers withut any expectatin in return because their happiness is the very surce f ur wn happiness.(我们必须先为他人服务而不求回报，因为他人的幸福是我们自己幸福的源泉。)”可知，我们能够从帮助他人获得真正的幸福。故选D项。
【53题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Hwever, when we d that same jb ut f lve, we nt nly enjy what we d, but als d it with an effrtless feeling.(然而，当我们出于热爱做同样的工作时，我们不仅享受我们做的事情，而且也享受那种毫不费力的感觉。)”可知，带着热爱去做事会让人更加享受做这件事情；越享受做某件事，做事越有动力。故选C项。
【54题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第五段“False knwledge is mre dangerus than ignrance.(虚假的知识比无知更危险。)”可以推测出，当我们对世界有错误的认识的时候，就算意图良好，也可能导致不好的、违背预期的结局。故选A项。
【55题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“With lve and knwledge, we g all ut t create a better wrld by ding gd t thers.(带着爱和知识，我们全力以赴，通过对他人做好事来创造一个更美好的世界。)”可知，有爱和知识，生活就会变得更美好。故选A项。
2021年阅读理解议论文
Passage1
【2021年全国甲卷】Wh is a genius? This questin has greatly interested humankind fr centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almst the internatinal symbl fr genius. But we want t g beynd ne man and explre the nature f genius itself. Why is it that sme peple are s much mre intelligent r creative than the rest f us? And wh are they?
In the sciences and arts, thse praised as geniuses were mst ften white men, f Eurpean rigin. Perhaps this is nt a surprise. It's said that histry is written by the victrs, and thse victrs set the standards fr admissin t the genius club. When cntributins were made by geniuses utside the club—wmen, r peple f a different clr r belief—they were unacknwledged and rejected by thers.
A study recently published by Science fund that as yung as age six, girls are less likely than bys t say that members f their gender(性别)are “really, really smart.” Even wrse, the study fund that girls act n that belief: Arund age six they start t avid activities said t be fr children wh are “really, really smart.” Can ur planet affrd t have any great thinkers becme discuraged and give up? It desn't take a genius t knw the answer: abslutely nt.
Here's the gd news. In a wired wrld with cnstant glbal cmmunicatin, we're all psitined t see flashes f genius wherever they appear. And the mre we lk, the mre we will see that scial factrs(因素)like gender, race, and class d nt determine the appearance f genius. As a writer says, future geniuses cme frm thse with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance(毅力), and simple gd frtune, wh are able t change the wrld.”
12. What des the authr think f victrs' standards fr jining the genius club?
A. They're unfair.B. They're cnservative.
C. They're bjective.D. They're strict.
13. What can we infer abut girls frm the study in Science?
A. They think themselves smart.
B. They lk up t great thinkers.
C. They see gender differences earlier than bys.
D. They are likely t be influenced by scial beliefs
14. Why are mre geniuses knwn t the public?
A. Imprved glbal cmmunicatin.
B. Less discriminatin against wmen.
C. Acceptance f victrs' cncepts.
D. Changes in peple's scial psitins.
15. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Geniuses Think AlikeB. Genius Takes Many Frms
C. Genius and IntelligenceD. Genius and Luck
【答案】12. A 13. D 14. A 15. B
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章由问题“谁是天才？”引入，论述了世人对天才的狭隘定义，提出事实上“天才”有很多种形式，不要让思维限制了我们的“天才”能力。
【12题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段的“It is said that histry is written by victrs, and thse victrs set the standards fr admissin t the genius club. When cntributins were made by geniuses utside the club-wmen, r peple f a different clr r belief-they were unacknwledged and rejected by thers.( 据说历史是由胜利者书写的，而那些胜利者为进入天才俱乐部设定了标准。当俱乐部以外的天才——女性或不同肤色或信仰的人——做出贡献时，他们不会被承认并且被其他人拒绝)”可推知，作者认为那些“胜利者”对进入“天才俱乐部”设置的标准是不公平的，因为女性或者不同肤色或信仰的人做出的成就是得不到承认的。故选A。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段的“Even wrse, the study fund that girls act n that belief. Arund age six they start t avid activities said t be fr children wh are “really, really smart.”(更糟糕的是，研究发现女孩们是按照这个信念行事的。六岁左右，她们开始避免那些据说是“非常非常聪明”的孩子参加的活动)”可推知，女孩容易受到社会信仰的影响，认为自己在六岁左右就不适合做“聪明孩子”做的事情。故选D。
【14题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段的“In a wired wrld with cnstant glbal cmmunicatin, we’re all psitined t see flashes f genius wherever they appear.( 在一个全球通讯不断的有线世界里，我们随时随地都能看到天才的闪现)”可知，进步的全球通讯让更多的天才被公众所知道。故选A。
【15题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，结合文章第一段提出问题“Wh is a genius?（谁是天才）”和最后一段的“As a writer says, future geniuses cme frm thse with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance, and simple geniuses, wh are able t change the wrld.”(正如一位作家所说，未来的天才来自那些具有“智慧、创造力、毅力和那些能够改变世界的简单天才。”)”可知，天才不一定是那些有巨大贡献的人，他们也可以是某一方面比较突出的普通人。由此可知B项“天才有多种形式”可以作为本文最佳标题。故选B。
Passage2
【2021年全国乙卷】When almst everyne has a mbile phne, why are mre than half f Australian hmes still paying fr a landline（座机）?
These days yu’d be hard pressed t find anyne in Australia ver the age f 15 wh desn’t wn a mbile phne. In fact plenty f yunger kids have ne in their pcket. Practically everyne can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime.
Still, 55 percent f Australians have a landline phne at hme and nly just ver a quarter （29%） rely nly n their smartphnes accrding t a survey （调查）. Of thse Australians wh still have a landline, a third cncede that it’s nt really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case f emergencies. I think my hme falls int that categry.
Mre than half f Australian hmes are still chsing t stick with their hme phne. Age is naturally a factr（因素）— nly 58 percent f Generatin Ys still use landlines nw and then, cmpared t 84 percent f Baby Bmers wh’ve perhaps had the same hme number fr 50 years. Age isn’t the nly factr; I’d say it’s als t d with the makeup f yur husehld.
Generatin Xers with yung families, like my wife and I, can still find it cnvenient t have a hme phne rather than prviding a mbile phne fr every family member. That said, t be hnest the nly peple wh ever ring ur hme phne are ur Baby Bmers parents, t the pint where we play a game and guess wh is calling befre we pick up the phne（using Caller ID wuld take the fun ut f it）.
Hw attached are yu t yur landline? Hw lng until they g the way f gas street lamps and mrning milk deliveries?
24. What des paragraph 2 mainly tell us abut mbile phnes?
A. Their target users.B. Their wide ppularity.
C. Their majr functins.D. Their cmplex design.
25. What des the underlined wrd “cncede” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Admit.B. Argue.
C. Remember.D. Remark.
26. What can we say abut Baby Bmers?
A. They like smartphne games.B. They enjy guessing callers’ identity.
C. They keep using landline phnes.D. They are attached t their family.
27. What can be inferred abut the landline frm the last paragraph?
A. It remains a family necessity.
B. It will fall ut f use sme day.
C. It may increase daily expenses.
D. It is as imprtant as the gas light.
【答案】24. B 25. A 26. C 27. B
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了澳大利亚使用固定电话的情况，并且表达了固定电话是非必需品的观点。
【24题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“These days yu'd be hard pressed t find anyne in Australia ver the age f 15 wh desn't wn a mbile phne. In fact plenty f yunger kids have ne in their pcket. Practically everyne can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime. (现在你很难在澳大利亚找到15岁以上的没有手机的人。事实上，很多年幼的孩子口袋里都有手机。几乎每个人都可以随时随地拨打和接听电话)”可推知，本段主要说明手机在澳大利亚广受欢迎。故选B项。
【25题详解】
词句猜测题。根据划线单词的上文“Of thse Australians wh still have a landline (在那些仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人中)”可知，这个调查的目标人群是仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人；根据下文“it's nt really necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case f emergencies (固定电话并不是必须的，他们将其作为一种安全保障——19%的人表示他们从未使用过固定电话，另有13%的人保留固定电话以防紧急情况)”可知，很多人认为固定电话并不是必须拥有的，有些人保留固定电话只是为了防止紧急情况。从而推知，在调查中，他们应该是承认了固定电话的非必要性。由此推知，划线单词“cncede”意为“承认”。故选A项。
【26题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第四段“84 percent f Baby Bmers wh've perhaps had the same hme number fr 50 years.(婴儿潮时代中有84%的人可能已经有50年相同的家庭号码了)”以及文章第五段“That said, t be hnest the nly peple wh ever ring ur hme phne are ur Baby Bmers parents (也就是说，老实说，唯一打过我们家电话的人是婴儿潮一代的父母)”可推知，婴儿潮时代的人一直用固定电话。故选C项。
【27题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Hw attached are yu t yur landline? Hw lng until they g the way f gas street lamps and mrning milk deliveries? (你有多喜欢你的座机？它们还要多久才能走上煤气路灯和早晨送牛奶的道路？)”可推知，本段使用类比的方式，使用煤气路灯以及早晨送牛奶已经被淘汰的例子，侧面说明了固定电话总有一天会废弃的。故选B项。
Passage3
【2021年北京卷】Early fifth-century philspher St．Augustine famusly wrte that he knew what time was unless smene asked him．Albert Einstein added anther wrinkle when he therized that time varies depending n where yu measure it．Tday's state-f-the-art atmic（原子的） clcks have prven Einstein right．Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends n the questin yu're asking．
Frget abut time as an abslute．What if，instead f cnsidering time in terms f astrnmy,we related time t eclgy？What if we allwed envirnmental cnditins t set the temp（节奏） f human life？We're increasingly aware f the fact that we can't cntrl Earth systems with engineering alne，and realizing that we need t mderate（调节）ur actins if we hpe t live in balance．What if ur definitin f time reflected that？
Recently，I cnceptualized a new apprach t timekeeping that's cnnected t circumstances n ur planet，cnditins that might change as a result f glbal warming．We're nw building a clck at the Anchrage Museum that reflects the ttal flw f several majr Alaskan rivers，which are sensitive t lcal and glbal envirnmental changes．We've prgrammed it t match an atmic clck if the waterways cntinue t flw at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future n average，the clck will get ahead f standard time．If they run slwer，yu'll see the ppsite effect．
The clck registers bth shrt-term irregularities and lng-term trends in river dynamics．It's a srt f bservatry that reveals hw the rivers are behaving frm their wn tempral frame（时间框架），and allws us t witness thse changes n ur smartwatches r phnes．Anyne wh pts t g n Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmny with the planet．Anyne wh cnsiders river time in relatin t atmic time will encunter a majr imbalance and may be mtivated t cunteract it by cnsuming less fuel r supprting greener plicies．
Even if this methd f timekeeping is nvel in its particulars，early agricultural scieties als cnnected time t natural phenmena．In pre-Classical Greece，fr instance，peple“crrected”fficial calendars by shifting dates frward r backward t reflect the change f seasn．Tempral cnnectin t the envirnment was vital t their survival．Likewise，river time and ther timekeeping systems we're develping may encurage envirnmental awareness．
When St．Augustine admitted his inability t define time， he highlighted ne f time 's mst nticeable qualities：Time becmes meaningful nly in a defined cntext．Any timekeeping system is valid，and each is as praisewrthy as its purpse．
31 What is the main idea f Paragraph 1？
A. Timekeeping is increasingly related t nature．
B. Everyne can define time n their wn terms．
C. The qualities f time vary with hw yu measure it．
D. Time is a majr cncern f philsphers and scientists．
32. The authr raises three questins in Paragraph 2 mainly t________．
A. present an assumptinB. evaluate an argument
C. highlight an experimentD. intrduce an apprach
33. What can we learn frm this passage？
A. Thse wh d nt g n river time will live an imbalanced life．
B. New ways f measuring time can help t cntrl Earth systems．
C. Atmic time will get ahead f river time if the rivers run slwer．
D. Mdern technlgy may help t shape the rivers’ tempral frame．
34. What can we infer frm this passage？
A. It is crucial t imprve the definitin f time．
B. A fixed frame will make time meaningless．
C. We shuld live in harmny with nature．
D. Histry is a mirrr reflecting reality．
【答案】31. B 32. D 33. C 34. C
【解析】
【分析】本文是议论文。文章通过讨论时间的定义，讲述了人们应该和大自然和谐相处，保护环境。
【31题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends n the questin yu're asking．(即使是先进的物理学也不能决定性地告诉我们时间是什么，因为答案取决于你要问的问题)”以及上文列举的哲学家St．Augustine和爱因斯坦对于时间的定义可推断，第一段主要讲述每个人都可以用自己的话来定义时间。故选B项。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段的“We're increasingly aware f the fact that we can't cntrl Earth systems with engineering alne，and realizing that we need t mderate（调节）ur actins if we hpe t live in balance．(我们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要调节我们的行动。)”进而提出问题“What if ur definitin f time reflected that？(如果时间的定义反映那些会怎么样呢)”，结合前两个问题“What if，instead f cnsidering time in terms f astrnmy, we related time t eclgy？What if we allwed envirnmental cnditins t set the temp（节奏） f human life？(如果我们不考虑天文学方面的时间，而是将时间与生态学联系起来呢？如果我们允许环境条件来设定人类生活的节奏呢)”可推断，第二段提出的三个问题是为了介绍方法。故选D项。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段的“We've prgrammed it t match an atmic clck if the waterways cntinue t flw at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future n average，the clck will get ahead f standard time．If they run slwer，yu'll see the ppsite effect．（如果水道继续以目前的速度流动，我们对它进行了编程，匹配了一个原子时间。如果河流在未来的平均运行速度更快，时间就会超过标准时间。如果它们的运行速度较慢，你就会看到相反的效果。）”可知，如果河流运行速度得较慢，原子时间将超过河流时间。故选C项。
【34题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段的“We're increasingly aware f the fact that we can't cntrl Earth systems with engineering alne，and realizing that we need t mderate（调节）ur actins if we hpe t live in balance．(我们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要调节我们的行动。)”和倒数第二段的“Tempral cnnectin t the envirnment was vital t their survival．Likewise，river time and ther timekeeping systems we're develping may encurage envirnmental awareness(时间与环境的暂时联系对它们的生存至关重要。同样，河流时间和我们正在开发的其他时间保护系统也可能会鼓励人们提高环境意识)”可推断，从这篇文章中我们知道我们应该与自然和谐共处，保护环境。故选C。
Passage4
【2021年天津卷第一次】Abut five weeks ag, I nticed the skin f ur pet lizard was grwing dusty. It wrried me. I reprted the strange surface n the skin f the lizard t my husband and children the next mrning. Secnds later, ur lizard emerged frm its tank with its ld skin flwing behind it.
I didn't think abut it much until a mrning last week when I kncked my favrite teapt ff the table. It burst int hundreds f pieces. As I swept up the mess, I wndered why we had been breaking s many things ver the mnths.
The destructin started three mnths ag. It was my husband's birthday. He had just lst his jb. The uncertainty was starting t wear n us, s I wanted t d smething special.
“Let's make a cake fr Dad!” I cried.
My kids screamed with jy. We baked, iced and sprinkled fr mst f the day. Candles n the cake! Ballns n the walls! Flwers n the table!
Tw hurs befre my husband came back hme frm anther jb interview, my daughter climbed up t grab a glass vase frm a high shelf. It fell and crashed beside the cake. Tiny pieces f glass were everywhere. She sbbed ludly as I threw the cake away. My husband had banana pudding fr his birthday.
Three days ag, the light in ur living rm suddenly went ut. After several frustrating hurs f unsuccessful attempts t fix it, my husband suggested watching the Michael Jrdan dcumentary series The Last Dance.
The pignancy f Jrdan retiring frm his belved basketball t play baseball and what had pushed him t make such a tugh decisin tk me by surprise. As I watched him take ff his basketball unifrm and replace it with a baseball unifrm, I saw him leaving behind the layer that n lnger served him, just as ur lizard had. Neither f them chse the mment that had transfrmed them. But they had t live with wh they were after everything was different. Just like us. I realized that we have t learn t leave the past behind.
Humans d nt shed skin as easily as ther animals. The beginning f change is upsetting. The prcess is tiring. Damage changes us befre we are ready. I see ur lizard, raw and nearly new.
Jrdan said that n matter hw it ends, it starts with hpe. With ur tender, hpeful skin, that is where we begin.
40．What can we learn abut the pet lizard frm Paragraph 1?
A．Its tank grew dirty.B．Its ld skin came ff.
C．It gt a skin disease.D．It went missing.
41．Why did the authr's husband have banana pudding fr his birthday?
A．The birthday cake was ruined.B．The authr made gd puddings.
C．Pudding was his favrite dessert.D．They culdn't affrd a birthday cake.
42．Why des the authr mentin The Last Dance in the passage?
A．T prve a thery.B．T define a cncept.
C．T develp the theme.D．T prvide the backgrund.
43．The underlined part "leaving behind the layer" in Paragraph 8 can be understd as .
A．letting g f the pastB．lking fr a new jb
C．getting rid f a bad habitD．giving up an pprtunity
44．What des the authr mst likely want t tell us?
A．Lve f family helps us survive great hardships.B．It's nt the end f the wrld if we break things.
C．We shuld mve n n matter what happens.D．Past experiences shuld be treasured.
【分析】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。讲述了作者的丈夫刚刚丢了工作，这种不确定性开始影响到家人，直到作者看到家里的宠物蜥蜴换皮和观看了Michael Jrdan的纪录片《最后的舞蹈》后，领悟到我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后，像蜥蜴一样，用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，作为人生的起点。
40．细节理解题。根据第一段中“I reprted the strange surface n the skin f the lizard t my husband and children the next mrning. Secnds later, ur lizard emerged frm its tank with its ld skin flwing behind it.(第二天早上，我向丈夫和孩子们报告了蜥蜴皮肤上奇怪的表面。几秒钟后，我们的蜥蜴从水箱里出来，旧皮肤蜕了下来)”可知，宠物蜥蜴旧的皮肤脱落了。故选B。
41．细节理解题。根据第六段“Tw hurs befre my husband came back hme frm anther jb interview, my daughter climbed up t grab a glass vase frm a high shelf. It fell and crashed beside the cake. Tiny pieces f glass were everywhere. She sbbed ludly as I threw the cake away. My husband had banana pudding fr his birthday.(就在我丈夫参加另一场工作面试回家前两个小时，我女儿爬到一个高高的架子上，抓起一个玻璃花瓶。它掉下来摔碎在蛋糕旁边。到处都是细小的玻璃碎片。我把蛋糕扔掉时，她大声抽泣。我丈夫生日吃了香蕉布丁)”可知，作者的丈夫过生日吃了香蕉布丁是因为生日蛋糕毁了。故选A。
42．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“The pignancy f Jrdan retiring frm his belved basketball t play baseball and what had pushed him t make such a tugh decisin tk me by surprise. As I watched him take ff his basketball unifrm and replace it with a baseball unifrm, I saw him leaving behind the layer that n lnger served him, just as ur lizard had. Neither f them chse the mment that had transfrmed them. But they had t live with wh they were after everything was different. Just like us. I realized that we have t learn t leave the past behind.( Jrdan从心爱的篮球退役，转而打棒球，这是多么令人痛心的事情，是什么促使他做出如此艰难的决定，让我感到惊讶。当我看着他脱下篮球服，换上棒球服时，我看到他脱下了那层不再适合他的衣服，就像我们的蜥蜴一样。他们都没有选择那个改变了他们的时刻。但他们必须和自己生活在一起因为一切都变了。就像我们一样。我意识到我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后)”以及最后一段“Jrdan said that n matter hw it ends, it starts with hpe. With ur tender, hpeful skin, that is where we begin.( Jrdan说，不管结局如何，都是以希望开始的。用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，那是我们的起点)”可推知，作者在文章中提到The Last Dance是为了展开文章关于放手过去，重新开始的主题。故选C。
43．词义猜测题。根据画线词后文“Neither f them chse the mment that had transfrmed them. But they had t live with wh they were after everything was different. Just like us. I realized that we have t learn t leave the past behind.(他们都没有选择那个改变了他们的时刻。但他们必须和自己生活在一起因为一切都变了。就像我们一样。我意识到我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后)”可知，作者看着乔丹脱下篮球服，换上棒球服时，意识到看到他放开了过去，把过去抛在脑后了。即画线词意思是“放开过去”。故选A。
44．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Humans d nt shed skin as easily as ther animals. The beginning f change is upsetting. The prcess is tiring. Damage changes us befre we are ready. I see ur lizard, raw and nearly new.(人类不像其他动物那样容易蜕皮。变革的开始令人不安。这个过程很累人。伤害在我们准备好之前就改变了我们。我看到了我们生嫩的、几乎是全新的蜥蜴)”以及最后一段“Jrdan said that n matter hw it ends, it starts with hpe. With ur tender, hpeful skin, that is where we begin.( Jrdan说，不管结局如何，都是以希望开始的。用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，那是我们的起点)”可推知，作者最有可能想告诉我们无论发生什么，我们都应该继续前进。故选C。
Passage5
【2021年天津卷第一次】There is smething t be said fr being a generalist, even if yu are a specialist. Knwing a little abut a lt f things that interest yu can add t the richness f a whle, well-lived life.
Sciety pushes us t specialize, t becme experts. This requires cmmitment t a particular ccupatin, branch f study r research. The drawback t being specialists is we ften cme t knw mre and mre abut less and less. There is a great deal f pressure t master ne's field. Yu may pursue training, degrees, r increasing levels f respnsibility at wrk. Then yu discver the pressure f having t keep up.
Sme peple seem willing t wrk arund the clck in their narrw specialty. But such cmmitment can als weaken a sense f freedm. These specialists culd wrk at the ffice until ten each night, then lk back and realize they wuld have lved t have gne hme and enjyed the sweetness f their family and friends, r traveled t exciting places, meeting interesting peple. Mastering ne thing t the exclusin （排 除）f thers can hld back yur true spirit.
Generalists, n the ther hand, knw a lt abut a wide range f subjects and view the whle with all its cnnectins. They are peple f ability, talent, and enthusiasm wh can bring their brad perspective （视角）int specific fields f expertise （专长）.The dctr wh is als a pet and philspher is a superir dctr, ne wh can give s much mre t his patients than just gd medical skills.
Things are cnnected. Let yur expertise in ne field fuel yur passins in all related areas. Sme f yur interests may nt appear t be cnnected but, nce yu explre their depths, yu discver that they are. My editr Tni, wh is als a writer, has edited several histry bks. She has decided t study Chinese histry. Fascinated by the structural beauty f the Frbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested t learn mre abut Chinese philsphy. "I dn't knw where it will lead, but I'm excited I'm n this pursuit."
These expansins int new wrlds help us by giving us new perspectives. We begin t see the intercnnectedness f ne thing t anther in all aspects f ur life, f urselves and the universe. Develp brad, general knwledge and experience. The universe is all yurs t explre and enjy.
51．T becme a specialist, ne may have t_____.
A．narrw his range f knwledge
B．avid respnsibilities at wrk
C．knw mre abut the sciety
D．braden his perspective n life
52．The specialists mentined in Paragraph 3 tend t______.
A．treasure their freedm
B．travel arund the wrld
C．spend mst time wrking
D．enjy meeting funny peple
53．Accrding t the authr, a superir dctr is ne wh_____.
A．is fully aware f his talent and ability
B．is a pure specialist in medicine
C．shuld lve petry and philsphy
D．brings knwledge f ther fields t wrk
54．What des the authr intend t shw with the example f Tni?
A．Passin alne des nt ensure a persn's success.
B．In-depth explratin makes discveries pssible.
C．Everyne has a chance t succeed in their pursuit.
D．Seemingly unrelated interests are in a way cnnected.
55．What culd be the best title fr the passage?
A．Be Mre a Generalist Than a Specialist
B．Specialist r Generalist: Hard t Decide
C．Turn a Generalist int a Specialist
D．Ways t Becme a Generalist
【分析】本文是议论文。文章论述了要当一个多面手，而不是当某方面的专家。
51．推理判断题。文章第二段中提到“This requires cmmitment t a particular ccupatin, branch f study r research. The drawback t being specialists is we ften cme t knw mre and mre abut less and less.（成为专家需要对特定的职业、研究领域的投入。成为专家的缺点是我们常常对越来越少的知识领域了解得越来越多。）”根据“knw … abut less and less”可知，要成为一名专家，了解到的知识领域会越来越少，会缩小他的知识范围。故选A。
52．细节理解题。第三段中提到“Sme peple seem willing t wrk arund the clck in their narrw specialty. …These specialists culd wrk at the ffice until ten each night (有些人似乎愿意在他们狭隘的专业领域夜以继日地工作。…… 这些专家可以每天晚上在办公室工作到十点。)”由此可知，这些专家往往花大部分的时间在工作上。故选C。
53．细节理解题。根据文章第四段中“The dctr wh is als a pet and philspher is a superir dctr, ne wh can give s much mre t his patients than just gd medical skills. (这位既是诗人又是哲学家的医生是一位优秀的医生，他能给他的病人提供比良好的医术更多的东西。)”可知，作者认为一名优秀的医生可以将其他领域的知识带到工作中。故选D。
54．推理判断题。文章第五段中提到“Things are cnnected. Let yur expertise in ne field fuel yur passins in all related areas. Sme f yur interests may nt appear t be cnnected but, nce yu explre their depths, yu discver that they are.（事物之间是有联系的。让你在一个领域的专长激发你在所有相关领域的热情。你的一些兴趣可能看起来没有联系，但一旦你深入探索，你就会发现它们是有联系的。）”；下文举出Tni的例子“My editr Tni, wh is als a writer, has edited several histry bks. She has decided t study Chinese histry. Fascinated by the structural beauty f the Frbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested t learn mre abut Chinese philsphy.（我的编辑Tni也是一位作家，她编辑过几本历史书。她已决定学习中国历史。作为一名画家，她痴迷于紫禁城的建筑之美，同时也对更多地了解中国哲学感兴趣。）”由此可以推断，作者想通过Tni的例子说明看似不相关的兴趣，如果深入探索的话，在某种程度上是有联系的。故选D。
55．主旨大意题。文章第一段提出观点“There is smething t be said fr being a generalist, even if yu are a specialist.”作者提出即使你是一个专家，也应该当一个通才；文章第二段提出“The drawback t being specialists is we ften cme t knw mre and mre abut less and less. ”说明成为专家的不足之处是我们常常对越来越少的知识领域了解得越来越深；第四段中提到“Generalists, …, knw a lt abut a wide range f subjects and view the whle with all its cnnectins.”说明当通才的优点往往对广泛的学科了解得很多，并从整体上来看其中的所有的联系。作者的观点是应该当一个通才。因此文章的标题应为“Be Mre a Generalist Than a Specialist（做一个通才，而不是专家）”。故选A。
2020年阅读理解议论文
Passage1
【2020年新课标Ⅱ】I have a special place in my heart fr libraries. I have fr as lng as I can remember. I was always an enthusiastic reader, smetimes reading up t three bks a day as a child. Stries were like air t me and while ther kids played ball r went t parties, I lived ut adventures thrugh the bks I checked ut frm the library.
My first jb was wrking at the Ukiah Library when I was 16 years ld .It was a dream jb and I did everything frm shelving bks t reading t the children fr stry time.
As I grew lder and became a mther, the library tk n a new place and an added meaning in my life. I had several children and bks were ur main surce(来源) f entertainment. It was a big deal fr us t lad up and g t the lcal library, where my kids culd pick ut bks t read r bks they wanted me t read t them.
I always read ,using different vices ,as thugh I were acting ut the stries with my vice and they lved it !It was a special time t bnd with my children and it filled them with the wnderment f bks .
Nw, I see my children taking their children t the library and I lve that the excitement f ging t the library lives n frm generatin t generatin.
As a nvelist, I’ve fund a new relatinship with libraries. I encurage readers t g t their lcal library when they can’t affrd t purchase a bk. I see libraries as a safe haven(避风港) fr readers and writers, a bridge that helps put tgether a reader with a bk. Libraries, in their wn way, help fight bk piracy(盗版行为) and 1 think all writers shuld supprt libraries in a significant way when they can. Encurage readers t use the library. Share library annuncements n yur scial media. Frequent them and talk abut them when yu can.
32. Which wrd best describes the authr’s relatinship with bks as a child?
A. Cperative.B. Uneasy.C. Inseparable.D. Casual.
33. What des the underlined phrase “an added meaning” in paragraph 3 refer t?
A. Pleasure frm wrking in the library.
B. Jy f reading passed n in the family.
C. Wnderment frm acting ut the stries.
D. A clser bnd develped with the readers.
34. What des the authr call n ther writers t d?
A. Spnsr bk fairs.B. Write fr scial media.
C. Supprt libraries.D. Purchase her nvels.
35. Which can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Reading: A Surce f Knwledge
B. My Idea abut writing
C. Library: A Haven fr the Yung
D. My Lve f the Library
【解析】本文是夹叙夹议文。文章讲述了作者是一个热情的读者，孩提时热衷读书，第一份工作在图书馆。有了孩子以后，一家人去图书馆读书，阅读的习惯代代传承下去。作为小说家，作者呼吁其他作家支持图书馆，宣传图书馆。
32. 推理判断题。根据第一段的 I was always an enthusiastic reader，smetimes reading up t three bks a day as a child. Stries were like air t me and while ther kids played ball r went t parties. I lived ut adventures thrugh the bks I checked ut frm the library.(我一直是一个热情的读者，孩提时，有时候每天读多达三本书。故事对我来说就像空气，而其他孩子则打球或参加聚会。我通过从图书馆借阅来的书籍经历冒险)可推断，作者小时候与书是密不可分的。故选C。
33. 词句猜测题。根据上文As I grew lder and became a mther可知，我长大了成了一位母亲，结合下文I had several children and bks were ur main surce (来源) f entertainment. It was a big deal fr us t lad up and g t the lcal library, where my kids culd pick ut bks t read r bks they wanted me t read t them(我有几个孩子，书是我们娱乐的主要来源。对于我们来说，坐上车去当地的图书馆是件大事，在那里我的孩子们可以挑选要阅读的书或者想让我给他们读的书)可推断，作者成了母亲以后，带着孩子去图书馆，孩子挑选书籍来阅读，或者作者读给他们听，因此可知图书馆在作者的生活中又增添了新的意义，阅读的乐趣在家庭中代代相传”。故选B。
34. 细节理解题。根据最后一段的I think all writers shuld supprt libraries in a significant way when they can. Encurage readers t use the library. Share library annuncements n yur scial media. Frequent them and talk abut them when yu can.( 我认为所有的作家都应该在他们可以的时候以有意义的方式支持图书馆。鼓励读者使用图书馆。在社交媒体上分享图书馆公告。可以的时候常去图书馆，谈论图书馆)可知，作者呼吁其他的作家们支持图书馆。故选C。
35. 主旨大意题。纵观全文可知，文章讲述了作者是一名热情地读者，孩提时喜欢阅读，工作在图书馆。有了孩子以后，一家人去图书馆读书，阅读的习惯代代传承下去，作为小说家，作者呼吁其他作家支持图书馆，宣传图书馆。因此推断全文围绕“作者对图书馆的爱”展开讲述。故D项“我对图书馆的爱”为最佳标题。故选D。
Passage 2
【2020年北京卷】Certain frms f AI are indeed becming ubiquitus. Fr example, algrithms (算法) carry ut huge vlumes f trading n ur financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing n city streets, and ur smartphnes are translating frm ne language int anther. These systems are smetimes faster and mre perceptive than we humans are. But s far that is nly true fr the specific tasks fr which the systems have been designed. That is smething that sme AI develpers are nw eager t change.
Sme f tday’s AI pineers want t mve n frm tday’s wrld f “weak” r “narrw” AI, t create “strng” r “full” AI, r what is ften called artificial general intelligence (AGI). In sme respects, tday’s pwerful cmputing machines already make ur brains lk weak. A GI culd, its advcates say, wrk fr us arund the clck, and drawing n all available data, culd suggest slutins t many prblems. DM, a cmpany fcused n the develpment f AGI, has an ambitin t “slve intelligence”. “If we’re successful,” their missin statement reads, “we believe this will be ne f the mst imprtant and widely beneficial scientific advances ever made.”
Since the early days f AI, imaginatin has utpaced what is pssible r even prbable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Gd predicted the eventual creatin f an “ultra-intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities f any man, hwever clever.” Gd went n t suggest that “the first ultra-intelligent machine” culd be “the last inventin that man need ever make.”
Fears abut the appearance f bad, pwerful, man-made intelligent machines have been reinfrced (强化) by many wrks f fictin — Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and the Terminatr film series, fr example. But if AI des eventually prve t be ur dwnfall, it is unlikely t be at the hands f human-shaped frms like these, with recgnisably human mtivatins such as aggressin (敌对行为). Instead, I agree with Oxfrd University philspher Nick Bstrm, wh believes that the heaviest risks frm A GI d nt cme frm a decisin t turn against mankind but rather frm a dgged pursuit f set bjectives at the expense f everything else.
The prmise and danger f true A GI are great. But all f tday’s excited discussin abut these pssibilities presuppses the fact that we will be able t build these systems. And, having spken t many f the wrld’s fremst AI researchers, I believe there is gd reasn t dubt that we will see A GI any time sn, if ever.
42. What des the underlined wrd “ubiquitus” in Paragraph I prbably mean?
A. Enrmus in quantity.B. Changeable daily.
C. Stable in quality.D. Present everywhere.
43. What culd AGI d fr us, accrding t its supprters?
A. Help t tackle prblems.B. Make brains mre active.
C. Benefit ambitius peple.D. Set up pwerful databases.
44. As fr Irving Gd’s pinin n ultra-intelligent machines the authr is ____________.
A. supprtiveB. disapprving
C. fearfulD. uncertain
45. What can be inferred abut AGI frm the passage?
A. It may be nly a dream.
B. It will cme int being sn.
C. It will be cntrlled by humans.
D. It may be mre dangerus than ever.
【答案】42. D 43. A 44. B 45. A
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要就通用人工智能(AGI)实现的可能性进行了论述。
【42题详解】
词义猜测题。根据划线词所在句后面的Fr example, algrithms (算法) carry ut huge vlumes f trading n ur financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing n city streets, and ur smartphnes are translating frm ne language int anther(例如，算法在我们的金融市场上进行大量交易，自动驾驶汽车出现在城市街道上，我们的智能手机正在从一种语言翻译成另一种语言)可知，人工智能在我们生活中用处十分广泛。由此推知，划线词所在句意为“某些形式的人工智能确实正在变得无处不在”，即划线词与D选项“Present everywhere.(在任何地方存在)”意思接近。故选D项。
【43题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段AGI culd, its advcates say, wrk fr us arund the clck, and drawing n all available data, culd suggest slutins t many prblems(AGI的倡导者说，AGI可以24小时为我们工作，并利用所有可用的数据，可以提出许多问题的解决方案)可知，AGI(通用人工智能)的倡导者认为，AGI(通用人工智能)可以提出许多问题的解决方案，帮助我们解决问题。因此，A选项“Help t tackle prblems(帮助解决问题)”符合题意。故选A项。
【44题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段Since the early days f AI, imaginatin has utpaced what is pssible r even prbable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Gd predicted the eventual creatin f an “ultra-intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities f any man, hwever clever.”(自从人工智能的早期，想象力已经超过了可能。1965年，一位富有想象力的数学家欧文·古德预言，最终将创造出一台“超智能机器……它将远远超过任何一个人的智力活动，无论他有多聪明。”)可知，作者认为Irving Gd对“超智能机器”的想象力超出了实现的可能，作者并不赞成他的观点，因此B项“disapprving(不赞成)”符合题意。故选B项。
【45题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一句And, having spken t many f the wrld's fremst AI researchers, I believe there is gd reasn t dubt that we will see A GI any time sn, if ever. (而且，在与世界上许多顶尖的人工智能研究人员交谈后，我相信有充分的理由怀疑我们是否会很快看到AGI)可推断出，通用人工智能（AGI）或许只是一个梦想，A选项“It may be nly a dream(它也许仅仅是一个梦想)”符合题意。故选择A项。
Passage 3
【2020年江苏卷】I was in the middle f the Amazn (亚马逊) with my wife, wh was there as a medical researcher. We flew n a small plane t a faraway village. We did nt speak the lcal language, did nt knw the custms, and mre ften than nt, did nt entirely recgnize the fd. We culd nt have felt mre freign.
We were raised n bks and cmputers, highways and cell phnes, but nw we were living in a village withut running water r electricity It was easy fr us t g t sleep at the end f the day feeling a little misunderstd.
Then ne perfect Amaznian evening, with mnkeys calling frm beynd the village green, we played sccer. I am nt gd at sccer, but that evening it was wnderful. Everyne knew the rules. We all spke the same language f passes and shts. We understd ne anther perfectly. As darkness came ver the field and the match ended, the gal keeper, Juan, walked ver t me and said in a matter-f-fact way, “In yur hme, d yu have a mn t?” I was surprised.
After I explained t Juan that yes, we did have a mn and yes, it was very similar t his, I felt a srt f awe (敬畏) at the pssibilities that existed in his wrld. In Juan’s wrld, each village culd have its wn mn. In Juan’s wrld. the unknwn and undiscvered was vast and marvelus. Anything was pssible.
In ur sciety, we knw that Earth has nly ne mn. We have lked at ur planet frm every angle and fund all f the wildest things left t find. I can, frm my cmputer at hme, pull up satellite images f Juan’s village. There are n mre cntinents and n mre mns t search fr, little left t discver. At least it seems that way.
Yet, as I thught abut Juan’s questin, I was nt sure hw much mre we culd really rule ut. I am, in part, an ant bilgist, s my thughts turned t what we knw abut insect life and I knew that much in the wrld f insects remains unknwn. Hw much, thugh? Hw ignrant (无知的) are we? The questin f what we knw and d nt knw cnstantly bthered me.
I began cllecting newspaper articles abut new species, new mnkey, new spider…, and n and n they appear. My drawer quickly filled. I began a secnd drawer fr mre general discveries: new cave system discvered with dzens f nameless species, fur hundred species f bacteria fund in the human stmach. The secnd drawer began t fill and as it did I wndered whether there were bigger discveries ut there, nt just species, but life that depends n things thught t be useless, life even withut DNA. I started a third drawer fr these big discveries. It fills mre slwly, but all the same, it fills.
In lking int the stries f bilgical discvery, I als began t find smething else, a cllectin f scientists, usually brilliant ccasinally half-mad, wh made the discveries. Thse scientists very ften see the same things that ther scientists see, but they pay mre attentin t them, and they fcus n them t the pint f exhaustin (穷尽), and at the risk f the ridicule f their peers. In lking fr the stries f discvery, I fund the stries f these peple and hw their lives changed ur view f the wrld.
We are repeatedly willing t imagine we have fund mst f what is left t discver. We used t think that insects were the smallest rganisms (生物), and that nthing lived deeper than six hundred meters. Yet, when smething new turns up, mre ften than nt, we d nt even knw its name.
65. Hw did the authr feel n his arrival in the Amazn?
A. Out f place.B. Full f jy.C. Sleepy.D. Regretful.
66. What made that Amaznian evening wnderful?
A. He learned mre abut the lcal language.
B. They had a nice cnversatin with each ther.
C. They understd each ther while playing.
D. He wn the sccer game with the gal keeper.
67. Why was the authr surprised at Juan’s questin abut the mn?
A. The questin was t straightfrward.
B. Juan knew s little abut the wrld.
C. The authr didn’t knw hw t answer.
D. The authr didn’t think Juan was sincere.
68. What was the authr’s initial purpse f cllecting newspaper articles?
A. T srt ut what we have knwn.
B. T deepen his research int Amaznians.
C. T imprve his reputatin as a bilgist.
D. T learn mre abut lcal cultures.
69. Hw did thse brilliant scientists make great discveries?
A. They shifted their viewpints frequently.
B. They fllwed ther scientists clsely.
C. They ften criticized their fellw scientists.
D. They cnducted in-depth and clse studies.
70. What culd be the mst suitable title fr the passage?
A. The Pssible and the Impssible .
B. The Knwn and the Unknwn .
C. The Civilized and the Uncivilized .
D. The Ignrant and the Intelligent.
【文章大意】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者和妻子来到了亚马逊，妻子是一名医学研究者。一踏上这里，作者感到非常不适应，通过与当地人的接触，作者了解一些人对外部的世界并不了解。在生物多样性发现的过程中，作者意识到，很多东西是人类已知的，还有很多是人类未知的。
65. 推理判断题。根据第一段“We didn’t speak the lcal language, did nt knw the custms and mre ften than nt, didn’t entirely recgnize the fd. We culdn’t have felt mre freign.”可知，我们不会说当地的语言，不了解当地的风俗习惯，而且往往我们不能完全认识食物，我们感觉非常陌生。由此可知，作者一到达亚马逊感觉格格不入。故选A项。
66. 细节理解题。根据第三段“Everyne knew the rules. We all spke the same language f passes and shts. We understd ne anther perfectly.”可知，每个人都知道规则，在传球和射门方面，我们说着同样的语言，彼此非常了解。由此可知，踢球时他们的彼此理解使得他们的亚马逊夜晚很美好。故选C项。
67. 推理判断题。根据第四段“In Juan’s wrld, the unknwn and undiscvered was vast and marvelus.”可知，在胡安的世界里，未知的东西和未被发现的东西是浩瀚而神奇的。由此判断，胡安对这个世界知之甚少。故选B项。
68. 推理判断题。根据第七段“I began cllecting newspaper articles abut new species, new spider...,and n and n they appear, my drawer quickly filled, I began a secnd drawer fr mre general discveries: new cave system discvered with dzens f nameless species started a third drawer fr these big discveries.”可知，我开始收集报纸上关于新物种、新蜘蛛的文章……它们源源不断地出现，我的抽屉很快就填满了。我开始用第二个抽屉来储存更普遍的发现:在新的洞穴系统发现了几十个无名的物种……我还为这些重大发现准备了第三个抽屉。由此判断，作者收集报纸文章的初始目的是为了分类我们所知道的事情。故选A项。
69. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“but they pay mre attentin t them ,and they fcus n them t the pint f exhaustin ,and at the risk f the ridicule f their peers.”可知，但他们更多地关注这些发现，他们把注意力集中在这些发现上直到精疲力竭的地步，冒着被同龄人嘲笑的风险。由此可知，杰出的科学家进行深入细致的研究，做出重大的发现。故选D项。
70. 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，作者和妻子来到了亚马逊。一踏上这里，作者感到非常不适应，通过与当地人的接触，作者了解到一些人对外部的世界并不了解。在对这里的风土人情和多样化生物的研究过程中，作者提高了认识，意识到很多东西是人类已知的，还有很多是人类未知的。所以短文的最佳标题为“已知和未知的事物”。故选B项。
2019年阅读理解议论文
Passage1
【2019年江苏卷】Wh cares if peple think wrngly that the Internet has had mre imprtant influences than the washing machine? Why des it matter that peple are mre impressed by the mst recent changes?
It wuld nt matter if these misjudgments were just a matter f peple's pinins. Hwever, they have real impacts, as they result in misguided use f scarce resurces.
The fascinatin with the ICT(Infrmatin and Cmmunicatin Technlgy) revlutin, represented by the Internet, has made sme rich cuntries wrngly cnclude that making things is s "yesterday" that they shuld try t live n ideas. This belief in "pst-industrial sciety" has led thse cuntries t neglect their manufacturing sectr(制造业) with negative cnsequences fr their ecnmies.
Even mre wrryingly, the fascinatin with the Internet by peple in rich cuntries has mved the internatinal cmmunity t wrry abut the "digital divide" between the rich cuntries and the pr cuntries. This has led cmpanies and individuals t dnate mney t develping cuntries t buy cmputer equipment and Internet facilities. The questin, hwever, is whether this is what the develping cuntries need the mst. Perhaps giving mney fr thse less fashinable things such as digging wells, extending electricity netwrks and making mre affrdable washing machines wuld have imprved peple's lives mre than giving every child a laptp cmputer r setting up Internet centres in rural villages, I am nt saying that thse things are necessarily mre imprtant, but many dnatrs have rushed int fancy prgrammes withut carefully assessing the relative lng-term csts and benefits f alternative uses f their mney.
In yet anther example, a fascinatin with the new has led peple t believe that the recent changes in the technlgies f cmmunicatins and transprtatin are s revlutinary that nw we live in a "brderless wrld". As a result, in the last twenty years r s, many peple have cme t believe that whatever change is happening tday is the result f great technlgical prgress, ging against which will be like trying t turn the clck back. Believing in such a wrld, many gvernments have put an end t sme f the very necessary regulatins n crss-brder flws f capital, labur and gds, with pr results.
Understanding technlgical trends is very imprtant fr crrectly designing ecnmic plicies, bth at the natinal and the internatinal levels, and fr making the right career chices at the individual level. Hwever, ur fascinatin with the latest, and ur under valuatin f what has already becme cmmn, can, and has, led us in all srts f wrng directins.
61. Misjudgments n the influences f new technlgy can lead t __________.
A. a lack f cnfidence in technlgy
B. a slw prgress in technlgy
C. a cnflict f public pinins
D. a waste f limited resurces
62. The example in Paragraph 4 suggests that dnatrs shuld __________.
A. take peple's essential needs int accunt
B. make their prgrammes attractive t peple
C. ensure that each child gets financial supprt
D. prvide mre affrdable internet facilities
63. What has led many gvernments t remve necessary regulatins?
A. Neglecting the impacts f technlgical advances.
B. Believing that the wrld has becme brderless.
C. Ignring the pwer f ecnmic develpment.
D. Over-emphasizing the rle f internatinal cmmunicatin.
64. What can we learn frm the passage?
A. Peple shuld be encuraged t make mre dnatins.
B. Traditinal technlgy still has a place nwadays.
C. Making right career chices is crucial t persnal success.
D. Ecnmic plicies shuld fllw technlgical trends.
【答案】61. D 62. A 63. B 64. B
【语篇解读】本文属于议论文，讲述对信息技术的过分迷恋对国家，对个人，对慈善事业都会有不利的影响。
61.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段Hwever, they have reak impacts, as they result in misguided use f scarce resurces. 可知，对信息技术的错误判断会导致有限资源的错误使用，也就是资源的浪费，故选D。
62.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段Perhaps giving mney fr thse less fashinable things such as digging wells, extending electricity netwrks and making mre affrdable washing machines wuld have imprved peple's lives mre than giving every child a laptp cmputer r setting up Internet centres in rural villages, I am nt saying that thse things are necessarily mre imprtant, but many dnatrs have rushed int fancy prgrammes withut carefully assessing the relative lng-term csts and benefits f alternative uses f their mney.可知，与其给那些贫困地区孩子笔记本电脑或者建网络中心，还不如给钱打井，铺电网或者生产他们买得起的洗衣机，这些东西更能改善他们的生活。作者不是说这些东西一定更重要，但是很多捐赠者没有仔细考虑捐赠的东西的长期成本，因此作者建议捐赠者要考虑接受捐赠的人的实际情况，而不是一味地追求信息化，故选A。
63.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据第五段In yet anther example, a fascinatin with the new has led peple t believe that the recent changes in the technlgies f cmmunicatins and transprtatin are s revlutinary that nw we live in a "brderless wrld". 以及Believing in such a wrld, many gvernments have put an end t sme f the very necessary regulatins n crss-brder flws f capital, labur and gds, with pr results.可知，对新东西的迷恋让人们认为如今通讯技术和交通的变革让我们生活在一个无国界的世界。正是认为我们生活在这样一个世界，很多政府取消了关于跨国界的资本、劳动力以及商品流动的法律法规，故选B。
64.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段The fascinatin with the ICT(Infrmatin and Cmmunicatin Technlgy) revlutin, represented by the Internet, has made sme rich cuntries wrngly cnclude that making things is s "yesterday" that they shuld try t live n ideas. This belief in "pst-industrial sciety" has led thse cuntries t neglect their manufacturing sectr(制造业) with negative cnsequences fr their ecnmies.可知，对互联网呈现的通讯技术变革的迷恋让很多富裕国家做出一个错误的结论，制造产品已经过时了，他们应该靠创意生活，因而忽略了制造业，从而对经济造成不利影响，故可知传统的技术依然传统的技术依然有它的地位，不能新兴的信息技术取代，故选B。
Passage 2
【2019年天津卷】I must have always knwn reading was very imprtant because the first memries I have as a child deal with bks. There was nt ne night that I dn't remember mm reading me a strybk by my bedside. I was extremely inspired by the elegant way the wrds sunded.
I always wanted t knw what my mm was reading. Hearing mm say," I can't believe what's printed in the newspaper this mrning," made me want t grab it ut f her hands and read it myself. I wanted t be like my mm and knw all f the things she knew. S I carried arund a bk, and each night, just t be like her, I wuld pretend t be reading.
This is hw everyne learned t read. We wuld start ff with sentences, then paragraphs, and then stries. It seemed an unending jurney, but even as a six-year-ld girl I realized that knwing hw t read culd pen many drs. When mm said," The C-A-N-D-Y is hidden n the tp shelf," I knew where the candy was. My prgress in reading raised my curisity, and I wanted t knw everything. I ften fund myself telling my mm t drive mre slwly, s that I culd read all f the rad signs we passed.
Mst f my reading thrugh primary, middle and high schl was factual reading. I read fr knwledge, and t make A's n my tests. Occasinally, I wuld read a nvel that was assigned, but I didn't enjy this type f reading. I liked facts, things that are cncrete. I thught anything abstract left t much rm fr argument.
Yet, nw that I'm grwing and the wrld I nce knew as being s simple is becming mre cmplex, I find myself needing a way t escape. By pening a nvel, I can leave behind my burdens and enter int a wnderful and mysterius wrld where I am nw a new character. In these wrlds I can becme anyne. I dn't have t write dwn what happened r what technique the authr was using when he r she wrte this. I just read t relax.
We're taught t read because it's necessary fr much f human understanding. Reading is a vital part f my life. Reading satisfies my desire t keep learning. And I've fund that the pssibilities that lie within bks are limitless.
41. Why did the authr want t grab the newspaper ut f mm's hands？
A. She wanted mm t read the news t her.
B. She was anxius t knw what had happened.
C. She culdn't wait t tear the newspaper apart.
D. She culdn't help but stp mm frm reading.
42. Accrding t Paragraph 3，the authr's reading f rad signs indicates___________
A. her unique way t lcate herself
B. her eagerness t develp her reading ability
C. her effrt t remind mm t bey traffic rules
D. her grwing desire t knw the wrld arund her.
43. What was the authr's view n factual reading？
A. It wuld help her update test-taking skills.
B. It wuld allw much rm fr free thinking.
C. It wuld prvide true and bjective infrmatin.
D. It wuld help shape a realistic and serius attitude t life.
44. The authr takes nvel reading as a way t___________.
A. explre a fantasy land
B. develp a passin fr leaning
C. learn abut the adult cmmunity
D. get away frm a cnfusing wrld
45. What culd be the best title fr the passage？
A. The Magic f ReadingB. The Pleasure f Reading
C. Grwing Up with ReadingD. Reading Makes a Full Man
【答案】41. B 42. D 43. C 44. D 45. C
【语篇解读】本文为夹叙夹议文，作者讲述了自己的读书经历和感悟。
41.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段主题句I always wanted t knw what my mm was reading.和Hearing mm say … made me want t grab it ut f her hands and read it myself可知，作者一直想知道妈妈在读什么。作者抢过妈妈读的报纸，因为作者自己迫切想看一看报纸上写的内容，故选B。
42. D【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段My prgress in reading raised my curisity, and I wanted t knw everything，可以推断出，让妈妈开车开慢一点，他能够读出所有路标，正是作者在阅读方面的进步引起了他的好奇心，想要了解周围的一切，故选D。
43.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段第一句Mst f my reading thrugh primary, middle and high schl was factual reading. I read fr knwledge, and t make A’s n my test.可知，小学和中学阶段的阅读都是事实性阅读，读书是为了获取知识，考试得A。因此事实性阅读能够提供真实的客观的信息，故选 C。
44. D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第五段By pening a nvel, I can leave behind my burdens and enter int a wnderful and mysterius wrld where I am nw a new character. In these wrlds I can becme anyne.( 打开一本小说，我可以摆脱我的负担，进入一个奇妙而神秘的世界，我现在是一个新的角色。在这个世界上，我可以成为任何人。) 可知，阅读小说可以让作者避开复杂的现实而投入到小说中的世界中去，故选D。
45.C 【解析】主旨大意题。根据上下文可知，作者以时间顺序回忆了自己的阅读经历和感悟，伴着阅读成长，故选项C符合题意。
Passage 3
【2019年天津卷】Wuld yu BET n the future f this man？He is 53 years ld. Mst f his adult life has been a lsing struggle against debt and misfrtune. A war injury has made his left hand stp functining，and he has ften been in prisn. Driven by heaven-knws-what mtives，he determines t write a bk.
The bk turns ut t be ne that has appealed t the wrld fr mre than 350 years. That frmer prisner was Cervantes，and the bk was Dn Quixte（《堂吉诃德》）. And the stry pses an interesting questin: why d sme peple discver new vitality and creativity t the end f their days，while thers g t seed lng befre？
We've all knwn peple wh run ut f steam befre they reach life's halfway mark. I'm nt talking abut thse wh fail t get t the tp. We can't all get there. I'm talking abut peple wh have stpped learning n grwing because they have adpted the fixed attitudes and pinins that all t ften cme with passing years.
Mst f us，in fact，prgressively narrw the variety f ur lives. We succeed in ur field f specializatin and then becme trapped in it. Nthing surprises us. We lse ur sense f wnder. But，if we are willing t lean，the pprtunities are everywhere.
The things we learn in maturity seldm invlve infrmatin and skills. We learn t bear with the things we can't change. We learn t avid self-pity. We learn that hwever much we try t please，sme peple are never ging t lve us-an idea that trubles at first but is eventually relaxing.
With high mtivatin and enthusiasm，we can keep n learning. Then we will knw hw imprtant it is t have meaning in ur life. Hwever，we can achieve meaning nly if we have made a cmmitment t smething larger than ur wn little egs（自我），whether t lved nes，t fellw humans，t wrk，r t sme mral cncept.
Many f us equate（视……等同于）“cmmitment” with such “caring” ccupatins as teaching and nursing. But ding any rdinary jb as well as ne can is in itself an admirable cmmitment. Peple wh wrk tward such excellence whether they are driving a truck，r running a stre-make the wrld better just by being the kind f peple they are. They've learned life's mst valuable lessn.
51. The passage starts with the stry f Cervantes t shw that_________.
A. lss f freedm stimulates ne's creativity
B. age is nt a barrier t achieving ne's gal
C. misery inspires a man t fight against his fate
D. disability cannt stp a man's pursuit f success
52. What des the underlined part in Paragraph 3 prbably mean？
A. End ne's struggle fr liberty.
B. Waste ne's energy taking risks.
C. Miss the pprtunity t succeed.
D. Lse the interest t cntinue learning.
53. What culd be inferred frm Paragraph 4？
A. Thse wh dare t try ften get themselves trapped.
B. Thse wh tend t think back can hardly g ahead.
C. Opprtunity favrs thse with a curius mind.
D. Opprtunity awaits thse with a cautius mind.
54. What des the authr intend t tell us in Paragraph 5？
A. A tugh man can tlerate suffering.
B. A wise man can live withut self-pity
C. A man shuld try t satisfy peple arund him.
D. A man shuld learn suitable ways t deal with life
55. What is the authr's purpse in writing the passage？
A. T prvide guidance n leading a meaningful adult life.
B. T stress the need f shuldering respnsibilities at wrk.
C. T state the imprtance f generating mtivatin fr learning.
D. T suggest a way f pursuing excellence in ur lifelng career.
【答案】51. B 52. D 53. C 54. D 55. A
【语篇解读】本文属于议论文，讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义。
51.B 【解析】推理判断题。第一段讲述塞万提斯一生不幸，负债累累，因为战争受伤左手残疾，同时还身陷囹圄，在53岁的时候决定写书，最终写出成名作《唐吉柯德》，根据后文可知，所有的困境都没有阻挡他的成功，年龄也是如此，故选B。
52.D 【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三段I’m talking abut peple wh have stpped learning n grwing because they have adpted the fixed attitudes and pinins that all t ften cme with passing years.故可知，作者谈论的不是那些没有到达巅峰的人，而是谈论那些不再学习成长的人，故可知run ut f steam可知，停止学习，故选D。
53.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段we lse the sense f wnder. But, if we are willing t learn, the pprtunities are everywhere.可知，我们失去了好奇感，但是如果我们愿意学习，机会无处不在，故可知，机会总是留给那些好奇心的人，故选C。
54. D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第五段we learn t bear with the things we can’t change. We learn t avid self-pity. We learn that hwever much we try t please, sme peple are never ging t lve us—an idea that trubles at first but is eventually relaxing.可知，我们学会承受那些无法改变的事情，学会避免自怜，也学会了无论我们怎么去取悦别人，有些人是无法喜欢我们的，这个观点起初让我们苦恼，但是之后会让我们释怀，故可知，本段作者告诉我们要学会使用恰当的方式来对待生活，故选D。
55.A 【解析】主旨大意题。本文讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义，故本文作者的目的是为了指导我们过一个有意义的成年人生活，故选A。
2018年阅读理解议论文
Passage1
【2018年全国Ⅱ卷】We’ve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank r n an airplane, surrunded by peple wh are, like us, deeply fcused n their smartphnes r, wrse, struggling with the uncmfrtable silence.
What’s the prblem? It’s pssible that we all have cmprmised cnversatinal intelligence. It’s mre likely that nne f us start a cnversatin because it’s awkward and challenging, r we think it’s annying and unnecessary. But the next time yu find yurself amng strangers, cnsider that small talk is wrth the truble. Experts say it’s an invaluable scial practice that results in big benefits.
Dismissing small talk as unimprtant is easy, but we can’t frget that deep relatinships wuldn’t
even exist if it weren’t fr casual cnversatin. Small talk is the grease(润滑剂) fr scial cmmunicatin, says Bernard Carducci, directr f the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Sutheast. ＂Almst every great lve stry and each big business deal begins with small talk,＂ he explains. ＂The key t successful small talk is learning hw t cnnect with thers, nt just cmmunicate with them.＂
In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, assciate prfessr f psychlgy at UBC, invited peple n their way int a cffee shp. One grup was asked t seek ut an interactin(互动) with its waiter; the ther, t speak nly when necessary. The results shwed that thse wh chatted with their server reprted significantly higher psitive feelings and a better cffee shp experience. ＂It’s nt that talking t the waiter is better than talking t yur husband,＂ says Dunn. ＂But interactins with peripheral(边缘的) members f ur scial netwrk matter fr ur well-being als.＂
Dunn believes that peple wh reach ut t strangers feel a significantly greater sense f belnging, a bnd with thers. Carducci believes develping such a sense f belnging starts with small talk. ＂Small talk is the basis f gd manners,＂ he says.
32. What phenmenn is described in the first paragraph?
A. Addictin t smartphnes.
B. Inapprpriate behaviurs in public places.
C. Absence f cmmunicatin between strangers.
D. Impatience with slw service.
33. What is imprtant fr successful small talk accrding t Carducci?
A. Shwing gd manners. B. Relating t ther peple.
C. Fcusing n a tpic. D. Making business deals.
34. What des the cffee-shp study suggest abut small talk?
A. It imprves family relatinships. B. It raises peple’s cnfidence.
C. It matters as much as a frmal talk. D. It makes peple feel gd.
35. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Cnversatin Cunts B. Ways f Making Small Talk
C. Benefits f Small Talk D. Uncmfrtable Silence
【答案】32. C 33. B 34. D 35. C
【解析】这是一篇议论文。在当今社会，人们在公共场合或沉迷于智能手机，或与不舒服的沉默抗争，陌生人之间缺乏沟通。但人与人之间是需要适当的交谈闲聊的，闲聊是人际关系社会交往必不可少的部分，而且也有很多好处。
32. 推理判断题。题干问的是：第一段描述了什么现象。在公共场合（比如在电梯里，在银行排队，或在飞机上）人们深深地专注于他们的智能手机，或者更糟糕的是，与不舒服的沉默抗争。有此可知，陌生人之间缺乏沟通。A项意为：沉迷于智能手机。B项意为：在公共场所不适当的行为。C项意为：陌生人之间缺乏沟通。D项意为：对缓慢的服务不耐烦。故选C项。
33. 推理判断题。题干问得是对于Carducci来说，成功的闲聊中重要的是什么。根据第三段最后一句“The key t successful small talk is learning hw t cnnect with thers, nt just cmmunicate with them”（成功闲聊的关键是学习如何与他们交流，而不仅仅是与他们沟通。）由此推断C符合题意。A项意为：表现出良好的礼貌。B项意为：与他人有关的。C项意为：专注于一个话题。D项意为：做商业交易。故选B项。
34. 推理判断题。题干问的是：咖啡店的研究对闲聊有什么建议。根据第四段的调查结果可知，那些与服务员聊天的人，有显著的积极情绪和更好的咖啡店体验。由此可知，D项符合题意。A项意为：闲聊改善了家庭关系。B项意为：闲聊提高了人们的信心。C项意为：闲聊和正式谈话一样重要。D项意为：闲聊让人感觉很好。故选D项。
35. 主旨大意题。整篇文章刚开始介绍了社会的现象（公共场合人们沉迷于智能手机，陌生人之间缺乏沟通交流），接着分析了这一问题的原因，接下来有专家对闲聊进行了研究，最后得出结论，闲聊都有什么样的好处。A项意为：谈话很重要。B项意为：闲聊的方法。C项意为：闲聊的好处。D项意为：不舒服的沉默。故选C项。
点睛：我们在做阅读理解时，尽量找出每段的主讲内容（可能是一句话或是一个短语），这样有利于整篇文章的把握，有利于做文章大意题。如35题，很显然本文讲的不是重要性也不是方法更不是沉默，所以ABD都可以轻松排除。
Passage 2
【2018年全国Ⅲ卷】Adults understand what it feels like t be flded with bjects. Why d we ften assume that mre is mre when it cmes t kids and their belngings? The gd news is that I can help my wn kids learn earlier than I did hw t live mre with less.
I fund the pre-hlidays a gd time t encurage yung children t dnate less-used things, and it wrked. Because f ur effrts, ur daughter Gergia did decide t dnate a large bag f tys t a little girl whse mther was unable t pay fr her hliday due t illness. She chse t sell a few larger bjects that were less ften used when we prmised t put the mney int her schl fund(基金）(ur kindergarten daughter is serius abut becming a dctr)
Fr weeks, I've been thinking f bigger, deeper questins: Hw d we make it a habit fr them? And hw d we train urselves t help them live with, need, and use less? Yesterday, I sat with my sn, Shepherd, determined t test my wn thery n this. I decided t play with him with nly ne ty fr as lng as it wuld keep his interest. I expected that ne ty wuld keep his attentin fr abut five minutes, ten minutes, max. I chse a red rubber ball-simple, universally available. We passed it, he tried t put it in his muth, he tried buncing it, rlling it, sitting n it, thrwing it. It was ttally, cmpletely enugh fr him. Befre I knew it an hur had passed and it was time t mve n t lunch.
We bth became absrbed in the simplicity f playing tgether. He had my full attentin and I had his. My little experiment t find jy in a single bject wrked fr bth f us.
32. What d the wrds “mre is mre” in paragraph 1 prbably mean?
A. The mre, the better. B. Enugh is enugh.
C. Mre mney, mre wrries. D. Earn mre and spend mre.
33. What made Gergia agree t sell sme f her bjects?
A. Saving up fr her hliday B. Raising mney fr a pr girl
C. Adding the mney t her fund D. Giving the mney t a sick mther
34. Why did the authr play the ball with Shepherd?
A. T try ut an idea
B. T shw a parent's lve
C. T train his attentin
D. T help him start a hbby
35. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Take It r Leave It B. A Lessn frm Kids
C. Live Mre with Less D. The Pleasure f Giving
【答案】32. A 33. C 34. A 35. C
【解析】这是一片夹叙夹议文。文章讲述作者引导孩子主动捐献玩具，并从玩耍简单玩具中获得快乐的做法。
32. 词义猜测题。根据文章第一段最后一句…I can help my wn kids learn earlier than I did hw t live mre with less可以推断出，人们通常认为越多越好。故选A。
33. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中She chse t sell a few larger bjects that were less ften used when we prmised t put the mney int her schl fund(基金)可知，当我们承诺给她把卖玩具的钱放到她的教育基金里时，她同意卖玩具。故选C。
34. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段最后一句My little experiment t find jy in a single bject wrked fr bth f us.表明，跟Shepherd玩球是为了测试自己的一种想法是否可行。故选A。
35. 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段可知，作者想要教会孩子hw t live mre with less，而二三段是作者的尝试，故C作标题适合。
【点睛】 高考中词义推断可以是一个单词的意义推断，也可以是一个短语或句子的意义推断，既可以是生词意义，也可以是熟词新意；还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或词组的含义。词义猜测主要的解题策略有：语境猜词、语法猜词和常识猜词。
语境既上下文。由于上下文中的生词不是孤立存在的，其词义与句中其它词的词义或具体的语境有着密切的联系。因此在阅读过程中，许多生词的词义可以充分利用上下文中相关的词汇，短语并结合具体的语境来推测。此题中第一题为词义猜测题。根据文章第一段的第三句the gd news is that I can …可以推断出，前后语义相反，后句中是live mre with less，所以前句应该是“越多越好”的意思。
Passage 3
【2018年北京卷】 Preparing Cities fr Rbt Cars
The pssibility f self-driving rbt cars has ften seemed like a futurist’s dream, years away frm materializing in the real wrld. Well, the future is apparently nw. The Califrnia Department f Mtr Vehicles began giving permits in April fr cmpanies t test truly self-driving cars n public rads. The state als cleared the way fr cmpanies t sell r rent ut self-driving cars, and fr cmpanies t perate driverless taxi services. Califrnia, it shuld be nted, isn’t leading the way here. Cmpanies have been testing their vehicles in cities acrss the cuntry. It’s hard t predict when driverless cars will be everywhere n ur rads. But hwever lng it takes, the technlgy has the ptential t change ur transprtatin systems and ur cities, fr better r fr wrse, depending n hw the transfrmatin is regulated.
While much f the debate s far has been fcused n the safety f driverless cars(and rightfully s), plicymakers als shuld be talking abut hw self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissins(排放) and ffer mre cnvenient, affrdable mbility ptins. The arrival f driverless vehicles is a chance t make sure that thse vehicles are envirnmentally friendly and mre shared.
D we want t cpy — r even wrsen — the traffic f tday with driverless cars? Imagine a future where mst adults wn individual self-driving vehicles. They tlerate lng, slw jurneys t and frm wrk n packed highways because they can wrk, entertain themselves r sleep n the ride, which encurages urban spread. They take their driverless car t an appintment and set the empty vehicle t circle the building t avid paying fr parking. Instead f walking a few blcks t pick up a child r the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The cnvenience even leads fewer peple t take public transprt — an unwelcme side effect researchers have already fund in ride-hailing(叫车) services.
A study frm the University f Califrnia at Davis suggested that replacing petrl-pwered private cars wrldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems culd reduce carbn emissins frm transprtatin 80% and cut the cst f transprtatin infrastructure(基础设施) and peratins 40% by 2050. Fewer emissins and cheaper travel sund pretty appealing. The first cmmercially available driverless cars will almst certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, cnsidering the cst f self-driving technlgy as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless car wnership culd increase as the prices drp and mre peple becme cmfrtable with the technlgy. zxxk
Plicymakers shuld start thinking nw abut hw t make sure the appearance f driverless vehicles desn’t extend the wrst aspects f the car-cntrlled transprtatin system we have tday. The cming technlgical advancement presents a chance fr cities and states t develp transprtatin systems designed t mve mre peple, and mre affrdably. The car f the future is cming. We just have t plan fr it.
47. Accrding t the authr, attentin shuld be paid t hw driverless cars can __________.
A. help deal with transprtatin-related prblems
B. prvide better services t custmers
C. cause damage t ur envirnment
D. make sme peple lse jbs
48. As fr driverless cars, what is the authr’s majr cncern?
A. Safety. B. Side effects.
C. Affrdability. D. Management.
49. What des the underlined wrd ＂fielded＂ in Paragraph 4 prbably mean?
A. Emplyed. B. Replaced.
C. Shared. D. Reduced.
50. What is the authr’s attitude t the future f self-driving cars?
A. Dubtful. B. Psitive.
C. Disapprving. D. Sympathetic.
【答案】47. A 48. D 49. A 50. B
【解析】本文为议论文。文章主要讨论有关无人驾驶汽车的发展前景和面临的问题。
47. 推理判断题。根据第二段While much f the debate s far has been fcused n the safety f driverless cars(and rightfully s), plicymakers als shuld be talking abut hw self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissins(排放) and ffer mre cnvenient, affrdable mbility ptins. 可知，政策制定者应该讨论无人驾驶车怎么帮助削减交通阻塞，减少尾气排放，提供更方便、更便宜的出行选择，由此可见人们应该多关注无人驾驶车怎么帮助处理与交通有关的问题。故选A。
48. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段But hwever lng it takes, the technlgy has the ptential t change ur transprtatin systems and ur cities, fr better r fr wrse, depending n hw the transfrmatin is regulated. 可知，不管花多长时间，这项技术都有可能改变我们的交通系统和我们的城市，不管是好是坏，这取决于如何这种转变如何被规范，再根据文章最后一句话The car f the future is cming. We just have t plan fr it. 可知，我们需要为其做好计划，故作者的主要关注点是对这种转变的管理规范，故选D。
49. 词义猜测题。根据第四段The first cmmercially available driverless cars will almst certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, cnsidering the cst f self-driving technlgy as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). 可知，鉴于自主驾驶的费用以及责任和维护问题，无人驾驶车几乎可以肯定将会被打车服务使用。故划线词是“被应用”的意思。A. Emplyed被应用；B. Replaced被取代；C. Shared被分享；D. Reduced被减少。故选A。
50. 观点态度题。根据文章最后一段The cming technlgical advancement presents a chance fr cities and states t develp transprtatin systems designed t mve mre peple, and mre affrdably. The car f the future is cming. We just have t plan fr it. 中的 advancement，mve mre peple, and mre affrdably. 以及plan fr it可推知，作者是积极的态度。故选B。
点睛：根据用词风格，推断情感态度。一篇好的文章，其用词风格常常直接流露或蕴含作者的内心世界和情感态度。所以阅读时要善于捕捉表达或暗示情感态度的词句或短语，捕捉那些烘托气氛，渲染情感的词句，进而很好地洞察作者的思想倾向，是支持、反对抑或中立？对于选项而言，要分清选项中的褒义词、中性词和贬义词，以此对照全文。
如本题最后一题为观点态度题，根据文中reduce carbn emissins，cut the cst f transprtatin infrastructure(基础设施) and peratins 40% ，appealing，cmfrtable，advancement，mve mre peple, and mre affrdably. ，等词汇可以推断出作者对无人驾驶汽车持积极态度。故选B。
Passage 4
【2018年江苏卷】In the 1760s, Mathurin Rze pened a series f shps that basted(享有) a special meat sup called cnsmmé. Althugh the main attractin was the sup, Rze's chain shps als set a new standard fr dining ut, which helped t establish Rze as the inventr f the mdern restaurant.
Tday, schlars have generated large amunts f instructive research abut restaurants. Take visual hints that influence what we eat: diners served themselves abut 20 percent mre pasta(意大利面食) when their plates matched their fd. When a dark-clred cake was served n a black plate rather than a white ne, custmers recgnized it as sweeter and mre tasty.
Lighting matters, t. When Berlin restaurant custmers ate in darkness, they culdn't tell hw much they'd had: thse given extra-large shares ate mre than everyne else, nne the wiser—they didn’t feel fuller, and they were just as ready fr dessert.
Time is mney, but that principle means different things fr different types f restaurants. Unlike fast-fd places, fine dining shps prefer custmers t stay lnger and spend. One way t encurage custmers t stay and rder that extra rund: put n sme Mzart(莫扎特).When classical, rather than pp, music was playing, diners spent mre. Fast music hurried diners ut.
Particular scents als have an effect: diners wh gt the scent f lavender(薰衣草) stayed lnger and spent mre than thse wh smelled lemn, r n scent.
Meanwhile, things that yu might expect t discurage spending—"bad" tables, crwding. high prices — dn't necessarily. Diners at bad tables — next t the kitchen dr, say — spent nearly as much as thers but sn fled. It can be cncluded that restaurant keepers need nt "be verly cncerned abut ‘bad’ tables," given that they're prfitable. As fr crwds, a Hng Kng study fund that they increased a restaurant's reputatin, suggesting great fd at fair prices. And dubling a buffet's price led custmers t say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier.
58. The underlined phrase "nne the wiser" in paragraph 3 mst prbably implies that the custmers were .
A. nt aware f eating mre than usual
B. nt willing t share fd with thers
C. nt cnscius f the fd quality
D. nt fnd f the fd prvided
59. Hw culd a fine dining shp make mre prfit?
A. Playing classical music.
B. Intrducing lemn scent.
C. Making the light brighter,
D. Using plates f larger size.
60. What des the last paragraph talk abut?
A. Tips t attract mre custmers.
B. Prblems restaurants are faced with.
C. Ways t imprve restaurants' reputatin.
D. Cmmn misunderstandings abut restaurants.
【答案】58. A 59. A 60. D
【解析】本文为议论文，介绍了现代餐馆面临的经营困境和解决方案，介绍了刺激消费和食欲的几种方法，以及人们对餐厅就餐的一些错误认识。
58. 词义猜测题。根据文章第三段划线部分的前句they culdn't tell hw much they'd had: thse given extra-large shares ate mre than everyne else,可知在黑暗中，他们说不清自己吃了多少，再根据划线后 的句子they didn’t feel fuller, and they were just as ready fr dessert.可知他们虽然吃得很多，但并没有感觉更饱，仍然在等着吃甜点，所以他们没有意识到自己吃多了，所以A正确。
59. 细节理解题。根据第四段中的One way t encurage custmers t stay and rder that extra rund: put n sme Mzart(莫扎特）可知，要想让客人呆的时间更长应该播放莫扎特等古典音乐而不是流行音乐。Particular scents als have an effect: diners wh gt the scent f lavender(薰衣草）stayed lnger and spent mre than thse wh smelled lemn, r n scent.引入薰衣草香而不是柠檬香，而D项文章没有提及，所以用排除方法可以选A。
60. 主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段第一句Meanwhile, things that yu might expect t discurage spending—"bad" tables, crwding，high prices — dn't necessarily.可知你认为可能会影响人们消费的因素如不好的桌子，拥挤以及高价等不一定会真影响人们的消费，然后依次举例进行了证明，所以本段主要讲的是人们对于饭店的几个误解，故选D。
点睛：概括主旨的方法是：先看首尾或各段开头再看全文找主题句，若无明显主题句，就通过关键词句来概括(如议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词句，记叙文寻找概括情节和中心的动词或反映人物特点的形容词)。文中出现两种或两种以上的不同观点时，务必牢记作者的观点才是体现全文中心的。此时，要注意一些转折词，如but, yet, hwever, althugh, in spite f, by cntrast, n the cntrary等。当文章中表示相反的观点时，往往用到这些词。答题时要弄清哪个是作者的观点，排除迷惑性信息，准确归纳主旨大意。
本题的最后一题是主旨大意类，要求概括本段的主旨大意，根据寻找主旨大意的方法，通过阅读第一句话可以简单地总结出主旨大意为人们对于饭店的几个误解。在通过阅读下文可以找到支持这一观点的例子，因此可以确定主旨大意。
Passage 5
【2018年江苏卷】Children as yung as ten are becming dependent n scial media fr their sense f self-wrth, a majr study warned.
It fund many yungsters(少年）nw measure their status by hw much public apprval they get nline, ften thrugh “likes”. Sme change their behaviur in real life t imprve their image n the web.
The reprt int yungsters aged frm 8 t 12 was carried ut by Children's Cmmissiner (专员）Anne Lngfield. She said scial media firms were expsing children t majr emtinal risks, with sme yungsters starting secndary schl ill-equipped t cpe with the tremendus pressure they faced nline.
Sme scial apps were ppular amng the children even thugh they suppsedly require users t be at least 13.The yungsters admitted planning trips arund ptential pht-pprtunities and then messaging friends—and friends f friends — t demand “likes” fr their nline psts.
The reprt fund that yungsters felt their friendships culd be at risk if they did nt respnd t scial media psts quickly, and arund the clck.
Children aged 8 t 10 were "starting t feel happy" when thers liked their psts. Hwever, thse in the 10 t 12 age grup were "cncerned with hw many peple like their psts", suggesting a “need” fr scial recgnitin that gets strnger the lder they becme.
Miss Lngfield warned that a generatin f children risked grwing up "wrried abut their appearance and image as a result f the unrealistic lifestyles they fllw n platfrms, and increasingly anxius abut switching ff due t the cnstant demands f scial media.
She said: "Children are using scial media with family and friends and t play games when they are in primary schl. But what starts as fun usage f apps turns int tremendus pressure in real scial media interactin at secndary schl."
As their wrld expanded, she said, children cmpared themselves t thers nline in a way that was "hugely damaging in terms f their self-identity, in terms f their cnfidence, but als in terms f their ability t develp themselves".
Miss Lngfield added: "Then there is this push t cnnect—if yu g ffline, will yu miss smething, will yu miss ut, will yu shw that yu dn't care abut thse peple yu are fllwing, all f thse cme tgether in a huge way at nce." "Fr children it is very, very difficult t cpe with emtinally." The Children's Cmmissiner fr England's study—life in Likes—fund that children as yung as 8 were using scial media platfrms largely fr play.
Hwever, the research—invlving eight grups f 32 children aged 8 t 12—suggested that as they headed tward their teens, they became increasingly anxius nline.
By the time they started secndary schl—at age 11—children were already far mre aware f their image nline and felt under huge pressure t ensure their psts were ppular, the reprt fund.
Hwever, they still did nt knw hw t cpe with mean-spirited jkes, r the sense f incmpetence they might feel if they cmpared themselves t celebrities(名人）r mre brilliant friends nline. The reprt said they als faced pressure t respnd t messages at all hurs f the day—especially at secndary schl when mre yungsters have mbile phnes.
The Children’s Cmmissiner said schls and parents must nw d mre t prepare children fr the emtinal minefield(雷区）they faced nline. And she said scial media cmpanies must als "take mre respnsibility". They shuld either mnitr their websites better s that children d nt sign up t early, r they shuld adjust their websites t the needs f yunger users.
Javed Khan, f children's charity Bamard's, said: "It's vital that new cmpulsry age- apprpriate relatinship and sex educatin lessns in England shuld help equip children t deal with the grwing demands f scial media.
“It’s als hugely imprtant fr parents t knw which apps their children are using.”
65. Why did sme secndary schl students feel t much pressure?
A. They were nt prvided with adequate equipment.
B. They were nt well prepared fr emtinal risks.
C. They were required t give quick respnses.
D. They were prevented frm using mbile phnes.
66. Sme scial app cmpanies were t blame because .
A. they didn't adequately check their users' registratin
B. they rganized pht trips t attract mre yungsters
C. they encuraged yungsters t pst mre phts
D. they didn't stp yungsters frm staying up late
67. Children's cmparing themselves t thers nline may lead t .
A. less friendliness t each ther
B. lwer self-identity and cnfidence
C. an increase in nline cheating
D. a strnger desire t stay nline
68. Accrding t Life in Likes, as children grew, they became mre anxius t .
A. circulate their psts quickly
B. knw the qualities f their psts
C. use mbile phnes fr play
D. get mre public apprval
69. What shuld parents d t slve the prblem?
A. Cmmunicate mre with secndary schls.
B. Urge media cmpanies t create safer apps.
C. Keep track f children's use f scial media.
D. Frbid their children frm visiting the web.
70. What des the passage mainly talk abut?
A. The influence f scial media n children.
B. The imprtance f scial media t children.
C. The prblem in building a healthy relatinship.
D. The measure t reduce risks frm scial media.
【答案】65. B 66. A 67. B 68. D 69. C 70. A
【解析】本文为议论文，主要介绍了社交媒体(scial media ) 使得8-12 岁的孩子面临很多压力，并分析了原因，提出了建议。
65. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段第二句话She said scial media firms were expsing children t majr emtinal risks, with sme yungsters starting secndary schl ill-equipped t cpe with the tremendus pressure they faced nline.可知一些社会媒体公司使孩子们处于大的情感压力下，从而使孩子们感到巨大的压力，故B正确。
66. 推理判断题。根据文章第四段第一句话Sme scial apps were ppular amng the children even thugh they suppsedly require users t be at least 13.可知一些apps 很受孩子们欢迎，尽管它们要求使用者不低于13岁，言外之意，他们没有对孩子的年龄进行监管，故选A。
67. 细节理解题。根据文章第九段children cmpared themselves t thers nline in a way that was "hugely damaging in terms f their self-identity, in terms f their cnfidence, but als in terms f their ability t develp themselves".可知孩子在网上与其他人比较损害他们的自尊心，自信心以及自我发展的能力，故B正确。
68. 推理判断题。根据文章第12段Hwever, the research—invlving eight grups f 32 children aged 8 t 12—suggested that as they headed tward their teens, they became increasingly anxius nline.可知随着孩子年龄的增长，他们开始渴望上网，再根据13段By the time they started secndary schl—at age 11—children were already far mre aware f their image nline and felt under huge pressure t ensure their psts were ppular, the reprt fund.可以推断出他们的压力源于他们渴望自己的发帖能受欢迎、被认可，由此可见他们渴望得到公众的认可。故选D。
69. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段It’s als hugely imprtant fr parents t knw which apps their children are using.可以推断出父母需要了解孩子在使用什么apps，所以应该时刻跟踪了解孩子对于社交app的使用。故选C。
70. 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段Children as yung as ten are becming dependent n scial media fr their sense f self-wrth, a majr study warned.可知本文为新闻报道体，文章主要介绍teens 变得越来越依赖社交媒体。再根据全文内容可知文章主要介绍了社交媒体对孩子的影响，所以A正确。
点睛：推理判断试题属于高层次阅读理解题。这种题型包括判断题和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了得出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。做好该题型要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”。推理判断题常常可以分为如下几类：（1）细节推断。如时间、地点、人物关系等；（2）逻辑推断。根据已知的结果推断导致结果产生的可能原因；（3）目的、意图、态度推断。根据文章的论述，推断作者的写作目的以及作者情感态度；（4）预测想象推断。文章没有明确说明，要求根据语篇对文章可能涉及的内容进行预测判断。
本题的第二和第四小题都属于细节推理，解答此类题目首先要准确定位信息句，然后根据信息句进行合理判断，如第二小题根据原文信息Sme scial apps were ppular amng the children even thugh they suppsedly require users t be at least 13.中关键信息为even thugh 后的内容，即尽管他们要求使用者要13岁以上，但在小于13的孩子中仍很受欢迎，说明他们的监管不力。
再如第四小题也属于细节推理题。根据文章第12段Hwever, the research—invlving eight grups f 32 children aged 8 t 12—suggested that as they headed tward their teens, they became increasingly anxius nline.可知随着孩子年龄的增长，他们开始渴望上网，再根据13段By the time they started secndary schl—at age 11—children were already far mre aware f their image nline and felt under huge pressure t ensure their psts were ppular, the reprt fund.可以推断出他们的压力源于他们渴望自己的发帖能受欢迎，被认可，由此可见他们渴望得到公众的认可。
Passage 6
【2018年天津卷】Give yurself a test. Which way is the wind blwing? Hw many kinds f wildflwers can be seen frm yur frnt dr? If yur awareness is as sharp as it culd be, yu’ll have n truble answering these questins.
Mst f us bserved much mre as children than we d as adults. A child’s day is filled with fascinatin, newness and wnder. Curisity gave us all a natural awareness. But distinctins that were sharp t us as children becme unclear; we are numb(麻木的) t new stimulatin(刺激), new ideas. Relearning the art f seeing the wrld arund us is quite simple, althugh it takes practice and requires breaking sme bad habits.
The first step in awakening senses is t stp predicting what we are ging t see and feel befre it ccurs. This blcks awareness. One chilly night when I was hiking in the Rcky Muntains with sme students, I mentined that we were ging t crss a muntain stream. The students began cmplaining abut hw cld it wuld be. We reached the stream, and they unwillingly walked ahead. They were almst knee-deep when they realized it was a ht spring. Later they all admitted they’d felt cld water at first.
Anther blck t awareness is the bsessin(痴迷) many f us have with naming things. I saw bird watchers wh sptted a bird, immediately lked it up in field guides, and said, a "ruby-crwned kinglet" and checked it ff. They n lnger paid attentin t the bird and never learned what it was ding.
The pressures f "time" and "destinatin" are further blcks t awareness. I encuntered many hikers wh were headed t a distant camp-grund with just enugh time t get there befre dark. It seldm ccurred t them t wander a bit, t take a mment t see what’s arund them. I asked them what they’d seen. "Oh, a few birds," they said. They seemed bent n their destinatins.
Nature seems t unfld t peple wh watch and wait. Next time yu take a walk, n matter where it is, take in all the sights, sunds and sensatins. Wander in this frame f mind and yu will pen a new dimensin t yur life.
51. Accrding t Paragraph 2, cmpared with adults, children are mre ________.
A. anxius t d wnders
B. sensitive t thers’ feelings
C. likely t develp unpleasant habits
D. eager t explre the wrld arund them
52. What idea des the authr cnvey in Paragraph 3?
A. T avid jumping t cnclusins.
B. T stp cmplaining all the time.
C. T fllw the teacher’s advice.
D. T admit mistakes hnestly.
53. The bird watchers’ behavir shws that they ________.
A. are very patient in their bservatin
B. are really fascinated by nature
C. care nly abut the names f birds
D. questin the accuracy f the field guides
54. Why d the hikers take n ntice f the surrundings during the jurney?
A. The natural beauty isn’t attractive t them.
B. They fcus n arriving at the camp in time.
C. The frest in the dark is dangerus fr them.
D. They are keen t see rare birds at the destinatin.
55. In the passage, the authr intends t tell us we shuld ________.
A. fill ur senses t feel the wnders f the wrld
B. get rid f sme bad habits in ur daily life
C. pen ur mind t new things and ideas
D. try ur best t prtect nature
【答案】51. D 52. A 53. C 54. B 55. A
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。我们有多久没有仔细观察我们周围的世界了。作者通过此文要告诉我们：放慢脚步，带着我们所有的感官来感受周围世界的奇妙。
51. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段Mst f us bserved much mre as children than we d as adults. A child’s day is filled with fascinatin, newness and wnder.可知，与成人相比较，孩子观察得更多，孩子的一天充满了魔力、新奇和惊奇。从而可以推断出孩子更急于探索他们周围的世界。故选D。
52. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段作者叙述在一个寒冷的夜晚，作者和学生徒步旅行穿过一条小溪的时候，学生们抱怨水太冷而不愿往前走，结果事实上那是一个温泉。作者举这样一个事例是为了向读者传递这样的观念：避免过早下结论。故选A。
53. 细节理解题。根据文章第四段全段及首句Anther blck t awareness is the bsessin(痴迷) many f us have with naming things.可知，鸟观察者发现鸟后只关心鸟的名字，并不关心它在做什么。故选C。
54. 细节理解题。根据文章第五段I encuntered many hikers wh were headed t a distant camp-grund with just enugh time t get there befre dark. It seldm ccurred t them t wander a bit, t take a mment t see what’s arund them.可知，徒步旅行者只关心能够及时到达目的地，而很少关心周围的事物。故选B。
55. 推理判断题。文章作者想要通过此文要告诉我们：大自然只展现给那些善于观察和等待的人，带着我们所有的感官来感受周围世界的奇妙吧。故选A。
2017年阅读理解议论文
Passage1
【2017年浙江卷】Getting less sleep has becme a bad habit fr mst American kids. Accrding t a new survey(调查)by the Natinal Sleep Fundatin, 51% f kids aged 10 t 18 g t bed at 10 pm r later n schl nights, even thugh they have t get up early. Last year the Fundatin reprted that nearly 60% f 7- t 12-year-lds said they felt tired during the day, and 15% said they had fallen asleep at schl.
Hw much sleep yu need depends a lt n yur age. Babies need a lt f rest; mst f them sleep abut 18 hurs a day! Adults need abut eight hurs. Fr mst schl-age children, ten hurs is ideal(理想的). But the new Natinal Sleep Fundatin survey fund that 35% f 10- t 12-year-lds get nly seven r eight hurs. And guess what almst half f the surveyed kids said they d befre bedtime? Watch TV.
"Mre children are ging t bed with TVs n, and there are mre pprtunities(机会)t stay awake, with mre hmewrk, the Internet and the phne," says Dr. Mary Carskadn, a sleep researcher at Brwn University Medical Schl. She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard fr them t calm dwn and sleep. Other experts say part f the prblem is chemical. Changing levels f bdy chemicals called hrmnes nt nly make teenagers’ bdies develp adult characteristics, but als make it hard fr teenagers t fall asleep befre 11 pm.
Because sleepiness is such a prblem fr teenagers, sme schl districts have decided t start high schl classes later than they used t. Three years ag, schls in Edina, Minnesta, changed the start time frm 7:25 am t 8:30 am. Students, parents and teachers are pleased with the results.
25.What is the new Natinal Sleep Fundatin survey n?
A. American kids’ sleeping habits.B. Teenagers’ sleep-related diseases.
C. Activities t prevent sleeplessness.D. Learning prblems and lack f sleep.
26.Hw many hurs f sleep d 11-year-lds need every day?
A.7 hurs.B.8 hurs.C.10 hurs.D.18 hurs.
27.Why d teenagers g t sleep late accrding t Carskadn?
A. They are affected by certain bdy chemicals.
B. They tend t d things that excite them.
C. They fllw their parents’ examples.
D. They dn’t need t g t schl early.
【解析】试题分析：本文属于议论文，首先用数据告诉我们美国孩子的睡眠状况堪忧，接着告诉我们孩子在不同年龄段需要的睡眠时间不同，然后分析了孩子晚睡的原因，最后介绍了一些学校为了让孩子们有更多的睡眠时间而推迟了上课的时间。
25. A 【解析】细节理解题。文中第一段列举了一些数据，向我们说明美国有51%的10到18岁的孩子上床睡觉的时间偏晚，也调查了60%的7到12岁的孩子在白天感到疲惫，15%的孩子会在学校睡着，所以这些调查都是关于美国孩子的睡眠习惯的，故选A。
26. C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段＂Fr mst schl-age children, ten hurs is ideal＂可知11岁正在上学的小孩子的理想睡眠时间是10个小时，故选C。
27. B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段＂She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard fr them t calm dwn and sleep＂可知她认为孩子们睡觉晚的原因是他们会在睡前做一些让他们兴奋的活动，故选B。
Passage 2
【2017年浙江卷】FLORENCE, Italy — Svetlana Cjchru feels hurt. The Mldvan has lived here seven years as a caregiver t Italian kids and the elderly, but in rder t stay she’s had t prve her language skills by taking a test which requires her t write a pstcard t an imaginary friend and answer a fictinal jb ad.
Italy is the latest Western Eurpean cuntry trying t cntrl a grwing immigrant(移民)ppulatin by demanding language skills in exchange fr wrk permits, r in sme cases, citizenship.
Sme immigrant advcates wrry that as hard financial times make it mre difficult fr natives t keep jbs, such measures will becme mre a vehicle fr intlerance than integratin(融合).Others say it’s nly natural that newcmers learn the language f their hst natin, seeing it as a cnditin t ensure they can cntribute t sciety.
Other Eurpean cuntries laid dwn a similar requirement fr immigrants, and sme terms are even tugher. The gvernments argue that this will help freigners better jin the sciety and prmte understanding acrss cultures.
Italy, which has a much weaker traditin f immigratin, has witnessed a sharp increase in immigratin in recent years. In 1990, immigrants numbered sme 1.14 millin ut f Italy’s then 56.7 millin peple, r abut 2 percent. At the start f this year, freigners living in Italy amunted t 4.56 millin f a ttal ppulatin f 60.6 millin, r 7.5 percent, with immigrants’ children accunting fr an ever larger percentage f births in Italy.
Cjchru, the Mldvan caregiver, hped btaining permanent residence (居住权) wuld help her bring her tw children t Italy; they live with her sister in Mldva, where salaries are amng the lwest in Eurpe. She was skeptical that the language requirement wuld encurage integratin.
Italians always "see me as a freigner," an utsider, even thugh she’s stayed in the cuntry fr years and can speak the lcal language fluently, she said.
28.Why des Cjchru have t take a language test?
A. T cntinue t stay in Italy.B. T teach her children Italian.
C. T find a better jb in Italy.D. T better mix with the Italians.
29.Sme peple wrry that the new language requirement may .
A. reduce Italy’s ppulatin quicklyB. cause cnflicts amng peple
C. lead t financial difficultiesD. put pressure n schls
30.What d we knw abut Cjchru?
A. She lives with her sister nw in Italy.
B. She enjys learning the Italian language.
C. She speaks Italian well enugh fr her jb.
D. She wishes t g back t her hme cuntry.
【解析】试题分析：本文属于夹叙夹议文，首先叙述了一个叫Svetlana Cjchru的摩尔多瓦人移民到意大利，但为了能够继续留在意大利，她必须进行语言测试；接着向我们阐述对外来人进行语言测试的原因以及对此的不同声音，然后介绍了意大利的移民史，最后告诉我们Cjchru的居住现状：工资水平很低，而且虽然在意大利生活多年，但意大利本地居民仍会把她当作外国人来看。
28. A 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中的＂but in rder t stay she’s had t prve her language skills by taking a test…＂可知，Cjchru是为了能够继续留在意大利才要参加语言考试的，故选A。
29. B 【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段中的＂such measures will becme mre a vehicle fr intlerance than integratin＂可知一些人担心对语言水平的要求可能会引起人与人之间的不包容，即冲突，故选B。
30. C 【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段中的＂even thugh she’s stayed in the cuntry fr years and can speak the lcal language fluently＂可知Cjchru的意大利语已经说的得很流利了，故选C。
Passage 3
【2017年北京卷】Hllywd’s thery that machines with evil(邪恶) minds will drive armies f killer rbts is just silly. The real prblem relates t the pssibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may becme extremely gd at achieving smething ther than what we really want. In 1960 a well-knwn mathematician Nrbert Wiener, wh funded the field f cybernetics（控制论）, put it this way: ＂If we use, t achieve ur purpses, a mechanical agency with whse peratin we cannt effectively interfere(干预), we had better be quite sure that the purpse put int the machine is the purpse which we really desire.＂
A machine with a specific purpse has anther quality, ne that we usually assciate with living things: a wish t preserve its wn existence. Fr the machine, this quality is nt in-brn, nr is it smething intrduced by humans; it is a lgical cnsequence f the simple fact that the machine cannt achieve its riginal purpse if it is dead. S if we send ut a rbt with the single instructin f fetching cffee, it will have a strng desire t secure success by disabling its wn ff switch r even killing anyne wh might interfere with its task. If we are nt careful, then, we culd face a kind f glbal chess match against very determined, super intelligent machines whse bjectives cnflict with ur wn, with the real wrld as the chessbard.
The pssibility f entering int and lsing such a match shuld cncentrate the minds f cmputer scientists. Sme researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind f firewall, using them t answer difficult questins but never allwing them t affect the real wrld. Unfrtunately, that plan seems unlikely t wrk: we have yet t invent a firewall that is secure against rdinary humans, let alne super intelligent machines.
Slving the safety prblem well enugh t mve frward in AI seems t be pssible but nt easy. There are prbably decades in which t plan fr the arrival f super intelligent machines. But the prblem shuld nt be dismissed ut f hand, as it has been by sme AI researchers. Sme argue that humans and machines can cexist as lng as they wrk in teams—yet that is nt pssible unless machines share the gals f humans. Others say we can just ＂switch them ff＂ as if super intelligent machines are t stupid t think f that pssibility. Still thers think that super intelligent AI will never happen. On September 11, 1933, famus physicist Ernest Rutherfrd stated, with cnfidence, ＂Anyne wh expects a surce f pwer in the transfrmatin f these atms is talking mnshine.＂ Hwever, n September 12, 1933, physicist Le Szilard invented the neutrn-induced(中子诱导) nuclear chain reactin.
67. Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may ____________.
A. run ut f human cntrl
B. satisfy human’s real desires
C. cmmand armies f killer rbts
D. wrk faster than a mathematician
68. Machines with specific purpses are assciated with living things partly because they might be able t ____________.
A. prevent themselves frm being destryed
B. achieve their riginal gals independently
C. d anything successfully with given rders
D. beat humans in internatinal chess matches
69. Accrding t sme researchers, we can use firewalls t ____________.
A. help super intelligent machines wrk better
B. be secure against evil human beings
C. keep machines frm being harmed
D. avid rbts’ affecting the wrld
70. What des the authr think f the safety prblem f super intelligent machines?
A. It will disappear with the develpment f AI.
B. It will get wrse with human interference.
C. It will be slved but with difficulty.
D. It will stay fr a decade.
【答案】67 A 68 A 69 D 70 C
【解析】试题分析：本文主要介绍了人工智能及它给我们的生活带来的影响。
67. 推理判断题。根据第一段The real prblem relates t the pssibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may becme extremely gd at achieving smething ther than what we really want.可知人工智能可能会出现的真正问题是AI会非常擅长取得某个成就而不是我们真正想要的东西，也就是说AI可能会超出人的控制去做一些事情，故选A。
68. 推理判断题。根据第二段第一句A machine with a specific purpse has anther quality, ne that we usually assciate with living things: a wish t preserve its wn existence.可知，原因是保护它自己的存在的一种愿望，也就是说，它具有有生命的物体的一种品质是因为它要保护自己不被破坏，继续存在下去，故选A。
69. 推理判断题。根据第三段using them t answer difficult questins but never allwing them t affect the real wrld.可知可以用防火墙来回答那些困难的问题但是却永远不要让他们影响这个真正的现实世界，所以选D。
70. 推理判断题。根据最后一段Slving the safety prblem well enugh t mve frward in AI seems t be pssible but nt easy.可知作者认为解决人工智能机器的安全问题是可能的，但是并不容易，也就是很困难，故选C。
Passage 4
【2017年江苏卷】Old Prblem, New Appraches
While clean energy is increasingly used in ur daily life, glbal warming will cntinue fr sme decades after CO2 emissins(排放) peak. S even if emissins were t begin t decrease tday, we wuld still face the challenge f adapting t climate change. Here I will stress sme smarter and mre creative examples f climate adaptatin.
When it cmes t adaptatin, it is imprtant t understand that climate change is a prcess. We are therefre nt talking abut adapting t a new standard, but t a cnstantly shifting set f cnditins. This is why, in part at least, the US Natinal Climate Assessment says that: "There is n ‘ne-size fits all’ adaptatin." Nevertheless, there are sme actins that ffer much and carry little risk r cst.
Arund the wrld, peple are adapting in surprising ways, especially in sme pr cuntries. Flds have becme mre damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades. Mhammed Rezwan saw pprtunity where thers saw nly disaster. His nt-fr-prfit rganizatin runs 100 river bats that serve as flating libraries, schls, and health clinics, and are equipped with slar panels and ther cmmunicating facilities. Rezwan is creating flating cnnectivity(连接) t replace flded rads and highways. But he is als wrking at a far mre fundamental level: his staff shw peple hw t make flating gardens and fish pnds t prevent starvatin during the wet seasn.
Elsewhere in Asia even mre astnishing actins are being taken. Chewang Nrphel lives in a muntainus regin in India, where he is knwn as the Ice Man. The lss f glaciers(冰川) there due t glbal warming represents an enrmus threat t agriculture. Withut the glaciers, water will arrive in the rivers at times when it can damage crps. Nrphel’s inspiratin came frm seeing the waste f water ver winter, when it was nt needed. He directed the wasted water int shallw basins where it frze, and was stred until the spring. His fields f ice supply perfectly timed irrigatin(灌溉) water. Having created nine such ice reserves, Nrphel calculates that he has stred abut 200,000m3f water. Climate change is a cntinuing prcess, s Nrphel’s ice reserves will nt last frever. Warming will vertake them. But he is prviding a few years during which the farmers will, perhaps, be able t find ther means f adapting.
Increasing Earth’s reflectiveness can cl the planet. In suthern Spain the sudden increase f greenhuses(which reflect light back t space) has changed the warming trend lcally, and actually cled the regin. While Spain as a whle is heating up quickly, temperatures near the greenhuses have decreased. This example shuld act as an inspiratin fr all cities. By painting buildings white, cities may slw dwn the warming prcess.
In Peru, lcal farmers arund a muntain with a glacier that has already fallen victim t climate change have begun painting the entire muntain peak white in the hpe that the added reflectiveness will restre the life-giving ice. The utcme is still far frm clear. But the Wrld Bank has included the prject n its list f "100 ideas t save the planet".
Mre rdinary frms f adaptatin are happening everywhere. A friend f mine wns an area f land in western Victria. Over five generatins the land has been t wet fr crpping. But during the past decade declining rainfall has allwed him t plant highly prfitable crps. Farmers in many cuntries are als adapting like this — either by grwing new prduce, r by grwing the same things differently. This is cmmn sense. But sme suggestins fr adapting are nt. When the plluting industries argue that we’ve lst the battle t cntrl carbn pllutin and have n chice but t adapt, it’s a nnsense designed t make the case fr business as usual.
Human beings will cntinue t adapt t the changing climate in bth rdinary and astnishing ways. But the mst sensible frm f adaptatin is surely t adapt ur energy systems t emit less carbn pllutin. After all, if we adapt in that way, we may avid the need t change in s many thers.
65. The underlined part in Paragraph 2 implies .
A. adaptatin is an ever-changing prcess
B. the cst f adaptatin varies with time
C. glbal warming affects adaptatin frms
D. adaptatin t climate change is challenging
66. What is special with regard t Rezwan’s prject?
A. The prject receives gvernment supprt.
B. Different rganizatins wrk with each ther.
C. His rganizatin makes the best f a bad situatin.
D. The prject cnnects flded rads and highways.
67. What did the Ice Man d t reduce the effect f glbal warming?
A. String ice fr future use.
B. Prtecting the glaciers frm melting.
C. Changing the irrigatin time.
D. Pstpning the melting f the glaciers.
68. What d we learn frm the Peru example?
A. White paint is usually safe fr buildings.
B. The glbal warming trend cannt be stpped.
C. This cuntry is heating up t quickly.
D. Sunlight reflectin may relieve glbal warming.
69. Accrding t the authr, plluting industries shuld .
A. adapt t carbn pllutinB. plant highly prfitable crps
C. leave carbn emissin alneD. fight against carbn pllutin
70. What’s the authr’s preferred slutin t glbal warming?
A. Setting up a new standard.B. Reducing carbn emissin.
C. Adapting t climate change.D. Mnitring plluting industries.
【答案】65. A 66. C 67. A 68.D 69.D 70. B
【解析】文章大意：文章关注的是我们熟悉的话题——气候变暖，不同的是，文章给出了一些应对气候变暖的新途径。
65.A 【解析】考查句意理解。根据上文中的"We are t a cnstantly shifting set f cnditins"可知，对于不断变化的环境，没有一个通用的方法来解决所有这样的问题。故画线部分暗示的是适应环境也是一个不断变化的过程。故A正确。
66.C 【解析】考查细节理解。根据第三段首句可知，世界范围内尤其是一些贫穷地区的人们使用了令人意想不到的方法去适应环境的改变，化劣势为优势，再结合下文的内容可知，Rezwan就是这么做的，故答案为C。
67.A 【解析】考查细节理解。由第四段中的" directed the wasted water int shallw basins where it frze， and was stred until the spring..."可知，他把水引入盆地，水在那里结冰并被存储到春天使用，故A正确。
68.D 【解析】考查细节理解。根据第六段的内容可知，在秘鲁当地的农民会把整个山峰涂成白色来增强对阳光的反射，希望借此来保护冰不被融化，再结合第五段的内容可知，反射太阳光可能会减轻全球变暖，故D项正确。
69.D 【解析】考查推理判断。根据第七段中的"When the plluting industries argue that we’ve lst the battle t cntrl carbn pllutin and have n chice but t adapt"可知，污染行业辩称因为人们没有赢得治理碳污染的战役，只能适应，再结合下文的"it’s a nnsense designed t make the case fr business as usual"可知，作者认为污染行业的这种说法是荒谬的，其目的是给自己的商业行为制造借口。由此可推知，对于污染行业来说，负责任的做法是同碳污染抗争，以减少碳排放，故D正确。
70.B 【解析】考查细节理解。根据最后一段第二句"But the mst sensible frm f adaptatin is surely t adapt ur energy systems t emit less carbn pllutin"可知，作者认为最明智的应对全球变暖的方法是减少碳排放，故B正确。
Passage 5
【2017年天津卷】I read smewhere that we spend a full third f ur lives waiting. But where are we ding all f this waiting, and what des it mean t an impatient sciety like urs? T understand the issue, let’s take a lk at three types f “waits”.
The very purest frm f waiting is the Watched-Pt Wait. It is withut dubt the mst annying f all. Take filling up the kitchen sink(洗碗池) as an example. There is abslutely nthing yu can d while this is ging n but keep bth eyes fixed n the sink until it’s full. During these waits, the brain slips away frm the bdy and wanders abut until the water runs ver the edge f the cunter and nt yur scks. This kind f wait makes the waiter helpless and mindless.
A cusin t the Watched-Pt Wait is the Frced Wait. This ne requires a bit f discipline. Prperly preparing packaged ndle sup requires a Frced Wait. Directins are very specific. “Bring three cups f water t bil, add mix, simmer three minutes, remve frm heat, let stand five minutes.” I have my dubts that anyne has actually fllwed the prcedures strictly. After all, Frced Waiting requires patience.
Perhaps the mst pwerful type f waiting is the Lucky-Break Wait. This type f wait is unusual in that it is fr the mst part vluntary. Unlike the Frced Wait, which is als vluntary, waiting fr yur lucky break des nt necessarily mean that it will happen.
Turning ne’s life int a waiting game requires faith and hpe, and is strictly fr the ptimists amng us. On the surface it seems as ridiculus as fllwing the directins n sup mixes, but the Lucky-Break Wait well serves thse wh are willing t d it. As lng as ne desn’t cme t rely n it, wishing fr a few gd things t happen never hurts anybdy.
We certainly d spend a gd deal f ur time waiting. The next time yu’re standing at the sink waiting fr it t fill while cking ndle sup that yu’ll have t eat until a large bag f cash falls ut f the sky, dn’t be desperate. Yu’re prbably just as busy as the next guy.
51. While ding a Watched-Pt Wait, we tend t ___________.
A. keep urselves busy
B. get absent-minded
C. grw anxius
D. stay fcused
52. What is the difference between the Frced Wait and the Watched-Pt Wait?
A. The Frced Wait requires sme self-cntrl.
B. The Frced Wait makes peple passive.
C. The Watched-Pt Wait needs directins.
D. The Watched-Pt Wait engages bdy and brain.
53. What can we learn abut the Lucky-Break Wait?
A. It is less vluntary than the Frced Wait.
B. It desn’t always bring the desired result.
C. It is mre fruitful than the Frced Wait.
D. It desn’t give peple faith and hpe.
54. What des the authr advise us t d the next time we are waiting?
A. Take it seriusly.
B. Dn’t rely n thers.
C. D smething else.
D. Dn’t lse heart.
55. The authr supprts his view by ____________.
A. explring varius causes f “waits”
B. describing detailed prcesses f “waits”
C. analyzing different categries f “waits”
D. revealing frustrating cnsequences f “waits”
【语篇解读】这是一篇议论文。文章主要通过介绍三种不同种类的等待来论述我们花费大量的时间来等待，而且作者陈述了自己的观点，即充满希望和信念地等待。
51.B 【解析】考查细节理解。根据第二段的句子During these waits, the brain slips away frm the bdy and wanders abut until the water runs ver the edge f the cunter and nt yur scks. This kind f wait makes the waiter helpless and mindless. 可知选B。
52.A 【解析】考查细节理解。根据第三段内容，尤其是This ne requires a bit f discipline. 及After all, Frced Waiting requires patience. 可知选A。
53.B 【解析】考查细节理解。根据第四段的句子Unlike the Frced Wait, which is als vluntary, waiting fr yur lucky break des nt necessarily mean that it will happen.可知选B。
54.D【解析】考查细节理解。根据最后一段第二句可以判断出下次当我们等待的时候作者建议我们不要灰心、绝望。故选D。
55.C【解析】考查推理判断。通读全文可以知道，作者在二、三、四段列举了三种类型的等待，所以判断出作者是通过分析不同种类的等待来支持自己的观点的。故选C。
2016年阅读理解议论文
Passage1
【2016年新课标Ⅲ卷】Bad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. N news is gd news, and gd news is n news. Thse are the classic rules fr the evening bradcasts and the mrning papers. But nw that infrmatin is being spread and mnitred(监控) in different ways, researchers are discvering new rules. By tracking peple’s e-mails and nline psts, scientists have fund that gd news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sb stries.
＂The ‘if it bleeds’ rule wrks fr mass media,＂ says Jnah Berger, a schlar at the University f Pennsylvania. ＂They want yur eyeballs and dn’t care hw yu’re feeling. But when yu share a stry with yur friends, yu care a lt mre hw they react. Yu dn’t want them t think f yu as a Debbie Dwner.＂
Researchers analyzing wrd-f-muth cmmunicatin — e-mails, Web psts and reviews, face-t-face cnversatins — fund that it tended t be mre psitive than negative(消极的), but that didn’t necessarily mean peple preferred psitive news. Was psitive news shared mre ften simply because peple experienced mre gd things than bad things? T test fr that pssibility, Dr. Berger lked at hw peple spread a particular set f news stries: thusands f articles n The New Yrk Times’ website. He and a Penn clleague analyzed the ＂mst e-mailed＂ list fr six mnths. One f his first findings was that articles in the science sectin were much mre likely t make the list than nn-science articles. He fund that science amazed Times’ readers and made them want t share this psitive feeling with thers.
Readers als tended t share articles that were exciting r funny, r that inspired negative feelings like anger r anxiety, but nt articles that left them merely sad. They needed t be arused(激发) ne way r the ther, and they preferred gd news t bad. The mre psitive an article, the mre likely it was t be shared, as Dr. Berger explains in his new bk, ＂Cntagius: Why Things Catch On.＂
32. What d the classic rules mentined in the text apply t?
A. News reprts.B. Research papers.
C. Private e-mails.D. Daily cnversatins.
33. What can we infer abut peple like Debbie Dwner?
A. They’re scially inactive.
B. They’re gd at telling stries.
C. They’re incnsiderate f thers.
D. They’re careful with their wrds.
34. Which tended t be the mst e-mailed accrding t Dr. Berger’s research?
A. Sprts news.B. Science articles.
C. Persnal accunts.D. Financial reviews.
35. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Sad Stries Travel Far and Wide.
B. Online News Attracts Mre Peple.
C. Reading Habits Change with the Times.
D. Gd News Beats Bad n Scial Netwrks.
【答案】32. A33. C34. B35. D
【解析】试题分析：人们常说＂没有消息就是最好的消息＂。类似的传统说法只适合于大众媒体，在网络普及的时代，好消息在网络上的传播速度比坏消息要快很多。
32. A 细节理解题。根据第二段中的＂The ‘if it bleeds’ rule wrks fr mass media＂可知，像＂it bleeds＂这样的传统说法适用于大众媒体，故选A。
33. C 推理判断题。根据＂yu care a lt mre hw they react＂可知，你非常在乎朋友听完你讲的故事后的反应，根据＂Yu dn’t want them t think f yu as a Debbie Dwner.＂可知，你不想被当作一个＂Debbie Dwner＂，说明Debbie Dwner指的是＂一个不为他人考虑的人＂，故选C。
34. B 细节理解题。根据第三段中的＂articles in the science sectin were much mre likely t make the list than nn-science articles＂可知，科技类的文章比非科技类的更有可能被人们讨论，故选B。
35. D 标题选择题。根据第一段中的＂By tracking peple’s e-mails and nline psts, scientists have fund that gd news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sb stries.＂可知，好消息在网络上传播得更快，影响更深远，说明文章主要讲的是好消息通过网络的传播，故选D。
Passage 2
【2016年浙江卷】"Did yu hear what happened t Adam last Friday?" Lindsey whispers t Tri.
With her eyes shining, Tri brags, "Yu bet I did. Sean tld me tw days ag."
Wh are Lindsey and Tri talking abut? It just happens t be yurs truly, Adam Freedman. I can tell yu that what they are saying is (a) nt nice and (b) nt even true. Still, Lindsey and Tri aren’t very different frm mst students here at Lintn High Schl, including me. Many f ur cnversatins are gssip(闲话). I have nticed three effects f gssip: it can hurt peple, it can give gssipers a strange kind f satisfactin, and it can cause scial pressures in a grup.
An imprtant negative effect f gssip is that it can hurt the persn being talked abut. Usually, gssip spreads infrmatin abut a tpic — breakups, truble at hme, even drpping ut — that a persn wuld rather keep secret. The mre embarrassing r shameful the secret is, the juicier the gssip it makes. Prbably the wrst type f gssip is the abslute lie. Peple ften think f gssipers as harmless, but cruel lies can cause pain.
If we knw that gssip can be harmful, then why d s many f us d it? The answer lies in anther effect f gssip: the satisfactin it gives us. Sharing the latest rumr(传言) can make a persn feel imprtant because he r she knws smething that thers dn’t. Similarly, hearing the latest rumr can make a persn feel like part f the "in grup." In ther wrds, gssip is satisfying because it gives peple a sense f belnging r even superirity(优越感).
Gssip als can have a third effect: it strengthens unwritten, unspken rules abut hw peple shuld act. Prfessr David Wilsn explains that gssip is imprtant in plicing behavirs in a grup. Translated int high schl terms, this means that if everybdy yu hang arund with is laughing at what Jhn wre r what Jane said, then yu can bet that wearing r saying smething similar will get yu the same kind f negative attentin. The d’s and dn’ts cnveyed thrugh gssip will never shw up in any student handbk.
The effects f gssip vary depending n the situatin. The next time yu feel the urge t spread the latest news, think abut why yu want t gssip and what effects yur "juicy stry" might have.
41.The authr uses a cnversatin at the beginning f the passage t ___________.
A. intrduce a tpicB. present an argument
C. describe the charactersD. clarify his writing purpse
42.An imprtant negative effect f gssip is that it ___________.
A. breaks up relatinshipsB. embarrasses the listener
C. spreads infrmatin arundD. causes unpleasant experiences
43.In the authr’s pinin, many peple like t gssip because it ___________.
A. gives them a feeling f pleasure
B. helps them t make mre friends
C. makes them better at telling stries
D. enables them t meet imprtant peple
44.Prfessr David Wilsn thinks that gssip can ___________.
A. prvide students with written rules
B. help peple watch their wn behavirs
C. frce schls t imprve student handbks
D. attract the plice’s attentin t grup behavirs
45.What advice des the authr give in the passage?
A. Never becme a gssiper.B. Stay away frm gssipers.
C. Dn’t let gssip turn int lies.D. Think twice befre yu gssip.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了传言的危害和人们为什么喜欢传闲话。
41. 【答案】A
【解析】根据文章第三段的Many f ur cnversatins are gssip(闲话)可知开头的对话是为了引入本文的主题， 故选A。
42. 【答案】D
【解析】根据文章第四段的An imprtant negative effect f gssip is that it can hurt the persn being talked abut可知其主要危害是会给被讨论的人带来不愉快的经历，故选D。
43. 【答案】A
【解析】根据文章第五段的The answer lies in anther effect f gssip: the satisfactin it gives us可知人们散播传言是因为它会给他们带来满足感，故选A。
44. 【答案】B
【解析】根据文章第六段的Prfessr David Wilsn explains that gssip is imprtant in plicing behavirs in a grup可知他认为传言能帮助人们监督、观察自身的行为，故选B。
45. 【答案】D
【解析】根据文章最后一段的The next time yu feel the urge t spread the latest news, think abut why yu want t gssip and what effects yur “juicy stry” might have可知作者的建议是让人们在传闲话之前三思而后行。故选D。
Passage 3
【2016年北京卷】Why Cllege Is Nt Hme
The cllege years are suppsed t be a time fr imprtant grwth in autnmy(自主性) and the develpment f adult identity. Hwever, nw they are becming an extended perid f adlescence, during which many f tday’s students and are nt shuldered with adult respnsibilities.
Fr previus generatins, cllege was a decisive break frm parental cntrl; guidance and supprt needed t cme frm peple f the same age and frm within. In the past tw decades, hwever, cntinued cnnectin with and dependence n family, thanks t cell phnes, email and scial media, have increased significantly. Sme parents g s far as t help with cursewrk. Instead f prmting the idea f cllege as a passage frm the shelter f the family t autnmy and adult respnsibility, universities have given in t the idea that they shuld prvide the same envirnment as that f the hme.
T prepare fr increased autnmy and respnsibility, cllege needs t be a time f explratin and experimentatin. This prcess invlves ＂trying n ＂ new ways f thinking abut neself bther intellectually(在思维方面) and persnally. While we shuld prvide ＂safe spaces＂ within clleges, we must als make it safe t express pinins and challenge majrity views. Intellectual grwth and flexibility are fstered by strict debate and questining.
Learning t deal with the scial wrld is equally imprtant. Because a cllege cmmunity(群体) differs frm the family, many students will struggle t find a sense f belnging. If students rely n administratrs t regulate their scial behavir and thinking pattern, they are nt facing the challenge f finding an identity within a larger and cmplex cmmunity.
Mrever, the tendency fr universities t mnitr and shape student behavir runs up against anther characteristic f yung adults: the respnse t being cntrlled by their elders. If acceptable scial behavir is t strictly defined(规定) and cntrlled, the insensitive r aggressive behavir that administratrs are seeking t minimize may actually be encuraged.
It is nt surprising that yung peple are likely t burst ut, particularly when there are reasns t d s. Our generatin nce jined hands and std firm at times f natinal emergency. What is lacking tday is the cnflict between adlescent’s desire fr autnmy and their understanding f an unsafe wrld. Therefre, there is the desire fr their drms t be replacement hmes and nt places t experience intellectual grwth.
Every cllege discussin abut cmmunity values, scial climate and behavir shuld include recgnitin f the develpmental imprtance f student autnmy and self-regulatin, f the necessary tensin between safety and self-discvery.
67. What’s the authr’s attitude tward cntinued parental guidance t cllege students?
A. Sympathetic. B. Disapprving.
C. Supprtive. D. Neutral.
68. The underlined wrd ＂passage＂ in Paragraph 2 means _________.
A. change B. chice
C. text D. extensin
69. Accrding t the authr, what rle shuld cllege play?
A. T develp a shared identity amng students.
B. T define and regulate students’ scial behavir.
C. T prvide a safe wrld withut tensin fr students.
D. T fster students’ intellectual and persnal develpment.
70. Which f the fllwing shws the develpment f ideas in the passage?
I: Intrductin P:Pint Sp:Sub-pint(次要点) C:Cnclusin
【答案】67. B 68. A 69. D 70. C
【解析】试题分析：大学并不是温暖的家，也不能成为学生的家。大学时期应该是培养自主性和自我同一性的重要时期，大学是孩子脱离父母控制的决定性时期，因此，学校不应该成为像家庭一样让孩子依赖的地方。
67. B观点态度题。根据第一段＂The cllege years are suppsed t be a time fr imprtant grwth in autnmy(自主性) and the develpment f adult identity. Hwever...＂可知，作者认为，大学不应该成为孩子们依赖的＂家＂，说明作者不赞成父母继续指导上大学的孩子，故选B。
68. A词义猜测题。根据＂frm the shelter f the family t autnmy and adult respnsibility＂可知，从受家庭的庇护到有自主性和肩负成年人的责任，这是一种转变、变化，故选A。
69. D推理判断题。每个人的个性都是不同的，排除A；根据第四段＂If students rely n administratrs t regulate their scial behavir and thinking pattern, they are nt facing...＂可知，作者不赞成大学管理者约束学生的社会行为，排除B；大学不应该是一个无忧无虑的场所，排除C；大学应该是获得知识和促进学生成长的地方，故选D。
70. C篇章结构题。根据第四段＂Learning t deal with the scial wrld is equally imprtant.＂中的＂equally imprtant＂和第五段的＂Mrever＂可知，第四段和第五段是第三段的次要论点，故选C。
Passage 4
【2016年上海卷】 Is there link between humans and climate change r nt? This questin was first studied in the early 1900s. Since then, many scientists have thught that ur actins d make a difference. In 1997, the Kyt Prtcl explained ur rle in the Earth’s changing atmsphere and set internatinal limits fr gas emissins(排放) frm 2008 t 2012. Sme cuntries have decided t cntinue these reductins until 2020. Mre recently, the Paris Agreement, stuck by nearly 200 cuntries, als aims t limit glbal warming. But just nw hw much warmer it will get depends n hw deeply cuntries cut carbn emissins.
3.5℃
This is hw much temperatures wuld rise by 2100 even if natins live up t the initial Paris prmises t reduce carbn emissins; this rise culd still put castal cities under water and drive ver half f all species t extinctin.
2℃
T meet this minimum gal, the Agreement requires cuntries t tighten emissins targets every five years. Even this increase culd sink sme islands, wrse drught(干旱) and drive a decline f up t a third in the number f species.
1.5℃
This is the mst ambitius gal fr temperature rise set by the Paris Agreement, after a push by lw-lying island natins like Kiribati, which say limiting temperature rise t 1.5℃ culd save them frm sinking.

0.8℃
This is hw much temperatures have risen since the industrial age began, putting us 40% f the way t the 2℃ pint.
0℃
The baseline here is average glbal temperature befre the start f the industrial age.
70. It can be cncluded frm paragraph 1 that _______.
A. the prblem f glbal warming will have been quite slved by 2020
B. gas emissins have been effectively reduced in develped cuntries
C. the Paris Agreements is mre influential than the Kyt Prtcl
D. humans have made cntinuus effrts t slw dwn glbal warming
71. If natins culd nly keep the initial prmises f the Paris Agreement, what wuld happen by the year 2100?
A. The human ppulatin wuld increase by ne third.
B. Little ver 50% f all species wuld still exist.
C. Natins wuld nt need t tighten their emissins targets.
D. The Agreement’s minimum gal wuld nt be reached.
72. If thse island natins nt far abve sea level are t survive, the maximum temperature rise, since the start f the industrial age, shuld be_______.
A. 0.8℃ B. 1.5℃
C. 2℃ D. 3.5℃
【答案】70. D 71. D 72. B
【解析】试题分析：本文介绍了人们一直努力减少温室气体的排放，并设立了到2100年我们应该达成的目标以及达成目标要符合的条件。
70.D 推理判断题。根据文章第一段第三句至第六句＂Since then, many scientists have thught that ur actins d make a difference. In 1997, the Kyt by nearly 200 cuntries, als aims t limit glbal warming.＂可知自从20世纪早期开始人类就一直在努力减少温室气体的排放，希望能减缓全球变暖的趋势。故D项正确。
71.D 推理判断题。根据文章第二段This is hw much temperatures wuld rise by 2100 even if natins live up t the initial Paris prmises t reduce carbn emissins…可知如果各国的气体排放能够符合巴黎协议的要求，到2100年气温会比现在高三度。而根据第三段T meet this minimum gal可知最小的目标是上升两度。也就是说即使各国的气体排放能够符合巴黎协议的要求，也达不到最小的目标。故D正确。
72.B 细节理解题。根据第四段1.5℃中的This is the mst ambitius gal fr temperature rise set by the Paris Agreement, after a push by lw-lying island natins like Kiribati, which say limiting temperature rise t 1.5℃ culd save them frm sinking.可知对于那些低海拔的国家来说温度上升不超过1.5度，就可以避免他们被淹没。故B正确。
Passage 5
【2016年四川卷】If yu culd have ne superpwer, what wuld it be?
Dreaming abut whether yu wuld want t read minds, see thrugh walls, r have superhuman strength may sund silly, but it actually gets t the heart f what really matters in yur life.
Every day in ur wrk, we are inspired by the peple we meet ding extrardinary things t imprve the wrld.
They have a different kind f superpwer that all f us pssess: the pwer t make a difference in the lives f thers.
We’re nt saying that everyne needs t cntribute their lives t the pr. Yur lives are busy enugh ding hmewrk, playing sprts, making friends, seeking after yur dreams. But we d think that yu can live a mre pwerful life when yu devte sme f yur time and energy t smething much larger than yurself. Find an issue yu are interested in and learn mre. Vlunteer r, if yu can, cntribute a little mney t a cause. Whatever yu d, dn’t be a bystander. Get invlved. Yu may have the pprtunity t make yur biggest difference when yu’re lder. But why nt start nw?
Our wn experience wrking tgether n health, develpment, and energy the last twenty years has been ne f the mst rewarding parts f ur lives. It has changed wh we are and cntinues t fuel ur ptimism abut hw much the lives f the prest peple will imprve in the years ahead.
24.What des the underlined part in Paragraph 2 refer t?
A. Yur life style.B. Yur life value.
C. Yur truble in life.D. Yur life experience.
25.Why des the authr say they are inspired every day?
A. They pssess different kinds f superpwers.
B. They have gt the pwer t change the wrld.
C. Sme peple arund them are making the wrld better.
D. There are many pwerful peple in their life and wrk.
26.What des the authr stress in Paragraph 5?
A. Learning mre and cntributing mre t a cause.
B. Rising abve self and acting t help thers.
C. Wrking hard t get a bigger pprtunity.
D. Trying yur best t help the pr.
27.What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A. The authr believes the lives f the prest will get better.
B. Much mre prgress will be made in the near future.
C. The wrk n health is the mst valuable experience.
D. Peple’s effrts have been materially rewarded.
【答案】24.B 25.C 26.B 27.A
【解析】试题分析：本文以虚拟语气的问句形式开头，鼓励人们奉献自己的一些时间和精力去帮助别人，最穷人的生活将会变得更好。
24.B 词义猜测题。此处是说，梦想着能读懂别人心思，看穿墙，或者拥有超能力，这些可能听起来很荒唐，但是实际上它是你生活的价值的核心。故选B。
25.C 细节理解题。根据第三段Every day in ur wrk, we are inspired by the peple we meet ding extrardinary things t imprve the wrld.可知每天在我们的工作中，我们会受到一些人的鼓舞，他们在做一些特别的事情来改善世界。故选C。
26.B 推理判断题。综合第五段内容可知，作者想要告诉我们，提升自己，行动起来帮助别人。故选B。
27.A 推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句可知，它已经改变了我们是谁，并将在以后的这些年里继续点燃我们对改善穷人生活的乐观情绪。故选A。
Passage 6
【2016年天津卷】Failure is prbably the mst exhausting experience a persn ever has. There is nthing mre tiring than nt succeeding.
We experience this tiredness in tw ways: as start-up fatigue(疲惫) and perfrmance fatigue. In the frmer case, we keep putting ff a task because it has either t bring r t difficult. And the lnger we delay it, the mre tired we feel.
Such start-up fatigue is very real, even if nt actually physical, nt smething in ur muscles and bnes. The slutin is bvius thugh perhaps nt easy t apply: always handle the mst difficult jb first.
Years ag, I was asked t write 102 essays n the great ideas f sme famus authrs. Applying my wn rule, I determined t write them in alphabetical rder(按字母顺序), never letting myself leave ut a tugh idea. And I always started the day’s wrk with the difficult task f essay-writing. Experience prved that the rule wrks.
Perfrmance fatigue is mre difficult t handle. Thugh willing t get started, we cannt seem t d the jb right. Its difficulties appear s great that, hwever hard we wrk, we fail again and again. In such a situatin, I wrk as hard as I can — then let the uncnscius take ver.
When planning Encyclpaedia Britannica (《大英百科全书》), I had t create a table f cntents based n the tpics f its articles. Nthing like this had ever been dne befre, and day after day I kept cming up with slutins, but nne f them wrked. My fatigue became almst unbearable.
One day, mentally exhausted, I wrte dwn all the reasns why this prblem culd nt be slved. I tried t cnvince myself that the truble was with the prblem itself, nt with me. Relieved, I sat back in an easy chair and fell asleep.
An hur later, I wke up suddenly with the slutin clearly in mind. In the weeks that fllwed, the slutin which had cme up in my uncnscius mind prved crrect at every step. Thugh I wrked as hard as befre, I felt n fatigue. Success was nw as exciting as failure had been depressing.
Human beings, I believe must try t succeed. Success, then, means never feeling tired.
51. Peple with start-up fatigue are mst likely t _____________.
A. delay tasksB. wrk hardC. seek helpD. accept failure
52. What des the authr recmmend ding t prevent start-up fatigue?
A. Writing essays in strict rder. B. Building up physical strength.
C. Leaving ut the tughest ideas.D. Dealing with the hardest task first.
53. On what ccasin des a persn prbably suffer frm perfrmance fatigue?
A. Befre starting a difficult task.
B. When all the slutins fail.
C. If the jb is rather bring.
D. After finding a way ut.
54. Accrding t the authr, the uncnscius mind may help us _____________.
A. ignre mental prblemsB. get sme nice sleep
C. gain cmplete reliefD. find the right slutin
55. What culd be the best title fr the passage?
A. Success Is Built upn Failure
B. Hw t Handle Perfrmance Fatigue
C. Getting ver Fatigue: A Way t Success
D. Fatigue: An Early Sign f Health Prblems
【语篇解读】这是一篇夹叙夹议文章。文章主要介绍每个人都希望成功，但是人们在实施任务的时候会出现启动疲惫和表现疲惫，这是造成失败的两种原因，并介绍了如何克服这两种疲惫。
51.A 【解析】考查细节理解。根据第二段的句子In the frmer case, we keep putting ff a task可知，有启动疲惫的人更可能拖延任务。故选A。
52.D 【解析】考查细节理解。根据第三段的句子The slutin is bvius thugh perhaps nt easy t apply: always handle the mst difficult jb first可知，为了防止启动疲惫，作者建议首先处理最难的任务。故选D。
53.B【解析】考查细节理解。根据第五段的句子Perfrmance fatigue is mre difficult t handle可知，当所有的解决方法都失败的时候，一个人可能会有表现疲惫。故选B。
54.D【解析】考查细节理解。根据第五段的最后一句话可知，无意识的行为可能帮助我们发现正确的解决方法。故选D。
55.C【解析】考查标题归纳。根据全篇文章，尤其是最后一段的内容可知，文章主要介绍造成失败的两种疲惫以及如何克服疲惫。故选C。
2015年阅读理解议论文
Passage1
【2015年新课标Ⅱ卷】Mre students than ever befre are taking a gap year(间隔年) befre ging t university. It used t be the “year ff” between schl and university. The gap-year phenmenn riginated(起源) with the mnths left ver t Oxbridge applicants between entrance exams in Nvember and the start f the next academic year.
This year, 25,310 students wh have accepted places in higher educatin institutins have put ff their entry until next year, accrding t statistics n university entrance prvided by the University and Cllege Admissins Service (UCAS).
That is a recrd 14.7% increase in the number f students taking a gap year. Tny Higgins frm UCAS said that the statistics are gd news fr everyne in higher educatin. “Students wh take a well-planned year ut are mre likely t be satisfied with, and cmplete, their chsen curse. Students wh take a gap year are ften mre mature and respnsible,” he said.
But nt everyne is happy. Owain James, the president f the Natinal Unin f Students (NUS), argued that the increase is evidence f student hardship – yung peple are being frced int earning mney befre finishing their educatin. “New students are nw aware that they are likely t leave university up t￡15,000 in debt. It is nt surprising that mre and mre students are taking a gap year t earn mney t supprt their study fr the degree. NUS statistics shw that ver 40% f students are frced t wrk during term time and the figure increases t 90% during vacating perids,” he said.
29. What d we learn abut the gap year frm the text?
It is flexible in length.
It is a time fr relaxatin
It is increasingly ppular
It is required by universities
30. Accrding t Tny Higgins. students taking a gap year ____.
are better prepared fr cllege studies
knw a lt mre abut their future jb
are mre likely t leave university in debt
have a better chance t enter tp universities
31. Hw des Owain James feel abut the gap-year phenmenn?
He’s puzzled
He’s wrried
He’s surprised
He’s annyed
32. What wuld mst students d n their vacatin accrding t NUS statistics?
Attend additinal curses.
Make plans fr the new term
Earn mney fr their educatin
Prepare fr their graduate studies
【解析】试题分析: 本文提到大学的学费高使得很多大学生在上学学前就要先去挣钱然后再上大学学习。这样的好处是让学生更珍惜大学的时光，更成熟有责任感。但是也给人们带来了思考。
29.C 推理判断题。由短文第一段 Mre students than ever befre are taking a gap year(间隔年) befre ging t university.可知，过间隔年学生比以前多了，第二段第一句话 That is a recrd 14.7% increase in the number (f students taking a gap year.可知体验间隔年数量上升了 14.7%，说明越来越受到欢迎，因此选 C。
30.A 细节理解题。由人名定位到短文第三段。Students wh take a well-planned year ut are mre likely t be satisfied with, and cmplete, their chsen curse. Students wh take a gap year are ften mre mature and respnsible,” he said.第三段在说它的优点，有间隔年之后再去上大学，会让人更成熟有责任感，对大学的学习有帮助。故选A。
31.B 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段But nt everyne is happy. 然后提到Owain，Owain James, the president f the Natinal Unin f Students (NUS), argued that the increase is evidence f student hardship，这证明学生很难；…mre and mre students are taking a gap year t earn mney t supprt their study fr the degree.他说越来越多的学生会在gap year期间是要去挣大学的费用。故选B。
32. C细节理解题。根据文章最后一句话可知：NUS statistics shw that ver 40% f students are frced t wrk during term time and the figure increases t 90% during vacating perids,” 数据表明，40%多的学生在学校兼职，90%的学生要在假期打工挣学费。
Passage 2
【2015年浙江卷】If humans were truly at hme under the light f the mn and stars，we wuld g in darkness happily, the midnight wrld as visible t us as it is t the vast number f ncturnal(夜间活动的) species n this planet. Instead, we are diurnal creatures, with eyes adapted t living in the sun's light. This is a basic evlutinary fact, even thugh mst f us dn't think f urselves as diurnal beings. Yet it's the nly way t explain what we've dne t the night: We've engineered it t receive us by filling it with light.
The benefits f this kind f engineering cme with cnsequences — called light pllutin — whse effects scientists are nly nw beginning t study. Light pllutin is largely the result f bad lighting design, which allws artificial light t shine utward and upward int the sky. Ⅲ-designed lighting washes ut the darkness f night and cmpletely changes the light levels — and light rhythms — t which many frms f life, including, urselves, have adapted. Wherever human light spills int the natural wrld, sme aspect f life is affected.
In mst cities the sky lks as thugh it has been emptied f stars, leaving behind a vacant haze(霾) that mirrrs ur fear f the dark. We've grwn s used t this range haze that the riginal glry f an unlit nigh, - dark enugh fr the planet Venus t thrw shadw n Earth, is whlly beynd ur experience, beynd memry almst.
We’ve lit up the night as if it were an unccupied cuntry, when nthing culd be further frm the truth. Amng mammals alne, the number f ncturnal species is astnishing, Light is a pwerful bilgical frce, and n many species it acts as a magnet(磁铁). The effect is s pwerful that scientists speak f sngbirds and seabirds being“captured”by searchlights n land r by the light frm gas flares n marine il platfrms. Migrating at night, birds tend t cllide with brightly lit tall buildings.
Frgs living near brightly lit highways suffer ncturnal light levels that are as much as a millin times brighter than nrmal, thrwing nearly every aspect f their behavir ut f jint, including their nighttime breeding chruses. Humans are n less trapped by light pllutin than the frgs. Like mst ther creatures, we d need darkness .Darkness is as essential t ur bilgical welfare, t ur internal clckwrk, as light itself.
Living in a glare f ur making, we have cut urselves ff frm ur evlutinary and cultural heritage—the light f the stars and the rhythms f day and night .In a very real sense, light pllutin causes us t lse sight f ur true place in the universe, t frget the scale f ur being, which is best measured against the dimensins f a deep night with the Milky Way — the edge f ur galaxy — arching verhead.
50. Accrding t the passage, human beings .
A. prefer t live in the darkness
B. are used t living in the day light
C. were curius abut the midnight wrld
D. had t stay at hme with the light f the mn
51. What des “it”(Paragraph 1) mst prbably refer t?
A. The night.B. The mn
C. The sky D. The planet
52. The writer mentins birds and frgs t .
A. prvide examples f animal prtectin
B. shw hw light pllutin affects animals
C. cmpare the living habits f bth species
D. explain why the number f certain species has declined
53. It is implied in the last paragraph that .
A. light pllutin dse harm t the eyesight f animals
B. light pllutin has destryed sme f the wrld heritages
C. human beings cannt g t the uter space
D. human beings shuld reflect n their psitin in the universe
54.What might be the best title fr the passage?
A. The Magic Light.B. The Orange Haze.
C. The Disappearing Night.D. The Rhythms f Nature.
【解析】试题分析：文章介绍了光污染对于动物和人类的影响，呼吁我们反思我们的行为。
50.B 细节理解题 根据第一段第三行“ with eyes adapted t living in the sun’s light眼睛适应了太阳的光线” 可以知道答案。其中adapted t 和used t 同义，意为习惯于。
53.D 推理题，最后一段的意思是” Living in a glare f ur making ,we have cut urselves ff frm ur evlutinary and cultural heritage—the light f the stars and the rhythms f day and night .In a very real sense light pllutin causes us t lse sight f ur true place in the universe, t frget the scale f ur being, which is best measured against the dimensins f a deep night with the Milky Way—the edge f ur galaxy arching verhead.生活在一个刺眼世界，我们已经远离了进化和文化遗产：星星和昼夜节律的光。在一个非常真实的意义上，光污染使我们在宇宙中失去真我，而这些失去的正好就是最好的测量银河系银河深夜的工具。“ 根据语意，不难得出答案是D. human beings shuld reflect n their psitin in the universe人类应该反思自己的行为。但此题易错选B，之所以不选B是因为sme f 的表达是扩大了说法，以偏概全。
54.C 标题题，根据，文章出现最多的就是light和night, 我们可以知道答案是C。之所以不选A，是因为它所使用的形容词Magic意思是奇幻的，这个单词具有褒义的意思。而C选项的disappearing 是消失的，这符合本文的语境，让我们反思。
Passage 3
【2015年重庆卷】
Jin the discussin…
LakeLander ·2 hurs ag
Tday, a man talked very lud n his phne n a train between Malvern and Reading, making many passengers upset. I wnder hw he wuld react if I were t read my newspaper ut lud n the train, I have never had the curage t d it, thugh.
Pak50 ·57 minutes ag
Why nt give it a try? Perhaps yu shuld take lessns n a musical instrument. The late musician Dennis Brian is said t have asked a fellw train passenger t turn ff his radi. When his request was refused, he tk ut his French hrn(号) and started t practice.
Angie O’Edema·42 minutes ag
I dn’t see hw musical instruments can help imprve manners in public. Dn’t d t thers what yu wuldn’t like t be dne t yurself. Once, a passenger next t me talked ut lud n his mbile phne. I left my seat quietly, giving him sme privacy t finish his cnversatin. He realized this and aplgised t me. When his phne rang again later, he left his seat t answer it. Yu see, a bit f respect and cperatin can d the jb better.
Tadas ·29 minutes ag
I did read my newspaper ut lud n a train, and it turned ut well. The guy tk it in gd part, and we chatted happily all the way t Edinbergh.
Sphie 76 ·13minutes ag
I have nt tried reading my newspaper ut lud n a train, but, several years ag, I read sme chapters frm Harry Prter t my bred and nisy children. Several passengers seemed t appreciate what I did.
44. The passenger made an aplgy t Angie O’Edema because____.
A. he ffered his seat t smene else
B. he spke very ludly n his phne
C. he refused t talk with Angie
D. he ignred Angie’s request
45. Wh nce read a newspaper ut lud n a train?
A. Pak50.B. Angie O’Edema.C. Tadas.D. Sphie76.
46. What is the discussin mainly abut?
A. Hw t react t bad behavir.B. Hw t kill time n a train.
C. Hw t chat with strangers.D. Hw t make a phne call.
47. Where is the passage mst prbably taken frm?
A. A webpage.B. A newspaper.C. A nvel.D. A reprt.
【解析】试题分析: 主要讲述了Lake Lander在论坛上描述了自己遇到的不文明现象后，众人发表的关于自己经历的
不文明现象的描述和看法。
46.A 主旨大意。本文主要是对别人的不文明行为如何做出反应的一个讨论，故选A项。
47.A 推断题。本文是篇对于社会现象的讨论，根据出现的讨论的时间，彼此隔开时间不长，可知来自网络，故选A项。
Passage 4
【2015年北京卷】 Technlgical change is everywhere and affects every aspect f life, mstly fr the better. Hwever, scial changes are brught abut by new technlgy are ften mistaken fr a change in attitudes.
An example at hand is the invlvement f parents in the lives f their children wh are attending cllege. Surveys (调查) n this tpic suggests that parents tday cntinue t be ＂very＂r ＂smewhat＂verly-prtective even after their children mve int cllege drmitries. The same surveys als indicate that the rate f parental invlvement is greater tday than it was a generatin ag. This is usually interpreted as a sign that tday’s parents are trying t manage their children’s lives past the pint where this behavir is apprpriate.
Hwever, greater parental invlvement des nt necessarily indicate that parents are failing t let g f their ＂adult＂ children.
In the cntext (背景) f this discussin, it seems valuable t first find ut the cause f change in the case f parents’ invlvement with their grwn children. If parents f earlier generatins had wanted t be in tuch with their cllege-age children frequently, wuld this have been pssible? Prbably nt. On the ther hand, des the pssibility f frequent cmmunicatin tday mean that the urge t d s wasn’t present a generatin ag? Many studies shw that lder parents — tday’s grandparents — wuld have called their children mre ften if the means and cst f ding s had nt been a barrier.
Furthermre, studies shw that finances are the mst frequent subject f cmmunicatin between parents and their cllege children. The fact that cllege students are financially dependent n their parents is nthing new; nr are requests fr mre mney t be sent frm hme. This phenmenn is neither gd nr bad; it is a fact f cllege life, tday and in the past.
Thanks t the advanced technlgy, we live in an age f bettered cmmunicatin. This has many implicatins well beynd the rle that parents seem t play in the lives f their children wh have left fr cllege. But it is useful t bear in mind that all such changes cme frm the technlgy and nt sme imagined desire by parents t keep their children under their wings.
67. The surveys infrm us f __________.
A. the develpment f technlgy
B. the changes f adult children’s behavir
C. the parents’ ver-prtectin f their cllege children
D. the means and expenses f students’ cmmunicatin
68. The writer believes that __________.
A. parents tday are mre prtective than thse in the past
B. the disadvantages f new technlgy utweigh its advantages
C. technlgy explains greater invlvement with their children
D. parents’ changed attitudes lead t cllege children’s delayed independence
69. What is the best title fr the passage?
A. Technlgy r Attitude
B. Dependence r Independence
C. Family Influences r Scial Changes
D. Cllege Management r Cmmunicatin Advancement
70. Which f the fllwing shws the develpment f ideas in this passage?

【解析】试题分析：以父母对于上大学的成年子女过度保护的问题为例，提出了科技带来的一些改变容易被误认为态度的改变的论点。
69.A主旨大意题。由第一段第二句话得出。这种科技的改变容易被误认为态度的改变。第2-5段讨论到底是科技还是态度的改变。第6段再次明确表示是科技的改变。故选A。
70.B 文章结构题。文章第一段是intrductin，第二段是第一个论点，指出父母在子女生活中参与度提高的现象。第三段是第二个论点(关键词Hwever)，指出通过调查并不能推断出父母未能对子女放手，分论点一是科技的进步导致父母对子女生活更多的参与，分论点二(关键词Furthermre)是子女经济不独立导致父母对子女生活的过多参与。最后一段总结。故选B。
Passage 5
【2015年广东卷】Daniel Andersn, a famus psychlgist, believes it’s imprtant t distinguish televisin’s influences n children frm thse f the family. We tend t blame TV, he says, fr prblems it desn’t really cause, verlking ur wn rles in shaping children’s minds.
One traditinal belief abut televisin is that it reduces a child’s ability t think and t understand the wrld. While watching TV, children d nt merely absrb wrds and images(影像). Instead, they learn bth explicit and hidden meanings frm what they see. Actually, children learn early the psychlgy f characters in TV shws. Furthermre, as many teachers agree, children understand far mre when parents watch TV with them, explaining new wrds and ideas. Yet, mst parents use an educatinal prgram as a chance t park their kids in frnt f the set and d smething in anther rm.
Anther argument against televisin is that it replaces reading as a frm f entertainment. But accrding t Andersn, the amunt f time spent watching televisin is nt related t reading ability. TV desn’t take the place f reading fr mst children; it takes the place f similar srts f recreatin, such as listening t the radi and playing sprts. Things like parents’ educatinal backgrund have a strnger influence n a child’s reading. "A child’s reading ability is best predicted by hw much a parent reads," Andersn says.
Traditinal wisdm als has it that heavy televisin-watching lwers IQ(智商)scres and affects schl perfrmance. But here, t, Andersn ntes that n studies have prved it. In fact, research suggests that it’s the ther way arund. "If yu’re smart yung, yu’ll watch less TV when yu’re lder," Andersn says. Yet, peple f lwer IQ tend t be lifelng televisin viewers.
Fr years researchers have attempted t shw that televisin is dangerus t children. Hwever, by shwing that televisin prmtes nne f the dangerus effects as cnventinally believed, Andersn suggests that televisin cannt be cndemned withut cnsidering ther influences.
36.By watching TV, children learn __________.
A. images thrugh wrdsB. mre than explicit meanings
C. mre abut images than wrdsD. little abut peple’s psychlgy
37.An educatinal prgram is best watched by a child___________.
A. n his wnB. with ther kids
C. with his parents D. with his teachers
38.Which f the fllwing is mst related t children’s reading ability?
A. Radi-listening.B. Televisin-watching.
C. Parents’ reading list.D. Parents’ educatinal backgrund.
39.Andersn believes that .
A. the mre a child watches TV, the smarter he is
B. the yunger a child is, the mre he watches TV
C. the smarter a child is, the less likely he gets addicted t TV
D. the less a child watches TV, the better he perfrms at schl
40.What is the main purpse f the passage?
A. T advise n the educatinal use f TV.
B. T describe TV’s harmful effects n children.
C. T explain traditinal views n TV influences.
D. T present Andersn’s uncnventinal ideas.
【解析】试题分析：本文叙述著名心理学家Daniel Andersn对孩子们看电视的看法，打破了以往人们认为看电视对孩子不好的想法。他认为孩子们看电视不知学到显现出来的东西；父母陪孩子看电视，孩子可以学到更多知识；孩子看电视并没有代替孩子阅读，并没有影响孩子的智商。
36. B细节理解题。根据第二段的Instead, they learn bth explicit and hidden meanings frm what they see.可知孩子们通过看电视，可以学到显性和隐藏的意义，因此不仅仅学到隐藏的意思。故选B。
37. C推理判断题。根据第二段的Furthermre, as many teachers agree, children understand far mre when parents
watch TV with them“孩子们有父母陪着看电视理解的更多”，故推断教育节目最好是父母陪着孩子看。故
选C。
Passage 6
【2015年湖北卷】“I see yu’ve gt a bit f water n yur cat,” said the man at the petrl statin. “Is it raining ut there?””N, it’s pretty nice,” I replied, checking my sleeve. “Oh, right. A pny(马驹) bit me earlier.”
As it happened, the bite was virtually painless: mre the kind f small bite yu might get frm a naughty child. The pny respnsible was queuing up fr sme ice cream in the car park near Haytr, and perhaps thught I’d jumped in ahead f him.
The reasn why the pnies here are naughty is that Haytr is a turist-heavy area and turists are cnstantly feeding the pnies fds, despite signs asking them nt t. By feeding the pnies, turists increase the risk f them getting hit by a car, and make them harder t gather during the area’s annual pny drift(迁移).
The purpse f a pny drift is t gather them up s their health can be checked, the baby nes can be stpped frm feeding n their mther’s milk, and thse wh’ve gne beynd their limited area can be returned t their crrect area. Sme f them are als later sld, in rder t limit the number f pnies accrding t the rules set by Natural England.
Three weeks ag, I witnessed a small near-disaster a few miles west f here. While walking, I nticed a pny rll ver n his back. “Hell!” I said t him, assuming he was just rlling fr fun, but he was very still and, as I gt clser, I saw him kicking his legs in the air and breathing heavily. I began t prperly wrry abut him. Frtunately, I managed t get in tuch with a Dartmr’s Livestck Prtectin fficer and send her a pht. The fficer immediately sent a lcal farmer ut t check n the pny. The pny had actually been trapped between tw rcks. The farmer freed him, and he began t run happily arund again.
Dartmr has 1,000 r s pnies, wh play a critical rle in creating the diversity f species in this area. Many peple are wrking hard t preserve these pnies, and trying t cme up with plans t find a sustainable(可持续的) future fr ne f Dartmr’s mst financially-trubled elements.
51. Why are turists asked nt t feed the pnies?
A. T prtect the turists frm being bitten
B. T keep the pnies ff the petrl statin
C. T avid putting the pnies in danger
D. T prevent the pnies frm fighting
52. One f the purpses f the annual pny drift is ______________.
A. t feed baby pnies n milk
B. t cntrl the number f pnies
C. t expand the habitat fr pnies
D. t sell the pnies at a gd price
53. What as the authr’s first reactin when he saw a pny rll n its back?
A. He freed it frm the trap
B. He called a prtectin fficer
C. He wrried abut it very much
D. He thught f it as being naughty
54. What des the authr imply abut the preservatin f Dartmr’s pnies?
A. It lacks peple’s invlvement.
B. It csts a large amunt f mney
C. It will affect turism in Dartmr.
D. It has caused an imbalance f species
【解析】试题分析：这是一篇夹叙夹议文。本文记叙了作者在Haytr关于马驹的所见所闻，目睹了马驹的淘气与脆弱，了解了马驹迁徙的原因以及保护马驹面临的困难。
53. D细节理解题。根据第五段中的“…, assuming he was just rlling fr fun,…”可知作者认为小马驹很淘气，滚着玩的。故选D项。
54. B推理判断题。根据最后一段中尾句“Many peple are wrking hard t preserve these pnies, and trying t cme up with plans t find a sustainable(可持续的) future fr ne f Dartmr’s mst financially-trubled elements.”可知保护马驹是对Dartmr来说是一笔很大的开销。故选B项。
Passage 7
【2015年湖北卷】Science has a lt f uses. It can uncver laws f nature, cure diseseases, make bmbs, and help bridges t stand up. Indeed science is s gd at what it des that there’s always a temptatin(诱惑) t drag it int prblems where it may nt be helpful. David Brks, authr f The Scial Animal: The Hidden Surces f Lve, Character, and Achievement, appears t be the latest in a lng line f writers wh have failed t resist the temptatin.
Brks gained fame fr several bks. His latest bk The Scial Animal, hwever, is mre ambitius and serius than his earlier bks. It is an attempt t deal with a set f weighty tpics. The bk fcuses n big questins: What has science revealed abut human nature? What are the surces f character? And why are sme peple happy and successful while thers aren’t?
T answer these questins, Brks surveys a wide range f disciplines（学科）. Cnsidering this, yu might expect the bk t be a dry recitatin f facts. But Brks has structured his bk in an unrthdx(非常规的), and perhaps unfrtunate, way. Instead f intrducing scientific theries, he tells a stry, within which he tries t make his pints, perhaps in rder t keep the reader’s attentin. S as Harld and Erica, the her and herine in his stry, live thrugh childhd, we hear abut the science f child develpment, and as they begin t date we hear abut the thery f sexual attractin. Brks carries this thrugh t the death f ne f his characters.[来源:学+科+网]
On the whle,Brks’s stry is acceptable if uninspired. As ne wuld expect, his writing is mstly clear and, t be fair, sme chapters stand ut abve the rest. I enjyed, fr instance, the chapter in which Harld discvers hw t think n his wn. While Harld and Erica are certainly nt strng r memrable characters, the mre serius prblems with The Scial Animal lie elsewhere. These prblems partly invlve Brks’s attempt t translate his tale int science.
67. The authr mentins the functins f science at the beginning f the passage t__________.
A. illustrate where science can be applied
B. demnstrate the value f Brks’s new bk
C. remind the reader f the imprtance f science
D. explain why many writers use science in their wrks
68. Accrding t the authr, which f the fllwing culd be a strength f the bk?
A. Its strng basis.
B. Its cnvincing pints.
C. Its clear writing.
D. Its memrable characters.
69. What is the authr’s general attitude twards the bk?
A. Cntradictry.
B. Supprtive.
C . Cautius.
D. Critical.
70. What is the authr likely t write abut after the last paragraph?
A. Prblems with the bk.
B. Brks’s life experiences.
C. Death f the characters.
D. Brks’s translatin skills.
68.C推理判断题。根据最后一段中“…, his writing is mstly clear and , t be fair, sme chapters stand ut abve the rest. I enjyed,… ”可知作者认为写作思路清晰是这本书的一大优势。故选C项。
69.D观点态度题。最后一段中的链接词“while”之前是这本书的优势，其后作者指出了其不足。因此作者对这部书持批判的态度。故选D项。
70. A篇章结构题。文章最后一段中链接词“while”后面部分开始谈论这本书存在的问题。因此紧接着作者应该还是在写这本的不足。故选A项。
Passage 8
【2015年湖南卷】
56. Michael Hran wrte the letter mainly t shw that ________.
A. drivers shuld be plite t cyclists
B. rad accidents can actually be avided
C. sme pedestrians are a threat t rad safety
D. walking while using phnes hurts ne’s eyes
57. Carl Harvey suggests that cyclists shuld_______.
A.be prvided with enugh rads
B.be asked t ride n their wn lanes
C.be made t pay less tax fr cycling
D.be fined fr laughing at plicemen
58. What is a cmplaint f JML?
A. Very few drivers are insured.
B. Cyclists ride fast n pavements.
C. Pedestrians g thrugh red traffic lights.
D. Hrse riders disrespect ther rad users.
59. The underlined wrd "they" in the third letter refers t ________.
A. accidents B. vehicles C. pedestrians D. cyclists
60. The three letters present viewpints n _______.
A. real surces f rad dangers
B. ways t imprve rad facilities
C. measures t punish rad ffences
D. increased awareness f rad rules
【答案】56．C 57．B 58．B 59．D 60．A
58．B;细节理解题。根据倒数第四段第一句话：Cyclists jump n and ff pavements(which are meant fr pedestrians)，ride at speed alng the pavement, and think they have special right t g thrugh traffic lights when they are n red可知JML抱怨骑自行车的人骑的太快，对道路安全产生隐患，故选B
59．D;细节推理题。最后一段说到：It’s abut time they had t be registered and insured, s when they d hit a pedestrian r a vehicle, r cause an accident, at least they can be tranced and there might be an pprtunity t claim.JML希望对自行车拥有者登记，当他们撞到行人或者车辆、制造出车祸的时候，他们能够被追查到，所以They在此指的是cyclists。故选D
60．A;主旨大意提。根据文章的标题和所有读者的来信不难发现这篇文章主要是围绕到底谁（自行车或者行人）才是道路安全存在的隐患。故选A
Passage 9
【2015年江苏卷】Suppse yu becme a leader in an rganizatin. It’s very likely that yu’ll want t have vlunteers t help with the rganizatin’s activities. T d s, it shuld help t understand why peple undertake vlunteer wrk and what keeps their interest in the wrk.
Let’s begin with the questin f why peple vlunteer. Researchers have identified several factrs that mtivate peple t get invlved. Fr example, peple vlunteer t express persnal values related t unselfishness, t expand their range f experiences, and t strengthen scial relatinships. If vlunteer psitins d nt meet these needs, peple may nt wish t participate. T select vlunteers, yu may need t understand the mtivatins f the peple yu wish t attract.
Peple als vlunteer because they are required t d s. T increase levels f cmmunity service, sme schls have launched cmpulsry vlunteer prgrams. Unfrtunately, these prgrams can shift peple’s wish f participatin frm an internal factr (e.g., "I vlunteer because it’s imprtant t me") t an external factr (e.g., "I vlunteer because I’m required t d s"). When that happens, peple becme less likely t vlunteer in the future. Peple must be sensitive t this pssibility when they make vlunteer activities a must.
Once peple begin t vlunteer, what leads them t remain in their psitins ver time? T answer this questin, researchers have cnducted fllw-up studies in which they track vlunteers ver time. Fr instance, ne study fllwed 238 vlunteers in Flrida ver a year. One f the mst imprtant factrs that influenced their satisfactin as vlunteers was the amunt f suffering they experienced in their vlunteer psitins. Althugh this result may nt surprise yu, it leads t imprtant practical advice. The researchers nte that attentin shuld be given t "training methds that wuld prepare vlunteers fr trublesme situatins r prvide them with strategies fr cping with the prblem they d experience".
Anther study f 302 vlunteers at hspitals in Chicag fcused n individual differences in the degree t which peple view "vlunteer" as an imprtant scial rle. It was assumed that thse peple fr whm the rle f vlunteer was mst part f their persnal identity wuld als be mst likely t cntinue vlunteer wrk. Participants indicated the degree t which the scial rle mattered by respnding t statements such as "Vlunteering in Hspital is an imprtant part f wh I am. "Cnsistent with the researchers’ expectatins, they fund a psitive crrelatin(正相关) between the strength f rle identity and the length f time peple cntinued t vlunteer. These results, nce again, lead t cncrete advice: "Once an individual begins vlunteering, cntinued effrts might fcus n develping a vlunteer rle identity... Items like T-shirts that allw vlunteers t be recgnized publicly fr their cntributins can help strengthen rle identity".
61.Peple vlunteer mainly ut f_________.
A. academic requirementsB. scial expectatins
C. financial rewardsD. internal needs
62.What can we learn frm the Flrida study?
A. Fllw-up studies shuld last fr ne year.
B. Vlunteers shuld get mentally prepared.
C. Strategy training is a must in research.
D. Vlunteers are prvided with cncrete advice.
63.What is mst likely t mtivate vlunteers t cntinue their wrk?
A. Individual differences in rle identity.B. Publicly identifiable vlunteer T-shirts.
C. Rle identity as a vlunteer.D. Practical advice frm researchers.
64.What is the best title f the passage?
A. Hw t Get Peple t VlunteerB. Hw t Study Vlunteer Behavirs
C. Hw t Keep Vlunteers’ InterestD. Hw t Organize Vlunteer Activities
【解析】试题分析：本文是一篇议论文。文章分析讲述志愿者为什么自发地去服务社会，并通过3个实验研究志愿者的意图。
63.C细节理解题。根据第五段第二句中“thse peple fr whm the rle f vlunteer was mst part f their persnal identity wuld als be mst likely t cntinue vlunteer wrk”可知志愿者身份认同会激励他们继续从事志愿者工作。故选C项。
64.A标题归纳题。文章首段提出假设：假如你是一名组织领导人，很想得到志愿者的帮助。并指出在此之前，必须弄清志愿者为什么自发地去服务社会，并通过3个实验研究志愿者的意图。因此A项（如何使人们从事志愿者服务）是文章的最佳标题。
Passage 10
【2015年天津卷】Once when I was facing a decisin that invlved high risk, I went t a friend. He lked at me fr a mment, and then wrte a sentence cntaining the best advice I’ve ever had: Be bld and brave — and mighty (强大的) frces will cme t yur aid.
Thse wrds made me see clearly that when I had fallen shrt in the past, it was seldm because I had tried and failed. It was usually because I had let fear f failure stp me frm trying at all. On the ther hand, whenever I had plunged int deep water, frced by curage r circumstance, I had always been able t swim until I gt my feet n the grund again.
Bldness means a decisin t bite ff mre than yu are sure yu can eat. And there is nthing mysterius abut the mighty frces. They are ptential pwers we pssess: energy, skill, sund judgment, creative ideas — even physical strength greater than mst f us realize.
Admittedly, thse mighty frces are spiritual nes. But they are mre imprtant than physical nes. A cllege classmate f mine, Tim, was an excellent ftball player, even thugh he weighed much less than the average player. “In ne game I suddenly fund myself cnfrnting a huge player, wh had nthing but me between him and ur gal line,” said Tim. “I was s frightened that I clsed my eyes and desperately threw myself at that guy like a bullet(子弹) — and stpped him cld.”
Bldness — a willingness t extend yurself t the extreme — is nt ne that can be acquired vernight. But it can be taught t children and develped in adults. Cnfidence builds up. Surely, there will be setbacks (挫折) and disappintments in life; bldness in itself is n guarantee f success. But the persn wh tries t d smething and fails is a lt better ff than the persn wh tries t d nthing and succeeds.
S, always try t live a little bit beynd yur abilities — and yu’ll find yur abilities are greater than yu ever dreamed.
51. Why was the authr smetimes unable t reach his gal in the past?
A. He faced huge risks.
B. He lacked mighty frces.
C. Fear prevented him frm trying.
D. Failure blcked his way t success.
52. What is the implied meaning f the underlined part?
A. Swallw mre than yu can digest.
B. Act slightly abve yur abilities.
C. Develp mre mysterius pwers.
D. Learn t make creative decisins.
53. What was especially imprtant fr Tim’s successful defense in the ftball game?
A. His physical strength.B. His basic skill.
C. His real fear.D. His spiritual frce.
54. What can be learned frm Paragraph 5?
A. Cnfidence grws mre rapidly in adults.
B. Trying withut success is meaningless.
C. Repeated failure creates a better life.
D. Bldness can be gained little by little.
55. What is the authr’s purpse in writing this passage?
A. T encurage peple t be curageus.
B. T advise peple t build up physical pwer.
C. T tell peple the ways t guarantee success.
D. T recmmend peple t develp mre abilities.
【解析】试题分析：文章大意：本文是一篇议论文。作者联系自己的经历说明了大胆的重要性，并鼓励人们有勇气和胆量。
53. D细节理解题。根据第四段首句中Admittedly, thse mighty frces are spiritual nes.可知在于他的精神力量。选D。
54. D 段落大意题。根据第五段首句Bldness — a willingness t extend yurself t the extreme—is nt ne that can be acquired vernight.可以知道大胆是一点点获得的。故选D。
55. A 推理判断题。根据全文内容可知作者联系自己的经历说明了大胆的重要性，并鼓励人们有勇气和胆量。故选A。
Frget Cyclists, Pedestrians Are Real Danger
We are having a debate abut this tpic. Here are sme letters frm ur readers.
■Yes, many cyclists behave dangerusly. Many drivers are disrespectful f cyclists. But pedestrians are prbably the wrse ffenders.
Peple f all ages happily walk alng the pavement with eyes and hands glued t the mbile phne, quite unaware f what is ging n arund them. They may even d the same thing while crssing a rad at a pedestrian crssing r elsewhere. The rest f us have t evade(避让) them r just stand still t wait fr the unavidable cllisin.
The real prblem is that sme pedestrians seem t be, at least fr the mment, in wrlds f their wn that are, t them, much mre imprtant than the welfare f thers.
—Michael Hran
■I lved the letter frm Bb Brks abut cyclists(Viewpints, May 29). I am afraid they seem t think they wn the rads.
I was walking acrss Altrincham Rad ne mrning when a cyclist went rund me and n being asked what he was ding he shuted at me.
The gvernment built a cycle lane n the rad but it is hardly used.
The plice d nthing. What a laugh they are!
The cyclists shuld all have t be made t use the cycle lanes and wear helmets, flurescent(发荧光的) jackets and lights at night and in the mrning. They shuld pay sme srt f tax and be fined fr nt wearing them.
—Carl Harvey
■ Cyclists jump n and ff pavements(which are meant fr pedestrians), ride at speed alng the pavements, and think they have a special right t g thrugh traffic lights when they are n red.
I was almst kncked dwn recently by a cyclist riding n the pavement when there was a cycle lane right next t him.
Other rad users, including hrse riders, manage t bey the rules s why nt cyclists?
It’s abut time they had t be registered and insured, s when they d hit a pedestrian r a vehicle, r cause an accident, at least they can be traced and there might be an pprtunity t claim.
—JML
Write t Viewpints f the newspaper.