人教版中考英语状语从句详细讲解与练习课件

这是一份人教版中考英语状语从句详细讲解与练习课件，共60页。PPT课件主要包含了一 时间状语从句，原因状语从句，地点状语从句，结果状语从句，目的状语从句等内容，欢迎下载使用。
1.状语定义: 在复合句中由从句担任状语，称作状语从句，它可以用来修饰谓语、形容词或副词，或是整个句子2. 当充当状语的部分是一个句子时，也就是状语从句。分类如下：
1.注意时态一致.一般情况下: 主句 是将来时的时候, 从句 用一般现在时1.表示同时性，即主从句的谓语动作同时发生或几乎同时发生。
while when whenever befre after until (till) since as sn as
while:持续性动词 ／进行时
1.一般或现在情况2.将来情况－V一般现在时或现在进行时3.过去情况
e.g. I like listening t music while I am ding my hmewrk.
e.gI’m ging t the pst ffice While yu are there。
e.g. I hurt my shulder while I was ding gym.
When:1.当…的时候When I was yung, I went t twn myself.When he receives the letter, he’ll tell us.
befre引导的时间状语从句
1. 常译为“在……之前”，2.表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前。
1.We clean the classrm befre we leave schl every day.
2.It will nt be lng befre yu regret fr what yu’ve dne.
after引导的时间状语从句
1.常译为“在……之后”，2.表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之后。
1.After yu use plastic bags, yu mustn’t thrw them abut.用过了塑料袋之后，不准到处乱扔。
The Amrican War lasted fur years _____ the Nrth wn in the end.A. After B. befre C. when D. then
since引导的时间状语从句
1.常译为“自从……”，2.主句常用现在完成时，从句常用一般过去时。
1.我们自从分手以后一直没见过面。
We haven’t seen each ther since we parted.
常用句型：It has been (is) + 时间段 + since从句 “自从……有多长时间了 ”
2.自从她大学毕业已经有六年时间了。
It has been (is) six years since she graduated frm the university.
befre,after,since
He had left the twn the day ______ she arrived.It was nt lng _____ he left his hmetwn.I played ftball _____ I (had) finished my hmewrkPlease tell her I’ll cme _______ I d sme shpping.It will nt be lng _____ we meat each ther again.It ____________ (be) tw years since we _______ (begin) t use this machine.
is/ has been
until/ till引导的时间状语从句
1.常译为“直到……时”，2.表示主句动作发生在从句之前。
◆当主句谓语动词是延续性动词时，主句常用肯定形式。
1：我会待在这里，直到你回来。
I’ll stay here until yu cme back.
◆当主句谓语动词是非延续性动词时, 主句常用否定形式。 nt… until…“直到……才……”，这时until 可用befre替换。
He didn’t g t bed until he finished his hmewrk.
2.他直到做完作业才睡觉。
____ he heard this, he gt very angry. 2. I met Lucy____ I was walking alng the river.A. when B. while C. as
1. We were abut t leave____ it began t rain.2. She thught I was talking abut her sn, ____, in fact, I was talking abut my sn.3. Hardly had I finished my cmpsitin ____ the bell rang. A. when B. while C. as D. during
as sn as引导的时间状语从句
1.译为“一…就…”，2.表示从句动作一发生，主句的动作马上就发生。
1.他一回来我就告诉他这件事。
I will tell him abut it as sn as he cmes back.
2.相当于as sn as 用法的词或短语还有：immediately, directly, instantly, the mment, the minute, the instant等.
2.I’ll give him yur message the minute he arrives.
1.Directly I had dne it, I knew I had made a mistake.
3．Because f the heavy traffic，it was already time fr lunch break she gt t her ffice．（10四川）A．since B．that C．when D．until
4. Jhn thinks it wn’t be lng he is ready。fr his new jb. （10陕西） A. when B. after C. befre D. since
5.Hw can yu expect t learn anything yu never listen？ (06山东31)  A.in case B.even ifC.unless D.when
1. I was s familiar with him that I recgnized his vice ______ I picked up the phne. A. while B. after C. in case D. the minute2. Hw lng d yu think it will take _______ ur prduct becmes ppular with the cnsumers A. when B. until C. befre D. since3. He was halfway thrugh his meal ____ a familiar vice came t his ears. A. why B. where C. when D. while
6.She had just finished her hmewrk____ her mther asked her t practice playing the pian yesterday(09福建33) .A. when B. while C. after D. since
7.Yu can’t brrw bks frm the schl library ______ yu get yur student card.(09上海32) A. befre B. if C. while D. as
需要注意的几点:1.在时间(或条件)状语从句中,要注意时态一致.一般情况下, “主将从现”When he receives the letter, he’ll tell ____again? When he____, I’ll let yu knw. (NMET88)A. he cmes; cmes B. will he cmes ;will cme C. he cmes; will cmeD. will he cme; cmes
牛刀小试(时间状语从句)
____ he was n hliday ，he caught a bad cld.Since B. While C. As D. During3. She will write t yu as sn as she ___ t Paris.A. Will get B. gets C. get D. gt
Mary made cffee ________ her guests were finishing their meal.S that B. althugh C. while D. as if2. Tm was abut t clse the windw _____ his attentin was caught by a bird.When B. if C. and D. till3. Jhn thinks it wn’t be lng _____ he is ready fr his new jb.A. When B. befre C. after D. since
5. Smene called me up in the middle f the night, but they hung up ___ I culd answer the phne.A. As B. since C. until D. befre6. It was a lng time _____ we met again.A. Befre B. since C. fr D. when7. A gd stryteller must be able t hld his listeners’ curisity ___ he reaches the end f the stry.A. when B. unless C. until D. after
练习 : 1. I’ll write t yu _______ I get there. A. while B. befre C. as sn as D. by2. He has lived in the city _________ he came back frm America. A. when B. befre C. since D. after3. We wn’t leave here _______ ur teacher cmes back. A. until B. since C. after D. as sn as4. I had t finish the picture ________ my mther came back. A. until B. befre C. after D. while5. Jhn fell asleep ________ he was listening t the music. A. after B. befre C. while D. as sn as
I will give the ticket t him _________________ (我一见到他)The freign friends have visited a lt f cities ______________________ (自从他们到中国以来)Mr Green wn’t g __________________. (直到你回来) I culd ride a bike _____________________. (当我10岁时)I began t d sme drawing ________________________ (我完成作业后)He has t send his daughter t schl _______________________ (他上班之前)
as sn as I see him
since they came t China
until yu cme back
when I was 10 years ld
after I finished my hmewrk
befre he ges t wrk
The students stpped making nises _______________________________ (他们一看见他们 的老师 )
as sn as they saw their teacher
1.表示主句中的某一动作或状态所发生的原因。引导这种从句 2.常用的连接词是：because, as, since, nw that, fr,和这几个连词都用于表示表示原因, 但在语气上一个比一个弱。
e.g. He didn’t cme t schl because he was ill.
c.f. He might be ill, fr he didn’t cme t schl.
表示“间接的推断”原因.不可出现在句首。
because, since, as, fr的区别:
1.because—直接原因，非推断．语气最强．　　　　 回答why的问题。2.since – 通常放句首．译为“既然”3.as– 不谈自明的原因，语气最弱。4.fr– 放句中，引导后半句表原因, 或补充推断的理由。
1. because:因为, 2. As: “由于”, 表示较为明显的原因,语气弱As yu request it, I will cme.3. Since:”既然… ”表示对方已经知道的事实或理由Since everybdy is here, let’s begin.4. nw that：因为,既然已…,现在已经…Nw that I’ve seen hw he lives, I knw why he needs s much mney.
1. I danced in frnt f the peple _________ I liked it.2. Yu’d better wear strng shes _____ we’ll d a lt f walking.3. ____ he was nt well, I decided t g withut him.4. ______ everybdy knw abut it, I dn’t want t talk any mre.5. He must be ill, ____ he is absent Tday.6. Sme peple believe that ______ il is running ut, the fate f the mtr industry is uncertain.
牛刀小试(原因状语从句)
Parents shuld take seriusly their children’s requests fr sunglasses ____eye prtectin is necessary in sunny weather.because B. thugh C. unless D. if2. ____ we have finished the bk we shall start ding sme exercises.Fr nw B. since that C. Nw that D. Since nw3. ---Why didn’t he attend the meeting? ---____ he thught it was unimprtant. Since B. As C. Because D. Fr4. Unlike watching TV, reading is a highly active prcess ____it requires attentin as well as memry and imaginatin.A. fr B. until C. but D. unless
1. I didn’t buy the dictinary yesterday ______ my aunt wuld give me ne. A. until B. because C. if D befre2. ---- Why did yu cme t schl late this mrning? ----- ______ I watched the ftball Wrld Cup until 12 ’clck last night. A. If B. Because C. Since D. Thugh
总结： 重点掌握because 的用法 （注： because 和s 不能同时用在一个句子中）
1.用连接副词 where或wherever 引导。
. a. Just stay where yu are. b. Where there is a will, there is a way. c. Yu can sit wherever yu like. d. Wherever yu g, I’ll be right here waiting fr yu.
When he reads a bk, his habit is t make a mark ___ the meaning is unclear t him. A. there B. wherever C. the place D. in which
1.Where--…的地方 2.Wherever=n matter where---…不论何处
G where yu want.Yu’d better make a mark where yu have any questins.Yu’d better make a mark at the place where yu have any questins.Wherever there is smke, there is fire.
He made a mark at the place ____Helen was living .A. at which B. at whereC. the place where D. where
He made a mark ____Helen was living .A. at which B. at whereC. the place where D. where
1.___ there is a will, there is a way.When B. That C. While D. Where2. He made a mark ___ Ali Baba was living.at which B.at where C. the place where D.where3. ---Where shall I put the dictinary? ---Put it ___ it was.That B. when C. where D. which4. N ne wants t live ___ the air is plluted.In place B. where C. in which D. there where
牛刀小试(地点状语从句)
1. Tday, we will begin _____ we stpped yesterday s that n pint will be left ut.When B. where C. hw D. what2. The little girl wh gt lst decided t remain ______ she was and wait fr her mther.A. Where B. what C. hw D. wh
1.表示主句中的某一动作或状态所发生的原因。引导这种从句 2.常用的连接词是：because, as, since, nw that, fr,和cnsidering that, seeing that 这七个连词都用于表示表示原因, 但在语气上一个比一个弱。
结果状语从句常位于主句之后，由 s, s … that, such … that; s that 等引导。
a. S quickly did he run that I culdn’t catch up with him. b. The bus brke dwn s that we had t walk hme. c. She is such a gd teacher that everyne admires her.★d. He gt t the statin finally, nly t find the train had left.
s …that, such …that
1.s+形容词/副词+that从句 2.s+形容词+a/an +可数名词单数that从句 3. such +a/an形容词+可数名词单数+that从句 4.such+形容词+可数名词复数/不可数名词 +that 5.s+many/much/few/little + 名词+thatSuch +a lt f/lts f +名词+that从句
1.He was s excited that he culdn’t g t sleep last is such an interesting nvel that all f us want t read is s interesting a nvel that all f us want t read it.
当S 或 such置于句首时，主句要用倒装语序
S interesting is it that all f us want t read it.
3. Mike is ___by that we all like him.S gd a B. a gd sC. A such gd D. such gd a4. He has ___ little educatin that he can’t teach _____ little children.s; such B. t; such C. a; s D. very; s
1.Pp music is such an imprtant part f sciety ____ it has even influenced ur language.A. As B. that C. which D. where
引导目的状语从句的连词:
in rder that …
用于正式文体中，所引从句可于主句前或后。
a. 较常用，一般用于主句后,有时可分开，s 有时可省; 从句中要有情态动词, 否则, 就成为下一种句型：
b. 无情态动词则引导结果状语从句。
fr fear that; in case; lest (以免)等。
e.g. a. We’ll sit nearer the frnt s that we can hear better. b. I shall write it dwn lest I shuld frget.
注意：当从句与主句的主语一致时，可用 s as t d … 或 in rder t d …
e.g. He ran fast s that he might arrive there befre ten ’clck. →
He ran fast s as t arrive there befre ten ’clck.
s that: 以便,目的是in rder that: 以便… fr fear thatLest 以防,惟恐in case
in rder that句首句中s that句中
目的状语从句中谓语动词要用shuld+d
1.Take yur umbrella in case it shuld wrked harder than usual in rder that they culd finish the wrk ahead f time.3.I shall write dwn yur telephne number s that I may nt frget it.
Leave yur key with a neighbr _____ yu lck yurself ut ne day.Ever since B. even if C. sn after D. in caseHe started early ___he culd get there befre rder that B. because C. s as t D. in rder t
1.表示主句中的某一动作或状态是在什么情况或条件下发生的。条件状语从句中通常用一般现在时表示将来。
条件状语从句由从属连词引导：if, unless (除非), as / s lng as (只要), n cnditin (只要), nce ( 一旦), in case (假使) , prviding / prvided (that) 等。
e.g. a.We’ll cme ver t see yu n Saturday if we have time.b. We shuld serve the peple as / s lng as we live.
连 词连词:并列连词和从属连词两大类。1.并列连词: 连接主语与主语，谓语与谓语，句子与句子，分词与分词的词，它要求前后两部分有相同的形式和语法作用；2.从属连词: 一般连接主句与从句，从句形式有名词性从句，定语从句和状语从句等。
引导条件状语从句的从属连词有：if, unless(=if …nt除非), s/as lng as（只要）, in case（万一）, n cnditin that（条件是）, suppse/suppsing（假设，如果）, prvided that（如果）
____ yu tuch an English persn, yu shuld say “srry”. _____ they are dirty, certain seas are nt able t clean themselves. __________ we dn’t lse heart, we’ll find a way t vercme the difficulty. Yu can be allwed t play the game ___________yu finish yur hmewrk first. Dn’t tuch anything ______ yur teacher tells yu t.
n cnditin that
1. We will be able t get there n time, ____ ur car desn’t break dwn n the rad. as sn as B. as far asC. as lng as D. as well as2. In time f serius accidents, _____ we knw sme basic things abut first aid, we can save lives. whether B. untilC. if D. unless3. ____ yu have tried it, yu can’t imagine hw pleasant it is. A. Unless B. Because C. Althugh D. When
1. Yu’ll fail the exam unless yu study hard.2. As lng as yu dn’t lse heart, yu will succeed.3. Suppse/suppsing (that) they refuse us, wh else can we turn t fr help?4. In case there is a fire, what will we d first?
The little by wn’t g t sleep ____ his mther tells him a stry.Or B. unless C. but D. whether2. The schl rules state that n child shall be allwed ut f the schl during the day ,______ accmpanied by an adult.Once B. when C. if D. unless3. -----Our hliday cst a lt f mney. ----- Did it? Well, that desn’t matter ____ yu enjyed yurselves.A. As lng as B. unless C. as sn as D. thugh
主句动作进行方式的状语被称为方式状语。通常用下列词语引导: as, just as, as if, as thugh, the way (that), in the way (that)等。
a. We must d as the Party tells us. b. Leave the things as they are. c. Mst plants need sunlight just as they need water. d. It sunds as if it is raining. e. They did it in a way that I had never seen befre. 他们以我从没见过的方式行事。 f. As water is t fish, s air is t man.　 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水
引导方式状语从句的连词有as, just as,正如, as if, as thugh好像
D as yu are tld t, r yu will be fired.The ld lady treats the by as if he were her wn sn. I feel as if I have a fever.
She pretended _____ nthing had happened.A. As B. if C. as thugh D. since
让步概念的状语从句被称为让步状语从句。常用引导词：thugh, althugh, even if, even thugh,n matter + 疑问词(what/ wh/ where/ when/ which/ hw)疑问词-ever(whatever, whever, wherever, whenever, hwever, whichever)
特殊引导词： as (用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)， while ( 一般用在句首 )， whether… r… , whether (…) r nt
一、althugh/thugh, even if, even thugh 引导让步状语从句,不能和but连用
He is unhappy, thugh/althugh he has a lt f mney.Althugh/thugh it was raining hard, yet they went n playing ftball.Even if/thugh it is raining, we will g there.
注意Thugh还可用作副词，意思为可是，然而， ，置于句末He said he wuld cme; he didn’t, thugh.
二、as或thugh引导让步状语从句时倒装的情况
as或thugh从句一般放在主句之前， 常用倒装语序。从句中的表语、状语或动词原形置于句首，若表语是单数名词，前置时要省略冠词
Child as/thugh he is, he knws a lt.Much as/thugh I like, I wn’t buy it, fr it’s t expensive.Try as/thugh he might, he culd nt find a jb.
Althugh引导让步状语从句只能用正常语序
as引导让步状语从句
，必须将从句中的 、 、以及谓语中的 提前至从句句首，作表语的单数可数名词前如有冠词，冠词需 。
Thugh he wrks hard, he makes little prgress.
Hard as/thugh he wrks, he makes little prgress.
Thugh he was a child, he knew what was the right thing t d.
Child as/thugh he was, he knew what was the right thing t d.
Thugh yu may bject, I’ll g.
Object as yu may, I’ll g.
whether… r… , whether (…) r nt
whether… r… , whether … r nt 表示“不论是否……”，“不管是……还是……”。其引导的从句旨在说明正反两方面的可能性都不会影响主句的意向或结果。
Whether yu believe it r nt, it is true.
Yu’ll have t attend the party whether yu are free r busy.
while 也可以引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管”，语气比thugh/ althugh弱。其引导的从句一般位于 。
例句：我尽管喜欢它的颜色，但不喜欢它的形状。
While I like its clr, I dn’t like its shape.
三、whether…r不管 ... 还是…； 疑问词+ ever 与 n matter+疑问词 (不管 …; 无论…)
Whether yu believe it r nt, it is true.Whatever (n matter what) yu say, he wn’t believe yu.Whever (n matter wh) yu are, yu must bey the rules.
Whever, whatever, whichever还可以引导名词性从句Yu can take whatever yu like.
thugh, althugh
◆ 判断以下句子是否正确：Althugh he is rich, but he is nt happy. Althugh he is rich, yet he is nt happy. Althugh we have grwn up, ur parents still treat us as children.
◆要点归纳：thugh, althugh当“虽然”讲, 都不能和 but 连用. 但是他们都可以同yet (still) 连用.
ever if, even thugh
even if 和 even thugh 表示“ ”
We’ll make a trip even thugh the weather is bad.
n matter + 疑问词 疑问词-ever
N matter what happened, he wuld nt mind. Whatever happened, he wuld nt mind.
替换：n matter what = whatever 　　 n matter wh = whever 　　 n matter when = whenever 　　 n matter where = wherever 　　 n matter which = whichever 　 　n matter hw = hwever
判断正误：N matter what yu say is f n use nw. Whatever yu say is f n use nw.
归纳：n matter+疑问词不能引导主语从句和宾语从句，而 “疑问词+ever”则可以
四、when和while也可以引导让步状语从句，相当于althugh
Suddenly she stpped when she ught t have cntinued.
____ I accept that he is nt perfect, I d actually like the persn. A. While B. since C. Befre D. Unless2. The wrkers are determined t g thrugh with their railway prject, ____ the expenses have risen. A. as lng as B. even thugh C. nw that D. as thugh3. I really want the match, hwever much ______. A. des it cst B. csts it C. will it cst D. it csts
4. ______ we have finished the curse, we shall start ding mre revisin wrk. A. Fr nw B. Nw that C. By nw D. until5. ______, the idea f having t wrk under a wman defeated him. A. Wanting the jb very much B. Althugh wanting the jb badly C. Thugh he wanted the jb very much D. He wanted the jb badly
____ He has limited technical knwledge, the ld wrker has l lt f experience.A. Since B. unless C. as D. althugh2. I will be yur true friend, ____ happens.Whatever B. n matter what C. Bth A and B3. I believe _______ yu say.A. Whatever B. n matter what
1. Allw children the space t vice their pinins, ____ they are different frm yur wn.A. Until B. even if C. unless D. as thugh2. ----Dad, I’ve finished my assignment.----Gd, and _____ yu play r watch TV, yu mustn’t disturb me.Whenever B. whether C. whatever D. n matter
____ , mther will wait fr him t have dinner tgether.Hwever late is he B. Hwever he is lateC. Hwever is he late D. hwever late he is2. Yu shuld try t get a gd night’s sleep _____ much wrk yu have t d.Hwever B. n matter C. althugh D. whatever
比较状语从句常由下列词语引导： as …as, nt s / as … as, mre…than, less … than, the mre + adj. / adv., the mre + adj. / adv.
a. He is nt s / as healthy as his brther. b. They jumped up and dwn as hard as they culd. c. Jhn is less clever than Peter.d. The busier he is, the happier he feels.e. The jb is nt s difficult as I thught it wuld be.f. Send fr a dctr as sn as (it is ) pssible.
★ 注意区分不同从句：引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子结构和句意来判别。以where和as为例，能引导多种从句。Yu are t find it where yu left it.（地点状语从句）Tell me the address where he lives. （定语从句，句中有先行词）I dn’t knw where he came frm.（宾语从句）Where he has gne is nt knwn yet. （主语从句）This place is where they nce hid. （表语从句）
部分状语从句可用省略形式： even if, if , nce, while, thugh, unless, when, as if etc.The flwer his friends gave him will die unless (it is) watered every if (I am) invited, I wn’t g there.Once (yu are) caught sleeping in class, yu’ll be punished by yur head-teacher .Thugh (he was) surprised t see us, he gave us a warm welcme.She wn’t speak t anyne unless (she is) asked t.When (it is) cmpared with the ld ne, ur new huse is really like a palace. These yung man vlunteered t g wherever (they are) needed.
“as” 用于不同的状语从句中1. She sang as she wrked. 2. Smart as he is ,he desn’t study hard.3. Yu must try t d as I did.4. She desn’t d her wrk as carefully as I.5. As she was late fr class, she had t say srry.
Rses need special care ______ they can live thrugh winter. A. because B. s that C. even if D. as2. If things are left ______ they are, the prblems will never be settled, I’m afraid. A. hw B. as C. what D. where3. Careful surveys have pinted ut that as many as 50 percent f the patients d nt take drugs _____ directed. A. like B. s C. which D. as4. I dare nt g there ______ my parents will see me. A. in case f B. fr fear f C. in rder that D. fr fear that
同程度比较：As(s)…as, the same as, such…as
表示倍数的三个句型：A is…times as +形容词原级+as B.A is …times the +抽象名词 f B.A is …times+形容词比较级+than B.
The +比较级…, the+比较级…,表示“越…，越…”The mre yu talked, the less attentin he paid t yu.The lnger yu stay, the better it will be.
2. He speaks English well indeed, but f curse nt _____ a native speaker.As fluent as B. mre fluent than C. s fluently as D. much fluently than3. ____ bks yu read, ____ yu will feel.The many; the happy B. the mre; the happier C. the mst; the happiest D. mre; happier
1. —Have yu gt any idea fr the summer vacatin? （全国I卷） —I dn’t mind where we g ______ there’s sun, sea and beach.as ifB. as lng asC. nw thatD. in rder that2. -----D yu have a minute? I’ve gt smething t tell yu. -----Ok, ______ yu make it shrt. （安徽卷） A. nw that B. if nly C. s lng as D. every time
3. All the neighbr admire this family _________the parents are treating their child like a friend. （安徽） A. why B. where C. which D. that4. Nancy enjyed herself s much ______ she visited her friends in Sydney last year. （福建） A. that B. which C. when D. where5. _____ the Internet is f great help. I dn’t think it’s a gd idea t spend t much time n it. （湖南）A.If B. While C. Because D. As
6. He fund it increasingly difficult t read, ______ his eyesight was beginning t fail. （山东卷） A thugh B. fr C. but D. s7. Yu’d better nt leave the medicine ______ kids can get at it. （山东卷）even if B. which C. where D. s that8. ______ hungry I am, I never seem t be able t finish ff this laf f bread. （辽宁卷）WhateverB. Whenever C. WhereverD. Hwever9. I used t lve that film ______ I was a child, but I dn’t feel it that way any mre. （辽宁卷）A. nce B. when C. sinceD. althugh
10. A small car is big enugh fr a family f three ____ yu need mre space fr baggage. (全国II)nce B. because C. if D. unless11. There were sme chairs left ver _____ everyne had sat dwn. (四川卷) A. when B. until C. that D. where12. Dn’t prmise anything ______ yu are ne hundred percent sure. （浙江卷）A. whether B. after C. hw D. unless
13. —Did yu return Fred’s call? （北京卷） —I didn’t need t ____ I’ll see him tmrrw. A. thugh B. unless C. when D. because14. I’m srry yu’ve been waiting s lng, but it’ll still be sme time ____ Brian gets back. （北京卷）befre B. since C. till D. after15. We’ll have a picnic in the park this Sunday _____ it rains r it’s very cld. （天津卷） A. since B. if C. unless D. until