高考英语语法复习课件【16】第十六讲 英语句子结构
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这是一份高考英语语法复习课件【16】第十六讲 英语句子结构,共17页。
一、要弄清楚英语句子的结构,我们先要弄清楚组成一个句子的各个组成部分,即句子的成分: 主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语的概念。1、主语:是一个句子所要说明的人和事物,是一句的主体。如 I study English中的 I。作主语的有:名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词和主语从句。2、谓语:它是说明主语的动作或状态的,如 I study English中的 study.作谓语的有:及物动词或及物动词短语。
3、宾语:它是表示及物动词或及物动词短语所作用的对象的,如 I study English 中的English和He makes full use f his spare time t study中的his spare time.介词后的名词或代词,叫做介词的宾语,如He went away with n wrds中的n wrds.作宾语的有:名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词和宾语从句。
4、表语:它是放在连系动词之后表示主语的身份或特征的,如 That sunds a gd idea中的a gd idea.作表语的有:名词、代词、数词、形容词、介词短语、表地点或方位的副词、不定式、动名词、分词和表语从句。5、定语:它是限定名词或代词用的,作定语的有:名词、形容词、数词、介词短语、不定式、分词、动名词和定语从句,若是词则多作前置定语,若是短语或定语从句则只能作后置定语。如the plluted river中的plluted和the river plluted by chemicals中的plluted by chemicals.
6、状语:它是修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句用的。如I like it very much中的very 修饰much,而much 又修饰like。作状语的有:副词(短语)、介词短语、不定式、分词(短语)、名词短语和状语从句。状语说明时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随情况等。其位置多位于句首或句尾,但表频率或程度的副词应位于句中be动词、情态动词和助动词之后,实义动词之前。地点和时间应按先小后大的顺序。
7、补足语:补充说明句中的主语或者宾语的,作补足语的有:名词、形容词、介词短语、不定式和分词(短语)。如I find it interesting中的interesting.
8、同位语:把一个名词(短语)、代词或从句放在另一名词或代词后,用以说明前者的性质或情况,这样的名词或代词叫同位语。如We Chinese peple lve peace中的Chinese peple是主语We的同位语.
二、按照句子的结构来分,英语的句子有以下三种类型:1、简单句:简单句只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语动词(或并列谓语动词)。如:My brther and I g t schl at half past seven in the mrning and cme back hme at seven in the evening.
2、并列句:并列句由并列连词或分号“;”把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。如:It is late , s we must hurry.
3、复合句:复合句中含有一个或一个以上的从句。如:If we want t keep fit , we must always remember that preventin is better than cure. 从以上并列句和复合句的例句来看,我们不难看出它们实际上是由几个简单句通过并列连词或从属连词连接起来的。因此,只要我们掌握了简单句的几种基本句型,我们就可以通过在句中寻找起连接作用的连词来分析复杂的句子。
三、简单句的五种基本句型: 1、主语+连系动词+表语 如:I’m nt feeling well tday.Our cuntry is becming strnger and strnger. 连系动词有:be,seem,appear,keep,prve,turn ut/lk,feel,sund,smell,taste/becme,grw,get,turn,g,cme(true),fall(ill,asleep)
2、主语+不及物动词(或短语)(+状语) 如:The sun rises in the east.The Opium War brke ut in 1839.3、主语+及物动词(或短语)+宾语 如:They decided t hld a class meeting.We depend n ur parents fr fd and clthing. 在此句型中,我们要掌握接动词不定式作宾语和接动名词作宾语的动词。
4、主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 如:My father bught me an electrnic dictinary.Mr Wang teaches us chemistry. 用于此句型的动词有buy,find,bring,give,teach,pass,shw,tell,d,leave,get,lend,lse(使……失去),cst(使……付出代价),ffer,prmise,sing,write,deny,envy.5、主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语 如:Marx made Lndn the base fr his revlutinary wrk.
The by made his sister cry.Our teacher encuraged us t wrk hard.Our headteacher required us nt t be late fr class.1)、接名词作补足语的动词有:call,chse,think,cnsider,believe,find,make,etc.2)、接动词不定式作补足语的动词有:see,watch,ntice,let,have,hear,make;ask,tell,rder,require,want,advise,persuade,cause,encurage,permit(allw),frbid,teach.不能用于此结构的动词有:suggest,demand,hpe,agree.3)、接形容词作补足语的动词有:think,believe,find,feel,cnsider,keep,leave,make,get,paint,wish,drive.
以上五种基本句型中的主语、宾语、表语都可扩展成相应的从句,从而成为复合句。同时,复合句中的主、从句也是由以上五种基本句型组成的。如: What he says desn’t agree with what he des.
Why he came late is that his bike brke dwn n the way.It ccurred t me that I had much hmewrk t d.He prmised me that he wuld attend the lecture.What has made the city what it is nw?
另外,句子采用哪一句型,完全取决于谓语动词的用法.因此,动词的用法是我们平时复习的重点。如:1).最近几年我们家乡发生了巨大变化。
In the last few years,great changes have taken place in ur hmetwn.
2).昨晚在十字路口发生了一起严重的交通事故。
A serius traffic accident happened/ccurred/came abut atthe crssing yesterday evening.
3).我突然想到一个绝妙的主意。
An excellent idea ccurred t me.
4).这家餐馆昨晚发生了一场火灾。
A fire brke ut in the restaurant last night.
4).听到这个激动人心的消息,她脸上露出了笑容。
After she heard this exciting news,a smile appeared n her face.
5).欢迎你们参观我们学校!
Welcme t visit ur schl!/Welcme t ur schl!
6).一场暴风雨过后,苹果树上只剩几个苹果。
After a rainstrm,nly a few apples remained n the trees.
除了以上不符合汉语习惯顺序的词之外,其它情况下英语陈述句的句序和汉语的顺序是吻合的。我们可将英语陈述句的句序归纳如下:主谓(宾)/主系表一条线,定语和名词紧相连。不是在后就在前,状语很少在中间。 四、长难句分析练习
1.They guess that racial differences in which dairy prducts are usually cnsumed,r in eating habits—having small amunts f dairy prducts thrughut the day,fr instance,rather than a single large serving—may help explain the finding. 2.Hw culd we pssibly think that keeping animals in cagesin unnatural envirnments—mstly fr entertainment purpses—is fair and respectful? 3.Human beings have agreed,in the curse f centuries fmutual dependency,t let the varius nises that they can prduce with their lungs,thrats,tngues,teeth,and lips systematically stand fr certain happenings in their nervussystems.
4.Just as scial psitins can be symblized by feathers wrnn the head,by gld n the watch chain,r by a thusand therthings accrding t the culture we live in,s the fact f beinghungry can be symblized by a thusand different nises accrding t the culture we live in. 5.The fact that mst f these yung peple have gne t Eurpeanized r Americanized scieties makes it unlikely thatthey will hld as tightly t the value f duty as they wuld have if they had nt left their cuntries.
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