高考英语语法专项突破课件:语法填空
展开根据上表,与原广东卷的语法填空相比,考点基本相同,但又有细微差别。1. 相同⑴ 短文材料:课标卷I都是记叙文或夹叙夹议的文章,题材内容体现正能量。但2015年课标卷II是说明文。⑵ 短文长度:大约是200个词。⑶ 必考点是:连词、谓语动词、非谓语动词、词类转换。⑷ 常考点是:冠词、介词、代词、比较级。
⑸ 常考固定搭配:全国课标卷和原广东卷考过的固定搭配有(黑体部分是要求考生填的词):全国卷——At the same time(2015,课标II), It takes time t d sth. (课标I), refuse t d sth. (课标I), keep ding(课标II), next t(课标II)
广东卷——neither…nr… (2013), nt…but… (2014), Why nt d sth.? (2013), have a cnversatin (2011), a small amunt f (2013), n sale (2009), at table (2009), at a price (2013), be tired frm (2008), shw respect fr (2013), charge (…) fr (2014)
2. 不同⑴ 一般疑问句的构成:全国卷考了行为动词一般过去时的一般疑问句,要求填助动词did,但广东卷没考过。⑵ 名词的单复数:给词题中全国卷考了单数变复数,但广东卷没考过。⑶ 给词题中有代词:全国卷中要求主语与宾格的变化,或变为物主代词,但广东卷没考。
⑷ 介词和限定词:在广东卷必考,全国卷不一定考。⑸ 词类转换:广东卷为1~ 2题,但全国I卷考了1~3题。⑹ 非谓语动词:广东卷考1~ 2题,而全国II卷考了3题。⑺ 给词题个数:广东卷3~4个,而全国卷7个。
一是掌握基础语法:要复习课程标准或考纲“附录2 语法项目表”中规定的24个语法项目。切实掌握每个项目中的基本用法,不淡化,但也不必深化。千万注意语法不要过细、过繁、过多、过难,不要将简单语法复杂化,而应想方设法使复杂的语法简单化,让语法变得更简、更易、更有趣。
二是熟悉考点语法:语法填空的考点与短文改错的考点基本相同,具体有以下十大考点:考点1:名词 弄清数与格。即名词是否该用复数,是否要用所有格。[例1]We were pr in thse _______ (day). [分析]因day是可数名词,受thse修饰,应用复数,故填days。
[例2] It’s abut an _____ (hur) drive frm here. [分析]句意是“离这里大约有一个小时的车程”,“一个小时的”用所有格,故填hur’s。
考点2:代词⑴ 指代对象(通常是前面出现的名词或整句),是人还是事物,是男还是女,是单数还是复数,是作主语还是作宾语。[例1] The manager was abut t leave when his secretary called ______ back.[分析]作called的宾语,应填代词;指代谁?指代The manager,是人; 由his可知, 这个经理是男的,是一个人,单数,且是作宾语,故填him。
⑵ 如是物主代词(表示某人的),作主语、宾语或表语用名词性物主代词,在名词前作定语只能用形容词性物主代词。[例2]Tm, a friend f ____ (I), is ur mnitr.[分析] 指“我的朋友”中的一个,表示“我的朋友(my friend)”,相当于“一个形容词性物主代词+一个名词”的意义,用名词性物主代词,作介词f的宾语,故填mine。
⑶ 反身代词反指谁,它通常作主语和宾语的同位语,这时应与主语或宾语一致;也可作某些动词或介词的宾语,这时需与主语一致。
[例3] The children amused _______ (they) by playing hide-and-seek games.[分析]缺宾语,应填代词;这些孩子拿谁取乐,应是“自娱自乐,游玩(amuse neself)”,与主语The children一致,故填themselves。类似的短语还有enjy neself (玩得开心), teach neself(自学), adapt neself (适应), dress neself(自己穿衣), devte neself t(致力于), by neself(单独地)等。
考点3:冠词 不定冠词表示泛指,可译作“一个/本/座/……”等;定冠词表示特指,相当于“这,这些,那,那些”。另外,搞清特指上文出现的或谈话双方心目中都知道的人或事物用the,以及在序数词前、最高级前、独一无二的事物名词之前,用the。如:[例1]It was _____ third time I had been there.[分析]在序数词前要用the。
[例2] This is ____ mst bring film I’ve ever seen.[分析] 在最高级前要用the。[例3] He is _____ hnest businessman, accrding t what everyne says.[分析] 可译作:根据大家的评说,他是一个诚实的商人。表示“一个”,用不定冠词,hnest的读音以元音音素开头,故填an。
考点4:连词⑴ 并列连词。连接两个或几个词、短语或句子的并列连词有and, r, but, neither…nr, either…r, whether…r等。[例1] As a citizen, yu must bey the law _____ yu will be punished. [分析] 前后是两个句子,应填连词;根据句意可知填r,表示“否则”。
[例2] He likes cats ______ dislikes dgs.[分析] 因likes cats与dislikes dgs是转折关系,故填but。
⑵ 从句连词。① 引导名词性从句的连接代词或连接副词(有意思,并在从句中作句子成分),以及that(不作任何句子成句,没有任何意义), 和表示“是否”的whether/if。其中要特别注意连接代词what的意义和用法。
[例3] He came t me in the belief _____ I culd help him.[分析]空格后面的句子是belief的同位语,从句内容完整,也不缺少任何句子成分,故填that。[例4] Owing t lack f time, we cannt d mre than _____ we have dne.[分析]在宾语从句中作have dne的宾语,相当于the thing that,“所……的事”,用连接代词what。
② 引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词。注意关系词是代表先行词并在定语从句中作句子成分的。[例5]I met smene _____ said he knew yu.[分析]引导定语从句并在从句中作主语,用关系代词;先行词是人,故填wh。
[例6] Li Ming wn first prize in the cmpetitin, ________ made his father pleased.[分析]引导定语从句并在从句中作主语,用关系代词;先行词是“李明在这次比赛中得了第一名”这回事,故填which。
③ 引导状语从句的从属连词。[例7] We camped there ______ it was t dark t g n.[分析]因“天太黑不能继续走了”是“我们在那里宿营”的原因,故填because。
[例8] Such things, _____ yu like it r nt, d happen frm time t time.[分析]由句意“不管你喜欢不喜欢,这样的事的确时有发生”及r可知,填whether引导让步状语从句。whether… r… 不管……还是……
考点5:介词 主要是at, in, n, fr, since, with, withut, frm, as, after, befre, behind等表示时间、地点、原因等的介词以及习惯用语中的介词。[例1] I am grateful t yu _____ helping me.[分析] 因为某事感谢某人,用fr表示感谢的原因。
[例2]_____ time ging by, I gradually realize the imprtance f health. [分析]表示“随着”用介词With。With time ging by =As time ges by随着时间的流逝。
考点6:助动词⑴ 构成行为动词一般现在时和一般过去时的疑问句和否定句的d, des, did。[例1] Hw much _____ he charge yu fr repairing the bicycle just nw? [分析]这是疑问句,由just nw可知,是一般过去时,填助动词did。
⑵ 强调行为动词一般现在时和一般过去时的谓语动词的d, des, did。[例2]T tell yu the truth, Tm _____ take my pen by mistake yesterday, but he has said srry t me.[分析]与yesterday连用,谓语动词本应用一般过去时,但take却用了原形,可见其前面应当有助动词或情态动词;根据语境,应当是表达“的确错拿了我的钢笔”,强调谓语动词,又是一般过去时,用did。
⑶ 构成部分倒装的d, des, did。[例3] Nt nly _____ he d well in his study, but als he is always ready t help thers. [分析] nt nly…but als…连接两个句子时,前一个句子要用部分倒装;主语是第三人称单数,动词却用了原形d,可见前面应有助动词des, did;由后句的is可知,是一般现在时,故填des。
⑷ 常用情态动词的基本用法。[例4]I ______ have gne t the schl library, but it rained heavily, s I did nt.[分析]表示“本应该做某事,但事实上却没有做”,用shuld have dne sth. 表示,故填shuld。
考点7:谓语动词 谓语动词主要考虑时态、语态、语气、主谓一致等。从历年广东卷和全国卷来看,考得最多的是一般现在时和一般过去时,且只需看看上下文中谓语动词是用什么时态,跟着用什么时态就行了,十分简单。
[例1]He was cking sme delicius fd in the kitchen. Suddenly, he______ (find) that he had run ut f salt. S Nick called…[分析]在主语人称代词he后作谓语,是谓语动词;因he与find是主动关系,用主动语态,由上下文的时态可知,用一般过去时,故填fund。
[例2]Last year, my brther and I went t Miami fr a vacatin. …but the man at the frnt desk said there had been a mistake. We _____ (tell) that ur rms hadn’t been reserved fr that week…[分析]由tell sb. sth. 可知,用被动语态,表示我们“被告知” ; 又由上下文的时态(如went, said)可知,用一般过去时,故填were tld。
[例3]He suddenly appeared in class ne day …He walked in as if he ______ (buy) the schl…he was frm New Yrk City.[分析]由as if(好像)可知,可能用虚拟语气;由语境可知,他是新来的同学,不可能是买下了学校,故用虚拟语气;这是叙述过去的事,与过去事实相反,用过去完成时,故填had bught。
考点8:非谓语动词 动词是作谓语用的,当动词不是作谓语时,而是作主语、宾语、定语、状语、补语时,该动词就要用非谓语形式:t d(即用t+原形), ding(即-ing形式), dne(即-ed形式)。 根据三种形式的不同用法,以及非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系等来确定具体用哪种形式。
[例1]Sue gt hme, _____ (feel) very tired.[分析]因已有谓语动词gt,而feel前又没有并列连词,所以feel是非谓语动词;又因Sue与feel是主动关系,故填feeling,分词短语作伴随状语。
[例2]______(build) in 1192, the bridge is ver 700 years ld.[分析]句中已有谓语动词is,所以build是非谓语动词;又因the bridge与build是被动关系,故填Built。[例3]It has been his dream _________ (travel) rund the wrld.[分析]It是形式主语,真正的主语是后面的不定式,故填t travel。
[例4]______ (cllect) stamps seems t be his main hbby.[分析]因seems t be…是谓语了,cllect应为非谓语;由句子结构可知,填Cllecting,动名词短语作主语,当然填T cllect也是正确的。
[例5]I didn’t talk much t the man _______ (sit) next t me.[分析]因句中已有谓语动词didn’t talk,所以sit应为非谓语动词;又因the man与sit是主动关系,故填sitting,分词短语作定语。
[例6]She avided _______ (answer) the teacher’s questins.[解析]在avid后只能接动词的-ing形式作宾语,故填answering。顺便提提,一定要牢记: ① 只能接动词-ing形式作宾语的常用动词, 如finish, enjy, cnsider, advise, suggest, feel like, can’t help等; ② 只能接t d作宾语的动词, 如plan, want, wish, hpe, wuld like, refuse等; ③ 接t d与ding意思有差别的动词,如frget, remember, regret等;④ lk frward t, devte neself t等t是介词的短语动词。
考点9:词类转换 要求考生搞清楚,什么词类在句中作什么成分,或什么成分用什么词类的词来充当。复习要点主要有:⑴ 作主语、宾语、表语,用名词。亦即,名词就是在句中作主语、宾语、表语的。[例1]Several children are away frm schl because f ____ (ill). [分析]作介词because f的宾语,要用名词,故填illness。
⑵ 作定语、补语、表语,用形容词。亦即,形容词在句中是作定语、补语、表语的。[例2] This is the nly reference bk that I find _____(use).[分析]that I find useful是定语从句,关系代词that代表先行词the bk,在定语从句中作find的宾语,所以要填的词是作宾补的,故填形容词形式useful。
⑶ 作状语,用副词修饰动词、形容词或另一副词,或修饰全句。亦即,副词就是用来作状语的。[例3]I arrived late but ______ (luck), the meeting had been delayed.[分析]修饰后面整个分句,作状语,填副词luckily。
考点10:比较等级 有than的前面要用比较级;有in, f, I have ever seen等表示比较范围的用最高级;根据语境理解隐形的比较级。[例1]It takes ______ (little) time t g there by plane than by train.[分析]由than可知,要用比较级,故填less。
[例2]My prnunciatin is pr. His is even ______ (bad).[分析]由even(更)可知用比较级,相当于后面省略了than mine,故填wrse。[例3]Hainan is China’s secnd ______ (large) island.[解析]表示“第几大/长”,用“序数词+最高级”表示,故填largest。
[例4]Mr. Li, ur English teacher, is ne f the ______ (nice) peple I knw.[解析]有定语从句I knw 表示比较范围,用最高级,故填nicest。
此外,作形式主语和形式宾语的it,构成强调句型的it, that都是很可能要考的,同学们务必要注意。[例1]I find ________ interesting t learning English.[解析]填it作形式宾语,真正的宾语是后面的不定式。[例2]It is because he has been wrking hard ___________ he has made such great prgress.[解析]填that,与前面的It is构成强调结构。
了解语法填空的考点和考法对解题非常有用。具体步骤大致为:⑴ 略读全文抓大意。⑵ 分析句子结构,根据所填词在句中充当什么成分确定要填哪类词,即从句子结构的完整性去思考该填哪类词。
⑶ 根据句子意思的完整性去思考具体填哪个词。⑷ 根据前后句子之间的逻辑关系确定填适当的并列连词或从句的引导词。⑸ 先易后难,等容易的做好后再考虑难题。做完后再通读一遍,认真检查。
1. 2015 课标卷I
Yangshu, China It was raining lightly when I 61 _____ (arrive) in Yangshu just befre dawn. But I didn’t care. A few hurs 62_______, I’d been at hme in Hng Kng, with 63 ____(it) chking smg. Here, the air was clean and fresh, even with the rain.
I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place fr turists seeking the limestne muntain tps and dark waters f the Li River 64 __________ are pictured by artists in s many Chinese 65 _________ (painting). Instead, I’d head straight fr Yangshu. Fr thse wh fly t Guilin, it’s nly an hur away 66 ______car and ffers all the scenery f the better-knwn city.
Yangshu 67______(be) really beautiful. A study f travelers 68 __________ (cnduct) by the website Trip Advisr names Yangshu as ne f the tp 10 destinatins in the wrld. And the twn is fast becming a ppular weekend destinatin fr peple in Asia. Abercrmbie & Kent, a travel cmpany in Hng Kng, says it 69 ________ (regular) arranges quick getaways here fr peple 70 _______(live) in Shanghai and Hng Kng.
本文作者记叙从香港来到桂林阳朔旅游的日记。61. arrived 当一个动作正在发生时突然又发生另外一事,when (=and just at that time)后的谓语动词用一般过去时。62. befre 上文“现在来到了阳朔” 后文“我还在香港的家里”,可见是“几个小时之前”。63. its 指“香港的”令人窒息的烟雾。64. which/that 引导定语从句,先行词是muntain tps and dark waters。
65. paintings 因受many修饰,要用复数形式。66. by 指开车一个小时的路程。67. is 指目前的状态或客观存在的状态。68. cnducted 由cnduct a study /survey (进行研究/调查)可知,a study与cnduct是被动关系,故用过去分词短语作后置定语。69. regularly 修饰动词arranges作状语,用副词。70. living 因peple与live是主动关系,故用现在分词短语作后置定语。
2. 2015 课标卷 II
The adbe dwellings(土坯房) 61 _____ (build) by the Puebl Indians f the American Suthwest are admired by even 62 _____ mst mdern f architects and engineers. In additin t their simple beauty, what makes the adbe dwellings admirable is their 63 ______(able) t “air cnditin” a huse withut 64 ______ (use) electric equipment.
Walls made f adbe take in the heat frm the sun n ht days and give ut that heat 65 ________(slw) during cl nights, thus warning the huse. When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are nw cld enugh 66 ________(cl) the huse during the ht day. 67 ______ the same time, they warm up again fr the night.
This cycle 68 _______(g) day after day. The walls warm up during the day and cl ff during the night and thus always a timely ffset(抵消)fr the utside temperatures. As 69 _________(nature) architects, the Puebl Indians figured ut exactly 70 ________ thick the adbe walls needed t be t make the cycle wrk n mst days.
本文介绍了美国西南部的普韦布洛印第安人的土坯房。61. built 因The adbe dwellings与build是被动关系,用过去分词短语作后置定语。62. the 由常修饰最高级的even与后面的mst mdern可知,这是最高级,其前面通常用the。63. ability 因在形容词性物主代词后必定用名词。64. using 动词在介词后要用动名词形式。
65. slwly 修饰动词give ut,用副词。66. t cl 在形容词后作状语,要用不定式。67. At 因at the same time是固定词组。68. ges 从上下句中的谓语动词warm来看,用一般现在时。69. natural 在名词前作定语要用形容词。70. hw 引导宾语从句,表示要弄清楚到底土坯房的墙需要“多”厚。
阅读下列材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(不多于3个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。(注:括号中的“不多于3个单词”在2015年的考纲中已改为“1个单词”,事实上,2014的高考真题,纯空格题的正确答案也都只有一个英语单词;2015年的考纲样题已将对话改为了短文)
1. 2014 课标卷样题
Mum: (putting n her cat) I’m ging t have t g dwn t the shp fr mre bread. Alan: Why? Mum: I’m nt sure what 1 _______ (happen). I made sme sandwiches earlier and left them n the table 2 _____ I went t answer the phne. But smene must have taken them because they’re 3_______ (g).
Alan: Oh, it must have been Dad. I’m sure he was in the kitchen 4 _______ (early). Mum: N, he went ff t his tennis match befre I finished 5 ____________ (make) them, s he culdn’t have dne it. 6 ________ , he culdn’t carry a plate f sandwiches as well as all his tennis stuff, s I’m sure 7 ___ wasn’t him.
Alan: (pening the fridge dr) Well, it wasn’t me. But Mum, lk! Are these yur sandwiches here n the bttm shelf f 8 _____ fridge? Mum: Are they there? Oh, my gdness. I 9 _____________ (put) them in there when the phne rang. Oh, dear. I really must be lsing my 10 _________________. Nw, why did I put n my cat?
must have put
这是Alan与母亲的一段对话,谈话内容是母亲做的三明治在她去接电话时不见了,后来Alan发现在冰箱里。1. happened 在宾语从句中,what是主语,happen应为谓语动词,要考虑其时态;从下文made, left, went, must have taken(一定已拿走)等可知,用一般过去时。 2. when 前后是句子,应填关联词;由句意与逻辑可知,应填表示“当……时”的when。
3. gne 作表语用形容词,表示“不见了”,故填gne。 4. earlier 意为比现在(对话当时)更早的时候,故用比较级。 5. making 表示“做完”是finish ding,故填making。6. Anyway 因前后都有标点,可知填副词;根据文后逻辑,应为“无论如何,不管怎么说(anyway)”。7. it 表示猜测中的人或不确定的人,用it。
8. the 指说话人和听话人心目中都知道的“那个”冰箱,故填the。 9. must have put 从语境中可知,意思是“我一定是在电话铃响时把它们放进那里了”,对过去情况的推测,表示“一定已经”,用“must have dne”。 10. mind /memry 从上文内容可知,意为“天啦!我真的失去记忆力了。”(特别提醒:此题与语法无关,属完形填空的考点,可能是当时命题者考虑不成熟所致)
Are yu facing a situatin that lks impssible t fix? In 1969, the pllutin was terrible alng the Cuyahga River near Cleveland, Ohi. It 1 ______ (be) unimaginable that it culd ever be cleaned up. The river was s plluted that it 2 ________ (actual) caught fire and burned. Nw, years later, this river is ne f 3 ____ mst utstanding examples f envirnmental cleanup.
3. 2014 课标卷I
But the river wasn’t changed in a few days 4 _____even a few mnths. It tk years f wrk 5 _________ (reduce) the industrial pllutin and clean the water. Finally, that hard wrk paid ff and nw the water in the river is 6 ________(clean) than ever. Maybe yu are facing an impssible situatin. Maybe yu have a habit 7 ______ _________ is driving yur family crazy. Pssibly yu drink t much r dn’t knw hw t cntrl yur credit card use.
When yu face such an impssible situatin, dn’t yu want a quick fix and smething t change immediately? While there are 8 ________ (amaze) stries f instant transfrmatin, fr mst f us the 9 ________ (change) are gradual and require a lt f effrt and wrk, like cleaning up a plluted river. Just be 10 ________(patience).
凯霍加河的河水1969年还沾得可以着火,但通过几年治理,河水变得清澈,成为治理环境的最突出的例子之一。作者以此为例说明,看似不可能处理的情况其实也是可能的,只是一定要有耐心。1. was 指1969年的情况,用一般过去时;上下句的时态也有提示作用。2. actually 修饰谓语动词caught,作状语,用副词。3. the 构成最高级。4. r 起并列作用,表示“或者”。
5. t reduce 是it takes time t d sth.句型,不定式作真正的主语。6. cleaner 作表语,依然用形容词;由than可知,要用比较级。7. that /which 引导定语从句并在从句中作主语,先行词是a habit。8. amazing 在名词stries前作定语,要用形容词;由句意可知,需要填表示“惊人的”amazing。9. changes 作主语或冠词后应当用名词,change除作动词外也可作名词;由紧接着的are可知,要用复数形式。10. patient 在系动词be后作表语,要用形容词。
4. 2014 课标卷II
One mrning, I was waiting at the bus stp, wrried abut 1 ______ (be) late fr schl. There were many peple waiting at the bus stp, 2 ______ sme f them lked very anxius and 3 ____________ (disappint). When the bus finally came, we all hurried n bard.
disappinted
I gt a place next 4 ___ the windw, s I had a gd view f the sidewalk. A by n a bike 5 _______ (catch) my attentin. He was riding beside the bus and waving his arms. I heard a passenger behind me shuting t the driver, but he refused 6 _______ (stp) until we reached the next stp. Still, the by kept 7 _______ (ride). He was carrying smething ver his shulder and shuting.
Finally, when we came t the next stp, the by ran up t the dr f the bus. I heard an excited cnversatin. Then the driver std up and asked, “8 ________ anyne lse a suitcase at the last stp?” A wman n the bus shuted, “Oh dear! It’s 9 _________(I).” She pushed her way t the driver and tk the suitcase thankfully. Everyne n the bus began talking abut what the by had dne, and the crwd f strangers 10 ___________ (sudden) became friendly t ne anther.
本文作者记叙一次坐公交车的经历,作者亲历一位骑自行车的男孩拾到一位旅客的箱子后,一路追赶公交,直到下一站,将箱子交还失主,车上陌生人之间也因此变得相到友好。1. being 在介词后作宾语,动词be应用动名词形式。2. and 前后是两个句子,应填连词;不缺句子成分,意义完整,再根据两句意义之间的逻辑性判断,是并列关系,故填and。
3. disappinted 因lked作“看起来”解是系动词,句中所给词与形容词anxius并列,一起作lked的表语,故用其形容词形式;再根据语境,可知其意为“失望的”,故填disappinted。4. t 因名词the windw在句中不作主语、表语,也不作动词的宾语,很可能就是作介词的宾语;next t意为“在……的旁边,挨着……”,故填t。5. caught 在句中作谓语,考虑时态语态;a by与catch是主动关系,又由语境可知用一般过去时,故填caught。
6. t stp 表示“拒绝做某事”,是refuse t d sth.。7. riding 表示“继续/一直做某事”,是keep ding sth.。8. Did 考查疑问句的结构,本句是问“有人在前一个站丢了东西吗?”显然是过去时,而lse是原形,故填助动词Did,注意句首首字母要大写。9. mine /me 句中It可能是替代my suitcase,意为“那是我的箱子”,填mine;也可能是代替anyne,意为“丢东西的人是我”,填me。10. suddenly 修饰动词became,作状语,用副词。
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