练习 专辑8 阅读理解推理判断之文章结构 （教师版+学生版）

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1. 命题规律及备考策略
【命题规律】近3年新高考卷对于阅读理解中没有对推断文章结构进行考查，这不意味着未来不会考查。高考备考要充分准备未来可能考的题，不是盲目追风必考考过的试题。主要考查：
根据阅读文章整体推断文章结构。推断文章结构的方法：1.从整体出发，辨别文章结构图；2.根据文章的某一段落，选择文章作者是怎么展开或组织段落的。
【备考策略】系统归类推断文章结构的方法；熟练掌握阅读技能。
【命题预测】
学业水平考试的是高中生的毕业考试，高考是国家选拔创新人才的考试。学考和高考分开考的目的很明确。高考就是选拔性考试，通过高考英语试题，考查学生的推理判断能力和逻辑思维能力及品质是重要导向。
通过阅读理解中，推断文章结构考查考生的整体观，从全局看问题的能力，在新高考命题中很可能会出现。推断文章结构的命题依据是：新课程标准中要求学生掌握：主要语篇结构特征。因此，推断文章结构的推理判断题，有可能在2024年高考中将成为高考阅读理解的题型，应该倍加注意。
【2024年高考命题预测】
推理判断之推断文章结构考点是新课标中明确要考的考点。在当今高考的新改革时代，考查文章结构题最能考查学生对语篇的整体把控，要求学生必须从大处着眼。预测在2024高考中，推断文章结构题有可能在高考阅读理解中呈现。
【推理判断之文章结构考点指南】
规律方法：
文章结构主要的设题方式常有：
（1）Hw is the passage rganized?
（2）Which f the fllwing best shws the structure/rganizatin f the passage?
规律方法：如何解决文章结构题？
考查组织结构的文章通常行文组织结构都比较清晰、规范，因此,具备文体、写作方式和文章组织结构方面相关知识对于有效解答此类题目具有至关重要的作用。
1、记叙文可以采取以时间为序、以地点为序、以故事情节发展为序（开端、发展、高潮、结局）等叙事方式进行写作。以故事情节为序又可以不按照时间的先后顺序叙述，比如，先写结局，再写其他，最后写高潮，这种叙事手法叫做倒叙。
2、议论文总体上可以分为四类：
第一类，“提出论点——分论点一——分论点二——分论点三……——结论”；
第二类，“引入段——导出论点——分点论述——结论”；
第三类，“提出问题——分析问题——解决问题”；
第四类，“提出反面观点——批驳反面观点——提出正面观点”。
3、说明文往往采取下定义、举例子、列数字、对比或比较等说明方式进行写作，而这些说明方式都是为了使文章要说明的内容或问题更加清晰明了、真实可信，或者更具说服力。
（2023届江西省赣州市高三下学期二模）
Sleep is reparative. Because we need t repair a lt while we sleep, it’s imprtant t get quality sleep.
Mst f us functin better in the daytime with rutines. We als functin better at night with a rutine because we want t keep pace with ur natural bdy rhythms. Each persn’s rutine may be different — sme peple wash their face at night, and sme take a bath — just make sure it is a rutine. That’s true during the week and n the weekend; cnsistency matters. Have a winding dwn, getting ready fr sleep rutine, and carry that ut at the same time every night. Find things that are relaxing and help slw yu dwn fr sleep. That may be reading, listening t music, meditating, praying — anything that’s relaxing while als being cnstructive r healthy.
Typically, peple relax and tend t slw everything dwn at bedtime. As they relax, they take deeper breaths, increasing xygen flw, which raises their skin temperature. This is ne f the key reasns why we sleep better in a cler envirnment. If yur skin temperature increases and yur rm is already a bit warm, yu will be t ht t sleep well.
The exact temperature is a persnal matter. The key is that it’s mre tward cl than ht. Many cnsider 68 degrees an envirnment that’s neither s cld we shiver nr s ht we sweat. But there’s n scientific evidence fr an exact, perfect sleeping temperature.
At the end f the day, sleep is abslutely crucial fr s many reasns. It helps us repair and rejuvenate s we can fight infectin, cncentrate, regulate ur mds, shw up fr urselves and the peple in ur lives, and basically functin as humans. We can’t make up lst sleep, cntrary t what many a night wl might think. S, it’s really high time we shuld d all we can t fster the best sleep pssible, starting with a cl rm and relaxing bedtime rutine.
1．What can be inferred frm Paragraph 2?
A．A rutine can be helpful in getting quality sleep.
B．It’s best t avid screens befre yu g t bed.
C．Higher quality f sleep leads t better mental health.
D．Listening t music makes it difficult t stay asleep.
2．What will happen when peple relax during sleep at night?
A．They’ll take mre regular breaths.B．They’ll feel cler than in the day.
C．Their skin temperature will rise.D．They will nt get enugh xygen.
3．What main pint des the authr want t make in the last paragraph?
A．Gd sleep can be made at any time.B．Sleep is imprtant fr many reasns.
C．Try t develp gd sleep habits nw.D．Lst sleep makes n difference t peple.
4．What’s the structure f the text?
A．B．
C．D．
【答案】1．A 2．C 3．C 4．A
【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文，高质量的睡眠至关重要，作者在文章中主要论述了养成良好的睡前让自己放松的习惯并严格执行、保持凉爽的温度有益于提高睡眠质量。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段“Mst f us functin better in the daytime with rutines. We als functin better at night with a rutine because we want t keep pace with ur natural bdy rhythms. Each persn’s rutine may be different-sme peple wash their face at night, and sme take a bath-just make sure it is a rutine. That’s true during the week and n the weekend; cnsistency matters. (我们大多数人在白天按照习惯就会表现更好。我们在晚上按照习惯也会更好，因为我们想要跟上我们自然的身体节奏。每个人的习惯可能是不同的——有些人晚上洗脸，有些人洗澡——只要确保这是一种习惯。工作日和周末都是如此；一致性很重要。)”可知，养成习惯有助于获得高质量的睡眠。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Typically, peple relax and tend t slw everything dwn at bedtime. As they relax, they take deeper breaths, increasing xygen flw, which raises their skin temperature. (通常情况下，人们在睡觉时会放松，往往会放慢一切。当他们放松时，他们会深呼吸，增加氧气流量，从而提高皮肤温度。)”可知，当人们在晚上睡觉时放松，他们的皮肤温度会升高。故选C。
3．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“At the end f the day, sleep is abslutely crucial fr s many reasns. It helps us repair and rejuvenate s we can fight infectin, cncentrate, regulate ur mds, shw up fr urselves and the peple in ur lives, and basically functin as humans. We can’t make up lst sleep, cntrary t what many a night wl might think. S, it’s really high time we shuld d all we can t fster the best sleep pssible, starting with a cl rm and relaxing bedtime rutine. (归根结底，出于多种原因，睡眠绝对至关重要。它帮助我们修复和恢复活力，这样我们就可以对抗感染，集中注意力，调节我们的情绪，为自己和我们生活中的人出现，并且基本上像人类一样发挥作用。我们无法弥补失去的睡眠，这与许多夜猫子的想法相反。所以，现在真的是时候了，我们应该尽我们所能来促进最好的睡眠，从凉爽的房间和放松的就寝时间开始。)”可知，作者阐述良好睡眠的诸多益处，并且指出失去的睡眠是无法弥补的，并由此得出结论：从现在开始，尽我们所能来促进最好的睡眠，从凉爽的房间和放松的就寝时间开始；由此可知，作者在最后一段要阐述的主要观点是现在就努力养成良好的睡眠习惯。故选C。
4．推理判断题。在文章第一段“Sleep is reparative. Because we need t repair a lt while we sleep, it’s imprtant t get quality sleep. (睡眠是修复性的。因为我们需要在睡觉时修复很多东西，所以获得高质量的睡眠很重要。)”作者阐述了高质量睡眠的重要性；由第二段中“Have a winding dwn, getting ready fr sleep rutine, and carry that ut at the same time every night. Find things that are relaxing and help slw yu dwn fr sleep. That may be reading, listening t music, meditating, praying — anything that’s relaxing while als being cnstructive r healthy. (有一个放松下来，准备睡觉的程序，每天晚上在同一时间进行。找一些能让你放松的事情，让你慢慢入睡。可以是阅读、听音乐、冥想、祈祷——任何既放松又有益健康的事情。)”可知第二段阐述了养成良好的睡前让自己放松的一些习惯并严格执行有助于提高睡眠质量；第三段“Typically, peple relax and tend t slw everything dwn at bedtime. As they relax, they take deeper breaths, increasing xygen flw, which raises their skin temperature. This is ne f the key reasns why we sleep better in a cler envirnment. If yur skin temperature increases and yur rm is already a bit warm, yu will be t ht t sleep well. (通常情况下，人们会在睡前放松，并倾向于放慢一切。当他们放松时，他们会深呼吸，增加氧气流量，从而提高皮肤温度。这就是为什么我们在凉爽的环境中睡得更好的关键原因之一。如果你的皮肤温度升高，而你的房间已经有点热了，你就会热得睡不好觉。)”以及第四段“The exact temperature is a persnal matter. The key is that it’s mre tward cl than ht. Many cnsider 68 degrees an envirnment that’s neither s cld we shiver nr s ht we sweat. But there’s n scientific evidence fr an exact, perfect sleeping temperature. (确切的温度是个人问题。关键是它更倾向于冷而不是热。许多人认为68度的环境既不会冷到让人发抖，也不会热到让人出汗。但是没有科学证据证明一个精确的、完美的睡眠温度。)”阐述了睡觉放松时人们皮肤温度会升高，凉爽的环境有助于提高睡眠质量；在文章最后一段“At the end f the day, sleep is abslutely crucial fr s many reasns. It helps us repair and rejuvenate s we can fight infectin, cncentrate, regulate ur mds, shw up fr urselves and the peple in ur lives, and basically functin as humans. We can’t make up lst sleep, cntrary t what many a night wl might think. S, it’s really high time we shuld d all we can t fster the best sleep pssible, starting with a cl rm and relaxing bedtime rutine. (归根结底，出于多种原因，睡眠绝对至关重要。它帮助我们修复和恢复活力，这样我们就可以对抗感染，集中注意力，调节我们的情绪，为自己和我们生活中的人出现，并且基本上像人类一样发挥作用。我们无法弥补失去的睡眠，这与许多夜猫子的想法相反。所以，现在真的是时候了，我们应该尽我们所能来促进最好的睡眠，从凉爽的房间和放松的就寝时间开始。)”作者阐述良好睡眠的诸多益处，并且指出失去的睡眠是无法弥补的；并对自己的观点进行总结：从现在开始养成良好的习惯，从凉爽的房间和放松的就寝习惯开始；由此可知，本文为总——分——总结构，其中第二段阐述了养成良好的睡前让自己放松的一些习惯并严格执行有助于提高睡眠质量；第三、四段阐述了凉爽的温度有助于提高睡眠质量；A选项符合文章结构。故选A。
（2023届山东省潍坊市安丘市高三3月过程检测）
A diet rich in fruit and vegetables and incrprating a daily glass f wine can prtect the brain against dementia, a study suggests. Sticking clsely t Mediterranean eating habits, which als include plenty f nuts, seafd, whle grains and live il, has been linked t a 23 per cent lwer risk f dementia.
Based n data gathered n 60,000 peple via the UK Bibank, a medical database set up in 2006, the researchers scred participants’ diets fr hw clsely they matched the ideal Mediterranean diet n tw scales.
Using ne, thse whse eating habits were the best match were 23 per cent less likely t develp dementia than thse whse diets least fit the pattern. A diet with a perfect scre wuld invlve mre than fur tablespns f live il, at least tw prtins f vegetables and three f fruit per day as well as a glass f wine. It wuld als include at least three servings f legumes, 90 grams f nuts, and three servings f fish r shellfish a week. The ideal diet wuld als invlve very little red r prcessed meat, aviding t many sweetened drinks, butter, margarine r cream.
The secnd scale used similar criteria and a clse match n that was linked t a 14 per cent lwer risk f dementia. The findings, published in the jurnal BMC Medicine, appeared t shw a “prtective effect regardless f smene’s genetic risk”.
Dr Susan Mitchell, f Alzheimer’s Research UK, said, “There is a wealth f evidence that eating a healthy, balanced diet can help reduce the risk f cgnitive decline. But the evidence fr specific diets is much less clear-cut.” She pinted ut that the study nly drew n data frm peple with white, British r Irish ancestry. She said, “While there are n surefire ways t prevent dementia yet, a diet rich in fruit and vegetables, alng with plenty f exercise and nt smking, all cntribute t gd heart health, which in turn helps t prtect ur brain frm diseases that lead t dementia.”
5．What did the study find ut?
A．A new way t cure a disease.B．A ppular diet t keep balance.
C．A medical database t d research.D．A pssible strategy t reduce the risk f dementia.
6．Hw did the researchers carry ut the study?
A．By making cmparisn.B．By presenting the prcess.
C．By cnsulting ther studies.D．By analyzing cause and effect.
7．What des Susan Mitchell think f the study?
A．It’s evident.B．It’s limited.C．It’s practical.D．It’s prmising.
8．Which f the fllwing best shws the structure f the passage?
A．B．
C．D．
【答案】5．D 6．A 7．B 8．C
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了新的研究发现富含水果和蔬菜的饮食，每天喝一杯酒，可以保护大脑免受痴呆症的侵害。介绍了研究开展的过程以及Susan Mitchell博士对此研究的看法。
5．细节理解题。根据第一段“A diet rich in fruit and vegetables and incrprating a daily glass f wine can prtect the brain against dementia, a study suggests. Sticking clsely t Mediterranean eating habits, which als include plenty f nuts, seafd, whle grains and live il, has been linked t a 23 per cent lwer risk f dementia.(一项研究表明，富含水果和蔬菜的饮食，每天喝一杯酒，可以保护大脑免受痴呆症的侵害。坚持地中海饮食习惯，包括大量的坚果、海鲜、全谷物和橄榄油，可以将患痴呆症的风险降低23%)”可知，这项研究发现降低痴呆症风险的可能策略。故选D。
6．细节理解题。根据第二段“Based n data gathered n 60,000 peple via the UK Bibank, a medical database set up in 2006, the researchers scred participants’ diets fr hw clsely they matched the ideal Mediterranean diet n tw scales.(根据2006年建立的英国生物银行收集的6万人的数据，研究人员从两个方面对参与者的饮食与理想地中海饮食的匹配程度进行了评分)”可知，研究人员通过比较进行这项研究。故选A。
7．细节理解题。根据最后一段“She pinted ut that the study nly drew n data frm peple with white, British r Irish ancestry.(她指出，这项研究只利用了白人、英国或爱尔兰血统的人的数据)”可知，Susan Mitchell认为这项研究有限制性。故选B。
8．推理判断题。根据第一段“A diet rich in fruit and vegetables and incrprating a daily glass f wine can prtect the brain against dementia, a study suggests. Sticking clsely t Mediterranean eating habits, which als include plenty f nuts, seafd, whle grains and live il, has been linked t a 23 per cent lwer risk f dementia.(一项研究表明，富含水果和蔬菜的饮食，每天喝一杯酒，可以保护大脑免受痴呆症的侵害。坚持地中海饮食习惯，包括大量的坚果、海鲜、全谷物和橄榄油，可以将患痴呆症的风险降低23%)”可知第一段引出文章关于新研究发现降低痴呆症风险的可能策略；第二段“Based n data gathered n 60,000 peple via the UK Bibank, a medical database set up in 2006, the researchers scred participants’ diets fr hw clsely they matched the ideal Mediterranean diet n tw scales.(根据2006年建立的英国生物银行收集的6万人的数据，研究人员从两个方面对参与者的饮食与理想地中海饮食的匹配程度进行了评分)”总述研究开展的方式；第三段“Using ne, thse whse eating habits were the best match were 23 per cent less likely t develp dementia than thse whse diets least fit the pattern.(使用一种方法，饮食习惯最匹配的人患痴呆症的可能性比饮食习惯最不匹配的人低23%)”以及第四段“The secnd scale used similar criteria and a clse match n that was linked t a 14 per cent lwer risk f dementia.(第二个量表使用了类似的标准，与之接近的人患痴呆症的风险降低了14%)”为第二段的分论点，具体阐述研究过程；最后一段是Susan Mitchell对此研究的看法。可推知，C选项最符合文章结构。故选C。
基础过关
（最新模拟试题演练）
1.【2023·广东省华附、省实、广雅、深中四校联考】
One f the mst imprtant changes cities must make t imprve life in them is t separate peple frm their cars. Even when yu have a strng public transprt system in mving peple between ppulatin hubs, the last mile - that sectin between the railway statin and smene’s hme, fr example - can lead t car use if it’s cnsidered t far r t dangerus t walk.
The idea f a lw-traffic neighburhd (LTN) - where cars are banned frm quieter ‘rat runs’ (偏僻小路) t keep them n the majr rutes - has taken ff in parts f the UK. LTNs attempt t filter ut cars frm residential streets using bllards, camera-cntrlled gates r even planters full f flwers placed acrss the rad, while pedestrians, cyclists and emergency vehicles can still pass.
Analysis fr the active transprt charity Sustrans fund that “driving a mile n a minr urban rad is twice as likely t kill r seriusly injure a child pedestrian, and three times mre likely t kill r seriusly injure a child cyclist, cmpared t driving a mile n an urban A-rad,” and that heavy car traffic in residential areas can lead t a rise in scial islatin. LTNs reduce this danger, leading t a three-fld reductin in injuries, and have been shwn t increase the number f visitrs t lcal businesses.
Als ppular are e-scter hire trials, which are taking place in twns and cities including Middlesbrugh, Bristl and Chelmsfrd. The trials see gaggles f electric scters available t be picked up frm street crners. The scters are hired using an app and then, nce they’re finished with, parked elsewhere inside the trial area, where they’re cllected and recharged by the hiring cmpany. A Department f Transprt reprt n e-scter use fund they were “widely perceived t have envirnmental and cnvenience benefits,” but suffered frm cmparisns t children’s tys.
But that’s nt all. The wrld’s first hub fr demnstrating electric air taxis and drnes pened in Cventry earlier this year. The taxis and drnes based at the hub all take ff and land vertically like helicpters and are being used t travel shrt jurneys r deliver carg.
Weaning us ff ur car addictin is ne f the mre difficult barriers standing between us and healthier cities. The first step that needs t be taken will be t tackle the dminance f the car.
1．What can we learn frm Paragraph 1?
A．Peple are cnsidered reliant n cars t travel.
B．Public transprt system still needs imprvement.
C．Pllutin frm cars has an impact n peple’s life quality.
D．Residential areas are usually far away frm the railway statin.
2．What d we knw abut the idea f an LTN?
A．It’s a way t encurage scial interactin and lcal business.
B．It’s a series f measures t reserve the streets t walking residents.
C．It’s a system that emplys high technlgy t keep cars n the main rads.
D．It’s a practice prved effective in keeping children safe frm traffic accidents.
3．What’s the structure f the text?
P=Paragraph
A．B．
C．D．
4．What’s the purpse f the text?
A．T call n readers t cnstruct a healthier city.
B．T prmte the latest develpments in car alternatives.
C．T intrduce pssible ways t get rid f dependence n cars.
D．T infrm citizens f technlgical advances t tackle scial prblems.
【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．C
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章指出人们过于依赖汽车，这不利于健康城市的建设，因此需要解除对汽车的依赖，并提出三个措施。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段第一句“One f the mst imprtant changes cities must make t imprve life in them is t separate peple frm their cars. (为了改善城市的生活，城市必须做出的最重要的改变之一就是将人们与汽车分开。)”可知，改善城市生活最重要的改变就是将人们与汽车分开，可见人们出行对汽车很依赖。故选A项。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Analysis fr the active transprt charity Sustrans fund that “driving a mile n a minr urban rad is twice as likely t kill r seriusly injure a child pedestrian, and three times mre likely t kill r seriusly injure a child cyclist, cmpared t driving a mile n an urban A-rad,” and that heavy car traffic in residential areas can lead t a rise in scial islatin. LTNs reduce this danger, leading t a three-fld reductin in injuries, and have been shwn t increase the number f visitrs t lcal businesses. (积极交通慈善机构Sustrans进行的分析发现，“与在城市一级道路上行驶一英里相比，在城市次要道路上行驶一英里，导致儿童行人死亡或严重受伤的可能性是前者的两倍，而导致儿童骑自行车者死亡或严重伤害的可能性是前者的三倍”，居民区的汽车交通拥挤可能会导致社会孤立的加剧。LTN减少了这一危险，导致受伤人数减少了三倍，并已表明增加了当地企业的游客数量。)”可知，LTN使得在次要道路上因交通工具导致的儿童重伤和死亡人数减少，因此它被证实是使孩子远离交通事故的有效措施。故选D项。
3．推理判断题。根据第一段第一句“One f the mst imprtant changes cities must make t imprve life in them is t separate peple frm their cars. (为了改善城市的生活，城市必须做出的最重要的改变之一就是将人们与汽车分开。)”可知，改善城市生活最重要的改变就是将人们与汽车分开，可见人们出行对汽车很依赖，本文旨在解决这个问题；根据第二段第一句“The idea f a lw-traffic neighburhd (LTN) - where cars are banned frm quieter ‘rat runs’ (偏僻小路) t keep them n the majr rutes - has taken ff in parts f the UK. (低交通量社区（LTN）的想法已经在英国部分地区流行起来。在这里，汽车被禁止在较安静的“老鼠跑道”上行驶，以保证它们在主干道上行驶。)”，第四段第一句“Als ppular are e-scter hire trials, which are taking place in twns and cities including Middlesbrugh, Bristl and Chelmsfrd. (试行电子滑板车租赁也很受欢迎，目前正在米德尔斯堡、布里斯托尔和切尔姆斯福德等城镇进行。)”和第五段第一二句“But that’s nt all. The wrld’s first hub fr demnstrating electric air taxis and drnes pened in Cventry earlier this year. (但这还不是全部。今年早些时候，世界上第一个演示电动空中出租车和无人机的中心在考文垂开始营业。)”可知，二，四，五段分别提出一种措施；根据第三段最后一句“LTNs reduce this danger, leading t a three-fld reductin in injuries, and have been shwn t increase the number f visitrs t lcal businesses. (LTN减少了这一危险，导致受伤人数减少了三倍，并已表明增加了当地企业的游客数量。)”可知，第三段延续第二段，继续讨论LTN。因此文章结构应该是总分总，第一段总起介绍，第二三段讨论措施一，第四段讨论措施二，第五段讨论措施三，第六段总结。故选B项。
4．推理判断题。根据本文最后一段“Weaning us ff ur car addictin is ne f the mre difficult barriers standing between us and healthier cities. The first step that needs t be taken will be t tackle the dminance f the car. (让我们摆脱对汽车的依赖是我们与更健康的城市之间更困难的障碍之一。需要采取的第一步是解决汽车的主导地位。)”可知，文章最后作者再次强调要摆脱对汽车的依赖，而前文几段也提出了三种措施，故可推测本文作者旨在介绍解除汽车依赖的措施。故选C项。
2.【2023·江西省赣州市期末】
Yu’ve prbably already heard abut AI-pwered cameras that can recgnize peple just by analyzing their facial features, but what if there was a way fr artificial intelligence t figure ut what yu lk like just by the sund f yur vice and withut cmparing yur vice t a database? That’s exactly what a team f scientists at MIT has been wrking n, and the results f their wrk are impressive. While their neural netwrk, named Speech2Face, can’t yet figure ut the exact facial features f a human just by their vice, it certainly gets plenty f details right.
Speech2Face is trained in the training data, which is a cllectin f educatinal vides frm YuTube. “Our mdel is designed t reveal statistical cnnectins that exist between facial features and vices f speakers in the training data,” the creatrs f Speech2Face said. Hwever, the data des nt represent equally the entire wrld ppulatin. Therefre, the mdel- -as is the case with any machine learning mdel- is affected by this uneven distributin f data.
Yu can tell a lt abut a persn frm the way they speak alne. Fr example, yu can mst likely tell if smene is male r female, r if they are yung r ld, but Speech2Face ges beynd that. It can determine fairly accurately the shape f smene’ s nse, cheekbnes r jaw frm their vice alne, because the way the nse and ther bnes in ur faces are structured determines the way we sund.
The racial characteristic is als ne f the things Speech2Face can figure ut with accuracy frm listening t smene’s vice fr just a few millisecnds, as peple wh cme frm the same grups tend t have similar qualities r features. The AI takes a variety f factrs int accunt, and it smetimes prduces impressive results, but it’s still a wrk in prgress.
1．Hw des Speech2Face recgnize a human’s facial features?
A．By the shape f their nse.B．By the sund f their vice.
C．By the expressin n their face.D．By the results f data cmparisn.
2．What can we learn abut Speech2Face accrding t the passage?
A．It can tell a persn’s persnality by his vice.
B．It can determine where a persn cmes frm.
C．It can tell the size f a persn by his vice.
D．It can recnstruct an image f a persn’s face.
3．What is the crrect structure f the text?
A．B．
C．D．
4．What will the text prbably mentin abut Speech2Face fallwing the last paragraph?
A．Its market future.B．Its features.
C．Its limitatins.D．Its applicatins.
【答案】1．B 2．D 3．B 4．C
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍Speech2Face ——一个可以通过声音猜出某人长什么样的人工智能。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“While their neural netwrk, named Speech2Face, can’t yet figure ut the exact facial features f a human just by their vice, it certainly gets plenty f details right. (虽然他们的神经网络，名为Speech2Face，还不能仅仅通过声音来判断出人类的确切面部特征，但它肯定在很多细节上是正确的。)”可知，Speech2Face通过他们的声音识别人类的面部特征。故选B。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段“It can determine fairly accurately the shape f smene’ s nse, cheekbnes r jaw frm their vice alne, because the way the nse and ther bnes in ur faces are structured determines the way we sund. (仅从一个人的声音，它就能相当准确地确定一个人鼻子、颧骨或下巴的形状，因为鼻子和面部其他骨骼的结构方式决定了我们的发音方式。)”可推断，Speech2Face可以重建一个人的面部图像。故选D。
3．推理判断题。根据全文可知，文章第一段引入文章主题；第二、三、四三段分别介绍Speech2Face的工作原理、优点和局限性。所以文章的结构为总分关系。故选B。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The AI takes a variety f factrs int accunt, and it smetimes prduces impressive results, but it’s still a wrk in prgress. (人工智能考虑了各种因素，有时它会产生令人印象深刻的结果，但它仍然是一项正在进行的工作。)”可推断，Speech2Face具有局限性。故选C。
3.【2023届湖北省荆门市龙泉中学高考考前模拟】
The twentieth century saw greater changes than any century befre:changes fr the better,changes fr the wrse; changes that brught a lt f benefits t human beings, changes that put man in danger. Many things caused the changes, but, in my pinin, the mst imprtant was the prgress in science.
Scientific research in physics and bilgy has vastly bradened ur views. It has given us a deeper knwledge f the structure f matter and f the universe; it has brught us a better understanding f the nature f life and f its cntinuus develpment. Technlgy in the applicatin f science has made big advances that have benefited us in nearly every part f life.
The cntinuatin f such activitites in the twenty-first century will result in even greater advantages t human beings : in pure science―a wider and deeper knwledge in all fields f learning ; in applied science―a mre reasnable sharing f material benefits , and better prtectin f the envirnment.
Sadly, hwever, there is anther side t the picture. The creativity f science has been emplyed in ding damage t mankind. The applicatin f science and technlgy t the develpment and prductin f weapns f mass destructin has created a real danger t the cntinued existence f the human race n this planet. We have seen this happen in the case f nuclear weapns. Althugh their actual use has s far ccurred nly in the Secnd Wrld War , the number f nuclear weapns that were prduced and made ready fr use was s large that if the weapns had actually been used, the result culd have been the ruin f the human race , as well as f many kinds f animals.
William Shakespeare said , “ The web f ur life is f a mingled yarn(纱线), gd and ill tgether .” The abve brief review f the applicatin f nly ne part f human activities—science seems t prve what Shakespeare said . But des it have t be s? Must the ill always g tgether with the gd ?Are we bilgically prgrammed fr war?
17．Which f the fllwing best shws the structure f the passage ?
（①="Paragraph1" , ②=" Paragraph" 2，③=" Paragraph" 3，④=" Paragraph" 4，⑤=" Paragraph" 5）
A．B．C． D．
18．Frm the furth paragraph , we can infer that __________.
A．a great many nuclear weapns were actually used fr war
B．a large number f nuclear weapns shuld have been used fr war
C．the authr is dubtful abut the ruin f human beings by nuclear weapns
D．the authr is anxius abut the huge number f unclear weapns n the earth
19．The underlined wrd “mingled” in the last paragraph mst prbably means__________.
A．simpleB．mixedC．sadD．happy
20．What yu think the authr is mst likely t suggest if he cntinues t write ?
A．Further applicatin f science t war.
B．Mre reading f William Shakespeare.
C．Prper use f science in the new century.
D．Effective ways t separate the gd frm the ill.
【答案】17．A 18．D 19．B 20．D
【导语】本文是一篇议论文，从正反两方面论述了科技进步的利弊。
17．推理判断题。在文章首段的最后一句话，通过but找到主题句“Many things caused the changes , but , in my pinin , the mst imprtant was the prgress in science .”（很多东西导致了这些变化，但在我看来，最重要的是科学的进步），第二、三段的主题句都出现了段尾，都讲了科技带来的benefit，从正面印证了主题。而第四段首句的Sadly和hwever，表明文章转入另外一个方面的论证，而且是反面的的论证。全文尾段用Shakespeare的话再次总结主题。根据这个分析，可以很容易地看出这篇文章的整体结构是“总－分－总”式，在“分”的部分有分为正、反两方面，与A项意思一致，故选A。
18．推理判断题。根据第四段内容，特别是“Althugh their actual use has s far ccurred nly in the Secnd Wrld War , the number f nuclear weapns that were prduced and made ready fr use was s large that if the weapns had actually been used , the result culd have been the ruin f the human race , as well as f many kinds f animals .”(尽管到目前为止，它们的实际使用仅发生在第二次世界大战中，但生产和准备使用的核武器数量如此之多，如果这些武器真的被使用，其结果可能是毁灭人类和许多动物)可以看出作者对核武器的担忧，故选D。
19．词句猜测题。根据划线词后的“gd and ill tgether”（好的和坏的交织在一起）可以猜测出mingled 的意思为“混杂的”，与mixed同义，所以选B。
20．推理判断题。根据最后一段“But des it have t be s ? Must the ill always g tgether with the gd ? Are we bilgically prgrammed fr war ?”（但一定要这样吗？恶总是与善相伴吗？我们天生就要打仗吗？）可以推理出作者会继续写如何有效地将gd和ill分开，故选D。
考点：生活百味类短文阅读。
4.【江西省赣州市摸底考试（一模）】
We all knw a picky eater (挑食者) r tw, r maybe yu're the picky eater, aviding fd adventures at all csts, because yu're cnvinced yu'll hate whatever new and bad-lking fd is put n yur plate. But why is it that sme peple are picky eaters while thers are willing t try pretty much anything that can be eaten?
There's n single explanatin fr the picky eating habit. Picky eaters are typically unwilling t try new fds, which can be the result f yur DNA and the way yu are treated and educated when yu are yung. Marcia Pelchat, Ph.D．, a researcher at the Mnell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia wh specializes in fd preferences in humans, tells China Daily, “A grup in Finland lked at what we call fd nephbia, which literally means 'fear f the new', and they fund that there is sme genetic basis fr this.”
“Als, if yu have parents wh dn't really like t try anything new, yu will als be expsed t fewer new fds,” Pelchat says. The ppsite is als true: Thse wh try new fds and have psitive experiences are then mre likely t try unfamiliar fds in the future.
Peple wh are less adventurus may be mre hesitant t try new fds. Trying anything new, fd included, requires yu t step utside f yur cmfrt zne. If yu're nt very adventurus, yu may have a tugh time with this. Peple wh seek new adventures r thrills might be mre likely t experiment with fd. “There is a thrill-seeking persnality trait,” Pelchat says. “It's been shwn, especially with spicy fd, that there is sme cnnectin between trying new fds and thrill seeking,” she explains.
Mst adult picky eaters start as child picky eaters. “It's nrmal fr children t g thrugh a picky stage when they're tddlers, maybe tw r three years ld, and that makes sense evlutinarily,” Pelchat says. But as we get lder, if we cntinue t avid new fds, pickiness can persist.
35．Which f the fllwing shws the best structure f the passage? (P=Paragraph)
A．B．
C．D．
【答案】35．B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章对为什么有些人挑食，而有些人却愿意尝试几乎所有能吃的东西这个问题进行了解释和说明。
35．推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句“But why is it that sme peple are picky eaters while thers are willing t try pretty much anything that can be eaten? (但为什么有些人挑食，而有些人却愿意尝试几乎所有能吃的东西呢？)”可知，第一段提出问题，根据第二段第一句“There's n single explanatin fr the picky eating habit. (对于挑食的习惯没有单一的解释)”可知，第二段解释为什么会有人挑食，根据第三段第一句“Als, if yu have parents wh dn't really like t try anything new, yu will als be expsed t fewer new fds(此外，如果你的父母不喜欢尝试新事物，你接触到的新食物也会更少)”可知，第三段也在解释为什么会有人挑食。所以第二段和第三段是同样的作用。根据第四段第四句“Peple wh seek new adventures r thrills might be mre likely t experiment with fd. (寻求新冒险或刺激的人可能更愿意尝试食物)”可知，第四段解释了为什么会有人乐于尝试各种食物，根据第五段第一句“Mst adult picky eaters start as child picky eaters. (大多数成年挑食者从儿童开始就挑食)”可知，第五段介绍了挑食习惯形成的阶段。故选B。
5.【河南省南阳市六校第一次联合测试】
The grcery stre might nt be yur favrite place t visit when yu're at hme, but is it ever fun when yu're in anther cuntry? Hnestly speaking, they're ne f thse strange little destinatins that I like t sniff ut everywhere I g, much as ther travelers head tward clthing stres, libraries, cffee shps r galleries.
The greatest beauty f the grcery stre –– whether it's a supermarket r a tiny shp –– is that it gives yu a glimpse int what lcal peple buy t ck their wn meals. This ffers clues int their lifestyles and preferences, and int the agricultural and cking practices f the cuntry. I stare at the strange fruits and vegetables, the seafd, the cheese, the spices, the bread, and h, the the chclate!
Being the envirnmental nerd（呆子）I am, I like paying attentin t packaging, which can reflect peple's attitudes twards envirnmental prtectin. Italy, fr example, has a habit f requiring custmers t bag their fruits and vegetables in plastic fr weighing, while Sri Lanka leaves everything lse in bins. In Brazil, everything is prepackaged in a layer f plastic.
Peple in grcery stres tend t be friendlier. They smile, say hell, and smetimes ask questins, which can lead t great cnversatins. I had a further discussin with a teenaged cashier in Sri Lanka, ver which bag f crunchy（松脆的）mix t buy. He insisted that the ne labeled “spicy” wuld be t ht fr me, but I tld him I was willing t risk it. He laughed and we ended up talking abut my favrite Sri Lankan fds fr ten minutes.
It's interesting then t cme hme and lk at ne's wn lcal grcery stre thrugh new eyes. What wuld a visitr think? What stands ut, and what d the fd displays say abut us as a culture? Yu might be surprised by what yu realize.
11．Which f the fllwing shws the structure f text? (P: paragraph)
A．B．
C．D．
【答案】11．C
【解析】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者通过介绍自己旅行时喜欢去食品杂货店的经历来建议人们在旅游时去当地的食品杂货店看看。
11．推理判断题。根据第一段第二句“Hnestly speaking, they're ne f thse strange little destinatins that I like t sniff ut (寻找) everywhere I g, much as ther travelers head tward clthing stres, libraries, cafes r galleries. (说实话，它们是那些我所到之处都喜欢去的奇怪的小目的地之一，就像其他游客去服装店、图书馆、咖啡馆或画廊一样)”可知，作者去国外时最喜欢逛当地的杂货店，第二段到第四段都在讲去杂货店的好处。最后一段的第一句“It's interesting then t cme hme and lk at ne's wn lcal grcery stre thrugh new eyes.(然后回到家用新的眼光看看自己的杂货店会是很有趣的)”以及下文的问题可知作者最后总结了旅行时逛杂货店的益处。故选C。
6.【广东省名校2022届高三年级下学期联合测试】
Integrity is the quality f being hnest and strng abut what yu believe t be right. The cncept f integrity has played a key rle in mral philsphy thrughut histry and is prmted in all scieties because f its imprtance t scial relatins. Individual integrity is vital t sciety, ne that enables peple t make use f their capacity fr critical reflectin, des nt frce peple t take up particular rles and des nt encurage individuals t betray each ther. Besides, scieties can be favrable t the develpment f individual integrity.
Individual integrity can lift up the spirits f the entire sciety. It can shape the lives f peple living in a particular sciety, the lives f all fellw peple and, in its bradest sense, even the destiny f a natin. By cntrast, if thse living in the sciety are crrupt, it culd have bad effects, jepardizing the healthy mrality f the sciety.
On the ther hand, a sciety can be favrable t the develpment f individual integrity. Sciety expects and requires integrity. A sciety cnsisting f peple f integrity, and peple wh never cmprmise n their principles, culd have a psitive mark n the persnal develpment n its members. Being a part f such a mrally lively cmmunity culd serve as a basis fr absrbing traits f gd character. This culd be f a distinct advantage t any individuals in the sciety.
Nnetheless, sme scial structures are f the wrng srt fr sme individuals t pursue integrity. If that is the case, we have t ask questins abut the mral nature f sciety first befre raising questins abut individual integrity. Questins abut integrity may turn ut t be abut what kind f sciety it is, rather than abut the relatinship between individual interests and characteristics f a sciety. The pursuit f adequate individual integrity ften depends, nt s much n understanding wh ne is and what ne believes and is cmmitted t, but rather understanding what ne’s sciety is and imagining what it culd be.
Under n circumstances can we underestimate the imprtance f human integrity in a sciety. Peple, wh are hnest, trustwrthy, cmpassinate and caring, are the factrs decisive in the grwth f individuals as well as the develpment f a sciety.
12．Individual integrity has been valued in sciety because ______.
A．it helps develp philsphyB．it is crucial t scial relatins
C．it is the basis f critical thinkingD．it ensures peple’s particular rles
13．The underlined wrd “jepardizing” in Paragraph 2 prbably means “______”.
A．strengtheningB．assessing
C．influencingD．destrying
14．What des the authr believe accrding t the passage?
A．Individual integrity relies n what ne has faith in.
B．The pursuit f individual integrity changes with time.
C．The nature f sciety is decided by ecnmic develpment.
D．Scial structures guide the frmatin f individual integrity.
15．Which f the fllwing shws the develpment f ideas in the passage?
CP: Central Pint P: Pint Sp: Sub-pint C: Cnclusin
A．B．
C．D．
【答案】12．B13．D14．D15．A
【解析】本文是一篇议论文，论述了诚信对个人和社会的重要性以及社会对个人诚信的影响。
12．细节理解题。根据第一段“Individual integrity is vital t sciety, ne that enables peple t make use f their capacity fr critical reflectin, des nt frce peple t take up particular rles and des nt encurage individuals t betray each ther.”（个人诚信对社会至关重要，它使人们能够利用自己的批判性反思能力，不强迫人们扮演特定角色，也不鼓励个人背叛彼此）可知，个人诚信对社会是至关重要的，故选B。
13．词义猜测题。根据划线词前的“By cntrast, if thse living in the sciety are crrupt, it culd have bad effects,”可知，相反，如果生活在社会中的人是腐败的，就会有不良的影响，进而危害社会的健康道德，由此可知，划线词词义为“危害、破坏”，故选D。
14．细节理解题。根据第三段“On the ther hand, a sciety can be favrable t the develpment f individual integrity. Sciety expects and requires integrity. A sciety cnsisting f peple f integrity, and peple wh never cmprmise n their principles, culd have a psitive mark n the persnal develpment n its members.”（另一方面，一个社会可以有利于个人诚信的发展。社会期望并要求诚信。一个由诚信的人和从不在原则上妥协的人组成的社会，可能会在其成员的个人发展上留下积极的印记）可知，社会结构引导个人诚信的形成，故选D。
15．推理判断题。根据文章第一句“Integrity is the quality f being hnest and strng abut what yu believe t be right.”（诚信是诚实和坚强的品质并让你坚持你认为是正确的东西）；第一段“Individual integrity is vital t sciety, ne that enables peple t make use f their capacity fr critical reflectin, des nt frce peple t take up particular rles and des nt encurage individuals t betray each ther.”（个人诚信对社会至关重要，它使人们能够利用自己的批判性反思能力，不强迫人们扮演特定角色，也不鼓励个人背叛彼此）；第二段“Individual integrity can lift up the spirits f the entire sciety.”（个人诚信可以振奋整个社会的精神）；第三段“On the ther hand, a sciety can be favrable t the develpment f individual integrity.”（另一方面，社会可能有利于个人诚信的发展）；第四段“Nnetheless, sme scial structures are f the wrng srt fr sme individuals t pursue integrity.”（尽管如此，一些社会结构对于一些追求诚信的人来说是错误的）以及最后一段“Under n circumstances can we underestimate the imprtance f human integrity in a sciety.”（在任何情况下，我们都不能低估一个人的诚信在社会中的重要性）可知文章是总分总的结构展开的，即：文章第一句话总说，第一、二、三、四段从两方面分说（一、二段是个人诚信影响社会的分论点；三、四段是社会影响诚信的分论点），最后一段是结论，故选A。
7.（北京四中高三期中）The new scial rbts, including Jib, Czm, Kuri and Meccan M.A．X., bear sme resemblance t assistants like Apple’s Siri, but these rbts cme with smething mre. They are designed t win us ver nt with their smarts but with their persnality. They are sld as cmpanins that d mre than talk t us. Time magazine hailed (称赞) the rbts that “culd fundamentally reshape hw we interact with machines.” But is reshaping hw we interact with machines a gd thing, especially fr children?
Sme researchers in favr f the rbts dn’t see a prblem with this. Peple have relatinships with many kinds f things. Sme say rbts are just anther thing with which we can have relatinships. T supprt their argument, rbticists smetimes pint t hw children deal with ty dlls. Children animate (赋予…生命) dlls and turn them int imaginary friends. Jib, in a sense, will be ne mre imaginary friend, and arguably a mre intelligent and fun ne.
Getting attached t dlls and sciable machines is different, thugh. Tday’s rbts tell children that they have emtins, friendships, even dreams t share. In reality, the whle gal f the rbts is emtinal trickery. Fr instance, Czm the rbt needs t be fed, repaired and played with. Bris Sfman, the chief executive f Anki, the cmpany behind Czm, says that the idea is t create “a deeper and deeper emtinal cnnectin ... And if yu neglect him, yu feel the pain f that.” What is the pint f this, exactly? What des it mean t feel the pain f neglecting smething that feels n pain at being neglected, r t feel anger at being neglected by smething that desn’t even knw it is neglecting yu?
This shuld nt be ur nly cncern. It is trubling that these rbts try t empathize with children. Empathy allws us t put urselves in the place f thers, t knw what they are feeling. Rbts, hwever, have n emtins t share, and they cannt put themselves in ur place. N matter what rbtic creatures “say” r squeak, they dn’t understand ur emtinal lives. They present themselves as empathy machines, but they are missing the essential equipment. They have nt been brn, they dn’t knw pain, r death, r fear. Rbt thinking may be thinking, but rbt feeling is never feeling, and rbt lve is never lve.
What is als trubling is that children take rbts’ behavir t indicate feelings. When the rbts interact with them, children take this as evidence that the rbts like them, and when rbts dn’t wrk when needed, children als take it persnally. Their relatinships with the rbts affect their self-esteem (自尊). In ne study, an 8-year-ld by cncluded that the rbt stpped talking t him because the rbt liked his brthers better.
Fr s lng, we dreamed f artificial intelligence ffering us nt nly simple help but cnversatin and care. Nw that ur dream is becming real, it is time t deal with the emtinal dwnside f living with rbts that “feel.”
1．Hw are the new scial rbts different frm Siri?
A．They are intended t teach children hw t talk.
B．They are designed t attract peple with their smarts.
C．Their main functin is t evaluate children’s persnality.
D．They have a new way t cmmunicate with human beings.
2．In Paragraph 3 Czm is used as an example t shw that the scial rbts ______.
A．are deeply cnnected with human beings
B．are unable t build a real relatinship with children
C．are s advanced that they can feel the pain f human beings
D．are nt gd enugh t carry ut the instructins f children
3．The underlined phrase “essential equipment” in Paragraph 4 refers t ______.
A．emtinB．pain
C．fearD．thinking
4．Which f the fllwing shws the develpment f ideas in the passage?
I: Intrductin P: Pint Sp: Sub-pint (次要点) C: Cnclusin
A．B．
C．D．
【答案】1．D2．B3．A4．B
【解析】这是一篇议论文。新的社交机器人与以往机器人不同，他们不仅比我们聪明还有他们的个性。时代周刊称它彻底改变了我们与机器互动的方式。但是对这种改变有的科学家赞同而有很多人也很担忧。
1．推理判断题。由第一段中的第一句话可知，新的社交机器人与像苹果的Siri这样的助理有相同之处，但比它们有更多功能。再由第一段中的Time magazine hailed (称赞) the rbts that “culd fundamentally reshape hw we interact with machines.可知，社交机器人彻底改变了我们与机器互动的方式，可以推知以一种新的方式与人们交流互动。故选D。
2．推理判断题。Czm是第三段的举例，举例肯定是用来证明本段或者其前边的观点的。本段的中心是“Getting attached t dlls and sciable machines is different, thugh.（与洋娃娃相处与与社交机器相处是不同的”。再由第三段最后一句句意“你觉得忽略了机器人而难受，但是机器人并不会感觉被忽略，或者你感觉机器人冷落了你而难受但是机器人根本不知道它冷落了你，这些意味着什么呢？”可知，社交机器人并不能真的跟小朋友建立感情。故选B。
3．猜测词义题。由划线单词后的“They have nt been brn, they dn’t knw pain, r death, r fear. Rbt thinking may be thinking, but rbt feeling is never feeling, and rbt lve is never lve.”可知，社交机器人不知道疼，死亡或害怕。社交机器人的思维可能是在想，但是他们的感觉从来不是感觉，他们的爱也从来不是爱。这句话是证明划线单词所在句子的论点的，他们是会同情的机器，但是他们缺少感情，导致他们所谓的感情是假的。所以划线单词词意为情感。A. emtin情感；B. pain疼痛；C. fear害怕；D. thinking想。故选A。
4．篇章结构题。分析文章内容，第一段提出观点：社交机器人改变了我们与机器互动的方式。第二段提出一些支持这一改变的专家的想法，第三段提出一些人对这一改变的担忧，并且第三段后半部分以及第四段、第五段分别是这些人的三点担忧。最后一段总结这一趋势面临的现状。所以文章提出观点后，分为支持和反对两个观点，反对方面又列出了三点担忧，最后一段总结。故选B。
8.（2020·北京西城·一模）The Impssible Burger is entirely free f meat. But it lks, smells, feels and—mst imprtantly—tastes s much like real hamburger beef. In fact, plant-based burger alternatives have set ff a strng resistance frm the beef industry. The Center fr Cnsumer Freedm, a nnprfit that advcates n behalf f the fast fd and meat industries has launched an “infrmatinal” campaign targeting plant-based meats. The campaign has included TV and nline ads, as well as print ads in newspapers. The ads seem t imply that nt nly is an artificial burger t prcessed, but that it might be even less healthy than the average beef burger.
While it’s true that a plant-based meat alternative is prcessed and it’s true that eating ne is nt as healthy as a pile f raw vegetables, it’s best t take the ads with a generus pinch f salt.
Fr instance, the additives and preservatives in plant-based meat highlighted in ne ad sure sund scary. Wh wants smething called titanium dixide (二氧化钛) in their meal? But the truth is that additives such as thse listed in the ads are regularly used in all srts f packaged fds. And if methylcellulse, a fd thickener, sunds unpleasant, it’s really nthing cmpared with salmnella (沙门菌) pisning yu can get frm regular meat.
Als, the ad campaign misses the bigger pint. Chsing an Impssible r Beynd burger isn’t just abut eating healthy. Burgers, whether they are made frm prcessed pea prtein r prcessed meat, will never be as healthy as rganic raw vegetables.
What’s appealing is the prspect f enjying a juicy burger withut the bitter aftertaste f guilt.
Let’s face it, there are huge envirnmental csts t eating cws. Cattle raising is cntributing t climate change, and nt just because methane (甲烷) frm cws and cattle is respnsible fr abut 14.5% f greenhuse gas. Mre bradly, ur glbal fd prductin system releases mre than a third f the wrld’s greenhuse gases. Yet we can’t seem t cntrl ur meat appetite even knwing that large areas f the Amazn frest have been ruined, and cntinue t be cut dwn t make rm fr mre cattle t feed the grwing demand fr beef. Humans als knw full well that many animals live shrt, cruel lives in awful cnditins fr the purpse f becming fds fr humans t enjy at dinner.
A plant-based meat that satisfies meat desires and delivers prtein but with a smaller climate ftprint is a ptential envirnmental game changer and the reasn Impssible Fds was ne f thse receiving the U.N. Glbal Climate Actin Award in 2019. N wnder the meat industry is n guard.
1．What des the underlined sentence in Paragraph 2 mst prbably mean?
A．These ads deserve little cnsideratin.
B．We shuld spread the message f these ads.
C．We’d better be cautius when reading these ads.
D．These ads tell peple a lt abut plant-based burgers.
2．What d we knw abut additives and preservatives in plant-based burgers?
A．They are likely t cause pisning.
B．Their use is within the nrmal range.
C．Sme have nt been used in hamburgers.
D．They are used t ensure burgers taste gd.
3．What is the authr’s attitude twards plant-based burgers?
A．Supprtive.B．Neutral.
C．Disapprving.D．Dubtful.
4．Which f the fllwing shws the develpment f ideas in the passage?
I: Intrductin P: Pint Sp: Sub-pint (次要点) C: Cnclusin
A．B．
C．D．
【答案】1．C2．B3．A4．D
【解析】这是一篇议论文。针对植物性汉堡的出现，牛肉行业强烈抵制,并例举了植物性汉堡诸多的问题；但作者认为植物性汉堡既能满足肉类需求，又能提供蛋白质，且气候足迹更小，是一种潜在的环境改变者。
1．词义猜测题。根据第三段中Fr instance, the additives and preservatives in plant-based meat highlighted in ne ad sure sund scary. Wh wants smething called titanium dixide (二氧化钛) in their meal? But the truth is that additives such as thse listed in the ads are regularly used in all srts f packaged fds.例如，一个广告中强调的植物性肉类的添加剂和防腐剂听起来确实很可怕。谁想在他们的饮食中加入二氧化钛？但事实是，诸如广告中所列的那些添加剂经常用于各种包装食品中。广告说的添加剂和防腐剂不一定其他食物中没有，因此可猜测，划线句it’s best t take the ads with a generus pinch f salt.意为“看这些广告时我们最好小心些。”故选C项。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段中But the truth is that additives such as thse listed in the ads are regularly used in all srts f packaged fds. And if methylcellulse, a fd thickener, sunds unpleasant, it’s really nthing cmpared with salmnella (沙门菌) pisning yu can get frm regular meat.但事实是，诸如广告中所列的那些添加剂经常用于各种包装食品中。如果甲基纤维素，一种食物增稠剂，听起来让人不舒服，那它和你从普通肉类中得到的沙门氏菌中毒相比真的是微不足道。由此判断出，植物性汉堡中的添加剂和防腐剂它们的使用在正常范围内。故选B项。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中A plant-based meat that satisfies meat desires and delivers prtein but with a smaller climate ftprint is a ptential envirnmental game changer and the reasn Impssible Fds was ne f thse receiving the U.N. Glbal Climate Actin Award in 2019. N wnder the meat industry is n guard.一种以植物为基础的肉类，既能满足肉类需求，又能提供蛋白质，但气候足迹更小，这是一种潜在的环境改变者，也是“不可能的食物”在2019年获得联合国全球气候行动奖的原因之一。难怪肉类行业如此警惕。由此判断出，作者是支持植物性汉堡的。故选A项。
4．推理判断题。根据第一段中The Impssible Burger is entirely free f meat. But it lks, smells, feels and—mst imprtantly—tastes s much like real hamburger beef. In fact, plant-based burger alternatives have set ff a strng resistance frm the beef industry.可知是介绍引出植物性汉堡；接下来The ads seem t imply that nt nly is an artificial burger t prcessed, but that it might be even less healthy than the average beef burger.提出了反对植物性汉堡的观点；第三段中it’s best t take the ads with a generus pinch f salt提出了另一种观点，即植物性汉堡是可行的；第四和第七段是支持植物性汉堡的；第五和第六段是反对植物性汉堡；最后一段是作者的总结和看法。因此文章中思想的发展结构应该是选项D。故选D项。
9.（2021·天津市武清区杨村第一中学一模）Many parents wrry that shwing negative emtins in frnt f their children will cause them t suffer. Fr example, children may end up thinking it's their fault r simply "catch" the emtin. Indeed, this wrry has a sund basis — the phenmenn f “emtinal cntagin"（情绪感染）is real, and ne recent study fund that parents can transfer their fear f ging t the dentist, fr example, t their children.
On the ther hand, there is the natural idea that we shuld “be real" with ur children, and that they will benefit frm watching a parent wh struggles and eventually deals with their negative emtins like any ther human being.
There are three cncepts t cnsider when it cmes t emtinal display in frnt f children: suppressin （压抑），"uncntained" expressin, and talking abut emtins. Suppressin f emtin is when yu hide the utward signs f an emtin. Unfrtunately, it desn't wrk very well — the act f suppressing yur emtin actually increases yur bld pressure. Observers can pick up n yur distress despite yur effrts t hide it, making them feel stressed. The recent research has als fund that when parents feel negative emtins and keep them frm their children, they experience lwer relatinship quality and decreased respnsiveness t their child's needs.
On the ther hand, “uncntained" expressin f anger and sadness by the parent is als nt salutary fr the child. Uncntained means high intensity emtin, with n attempts t regulate r take wnership f it. Shuting, smashing （摔）things and blaming smene else fr "making yu angry" are all example f this .
S, what is the middle grund? That wuld be talking abut emtin taking wnership f them and shwing yur child that yu are trying t deal with them. Classic research fund that six-year-ld kids had better emtinal understanding and perspective-taking skills if their mthers had talked t them abut their emtins at the age f three. In fact, the mre the mthers had talked, the better the utcme wuld be.
S next time yu feel sad, angry r frustrated and yur child is watching yu expressing emtin, d explain what's ging n in terms they can understand.
1．The authr uses the example f ging t the dentist mainly t _______.
A．explain parents' cmmn fear
B．intrduce the tpic f negative emtins
C．shw children may catch parents' emtins
D．present the cnsequences f transferring negative emtins
2．If a mther suppresses （(压抑)）her emtins, .
A．she will nt make her kids feel stressed
B．she can hide her emtins frm her kids
C．she will ften shut at her kids fr n reasns
D．she can't respnd effectively t her kids' needs
3．What des the underlined wrd "salutary" in Paragraph 4 prbably mean?
A．Enugh.B．Beneficial.
C．Necessary.D．Reliable.
4．What is the authr's intentin f writing this text?
A．T encurage parents t "be real" with ur children.
B．T call n parents t develp a psitive attitude t life.
C．T infrm parents f the cnsequences f negative emtins.
D．T recmmend parents t talk abut negative emtins with children.
5．What's the structure f the text?
A．B．
C．D．
【答案】1．C2．D3．B4．D5．B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了许多父母担心在孩子面前表现出负面情绪会让孩子痛苦。研究表明这种担忧——“情绪传染”现象是真实存在的。但是父母应该真实地对待孩子，孩子可以处理这种负面情绪。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段的Indeed, this wrry has a sund basis — the phenmenn f “emtinal cntagin"（情绪感染）is real, and ne recent study fund that parents can transfer their fear f ging t the dentist, fr example, t their children.( 事实上，这种担心有坚实的基础——“情绪传染”现象是真实的，最近的一项研究发现，例如，父母可以把他们去看牙医的恐惧转移给孩子。)可推断，作者使用看牙医的例子是为了说明孩子可以感染父母的情绪。故选C。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段的Suppressin f emtin is when yu hide the utward signs f an emtin. Unfrtunately, it desn't wrk very well — the act f suppressing yur emtin actually increases yur bld pressure. (抑制情绪是你隐藏情绪的外在迹象的时候，不幸的是，它不能很好地起作用——抑制你的情绪实际上会增加你的血压。)可推断，如果一个母亲压抑她的情绪，她就不能有效地对孩子的需求做出反应。故选D。
3．词句猜测题。根据下文Uncntained means high intensity emtin, with n attempts t regulate r take wnership f it. Shuting, smashing （摔）things and blaming smene else fr "making yu angry" are all example f this .( 不包含意味着强烈的情绪，没有试图调整或拥有它。 喊，砸东西和指责别人“让你生气”都是这方面的例子。)可推断，划线句表示：父母“不受约束”地表达愤怒和悲伤对孩子无益的。故划线词词义是：受益的。故选B。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段S next time yu feel sad, angry r frustrated and yur child is watching yu expressing emtin, d explain what's ging n in terms they can understand.
(因此，下次当你感到悲伤、愤怒或沮丧，而你的孩子正在看着你表达情感时，请用他们能理解的术语解释发生了什么。)可推断，作者写这篇文章的目的是推荐家长与孩子谈论负面情绪。故选D。
5．推理判断题。通读全文可知，一、二段阐述最近的一项研究发现，父母可以把他们的情绪转移给孩子。三、四、五段阐述父母的情绪对孩子的影响，与孩子谈论情绪，找到中间地带；最后一段提出建议。故选B。
10.（湖南永州·三模）The rganic fd has gained a lt f [ppularity as they are being cnsidered as healthier and tastier. A fair number f peple advcate a large-scale shift t rganic farming frm cnventinal agriculture. But this might nt seem well-funded.
Since the mid-19th century, cnventinal industrial agriculture has becme incredibly efficient n a simple land t fd basis. Cnventinal farming gets mre and mre crp per square ft f land, which can mean less wilderness needs t be transfrmed t farmland.
T make farming mre efficient, cnventinal agriculture uses a significant amunt f synthetic fertilizer（合成肥料）each year, and all that nitrgen（氮）enables much faster plant grwth. Hwever, the cst is paid in vast plluted dead znes at the mnths f many f the wrld’s rivers, because much f the nitrgen ends up running ff the sil and int the ceans. This als makes cnventinal farming ne f the majr threats t the envirnment.
T weaken the envirnmental impact f agriculture, imprve sil quality as well as prduce healthier fds, sme farmers have turned t rganic farming. Envirnmentalists have als welcmed rganic fd as better fr the planet than the fd prduced by agricultural crpratins. Organic practices --- refusing artificial fertilizers and chemical pesticides –are cnsidered far mre sustainable. Sales f rganic fd rse 7.7% in 2010, up t $26.7 billin—and peple are making thse purchases fr their mral senses as much as their tngues.
Yet a new meta-analysis in Nature des the math and cmes t a hard cnclusin: rganic farming prduces 25% fewer crps n average than cnventinal agriculture.
In the Nature analysis, scientists perfrmed an analysis f 66 studies cmparing cnventinal and rganic methds acrss 34 different crp species, frm fruits t grains. They fund that rganic farming delivered a lwer utput fr every crp type, thugh the difference varied widely. Fr crps like fruit trees, rganic trailed（落后于）cnventinal agriculture by just 5%. Yet fr majr grain crps and vegetables – all f which prvide the wrld’s main calries – cnventinal agriculture utperfrmed rganics by mre than 25%.
What that means is that while rganic farming may be mre sustainable than cnventinal agriculture, there are trade-ffs（此消彼长）with each. S an ideal glbal agriculture system may brrw the best frm bth systems rather than uphlding merely rganic r cnventinal practices.
1．What’s the authr’s purpse f writing the passage?
A．T cmpare tw types f farming.
B．T criticize cnventinal agriculture.
C．T discuss the develpment f farming.
D．T argue fr a realistic agriculture system.
2．What d we knw abut cnventinal farming?
A．It prduces mre crps with fewer fertilizers.
B．It achieves efficiency at a huge cst t the envirnment.
C．If ffers a lng-term slutin t glbal demand fr fd.
D．It perfrms far better fr each crp type than rganic farming.
3．What des the authr mst prbably agree with?
A．Emplying rganic farming t plant rice.
B．Adpting rganic practices t grw ptat.
C．Using cnventinal methds t plant cabbage.
D．Applying cnventinal farming t grwing apple.
4．Which f the fllwing shws the develpment f ideas in this passage?
CP: Central Pint P: Pint Sp: Sub-pint（次要点） C: Cnclusin
A．B．
C．D．
【答案】1．D2．B3．C4．A
【解析】本文论述有机食品越来越受欢迎，因为它们被认为更健康、更美味。一个理想的全球农业系统可以从两个系统中获得最好的利益，而不是仅仅支持有机或常规的做法。
1．D推理判断题。根据最后一段What that means is that while rganic farming may be mre sustainable than cnventinal agriculture, there are trade-ffs（此消彼长）with each. S an ideal glbal agriculture system may brrw the best frm bth systems rather than uphlding merely rganic r cnventinal practices.可知作者写这篇文章的目的是为了主张建立一个现实的农业体系。故选D。
2．B推理判断题。根据第二段中Since the mid-19th century, cnventinal industrial agriculture has becme incredibly efficient n a simple land t fd basis.和第三段最后一句This als makes cnventinal farming ne f the majr threats t the envirnment.可知，传统农业以巨大的成本对环境产生效率。故选B。
3．C推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中Fr crps like fruit trees, rganic trailed（落后于）cnventinal agriculture by just 5%. Yet fr majr grain crps and vegetables – all f which prvide the wrld’s main calries – cnventinal agriculture utperfrmed rganics by mre than 25%.可知，作者最可能同意用传统的方法种植卷心菜。故选C。
5．A细节理解题。根据第一段The rganic fd has gained a lt f ppularity as they are being cnsidered as healthier and tastier. A fair number f peple advcate a large-scale shift t rganic farming frm cnventinal agriculture. But this might nt seem well-funded.可知这是句子的中心论点，“有机食品越来越受欢迎，因为它们被认为更健康、更美味。”；根据文章第二、三段阐述了cnventinal agriculture的观点；根据第四段和第五、六段阐述了从cnventinal agriculture向rganic farming的转变，以及新的研究发现；文章最后一段得出了结论，一个理想的全球农业系统可以从两个系统中获得最好的贷款，而不是仅仅支持有机或常规的做法。由此可知A项符合题意。
11.【山西省祁县中学高三8月月考】There is always n lack f rdinary peple taking actin fr extrardinary change. Aghan Oscar is just amng them. Thirteen years ag, Aghan. bthered by the ever-increasing quantity f plastinc waste in this lw-incme suburb f Nairbi, decided t find a way t recycle it.
Nu his cmpany. Cntinental Renewable Energy C.Ltd(COREC) prduces ples fr use in cnstructin, farming and rad signs. S far he's sld 96,000, and he says his ptential ir grwth is limited nly by the cnsiderable expense f setting up plastic recycling plants.
Mst f Aghan's custmers are farmers and develpers wh nce used wden fence ples. Custmers say they have ther benefits as well. "I have fenced my piece f land three times using wd psts, but mst f the time the fence was vandalized(故意破坏)by villagers wh used the psts as firewd." said Caleb Kapten. Nw plastic psts have stpped the prblem, he said.
The Kenya Natinal Highways Authrity is ne f COREC s biggest custmers. It apprached the cmpany after rad signs were vandalized by criminals wh sld the metal ples t steel manufacturing cmpanies. Aghan reckns (估计)that COREC's prducts have saved the gvernment millins f shillings, besides preventing rad accidents. And he als pints ut that COREC has been able t cnserve large numbers f trees by prducing plastic ples.
When Aghan started this recycling business in 2003, mst f his emplyees were his family members due t financial cnstraint(限制).Nw he emplys 250 yung peple t cllect plastic waste. Fifty mre yuths wrk n the prductin line, where the waste is srted accrding t quality befre being crushed and washed, melted and cast int different shapes. The ples are then arranged by shape and size fr sale in the yard f the recycling plant.
1. What's the biggest challenge f Aghan's future career?
A. The pr technlgy in recycling.B. The high cst f building factries.
C. increasing piles f plastic waste.D. The limited plicy supprt in recycling.
2. Hw was Caleb Kapten's prblem finally slved?
A. He gave up fencing his land.
B. He guarded the land mre carefully
C. He replaced the wd psts with plastic nes
D. He gt sme dnated metal Psts.
3. What des the last paragraph suggest?
A. Great difficulty facing Aghan
B. Stricl standards f plastic ples.
C. Varius ways f making plastic ples.
D. The cmplex prcess f recycling plastic waste
4. Which best shws the structure f the text?
A B.
C. D.
【答案】1. B 2. C 3. D 4. D
【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。受日益增多的塑料垃圾所扰的Aghan创办了自己的公司来解决这个问题他们回收利用废弃塑料来生产塑料杆儿用于建筑、农业和交通领域。
1. B 细节理解题。根据文章第二段his ptential fr grwth is limited nly by the cnsiderable expense f setting up plastic recycling plants.可知，未来事业面临的最大挑战是建造塑料回收工厂的费用过高。故选B。
2. C细节理解题。根据文章第三段的内容尤其是Nw plastic psts have stpped the prblem, he said.可知，Caleb Kapten的问题因使用塑料杆儿来代替木杆儿而得到解决。故选C。
3. D推理判断题。根据文章最后一段的内容尤其是Nw he emplys 250 yung peple t cllect plastic waste. Fifty mre yuths wrk n the prductin line, where the waste is srted accrding t quality befre being crushed and washed, melted and cast int different shapes. The ples are then arranged by shape and size fr sale in the yard f the recycling plant.可知，他雇佣很多年轻人来收集塑料垃圾，另外有许多年轻人在生产线上工作，对废物进行分类，然后粉碎、清洗、熔化和铸造，最后出售。从而推断出，将废弃塑料回收再利用需要耗费巨大的人力其过程复杂繁琐。故选D。
4. D推理判断题。通读全文可知第一段属于主旨段，引出本文的话题；第二段讲的是Aghan创办了自己的公司，生产用于建筑、农业和路标的塑料杆儿；第三段和第四段分别介绍塑料杆儿在农业和交通领域的应用，属于对第二段内容的扩展；第五段主要介绍这种塑料杆儿的生产过程，与第二段是并列关系。故选D。
12.【江苏省南京市金陵中学期末】
As e-cigarettes becme mre ppular, fewer peple are taking up smking traditinal cigarettes. But can e-cigarettes, an electrnic nictine delivery system, help peple quit smking altgether? The answer is prbably yes. A study led by Matthew Carpenter, a prfessr at the Medical University f Suth Carlina fund that e-smkers tend t smke less and have increased quit attempts.
In the pilt study, Carpenter evaluated e-cigarettes in terms f usage, prduct preference, changes in smking behavirs and nictine expsure. Ninety subjects were evaluated：45 were randmized t use e-cigarettes, and 45 were randmized t a cntrl grup. Everyne was fllwed ver a perid f fur mnths. The study was published in Cancer Epidemilgy in Nvember and is ne f the few randmized studies in the U. S. t examine the effects f e-cigarettes.
Results shwed that when smkers were given e-cigarettes, uptake was strng. Many participants rated the e-cigarettes similar t their usual prduct, suggesting that e-cigarettes might give smkers a suitable alternative t cmbustible（燃烧的）cigarettes. E-cigarettes ffer significantly less expsure t harmful txicants and therefre are safer. Peple using e-cigarettes thrughut the study smked an average f 37 percent fewer cigarettes, as cmpared t thse in the cntrl grup, shwing a psitive effect when making the switch and ptentially serving as a tl t help smkers quit.
That's gd news fr Carpenter and his clleagues. Smking is the leading cause f cancer and has a negative impact n the effectiveness f cancer treatments. Peple wh quit smking, regardless f their ages, have substantial gains in life expectancy（预期寿命）cmpared with thse wh cntinue t smke.
Carpenter cautins that while e-cigarettes may help peple smke less r even quit, they are nt fr everyne. "It is imprtant t prtect nn-smkers, particularly adlescents, frm starting any nictine-cntaining prduct. "
Mre than 1,500 varieties f e-cigarettes are nw available, including different lks, high-tech pwer settings and many flavrs. All these make them mre appealing t kids. In fact, e-cigarettes are mre ppular than cnventinal cigarettes amng yuth. "All these shuld raise ur alarm bells," he said.
E-cigarettes were nly recently regulated by the Fd and Drug Administratin. Largely manufactured verseas, the quality cntrl prcess varies, he says. Withut enugh infrmatin t answer the lng-term public health issues f e-cigarettes, researchers like Carpenter are aware f the imprtance f further studies n the latest tbacc trends. Cmbustible cigarettes have been arund fr many decades. E-cigarettes have nt, and the science has a lt f questins left t answer, he said.
1.Which f the fllwing is TRUE abut Prfessr Carpenter's experiment n e-cigarettes?
A. The test grups include cnventinal smkers, e-smkers and nn-smkers.
B. E-cigarettes expse smkers t fewer pisnus substances.
C. Many participants dn't think e-cigarettes as gd as traditinal nes.
D. It is ne f the few studies t test the effects f smking.
2. After reading the passage, we may infer that_______.
A. mst e-cigarette smkers will finally give up smking
B. there are mre e-smkers than traditinal smkes in the USA
C. many adlescents are attracted t e-cigarettes due t their lw prices
D. carpenter is wrried abut the e-cigarettes' ppularity amng children
3. What can be cncluded frm the last paragraph?
A. E-cigarettes are faced with many prblems and need mre study.
B. The U. S. gvernment shuld strengthen its regulatin ver e-cigarettes.
C. Smkers shuld be cautius because f e-cigarettes' lw quality.
D. Researchers are cncerned abut e-cigarettes' harm t peple's health.
4. What is the structure f the passage?___
（①t ⑦represent Paragraphs 1 t 7）
【点评】本文是一篇科教类阅读,文章主要介绍了随着电子烟越来越流行,越来越少的人开始吸传统香烟. 但是电子烟,一个电子尼古丁递送系统,能帮助人们完全戒烟吗?答案可能是肯定的. 南卡罗莱纳医科大学的教授马修•卡彭特（Matthew Carpenter）领导的一项研究发现,电子烟民倾向于减少吸烟,并增加戒烟的次数.
【答案】BDAB
【解析】
1. B. 细节理解题. 根据"E-cigarettes ffer significantly less expsure t harmful txicants and therefre are safer"可知电子烟使吸烟者暴露在更少的有毒物质中. 故选B.
2. D. 细节理解题. 根据"It is imprtant t prtect nn-smkers, particularly adlescents, frm starting any nictine-cntaining prduct. ""可知carpenter担心电子烟在儿童中的受欢迎程度. 故选D.
3. A. 推理判断题. 根据"Cmbustible cigarettes have been arund fr many decades. E-cigarettes have nt, and the science has a lt f questins left t answer, he said. 可知电子烟面临着许多问题,需要更多的研究. 故选A.
4. B. 推理判断题. 纵览全文可知第一段和最后一段是总写电子烟,第二三四段主要介绍了电子烟的好处、五六段介绍了电子烟不适合儿童,所以文章的结构是B选项. 故选B.
13.【2020届山东省淄博市高三下学期一模】
The prductin f cffee beans is a huge, prfitable business, but, unfrtunately, full-sun prductin is taking ver the industry and bringing abut a lt f damage. The change in hw cffee is grwn frm shade-grwn prductin t full-sun prductin endangers the very existence f, certain animals and birds, and even disturbs the wrld’s eclgical balance.
On a lcal level, the damage f the frest required by full-sun fields affects the area’s birds and animals. The shade f the frest trees prvides a hme fr birds and ther special(物种) that depend n the trees’ flwers and fruits. Full-sun cffee grwers destry this frest hme. As a result, many special are quickly dying ut.
On a mre glbal level, the destructin f the rainfrest fr full-sun cffee fields als threatens(威胁)human life. Medical research ften makes use f the frests' plant and animal life, and the destructin f such species culd prevent researchers frm finding cures fr certain diseases. In additin, new cffee-grwing techniques are pisning the water lcally, and eventually the wrld's grundwater.
Bth lcally and glbally, the cntinued spread f full-sun cffee plantatins (种植园)culd mean the destructin f the rainfrest eclgy. The lss f shade trees is already causing a slight change in the wrld's climate, and studies shw that lss f xygen-giving trees als leads t air pllutin and glbal warming. Mrever, the new grwing techniques are cntributing t acidic(酸性的) sil cnditins.
It is bvius that the way much cffee is grwn affects many aspects many aspects f life, frm the lcal envirnment t the glbal eclgy. But cnsumers d have a chice. They can purchase shade-grwn cffee whenever pssible, althugh at a higher cst. The future health f the planet and mankind is surely wrth mre than an inexpensive cup f cffee.
5. What can we learn abut full-sun cffee prductin frm Paragraph 4?
A. It limits the spread f new grwing techniques.
B. It leads t air pllutin and glbal warming.
C. It slws dwn the lss f shade trees.
D. It imprves lcal sil cnditins.
6. The purpse f the text is t .
A. entertainB. advertiseC. instructD. persuade
7. Where des this text prbably cme frm ?
A. An agricultural magazine.
B. A medical jurnal.
C. An engineering textbk.
D. A turist guide.
8. Which f the fllwing shws the structure f the whle text?
A. B.
C. D.
【答案】5. B 6. D 7. A 8. A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍阳光充足的咖啡生产给环境和生态带来的种种危害，呼吁人们不要购买这种咖啡，而要买对环境有利的产品。
5. B细节理解题。根据文章第四段的句子The lss f shade trees is already causing a slight change in the wrld's climate, and studies shw that lss f xygen-giving trees als leads t air pllutin and glbal warming.（遮阳树的丧失已经引起了世界气候的轻微变化，研究表明，给氧树的丧失也会导致空气污染和全球变暖。）可知阳光充足的咖啡生产会带来空气污染和全球气温变暖，故选B。
6. D推理判断题。根据文章最后一段的句子But cnsumers d have a chice. They can purchase shade-grwn cffee whenever pssible, althugh at a higher cst.（但消费者的确可以选择。他们可以在可能的情况下购买遮阳咖啡，尽管成本较高。）可知，作者的意图是劝说人们购买阴凉处种植的咖啡，这样对环境是有好处的，故选D。
7. A推理判断题。纵观全文可知，文章介绍阳光充足的咖啡生产会带来的破坏，应该是出自一本农业杂志，故选A。
8. A推理判断题。文章第一段介绍阳光充足的咖啡生产的话题，二、三、四段介绍了阳光充足的咖啡生产带来的破坏，第五段说服人们去购买对环境有利的阴凉处种植的咖啡，所以是总分总的结构，故选A。
14.（重庆巴蜀中学高三阶段练习）
Getting yur children t stp lying is challenging. There are many influences (TV, mvies, vide games and sme great bks) in which lies are cmmn. Children see parents lie t thers, if nly t be plite. Mst parents add t that with tales abut the lives and activities f Santa Claus r the Tth Fairy, r t allay fears. (“This will nt hurt!”) Parents d this ut f lve, but fr sme children, lying can becme a prblem. The mst cmmn reactins t children wh lie are explaining why it is wrng and punishment. But as ways f changing behavir, these are ineffective.
Hwever, what cunts is t praise. Yu culd ask yur child t say smething that happened at schl that is true. It is nt critical what that is. This is abut practice. When yur child cmplies, praise him enthusiastically. Be specific: “That was great! Yu tld me what happened just like I asked. Ww!” and give yur child a hug r a high five. If yur child says smething true in the curse f her day, praise that behavir t. Aim fr ne r tw interactins like this a day. If yu happen t “catch” yur child in a lie, be matter-f-fact in yur disapprval. Say smething like, “That is nt true and culd get yu in truble utside f the he; it is better t say the truth.”
Besides, yu shuld set a gd example t yur kids and tell the truth explicitly. This culd be abut smething that happened when yu were a child r smething that happened during the day. It need nt be dramatic. Anther ptin is t play a game at dinner. Each persn tells ne thing that was true that day. Again, give a little praise t the child wh nrmally lies if she plays alng.
In mst instances, children are unlikely t change behavir r develp the cnduct yu want. That des nt mean ignring, lying r letting it g. Rather, use very mild punishment (light reprimand, shrt lss f privilege, a brief time-ut). Mre severe, harsh r enduring punishments (shuting, taking away smething fr a week, hitting) are nt mre effective in actually changing the frequency f lying.
Try these prcedures fr tw t three weeks and see where yu are. Usually they can be drpped by then. It is unlikely that lying will be cmpletely remved, but with the right encuragement, it can be dramatically lessened.
9．Which punishment is relatively ineffective?
A．A brief time-ut.
B．Light reprimand.
C．Shrt lss f privilege.
D．Taking away smething fr a week.
10．What can we cnclude frm the passage?
A．Parents can tell lies smetimes.
B．Lying will disappear thrughly.
C．Punishment can change behavirs.
D．Praising yur kids a lt is beneficial.
11．Which f the fllwing culd serve as the best title?
A．Is Lying a Prblem?
B．Can Kids Stp Lying?
C．What Can Yu D When Kids Tell lies?
D．Hw Can Yu Punish Yur Kids fr Lying?
12．Which best shws the structure f the text?
A．B．
C．D．
【答案】9．D10．A11．C12．B
【解析】让你的孩子不再说谎，也许是一件很有挑战性的事情。通过此文，我们可以学习到，孩子说谎我们应该做些什么。
9．细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段Mre severe, harsh r enduring punishments (shuting, taking away smething fr a week, hitting) are nt mre effective in actually changing the frequency f lying.可知，大叫、把东西拿走一个星期和打等严厉的惩罚相对是无效的。故选D。
10．推理判断题。根据文章第一段Children see parents lie t thers, if nly t be plite. Mst parents add t that with tales abut the lives and activities f Santa Claus r the Tth Fairy, r t allay fears. (“This will nt hurt!”) Parents d this ut f lve, but fr sme children, lying can becme a prblem.可知，父母说谎往往是出于礼貌或爱。从而可以推断出，父母有时候可以说谎。故选A。
11．主旨大意题。根据文章大意：让你的孩子不再说谎，也许是一件很有挑战性的事情。通过此文，我们可以学习到，孩子说谎我们应该做些什么。可知选C。
12．篇章结构题。第一段是中心段，第二至四段分别讲让孩子停止说谎的方法，第五段是总结。故选B。
真题感知
1.【2012·北京卷】
Wilderness
“In wilderness(荒野) is the preservatin f the wrld.” This is a famus saying frm a writer regarded as ne f the fathers f envirnmentalism. The frequency with which it is brrwed mirrrs a heated debate n envirnmental prtectin: whether t place wilderness at the heart f what is t be preserved.
As Jhn Sauven f Greenpeace UK pints ut, there is a strng appeal in images f the wild, the untuched; mre than anything else, they speak f the nature that many peple value mst dearly. The urge t leave the subject f such images untuched is strng, and the danger explitatin(开发) brings t such landscapes(景观) is real. Sme f these wildernesses als perfrm functins that humans need—the rainfrests, fr example, stre carbn in vast quantities. T Mr.Sauven, these ”ecsystem services” far utweigh the gains frm explitatin.
Lee Lane, a visiting fellw at the Hudsn Institute, takes the ppsing view. He acknwledges that wildernesses d prvide useful services, such as water cnservatin. But that is nt, he argues, a reasn t avid all human presence, r indeed cmmercial and industrial explitatin. There are ever mre peple n the Earth, and they reasnably and rightfully want t have better lives, rather than merely struggle fr survival. While the ways f using resurces have imprved, there is still a grwing need fr raw materials, and sme wildernesses cntain them in abundance. If they can be tapped withut reducing the services thse wildernesses prvide, the argument ges, there is n further reasn nt t d s. Being untuched is nt, in itself, a characteristic wrth valuing abve all thers.
I lk frwards t seeing these views taken further, and t their being challenged by the ther participants. One challenge that suggests itself t me is that bth cases need t take n the questin f spiritual value a little mre directly. And there is a practical questin as t whether wildernesses can be explited withut harm.
This is a tpic that calls fr nt nly free expressin f feelings, but als the guidance f reasn. What psitin wilderness shuld enjy in the preservatin f the wrld bviusly deserves much mre serius thinking.
1．Jhn Sauven hlds that_____.
A．many peple value nature t much
B．explitatin f wildernesses is harmful
C．wildernesses prvide humans with necessities
D．the urge t develp the ecsystem services is strng
2．What is the main idea f Para. 3?
A．The explitatin is necessary fr the pr peple.
B．Wildernesses cannt guarantee better use f raw materials.
C．Useful services f wildernesses are nt the reasn fr n explitatin.
D．All the characteristics cncerning the explitatin shuld be treated equally.
3．What is the authr’s attitude twards this debate?
A．Objective.B．Disapprving.C．Sceptical.D．Optimistic.
4．Which f the fllwing shws the structure f the passage?
CP: Central Pint P: Pint Sp: Sub-pint(次要点) : Cnclusin
A．B．C．D．
【答案】1．B2．C3．A4．D
【解析】本文为说明文，本文客观阐述了不同的人对于怎么利用荒原持有的不同的观点。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段these "ecsystem services" far utweigh the gains frm explitatin.。得知Jhn Sauven认为“生态系统服务”远比开发的利益重要得多，由此可推断他的观点是开发荒野有害。故选B 。
2．主旨大意题。根据本段第二句和第三句He acknwledges that wildernesses d prvide useful services, such as water cnservatin. But that is nt, he argues, a reasn t avid all human presence, r indeed cmmercial and industrial explitatin.可知，荒野的有益服务不能作为不开发的理由，故选C。
3．作者态度题。根据第四段I lk frward t seeing these views taken further, and t their being challenged by the ther participants.就可以看出，作者并没有偏向任何一个观点。只是比较客观的进行阐述。选A。
4．文章结构题。通读文章可知，作者就荒野保护的问题客观中立地阐述了对立双方的观点，文章第一段提出中心论点；第二、三两段分别阐述了两种不同的观点；第四段是作者自己的观点；最后一点是文章的结论。推出选D。
2.【2023·江苏省南京外国语学校期中】
Our character, basically, is a cmpsite f ur habits. “Sw a thught, reap an actin; sw an actin, reap a habit; sw a habit, reap a character; sw a character, reap a destiny,” the maxim ges.
Habits are pwerful factrs in ur lives. Because they are cnsistent, ften uncnscius patterns, they cnstantly, daily, express ur character and prduce ur effectiveness…r ineffectiveness.
As Hrace Mann, the great educatr, nce said, “Habits are like a cable. We weave a strand f it every day and sn it cannt be brken.” I persnally d nt agree with the last part f his expressin. I knw they can be brken. Habits can be learned and unlearned. But I als knw it isn’t a quick fix. It invlves a prcess and a tremendus cmmitment.
Thse f us wh watched the lunar vyage f Apll 11 were transfixed as we saw the first men walk n the mn and return t earth. Superlatives such as “fantastic” and “incredible” were inadequate t describe thse eventful days. But t get there, thse astrnauts literally had t break ut f the tremendus gravity pull f the earth. Mre energy was spent in the first few minutes f lift-ff, in the first few miles f travel, than was used ver the next several days t travel half a millin miles.
Habits, t, have tremendus gravity pull-mre than mst peple realize r wuld admit. Breaking deeply imbedded habitual tendencies such as prcrastinatin, impatience, criticalness, r selfishness that vilate basic principles f human effectiveness invlves mre than a little willpwer and a few minr changes in ur lives. “Lift-ff” takes a tremendus effrt, but nce we break ut f the gravity pull, ur freedm takes n a whle new dimensin.
Like any natural frce, the gravity pull can wrk with us r against us. The gravity pull f sme f ur habits may currently be keeping us frm ging where we want t g. But it is als the gravity pull that keeps ur wrld tgether, that keeps the planets in their rbits and ur universe in rder. It is a pwerful frce, and if we use it effectively, we can use the gravity pull f habit t create the chesiveness and rder necessary t establish effectiveness in ur lives.
25．The authr disagrees with Hrace Mann because the latter believes ______.
A．habits are like a cableB．habits can be leaned
C．habits learning is hardD．habits cannt be brken
26．The authr cmpares launching spacecraft and breaking ld habits mainly because ______.
A．They bth invlve a little willpwer.
B．A lt f effrt is needed during bth the prcesses.
C．They bth take a tremendus effrt in the beginning
D．Once dne, they’ll ensure peple unlimited freedm.
27．What is the structure f the text?
A．B．C．D．
28．Which f the fllwing is a suitable title fr the text?
A．The breakff f habitsB．Pwerful factrs in ur lives
C．The lift-ff f gravity pullD．Imprtant habits in ur lives
【答案】25．D 26．C 27．A 28．A
【文章大意】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲人的品德基本上是由习惯组成的。习惯对我们的生活有很大的影响， 经年累月影响着我们的品德，暴露出我们的本性，左右着我们的成败，而我们也可以改变习惯。
25．细节理解题。由文章第三段“As Hrace Mann, the great educatr, nce said, ‘Habits are like a cable. We weave a strand f it every day and sn it cannt be brken.’ I persnally d nt agree with the last part f his expressin. (正如伟大的教育家霍勒斯·曼曾经说过的那样，‘习惯就像一根电缆。我们每天编织一股，很快它就无法被打破。’我个人不同意他的最后一句话。)”可知，作者不同意Hrace Mann的观点：习惯是无法打破的。故选D项。
26．推理判断题。由文章第四段“Mre energy was spent in the first few minutes f lift-ff, in the first few miles f travel, than was used ver the next several days t travel half a millin miles.(在起飞的最初几分钟，在飞行的最初几英里，所消耗的能量比接下来几天的50万英里要多。)”以及和第五段“Habits, t, have tremendus gravity pull-mre than mst peple realize r wuld admit. Breaking deeply imbedded habitual tendencies such as prcrastinatin, impatience, criticalness, r selfishness that vilate basic principles f human effectiveness invlves mre than a little willpwer and a few minr changes in ur lives.‘Lift-ff’ takes a tremendus effrt...(习惯也具有巨大的引力，比大多数人意识到或承认的更大。打破根深蒂固的习惯性倾向，如拖延、急躁、吹毛求疵或自私，这些都违反了人类有效性的基本原则，这不仅仅是一点点意志力和我们生活中的一些小变化。“拔出”需要巨大的努力……)”可知，作者将发射太空飞船和打破旧习惯进行类比是为了说明它们在刚开始的时候都需要巨大的努力。故选C项。
27．推理判断题。通读全文分析文章结构后可知，文章第一、二段是并列关系，主要讲习惯是我们生活中的重要因素，它是我们性格的综合表现；文章第三段作者提出自己的观点：习惯是可以改变的；文章四、五、六段是并列关系，主要说明改变习惯刚开始是需要很大的努力以及我们应该平衡习惯的利与弊，从而让它更好服务我们生活。由上分析再结合选项可知，应选A项。故选A项。
28．主旨大意题。由文章第三段“As Hrace Mann, the great educatr, nce said, ‘Habits are like a cable. We weave a strand f it every day and sn it cannt be brken.’ I persnally d nt agree with the last part f his expressin. I knw they can be brken. Habits can be learned and unlearned. But I als knw it isn’t a quick fix. It invlves a prcess and a tremendus cmmitment.(正如伟大的教育家霍勒斯·曼曾经说过的那样，‘习惯就像一根电缆。我们每天编织一股，很快它就无法被打破。”我个人不同意他的最后一句话。我知道它们可以被打破。习惯可以学习，也可以不被学习。但我也知道这不是一个快速解决方案。这需要一个过程和巨大的承诺。)’以及联系上下文可知，本文主要讲虽然刚开始需要很大努力，但习惯是可以打破重建的。所以A项“The breakff f habits(习惯的改变)”符合文意，是最佳标题。故选A项。
3.【天津市双菱中学2022-2023学年高三上学期期中】
In this day and age, the vast majrity f quality extra-curriculum prgrams are launched t bst academic perfrmance, decrease yuth crimes and ther high-risk behavirs, and enable yunger generatins t grw int healthy, successful adults.
Frankly speaking, the effect f quality after-schl prgrams n academic perfrmance is cnsiderable. Studies shw that students wh take part in such prgrams shw better wrk habits, higher rates f hmewrk cmpletin, imprved grades, and higher scres n achievement tests. They als have fewer absences and are less likely t blame. After-schl prgrams als influence high-risk teen behavir. Varius studies shw decreased rates f crime, drug use, and teen sex amng yuth wh jin in well-run after-schl prgrams when cmpared t similar yuth wh d nt. Finally, after-schl prgrams play an imprtant rle in supprting the fllwing fields f develpment: physical develpment, mental develpment and scial develpment. Thus, ne can safely say that after-schl prgramming is an effective methd t help yung peple becme cntributing members f sciety.
Althugh there is adequate prf frm bth small and large assessments that after-schl prgrams can make a psitive difference, it is imprtant t nte that nt all prgrams are equal. First, dsage(剂量)matters —yung peple wh attend the mst hurs ver the mst years benefit mre than members wh attend less ften r ver a shrter perid f time. Next, after-schl prgrams make a bigger difference fr thse students wh need help mst and have the fewest chices. Finally, prgram qualities matter. After-schl prgrams wrk best when they create unique pprtunities fr yuth. They shuld prvide pprtunities, skill building meaningful invlvement, expressin suggestin, service, and wrk. Staff characteristics make an imprtant difference in the quality f a prgram. The adults shuld treat yuth as partners, create safe and fair envirnment, encurage persnalized invlvement, and actively create learning pprtunities. In shrt, althugh after-schl prgrams have prmising future, hw they are designed and run matters.
29．Gd after-schl prgrams might nt assist students in _______ .
A．having fewer attendancesB．imprving academic perfrmance
C．having high scres n testsD．decreasing high-risk teen behavir
30．A gd after-schl prgram is usually determined by _______.
a. students’ willingness and family backgrunds
b. safe and fair envirnments
c. wrkers’ characteristics
d. its special pprtunities
A．a, b, c, dB．a, b, cC．a, c, dD．b, c, d
31．Which f the fllwing structures suits the passage best?
A．B．
C．D．
【答案】29．A 30．D 31．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了高质量的课外活动的目的，影响以及需注意的地方。
29．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Studies shw that students wh take part in such prgrams shw better wrk habits, higher rates f hmewrk cmpletin, imprved grades, and higher scres n achievement tests. They als have fewer absences and are less likely t blame. After-schl prgrams als influence high-risk teen behavir.(研究表明，参加此类项目的学生表现出更好的工作习惯、更高的作业完成率、更好的成绩和更高的成绩测试分数。他们缺勤的次数也更少，也不太可能责怪别人。课外活动也会影响青少年的高危行为)”可知，好的课后项目可能不能使学生有更低的出勤率。故选A项。
30．细节理解题。根据最后一段“After-schl prgrams wrk best when they create unique pprtunities fr yuth. They shuld prvide pprtunities, skill building meaningful invlvement, expressin suggestin, service, and wrk. Staff characteristics make an imprtant difference in the quality f a prgram. The adults shuld treat yuth as partners, create safe and fair envirnment, encurage persnalized invlvement, and actively create learning pprtunities.(当课外项目为年轻人创造独特的机会时，效果最好。他们应该提供机会、技能建设、有意义的参与、表达建议、服务和工作。工作人员的特点对项目的质量有重要影响。成人应视青少年为伙伴，营造安全公正的环境，鼓励个性化参与，积极创造学习机会)”可知，一个好的课外项目通常由安全和公平的环境，工人特征以及它的特殊机会决定。b，c，d项正确。故选D项。
31．推理判断题。通读全文可知，本文的主题是Quality After-schl prgram，第一段主要说了高质量的课外项目的目的，第二段主要讲了高质量的课外项目对学习成绩，身体发展、心理发展和社会发展的影响，第三段开始分析高质量的课外活动由那些因素决定，并下结论尽管课外项目有很好的前景，但如何设计和运行很重要。A项符合文章结构。故选A项。
4.【天津市河西区2022-2023学年高三上学期期中质量调查】
The cncept f sharing gds and services with yur cmmunity as a means f ecnmic transactin is ancient. But thanks t the Internet, the cncept nw has glbal scale at the click f a buttn. It’s called the sharing ecnmy.At its mst basic, the sharing ecnmy, als knwn as the cllabrative r peer-t-peer ecnmy, is abut cnnecting individuals with resurces t thers that want them. It ften wrks thrugh lending r brrwing but can als invlve the financial transactin f gds r services.
While the cncept f sharing ecnmy has been rund fr sme time, the cming f apps and smartphne technlgy means that it’s easier fr individuals t participate in peer-t-peer sharing transactins in real time.
There are many reasns why peple participate in the sharing ecnmy, but here are sme f the biggest nes:
Finding temprary accmmdatin while travelling can be stressful, especially if yu’re lking fr smething n shrt ntice. Thanks t the sharing ecnmy, there are a few ppular services that cnnect peple lking t rent ut their apartment r hme with travelers fr as little as a day r tw.
Everyne wh’s ever driven in a majr city knws that finding parking can be a real pain.Limited parking spaces and higher fees have cntributed t tech-based services that can help yu find and even reserve an available parking space. Whether yu’re pressed fr time r need t find smewhere t leave the car fr a day r tw while visiting an unfamiliar city, parking is ne mre headache the sharing ecnmy is helping alleviate.
Fr pet wners, leaving twn n vacatin can be a stressful experience. Finding a dg sitter n shrt ntice can be a prblem, and leaving yur pet at a kennel might leave yu wrried abut their well-being when yu shuld be relaxing. Luckily, a little tech-inspired cllabratin can ffer an elegant slutin. Partnering pet wners with willing hsts can give yur dg a vacatin f their wn, with plenty f TLC “tender lving care” and space t ram in the hme f a fellw pet lver.
Nw it is true that apps empwer yu t exchange a variety f items.with peple frm all ver. Whether it’s a bike, sme tls yu need fr prject, r anything in between, cllabrative ecnmies make it easier t access the things yu need withut cash.
32．Hw can the sharing ecnmy help peple find temprary accmmdatin while travelling?
A．By checking the infrmatin n shrt ntice.
B．By giving peple much useful infrmatin.
C．By ffering thse in need sme ppular services.
D．By finding peple wh want t rent ut their hme.
33．. What des the underlined wrd “alleviate” in Paragraph 5 mean?
A．Imprve,B．Handle.C．Disappear.D．Relieve.
34．What is prbably the authr’s attitude twards the sharing ecnmy?
A．Neutral.B．Psitive.C．Negative.D．Indifferent.
35．What’s the structure f the passage?
A．B．
C．D．
【答案】32．C 33．D 34．B 35．A
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是共享经济的概念以及人们参与共享经济的原因。
32．细节理解题。根据第四段的“Thanks t the sharing ecnmy, there are a few ppular services that cnnect peple lking t rent ut their apartment r hme with travelers fr as little as a day r tw.(由于共享经济的发展，现在出现了一些很受欢迎的服务，可以将想要出租公寓或房屋的人与旅行者联系起来，最短的时间只有一两天。)”可知，共享经济通过为有需要的人提供一些受欢迎的服务来帮助人们在旅行中找到临时住所，故选C。
33．词句猜测题。根据第五段的“Whether yu’re pressed fr time r need t find smewhere t leave the car fr a day r tw while visiting an unfamiliar city, parking is ne mre headache(无论你是时间紧迫，还是在游览一个陌生的城市时需要找个地方停一两天车，停车都是另一个令人头疼的问题)”，因此划线词所在的句子意为“停车都是共享经济帮助缓解的另一个头疼问题”，划线词alleviate的意思是“缓解”，和relieve意思相近，故选D。
34．推理判断题。根据第四段“Thanks t the sharing ecnmy, there are a few ppular services that cnnect peple lking t rent ut their apartment r hme with travelers fr as little as a day r tw.”（得益于共享经济，有一些受欢迎的服务将那些想租出公寓或房子的人与旅行者联系起来，只需一两天）根据第五段的“Whether yu’re pressed fr time r need t find smewhere t leave the car fr a day r tw while visiting an unfamiliar city, parking is ne mre headache the sharing ecnmy is helping alleviate.(无论你是时间紧迫，还是去一个不熟悉的城市时需要找个地方停一两天车，停车都是共享经济帮助缓解的另一个头疼问题。)”根据第六段“Luckily, a little tech-inspired cllabratin can ffer an elegant slutin. ”（幸运的是，一点技术启发的合作可以提供一个优雅的解决方案）可知，作者对共享经济是持支持态度，故选B。
35．推理判断题。根据第三段的“There are many reasns why peple participate in the sharing ecnmy, but here are sme f the biggest nes(人们参与共享经济的原因有很多，但以下是一些最主要的原因)”，第四段的“Thanks t the sharing ecnmy, there are a few ppular services that cnnect peple lking t rent ut their apartment r hme with travelers fr as little as a day r tw.(由于共享经济的发展，现在出现了一些很受欢迎的服务，可以将想要出租公寓或房屋的人与旅行者联系起来，最短的时间只有一两天。)”，第五段的“Whether yu’re pressed fr time r need t find smewhere t leave the car fr a day r tw while visiting an unfamiliar city, parking is ne mre headache the sharing ecnmy is helping alleviate.(无论你是时间紧迫，还是去一个不熟悉的城市时需要找个地方停一两天车，停车都是共享经济帮助缓解的另一个头疼问题。)”，第六段的“Luckily, a little tech-inspired cllabratin can ffer an elegant slutin.(幸运的是，一点技术启发的合作可以提供一个优雅的解决方案。)”可知，第4、5、6段讲的是人们参与共享经济的原因，因此4、5、6三段是并列关系，且和第三段属于总分关系，第7段属于总结段落，因此这篇文章的结构是A，故选A。
5.【2022届四川省成都石室中学下学期三诊模拟】
Every day we are the targets f advertisers,fundraisers and pliticians trying t persuade us t buy smething, d smething r think a certain way. And they’re gd at it. Over the years, they’ve learned a lt abut what features t build int a cmmunicatin. But by cncentrating s much n the message itself, they’ve missed a crucial cmpnent f the prcess.
Research dne in the last 15 years shws that the best persuasin is achieved thrugh the best pre-suasin—the practice f arranging fr peple t agree with a message befre they even knw what’s in it. Pre-suasin wrks by fcusing peple’s attentin n a selected cncept, which in turn encurages them t value it mre than related nes.
Lng befre scientists started studying the prcess f pre-suasin, a few ntable cmmunicatrs already had an intuitive understanding f it.
Fr example, in 1588, thusands f British trps, wh were gathered against a sea invasin by Spain at Tilbury in the UK, were deeply cncerned that their leader Queen Elizabeth I wuld nt be up t the rigrs(严酷)f battle. In addressing the men, she remved her fears pre-suasively first acknwledging their cncern by admitting a weakness, which established her hnesty, and then fllwing it with a strength that remved this perceived weakness “I knw,” she stated firmly, “I have the bdy f a weak wman. But I have the heart f a king, and a king f England, t,” It’s reprted that this statement was welcmed with lng and lud cheers.
The same pre-suasive, hnesty-establishing tactic was emplyed in the late 1950s by the advertising firm Dyle Dane Bernbach t intrduce the ddly shaped Vlkswagen Beetle t a US market dminated by big, pwerful, bat-like vehicles. The “We’re ugly but...” campaign tactically admitted t limitatins in appearance befre trumpeting the aut’s strengths such as ecnmy, reliability and simplicity. Credited with cracking pen the US market fr small cars, the ad campaign has been rated amng the greatest f all time.
With cnsiderable success, practitiners(从业者)f scial influence have always featured persuasive prds—enthusiastic appreciatin, emtinal feelings, last-chance pprtunities—in their appeals. Perhaps because f that success, they’ve mstly missed an accmpanying truth. Fr maximum impact, it’s nt nly what yu d; it’s als what yu d just befre yu d what yu d.
1．What is true abut pre-suasin?
A．The imprtance f pre-suasin has nt been widely recgnized.
B．All advertisers, fundraisers and pliticians are gd at pre-suasin.
C．Pre-suasin wrks by cncentrating s much n the message itself.
D．Pre-suasin arrange fr peple t agree with an idea after knwing it
2．Why des the authr mentin Queen Elizabeth I?
A．T acknwledge her great pwer as a female emperr.
B．T analyze the scientific principles behind pre-suasin.
C．T give an example f applying pre-suasin successfully.
D．T recmmend the mst imprtant techniques in pre-suasin.
3．What des the underlined wrd “trumpeting” mean?
A．Blwing a trumpet.B．Stating r annuncing prudly.
C．Making a lud nise.D．Resembling a trumpet in shape.
4．Which f the fllwing structure can best summarize the passage?
A．①—②—③④—⑤⑥B．①②—③④—⑤—⑥
C．①—②—③④⑤—⑥D．①②—③—④⑤⑥
【答案】1．A2．C3．B4．C
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了每一天，我们都是广告商、筹款人和政客的目标，他们试图说服我们买东西、做事情或以某种方式思考。过去15年所做的研究表明，最好的说服是通过最好的“先发影响力”来实现的。
1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段最后一句“But by cncentrating s much n the message itself, they've missed a crucial cmpnent f the prcess.（由于他们过于关注信息本身，他们错过了这个过程的一个关键部分。）”和第二段第一句“Research dne in the last 15 years shws that the best persuasin is achieved thrugh the best pre-suasin—the practice f arranging fr peple t agree with a message befre they even knw what's in it.（过去15年所做的研究表明，最好的说服是通过最好的“先发影响力”来实现的——即安排人们在知道信息内容之前就同意信息。）”可知“先发影响力”的重要性是大多数人忽略和不重视的，也就是尚未得到广泛认识。故选A项。
2．推理判断题。根据文章第三段第一句“Lng befre scientists started studying the prcess f pre-suasin, a few ntable cmmunicatrs already had an intuitive understanding f it.（在科学家们开始研究劝说过程之前，一些著名的交流者已经对劝说有了直观的理解。）”和第四段“Fr example, in 1588, thusands f British trps, wh were gathered against a sea invasin by Spain at Tilbury in the UK, were deeply cncerned that their leader Queen Elizabeth I wuld nt be up t the rigrs(严酷)f battle.（例如，1588年，成千上万的英国军队，聚集在英国的蒂尔伯里抗击西班牙的海上入侵，他们非常担心他们的领袖伊丽莎白女王一世无法胜任这场残酷的战争。）”可知，伊丽莎白女王一世的例子是为了举一个成功运用先发影响力的例子。故选C项。
3．词句猜测题。根据画线词下句“Credited with cracking pen the US market fr small cars, the ad campaign has been rated amng the greatest f all time.（由于打开了美国小型车市场，这则广告被评为有史以来最伟大的广告之一。）”可知，画线词该句是对一则广告的评价，再结合画线词前文“We’re ugly but...” campaign tactically admitted t limitatins in appearance befre trumpeting the aut’s strengths such as ecnmy, reliability and simplicity. ”（“我们很丑，但是……”竞选策略承认，在trumpeting汽车的优势之前，如经济性，可靠性和简单性，它的外观是有限的。）可知，此处是对这款车在承认了它外观上的局限性的同时，战略性地的认可了它的经济、可靠性和简单性等优势。可推知，划线词此处是指这个宣传活动在大力宣传（Stating r annuncing prudly.）这个车的优势。故选B项。
4．推理判断题。文章第一段介绍日常生活中的“劝服”现象，为第一部分。第二段引入本文话题“先发影响力”并进行简单介绍，为第二部分。第三、四、五段是在举具体案例来说明“先发影响力”的影响，为第三部分。最后一段是对全文的小结，呼应开头，“先发影响力”往往被人忽略，为第四部分。故选C项。
6.【2022届湖南省长沙市第一中学高三下学期一模】
Many peple drink prtein shakes regularly t lse weight, build muscle r bth. Others, hwever, questin the belief that prtein shakes are better than nrmal, high-prtein fds. S what is the truth?
Prtein shakes are dietary supplements (饮食补充剂) designed t help peple cnsume mre prtein than they therwise wuld. Prtein shakes can be ready-made drinks. Besides, peple can mix their wn shakes using prtein pwder. Prtein pwder can be made frm plants r animals. Plant-based prtein shakes can include sy, pea r rice prtein. Animal-based prtein pwder is usually made frm cws’ milk. Thse wh want t avid milk can als get prtein pwder made frm egg whites.
Studies indicate that cnsuming prtein shakes is helpful if yu want t build muscle. They can als imprve yur perfrmance and help yu recver while exercising. And if yu’re lsing weight, prtein shakes can help t make sure that yu dn’t lse muscle.
Cnsuming prtein shakes can als help yu lse weight. Eating a high-prtein diet helps yu feel full, s it’s easier t resist eating t much. High-prtein diets can als make yur bdy burn energy quickly. When yu use mre energy than yu take in thrugh fd, yu lse weight.
Hwever, yu dn’t have t drink prtein shakes t have a high-prtein diet. Many whlefds are rich in prtein. In fact, the peple in many high-prtein diet studies didn’t drink prtein shakes. The studies prved the benefits f eating prtein-rich fds. Mrever, these fds cntain ther natural nutrients besides prtein. In cntrast, many prtein shakes cntain sugar r artificial sweeteners, which are nt healthy.
T sum up, yes, prtein shakes are cnvenient and they wrk. Hwever, they are nt yur nly chice fr eating a high-prtein diet.
5．What’s paragraph 2 mainly abut?
A．What prtein shakes are.
B．Hw prtein shakes arc made.
C．Where prtein shakes cme frm.
D．Why peple drink prtein shakes.
6．What can be inferred abut cnsuming prtein shakes?
A．It can burn yur fat directly.
B．It is beneficial t yur muscle.
C．It can take the place f eating ther fd.
D．It is the best chice fr the peple in a high-prtein dict.
7．Which f the fllwing shws the structure f the whle text?
A．B．C．D．
8．Which wrd best describes the authr's attitude t prtein shakes?
A．Skeptical.B．Objective.C．Tlerant.D．Cnservative.
【答案】5．A6．B7．A8．B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了蛋白奶昔的优缺点以及是否有必要为了保持健康或者减重而饮用它。
5．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Prtein shakes are dietary supplements (饮食补充剂) designed t help peple cnsume mre prtein than they therwise wuld. (蛋白质奶昔是膳食补充剂，旨在帮助人们摄入比平时更多的蛋白质)”以及“Prtein shakes can be ready-made drinks. Besides, peple can mix their wn shakes using prtein pwder. Prtein pwder can be made frm plants r animals. Plant-based prtein shakes can include sy, pea r rice prtein. Animal-based prtein pwder is usually made frm cws’ milk. Thse wh want t avid milk can als get prtein pwder made frm egg whites. (蛋白质奶昔可以是现成的饮料。此外人们可以用蛋白粉自己搅拌奶昔。蛋白质粉可以由植物或动物制成。植物蛋白粉可以由大豆，豌豆或大米的蛋白质组成。动物蛋白粉通常由牛奶制成。那些不想喝牛奶的人也可以吃由蛋白制成的蛋白粉)”可知，第二段主要是对蛋白奶昔下定义，后几句是对两种蛋白奶昔的具体介绍。由此可知，第二段主要讲的是“什么是蛋白质奶昔”。故选A项。
6．细节理解题。根据第三段“Studies indicate that cnsuming prtein shakes is helpful if yu want t build muscle. (研究表明，如果你想增长肌肉，食用蛋白质奶昔是有帮助的)”可知，蛋白质奶昔有助于增长肌肉。故选B项。
7．推理判断题。第一段“Many peple drink prtein shakes regularly t lse weight, build muscle r bth. Others, hwever, questin the belief that prtein shakes are better than nrmal, high-prtein fds. S what is the truth? (许多人经常喝蛋白质奶昔来减肥，增肌或两者兼顾。然而，也有人质疑蛋白质奶昔比普通的高蛋白食物更好的观点。那么真相是什么呢？)”通过引出分歧意见提出话题。第二段“Prtein shakes are dietary supplements designed t help peple cnsume mre prtein than they therwise wuld. (蛋白质奶昔是膳食补充剂，旨在帮助人们摄入比平时更多的蛋白质)”，对蛋白奶昔下定义。第三“Studies indicate that cnsuming prtein shakes is helpful if yu want t build muscle. (研究表明，如果你想增长肌肉，食用蛋白质奶昔是有帮助的)”以及第四段“Cnsuming prtein shakes can als help yu lse weight. (消耗蛋白质奶昔有助于减肥)”提出蛋白奶昔的优点。第五段“Hwever, yu dn’t have t drink prtein shakes t have a high-prtein diet. (然而，你不必喝蛋白质奶昔就能获得高蛋白饮食)”用Hwever进行转折，指出蛋白奶昔的缺点。第六段“T sum up, yes, prtein shakes are cnvenient and they wrk. Hwever, they are nt yur nly chice fr eating a high-prtein diet. (总而言之，是的。蛋白质奶昔很方便而且它们很有效。然而，它们并不是你吃可以吃的高蛋白饮食的唯一选择)”总结了蛋白质奶昔的优缺点。故选A项。
8．推理判断题。根据最后一段“T sum up, yes, prtein shakes are cnvenient and they wrk. Hwever, they are nt yur nly chice fr eating a high-prtein diet. (总而言之，是的。蛋白质奶昔很方便而且它们很有效。然而，它们并不是你可以吃的高蛋白饮食的唯一选择)”以及文章整体内容来看，作者对蛋白奶昔的优缺点以及是否有必要为了保持健康或者减重而饮用它皆有提及。由此推之，作者对蛋白质奶昔的态度是客观的。故选B项。
7.【2022届江西省赣州市高三适应性考试】
Being perfect is smething many f us want and try t achieve. It makes us feel we’re crrect and that ur hard wrk has paid ff. Hwever, as much as perfectin and being perfect is nt all a perfect thing.
Perfectin is all abut being withut mistakes and criticism. Wanting r trying t be perfect can make it hard t admit a mistake. Nevertheless, it is imprtant t wn up t mistakes and wrk t fix them. Nt being able t take criticism and fix mistakes is arrgance, nt perfectin.
Perfectin is a duble-edged swrd. In ur lives, we want perfectin. Perfectin hlds us accuntable; it’s the mistakes and imperfectin that keeps pushing us harder and further at what we d. It’s the perfect mtivatr. But it’s als the perfect killer. Fr example, the mvie “Black Swan” shwcased hw perfectin can kill us. Wrking and training and stress hurt ur bdy, mind, and s much mre that we can’t d it any mre.
But perfectin can als have the ppsite effect. The mvie “High Strung” shwed that perfectin desn’t exist, but practicing and pushing urselves can bring us great rewards. In “Black Swan,” the main character tried t be perfect but he als cmpared himself t smene else wh he thught was better than him. This added mre pressure and self-dubt, which can cause unhealthy ways f achieving perfectin. The main character f “Black Swan” didn’t knw when t stp, whereas the main character f “High Strung” did, r at least didn’t fcus s much n the cmparisn, and instead fcused n the cmpetitin and the nes she cared abut.
Perfectin is smething we can’t live withut and can’t live with. The nly way t keep the swrd frm cutting us is if we knw when t stp. Sme days are ging t be gd days and thers will be bad. We have t take whatever day it is — perfect r imperfect — and hpe that’s enugh.
9．What des the underlined phrase “wn up t” mean in Paragraph 2?
A．Make.B．Avid.C．Crrect.D．Acknwledge.
10．What prevents the character in “Black Swan” frm ging further?
A．Cmparisn.B．Self-dubt.C．Pressure.D．Cmpetitin.
11．What des the authr advise us t d while trying t be perfect?
A．Try nt t make mistakes.B．Push urselves harder.
C．Stp befre ging t far.D．Prve ur ability t thers.
12．What culd be the best structure f the passage? (P=Paragraph)
A．B．
C．D．
【答案】9．D10．A11．C12．C
【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要说明了完美是我们很多人想要并努力实现的，然而，完美和完美并不都是一件完美的事情。指出完美并不是没有错误和批评，完美是一把双刃剑。
9．词句猜测题。根据第二段中“Nt being able t take criticism and fix mistakes is arrgance, nt perfectin.(不能接受批评和纠正错误是傲慢，而不是完美)”以及画线词后文“mistakes and wrk t fix them”可知，不能接受批评和纠正错误是傲慢，而不是完美，所以承认错误并努力改正是很重要的。故画线短语意思是“承认”。故选D。
10．细节理解题。根据第四段中“In “Black Swan,” the main character tried t be perfect but he als cmpared himself t smene else wh he thught was better than him. This added mre pressure and self-dubt, which can cause unhealthy ways f achieving perfectin.(在《黑天鹅》中，主人公想要变得完美，但他也会把自己和他认为比自己更好的人进行比较。这会增加更多的压力和自我怀疑，这可能会导致以不健康的方式实现完美)”可知，是比较阻止了《黑天鹅》中的角色走得更远。故选A。
11．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Perfectin is a duble-edged swrd. In ur lives, we want perfectin. Perfectin hlds us accuntable; it’s the mistakes and imperfectin that keeps pushing us harder and further at what we d. It’s the perfect mtivatr. But it’s als the perfect killer.(完美是一把双刃剑。在我们的生活中，我们想要完美。完美让我们有责任; 正是这些错误和不完美让我们更加努力，走得更远。这是完美的动力。但它也是完美的杀手)”可知，作者建议我们在追求完美的同时，不要走得太远。故选C。
12．推理判断题。通断全文可知，第一段总起全文，引出关于“完美”的话题；第二段中“Perfectin is all abut being withut mistakes and criticism.(完美就是没有错误和批评)”为第一个论点，第三段和第四段指出完美是一把双刃剑，为第二个论点；最后第五段“Perfectin is smething we can’t live withut and can’t live with. The nly way t keep the swrd frm cutting us is if we knw when t stp. Sme days are ging t be gd days and thers will be bad. We have t take whatever day it is — perfect r imperfect — and hpe that’s enugh.(完美是我们生活中不能缺少的东西，也不能有完美。唯一能让这把剑不伤到我们的方法就是知道何时停止。有些日子会是好日子，有些日子会是坏日子。无论今天是完美的还是不完美的，我们都必须接受，希望这样就足够了)”对全文进行总结。可推知，C选项最符合文章结构。故选C。
8.【2022届江苏省苏锡常镇四市高三教学情况调研（一）】
Star Wars fans wuld be familiar with the gd relatinship between humans and drids (机器人) in the mvies. In the mvie Sl: A Star Wars Stry, Land Calrissian risked his life t rescue his c-pilt, a female drid L3-37. In real life, a humanid rbt, Sphia, has recently been granted (给予) citizenship in Saudi Arabia. Increasingly, peple are ready t see rbts as resembling humans. Given this phenmenn, I believ it is necessary t cnsider giving rbts certain rights humans enjy.
Experts have argued that since rbts have nw acquired human-like qualities, it is apprpriate t cnsider if they shuld have rights just as humans. Sphia has a human like face and utilizes artificial intelligence t respnd t speech and express emtins. Fr such a lifelike being that is ptentially capable f expressing emtins, des it nt deserve the right t be lved and respected?
Rbts shuld als be given legal and mral prtectin as harming a rbt may be similar t harming humans. Since peple tend t frm attachments t scial rbts, it becmes pssible fr cmpanies t cntrl the hardware and sftware t explit this emtinal attachment. There is a danger that data that is stred in the rbt culd be upladed t the clud. There wuld then pssibly be situatins in which the gvernment r private sectr retrieves (检索数据) the infrmatin stred in a rbtic ty r scial rbt. With these uncertainties, it is clear why rbts shuld be prtected, just as humans.
An even mre irresistible reasn t grant human rights t the rbts is the prtectin f scietal values. We shuld stp a yung child frm kicking r tearing a ty rbt apart because it resembles a real life. Giving rbts certain rights will ensure that scietal standards are set.
Still, many have rundly argued that n matter hw sphisticated (老练的) they may be, rbts are still machines. It is therefre quite ridiculus t treat them as living beings and grant them rights. Hwever, with the advancement in technlgy, it is a matter f time befre rbts are fully anthrpmrphized (赋予人的特征), and we wuld have t cnsider granting them rights.
In cnclusin, deciding whether rbts deserve human rights is by n means an easy task, but nw is the time t start the cnversatin n this and seriusly cnsider the pssibility.
13．Why des the authr mentin the tw examples in the first paragraph?
A．T remind readers f the imprtance f rbts.
B．T discuss the necessity f rescuing rbts.
C．T set readers thinking abut an issue abut rbts.
D．T describe the relatinship between humans and rbts.
14．What’s the main idea f Paragraph 3?
A．Rbts shuld be legally and mrally prtected.
B．There is pssible infrmatin risk.
C．Humans are ding harm t rbts.
D．Rbts shuld be given mre emtinal attachment.
15．What’s the authr’s attitude twards granting rbts human rights?
A．Dubtful.B．Favrable.
C．Negative.D．Uncaring.
16．What’s the structure f the passage?
(①=Para. 1 ②=Para. 2 ③=Para. 3 ④=Para. 4 ⑤=Para. 5 ⑥=Para. 6)
A．①—②③④⑤—⑥B．①②—③④⑤—⑥
C．①—②③—④⑤⑥D．①—②③④—⑤⑥
【答案】13．C14．A15．B16．A
【解析】这是一篇议论文。随着机器人越来越类人化，我们很多时候不能再把机器人仅仅看作机器，因此文章论述了应该赋予机器人人权的理由。
13．推理判断题。根据第一段的“Given this phenmenn, I believ it is necessary t cnsider giving rbts certain rights humans enjy.（鉴于这种现象，我认为有必要考虑给予机器人人类享有的某些权利）”结合下文陈述应该给与机器人人权的原因推知，上文提到星球大战中机器人救机器人以及现实生活中的机器人Sphia的例子是为了让读者思考一个关于机器人的问题。故选C。
14．主旨大意题。根据第三段的主要内容，尤其中心句“Rbts shuld als be given legal and mral prtectin as harming a rbt may be similar t harming humans.（机器人也应该得到法律和道德保护，因为伤害机器人可能与伤害人类相似）”可知，本段主要陈述机器人应该受到法律和道德的保护。故选A。
15．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“Hwever, with the advancement in technlgy, it is a matter f time befre rbts are fully anthrpmrphized (赋予人的特征), and we wuld have t cnsider granting them rights.（然而，随着技术的进步，机器人完全拟人化只是时间问题， 我们必须考虑赋予他们权利）”和最后一段“In cnclusin, deciding whether rbts deserve human rights is by n means an easy task, but nw is the time t start the cnversatin n this and seriusly cnsider the pssibility.（总之，决定机器人是否应该享有人权并不是一件容易的事，但现在是开始对话的时候了，并认真考虑这种可能性）”推知，作者对给与机器人人权持支持态度。故选B。
16．推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章第一段提出本文话题——考虑给机器人人权，第二到第五段陈述为什么要给机器人人权，最后一个自然段总结全文。因此文章的结构是①—②③④⑤—⑥。故选A。
9.【2022·江苏省扬州市宝应中学月考】
Ashlee Thmas' struggles are just ne example f Instagram's ptential"txic"effect n teen girls,as highlighted in he cngressinal(国会的) testimny(证词)f Frances Haugen n Friday.
"I believe Facebk's prducts harm children,encurage divisin and weaken ur demcracy, said Haugen, a 37-year-ld frmer Facebk prduct manager wh wrked n civic integrity issues at the cmpany.
Facebk's wn internal research,cited by Haugen,shwed"13.5%f teen girls n Instagram Instagram is wned by Facebk) say the platfrm makes thughts f 'Suicide and Self Injury wrse"and 17% say the platfrm makes" Eating Issues"such as anrexia(厌食症)wrse.
Its research als claimed Facebk's platfrms"make bdy image issues wrse fr l in 3 teen girls."
"The cmpany's leadership knws hw t make Facebk and Instagram safer but wn't make the necessary changes because they have put their prfits befre peple,"Haugen said during her pening remarks."Cngressinal actin is needed. They wnt slve this crisis withut yur help."
Facebk CEO Mark Zuckerberg tk t the platfrm he built t defend the cmpany against Haugen's allegatins(指控),saying in a 1,300-wrd statement that the tech giant's research n its impact n children was being misrepresented.
"We care deeply abut issues like safety, well-being and mental health,"Zuckerberg wrte.
He added, "Many f the claims dn't make any sense.If we wanted t ignre research, why wuld we create an industry-leading research prgram t understand these imprtant issues in the first place?"
In a statement, Facebk dubted the interpretatin(解释) f the research and insisted th percentages are much lwer.The cmpany has als said it welcmes regulatin.
Still, thse familiar with the wrkings f the tech wrld say it will take much mre t save teens.
"Their business mdel's putting kids int these kinds f lps f engagement,"said Tristan Harris, c-funder f the Center fr Humane Technlgy."And that's what I’m really wrried there isn't sme quick fix t this thing.It’s the intrinsic((固有的)nature f the prduct."
17．What issue des this article mainly talk abut?
A．Facebk's develpment prblems.
B．Children's pr eating habits.
C．Facebk's pssible harm n its users.
D．Instagram's business mdel.
18．What des the underlined wrd"txic"in the first paragraph mst prbably mean?
A．pisnusB．Immediate
C．beneficialD．dramatic
19．What is the main cnflict between Frances Haugen and Mark Zuckerberg?
A．Whether there is a Facebk internal research.
B．Whether the result f the internal research is true.
C．Whether Facebk accepts regulatin.
D．Whether Facebk cares abut its users.
20．What is the best structure f this passage?
A．
B．
C．
D．
【答案】17．C18．A19．D20．A
【解析】这是一篇议论文。主要关于Facebk和Instagram公司是否对其用户造成伤害这一问题进行了讨论。
17．细节理解题。根据第二段“I believe Facebk's prducts harm children, encurage divisin and weaken ur demcracy, said Haugen, a 37-year-ld frmer Facebk prduct manager wh wrked n civic integrity issues at the cmpany.”（37岁的曾在Facebk处理公民诚信问题的前任产品经理Haugen说，我认为Facebk的产品伤害儿童，鼓励分裂，削弱我们的民主。）说明Facebk可能对其用户造成伤害，文章对此问题进行讨论。故选C项。
18．词义猜测题。根据第三段“Facebk's wn internal research, cited by Haugen, shwed "13.5% f teen girls n Instagram (Instagram is wned by Facebk) say the platfrm makes thughts f 'Suicide and Self Injury wrse" and 17% say the platfrm makes "Eating Issues" such as anrexia wrse.”（Haugen引用了Facebk自己的内部研究，结果显示“Instagram（Instagram为Facebk所有）上13.5%的少女表示该平台会让“自杀和自残”的想法变得更糟，17%的人表示该平台会导致厌食症等“饮食问题”更糟糕。）说明Instagram对青少年时期的女孩们是有毒害影响的，推测txic表示“有毒的”。故选A项。
19．细节理解题。根据第五段“"The cmpany's leadership knws hw t make Facebk and Instagram safer but wn't make the necessary changes because they have put their prfits befre peple," Haugen said during her pening remarks.”（Haugen在开场白中说：“公司领导层知道如何让Facebk和Instagram更安全，但不会做出必要的改变，因为他们把利润放在了人们的前面。）说明Haugen认为Facebk只关注利润，没有将用户利益放在首位，以及第六段“Facebk CEO Mark Zuckerberg tk t the platfrm he built t defend the cmpany against Haugen's allegatins, saying in a 1,300-wrd statement that the tech giant's research n its impact n children was being misrepresented.”（Facebk首席执行官Mark Zuckerberg利用他建立的平台，针对Haugen的指控为公司辩护，在一份1300字的声明中说，这家科技巨头关于其对儿童影响的研究被歪曲了。）说明Zuckerberg认为自家公司对于用户的影响被Haugen歪曲了，可知两者间的主要冲突是Facebk是否关心其用户。故选D项。
20．推理判断题。纵观全文，第一段至第五段，Haugen认为Facebk和Instagram公司会让用户受到不良影响，而公司并未做出改变；第六段至第九段，Facebk首席执行官Zuckerberg为自家公司做出辩护，认为公司非常关心安全、幸福和心理健康等问题；第十段和第十一段，人道技术中心联合创始人Tristan Harris对于问题还无法快速解决表示担忧。故选A项。
10.The bimedical wrld is flded in data. We have a lt f genmic infrmatin frm muse t human, precius health measurements frm clinical tests, and a large amunt f s-called real-wrld data frm insurance cmpanies and drugstres. Using pwerful cmputers, scientists have carefully researched it with sme fine results, but it has becme clear that we can learn much mre with an assist frm artificial intelligence. Over the next decade deep-learning neural netwrks will likely transfrm hw we lk fr patterns in data and hw research is cnducted and applied t human health. This special reprt explres the future f this new transfrmatin.
Right nw the biggest assumptins are being placed in the field f drug discvery, and fr gd reasn. The average cst f bringing a new drug t market nearly dubled between 2003 and 2013 t $2.6 billin, and because nine ut f ten fail in the final tw perids f clinical tests, mst f the mney ges t waste. Every large drug cmpany is wrking with at least ne AI-fcused start-up t see if it can raise the return n investment.
Machine-learning algrithms (算法) can get thrugh millins f chemical cmpunds, narrwing the chices fr a particular drug target. Perhaps mre exciting, AI systems—free by leading theries and biases—can identify entirely new targets by sptting tiny differences at the level f cells, genes r prteins between a healthy brain and ne marked by Parkinsn’s—differences that might avid r even puzzle a human scientist.
That same sharp-eyed ability is als being used t explain medical scans. Sme systems can already discver early signs f cancer that might be missed by a radilgist r see things that are simply beynd human capacity—such as evaluating cardivascular (心血管) risk frm a retinal scan. The Fd and Drug Administratin is apprving imaging algrithms at a rapid click. Other AI applicatins lie a bit further dwn the rad.
Will the inefficiencies f tday’s electrnic health recrds (EHRs) be slved by smart systems that prevent prescribing mistakes and prvide early warnings f disease? Sme f the wrld’s biggest tech giants are wrking n it.
Despite fears that machines will replace humans, mst experts believe artificial and human intelligence will wrk cperatively. The bigger cncern is a shrtage f peple with bth bimedical knwledge and algrithm prficiency. If this human prblem can be slved, the key t creating successful AI applicatins may depend n the quality and quantity f what we prvide them with. “We rely n three things,” says the CEO f ne deep-learning start-up. “Data, data and mre data.”
21．Why d large drug cmpanies wrk with AI-fcused start-up?
A．Because it is required by the gvernment t d s.
B．Because it helps t explre new medicine with thers.
C．Because it saves csts fr drug cmpanies t explre AI.
D．Because it’s used t check if the return n investment can be increased.
22．What is the authr’s attitude twards the changes that AI has brught t the field f medicine?
A．Psitive.B．Negative.C．Neutral.D．Unclear.
23．What wuld be the best title fr this passage?
A．Why New Technlgy Will Change Our Life
B．Hw Artificial Intelligence Will Analyze Data
C．Hw Artificial Intelligence Will Replace Humans
D．Hw Artificial Intelligence Will Change Medicine
24．Which f the fllwing shws the structure f the passage?
CP: Central Pint P:Pint Sp: Sub-pint (次要点) C:Cnclusin
A．B．
C．D．
【答案】21．D22．A23．D24．B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了人工智能给医学带来的改变。
21．细节理解题。根据第二段“Every large drug cmpany is wrking with at least ne AI-fcused start-up t see if it can raise the return n investment.（每一家大型制药公司都在与至少一家专注于人工智能的初创公司合作，看看它能否提高投资回报。）”可知，大型制药公司要与专注于人工智能的初创公司合作是因为它是用来检查投资回报是否可以增加的。故选D。
22．推理判断题。根据第三段“Perhaps mre exciting, AI systems—free by leading theries and biases—can identify entirely new targets by sptting tiny differences at the level f cells, genes r prteins between a healthy brain and ne marked by Parkinsn’s—differences that might avid r even puzzle a human scientist.（也许更令人兴奋的是，人工智能系统——无需主导理论和偏见——可以通过发现健康大脑和具有帕金森差异的大脑在细胞、基因或蛋白质水平上的微小差异来识别全新的目标，而这些差异可能会让人类科学家感到困惑甚至回避。）”可知，作者对人工智能给医学领域带来的变化持积极态度。故选A。
23．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Over the next decade deep-learning neural netwrks will likely transfrm hw we lk fr patterns in data and hw research is cnducted and applied t human health. This special reprt explres the future f this new transfrmatin.（在未来十年，深度学习神经网络可能会改变我们在数据中寻找模式的方式，以及研究如何进行和应用于人类健康。本期特别报道将探讨这种新转变的未来。）”及全文可知，本文主要讲述的是人工智能将如何改变医学。故选D。
24．推理判断题。通读全文，文章是一个总分总结构，总起提出本文论述对象人工智能在医学上的变化，接下来分成三个部分进行分述，第一点在药物发现领域下又分了两小点，分别从之前推进新药浪费资源和现如今通过人工智能来提高投资回报进行阐述。最后文章重申了人工智能给医学带来的益处。故选B。
11.The cnstant rise f glbal demand fr prtein pses a threat f meat shrtage in the agricultural sectr. T address this, a few scientists use artificial meat as an alternative t traditinal nes, which frm the grwing prcess t its benefits prves it des n harm r even it des gd t us.
Currently, ne f the mst advanced techniques t grw meat in the lab invlves taking cells frm an animal and changing them t muscle cells. The cells are then cultured with nutrients and essential vitamins and can be develped t any quantity and then shaped int hamburgers, steaks r mince, and s it is als called “cultured” meat. “Cultured meat is nt genetically engineered,” Dr. Mark Pst f Maastricht University says. “It is meat grwn frm the same cells that prduce the meat in the cw, but this time utside the cw.” He believes that cultured meat shuldn’t be any better r wrse fr yu than ld-schl animal flesh.
This may sund like science fictin, but it is nt such a strange idea and there are reasns t be excited abut it. “The envirnment impacts f cultured meat culd be lwer than thse f meat prduced in the cnventinal way,” said Hanna Tumist, a researcher at Oxfrd University. The prcess wuld require between 7% and 45% less energy than the same vlume f cnventinally prduced meat such as prk, beef r lamb, and culd be engineered t use nly 1% f the land and 4% f the water assciated with cnventinal meat. Tumist’s research als shws that cultured meat culd be part f the slutin t feeding the wrld’s grwing ppulatin, at the same time cutting emissins and saving bth energy and water.
Aside frm the abve benefits, cultured meat shuld als prvide cheap nutritin. Animal prtein is an increasing part f diets, as millins f peple in rapidly emerging ecnmies are drawn ut f pverty and becme able t affrd mre meat in their diets. The pressure this creates has been an imprtant factr in rapidly rising grain prices, defrestatin in the Amazn basin, increasing water shrtage and rising pressure t find new farmland. Grwing meat artificially culd ptentially take huge pressure ff farmlands arund the wrld.
Anther benefit wuld be t help animal welfare and prtect endangered species. If mst f ur meat was grwn, there wuld be n need fr factry farms. Cnditins fr animals culd be greatly imprved. Elsewhere, it culd als stp illegal endangered species hunts by prviding an alternative way t prduce meat frm these species.
Exactly hw lng it takes befre the meat is sld in supermarkets depends n the investment in research and develpment. One thing seems clear: Unless vegetarianism catches n in a very big way, the wrld’s demand fr meat will sn utpace ur supply f cws, chickens, pigs and ther edible animals. The health and envirnmental impacts f cultured meat aren’t ging t be hypthetical fr much lnger.
25．What des the underlined wrd “cultured” prbably mean?
A．grwn.B．srted.C．cnnected.D．shaped.
26．Cmpared with traditinal meat, the artificial meat______.
A．tastes much betterB．cntains mre nutrients
C．saves mre natural resurcesD．changes peple’s habit f eating meat
27．The authr tries t persuade the readers t accept his argument mainly by______.
A．cmparing the results frm different researches
B．explaining the advantages f the artificial meat
C．presenting the prblems caused by meat shrtage
D．shwing the current situatin f fd cnsumptin
28．Which f the fllwing shws the structure f the passage?
I: intrductin P: pint SP: sub-pint C: cnclusin
A．B．
C．D．
【答案】25．A26．C27．B28．C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。全球对蛋白质需求的持续增长对农业部门的肉类短缺构成了威胁。为了解决这个问题，一些科学家使用人造肉作为传统肉类的替代品，从其生长过程到好处都证明了它对我们没有伤害，甚至对我们有好处。文章主要介绍了人造肉的培育过程以及好处，最后指出除非素食主义大规模流行起来，否则世界对肉类的需求将很快超过我们对牛、鸡、猪和其他可食用动物的供应。
25．词义猜测题。根据画线词上文“Currently, ne f the mst advanced techniques t grw meat in the lab invlves taking cells frm an animal and changing them t muscle cells.(目前，在实验室中培养肉的最先进技术之一就是从动物身上提取细胞，然后将其转化为肌肉细胞)”以及后文“with nutrients and essential vitamins and can be develped t any quantity and then shaped int hamburgers, steaks r mince, and s it is als called “cultured” meat.”可知，这些细胞要与营养物质和必需维生素一起培养，发育成任意数量，然后制成汉堡包、牛排或肉末，因此它也被称为“培养”肉。即画线词意思为“培养”。A. grwn.培养，生长；B. srted.分类；C. cnnected.连接；D. shaped.成形。故选A。
26．细节理解题。根据第三段中““The envirnment impacts f cultured meat culd be lwer than thse f meat prduced in the cnventinal way,” said Hanna Tumist, a researcher at Oxfrd University. The prcess wuld require between 7% and 45% less energy than the same vlume f cnventinally prduced meat such as prk, beef r lamb, and culd be engineered t use nly 1% f the land and 4% f the water assciated with cnventinal meat. Tumist’s research als shws that cultured meat culd be part f the slutin t feeding the wrld’s grwing ppulatin, at the same time cutting emissins and saving bth energy and water.( “人工培养肉对环境的影响可能比传统方式生产的肉更低，”牛津大学研究员Hanna Tumist说。与同样体积的传统肉类，如猪肉、牛肉或羊肉相比，这一过程需要的能量要少7%到45%，而且通过工程改造，传统肉类只需要1%的土地和4%的水。Tumist的研究还表明，培养肉可能是解决世界人口增长问题的一部分，同时减少排放，节约能源和水)”可知，与传统肉类相比，人造肉类节省了更多的自然资源。故选C。
27．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Aside frm the abve benefits, cultured meat shuld als prvide cheap nutritin.(除了上述好处，培养肉还应该提供物美价廉的营养)”以及第五段“Anther benefit wuld be t help animal welfare and prtect endangered species.(另一个好处是有利于动物福利和保护濒危物种)”可推知，作者试图通过解释人造肉的优点来说服读者接受他的论点。故选B。
28．推理判断题。根据文章内容，第一段引入文章中心话题：一些科学家使用人造肉作为传统肉类的替代品；第二段为第二个论点，介绍人造肉的培育过程，同时第二段包含第一个分论点“人工培养的肉并不比传统的动物肉更好或更坏”；第三段介绍人造肉节省了更多的自然资源的优点、第四段介绍了培养肉还应该提供物美价廉的营养、第五段指出人造肉有利于动物福利和保护濒危物种；最后一段进行总结。C最符合文章结构，故选C。
12.【2022届四川省凉山州高三下学期第三次诊断】
China deplyed（部署） a satellite n Oct 24 t carry ut technlgical tests fr space debris（残骸） management, accrding t the China Aerspace Science and Technlgy Crp. The spacecraft aims t demnstrate technlgies t alleviate space debris.
Since the dawn f the space age in the 1950s, humans have launched thusands f rckets and sent even mre satellites int rbit. Many are still there, and we are nw facing an ever-increasing risk f space junk.
Mre than 27,000 pieces f rbital debris, r “space junk”, are tracked in space, accrding t NASA．Much mre debris is t small t be tracked but large enugh t threaten human spaceflight and rbtic missins. Since a piece f debris can mve faster than a speeding bullet, cllisins with these tiny pieces ften leave pits in many satellites, telescpes and ther bjects rbiting ur planet.
In 2006, fr example, a tiny piece f space junk cllided with the Internatinal Space Statin, taking a chip ut f the heavily reinfrced windw, accrding t Natinal Gegraphic.
Space junk is a huge threat t space missins that invlve human life. “This is particularly imprtant since careful cnsideratin needs t be made abut the rbital path f space junk befre spacewalk exercises are cnducted,” Jn Wayn Cheng, a satellite systems expert, tld Science X, a science website.
Luckily, scientists are fully aware f the issue, and they are appraching it in different ways.
One invlves using a giant net. In 2018, the UK’s Surrey Space Center used a net t catch space junk in an experiment. It was the first successful demnstratin f space cleanup technlgy, CNN reprted. It invlved targeting debris and catching it with a net and a harpn（鱼叉）.
Anther slutin is t use rbtic arms. Clear Space 1, the Eurpean Space Agency’s missin t remve space junk frm rbit, is expected t launch in 2025, which will adpt rbtic arms t capture the debris, BBC Science Fcus Magazine reprted. The missin plans t lcate, capture and thrw debris int the atmsphere, where it will burn up in the intense pressure and frictin（摩擦） f re-entry int the Earth’s atmsphere.
36．What des the underlined wrd “alleviate” in paragraph1 mean?
A．Track.B．Increase.C．Reduce.D．Destry.
37．What can be inferred abut space junk accrding t the passage?
A．A great many satellites rbiting the Earth dn’t wrk efficiently.
B．Abut 27,000 satellites are wrking n the rbit f the Earth.
C．Many satellites have been damaged by speeding bullets.
D．Spacewalk exercises can be a huge threat t space junk.
38．Which f the fllwing shws the structure f the passage? （P= paragraph）
A．B．C．D．
39．What wuld be the best title fr the text?
A．Achievement in aerspaceB．Risks f space junk
C．Slutins t slving debrisD．Space debris cleanup
【答案】36．C 37．A 38．B 39．D
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了关于太空垃圾清理的问题。
36．词义猜测题。根据第一段中“China deplyed（部署） a satellite n Oct 24 t carry ut technlgical tests fr space debris（残骸） management”（中国于10月24日部署了一颗卫星，进行空间残骸管理的技术测试。）可知，这颗卫星是用来进行空间残骸技术测试的，所以划线句说明该航天器旨在展示减少空间碎片排放的技术。故划线此处的含义为“减少、缓解太空垃圾”。故选C。
37．推理判断题。根据第二段“Since the dawn f the space age in the 1950s, humans have launched thusands f rckets and sent even mre satellites int rbit. Many are still there, and we are nw facing an ever-increasing risk f space junk.”（自20世纪50年代太空时代开始以来，人类已经发射了数千枚火箭，并将更多的卫星送入轨道。许多仍然存在，我们现在面临着越来越多的太空垃圾的风险。）可知，上世纪50年代以来发射了众多卫星，很多依然滞留太空轨道，使地球面临一个太空垃圾日益增加的风险。暗指很多卫星已经成为不能再有效工作的垃圾，故选A。
38．推理判断题。文章第一段用一个新闻引出话题，第二段提出太空垃圾带来威胁，第三段进一步解释危险，第四、五段举了两个例子来说明威胁；第六段提出科学家们想办法解决这一难题，第七、八段又举例分别介绍UK和EUROPE的解决办法。可推知，选项B的结构图示与文章的论述一致，故选B。
39．主旨大意题。阅读全文以及根据第一段“China deplyed（部署） a satellite n Oct 24 t carry uttechnlgical tests fr space debris （残酸） management,accrding t the China Aerspace Scienceand Technlgy Crp.The spacecraft aims t demnstrate technlgies t alleviate space debris.(据中国航天科技集团公司称，中国于10月24日部署了一颗卫星，对空间碎片管理进行技术测试。该航天器旨在展示缓解空间碎片的技术。）”可知本文主要介绍了空间站的碎片垃圾很多，以及科学家们就这个问题提出的解决方案。所以D项“Space debris cleanup(空间碎片清理)”为最佳标题。故选D。