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讲义 第2部分 语法专题 语法专题 专题二 需要变形的名词、数词、形容词和副词
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这是一份讲义 第2部分 语法专题 语法专题 专题二 需要变形的名词、数词、形容词和副词，共14页。试卷主要包含了可数名词，不可数名词等内容，欢迎下载使用。
考点一 名词
一、可数名词
Mr Smith is very busy because he runs several cmpanies①.He wrks seven days① a week and 12 mnths② a year.In his spare time he likes watching ftball matches③.He likes eating tmates④ but he desn’t eat vegetables with leaves⑤.He has tw pet hrses⑥ and he ften rides them with his friends n Mr Black’s farm⑦ because he thinks the scenery f the farm⑧ is very beautiful.Mr Black is a friend f his⑨，wh raises sme cws and gats.
注释：1.可数名词变复数
①以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es；以元音字母加y结尾的名词，加-s。②以-th结尾的名词加-s。③以-s，-x，-ch，-sh结尾的名词后加-es(如果词尾-ch发音为/k/，要加-s，如stmach)。④以-结尾加-es 的单词有：英雄(heres)吃土豆(ptates)番茄(tmates)，其他多直接加-s。⑤以-f或-fe结尾的词，多变f或fe为v，再加-es。但也有直接加-s的单词，如：屋顶(rf)上的首领(chief)有信仰(belief)。⑥更多的可数名词是直接加-s。
2．名词作定语
往往是说明其中名词的材料、用途、时间、地点、内容、类别等。
多为单数名词作定语，但wman，man作定语时，要用复数形式表达复数概念。
3．名词的所有格
⑦有生命名词，不以-s结尾的名词加-’s；以-s结尾的单数名词和复数名词都加-’。⑧无生命名词，通常用f所有格表示。⑨双重所有格的构成形式为：“名词＋f＋名词所有格”或者“名词＋f＋名词性物主代词”。
1．不规则变化的名词复数
(1)通过内部元音变化构成复数。如：
ft—feet脚 gse—geese鹅
tth—teeth牙齿 muse—mice老鼠
man—men男人 wman—wmen女人
(2)有些名词的单复数形式相同。如：
sheep—sheep绵羊 deer—deer鹿
Chinese—Chinese中国人
Japanese—Japanese日本人
means—means方法 series—series系列
species—species物种
crssrads—crssrads 十字路口
spacecraft—spacecraft航天器
(3)有的名词在词尾加-ren或-en构成复数。如：
child—children 孩子 x—xen 公牛
(4)由man，wman构成的复合名词在变成复数时，与man，wman的变化形式相同。如：
gentleman—gentlemen先生
Englishman—Englishmen英国男子
pliceman—plicemen男警察
chairwman—chairwmen女主席
businessman—businessmen商人
craftsman—craftsmen工匠，手艺人
注意：German的复数形式为Germans。
(5)外来词的不规则复数形式。如：
analysis—analyses分析 basis—bases基础
crisis—crises危机 thesis—theses论文
medium—media媒介物
phenmenn—phenmena现象
2．复合名词的单复数变化
(1)中间没有连字符也没有间隔的复合名词将最后一个词变成复数形式。
birthday—birthdays生日 blackbard—blackbards黑板 bkshelf—bkshelves书架 gentleman—gentlemen绅士
(2)中间有连字符或间隔的复合词将其中主要的词变成复数形式。如：
bk wrm—bk wrms sn-in-law—sns-in-law
lker-n—lkers-n passer-by—passers-by stry-teller—stry-tellers
(3)无主体名词时通常在最后一个词后加复数词尾。如：grwn-up—grwn-ups standby—standbys
3.名词所有格的特殊形式
(1)并列的名词变所有格时，若表示不同的所有关系，则分别在两个名词后加-’s；如果表示共有关系，则只在最后一个名词后加-’s。如：
Kate and Mary’s rm凯特和玛丽共有的房间
Kate’s and Mary’s rms凯特和玛丽各自的房间
(2)表示店铺或某人的家时，名词所有格之后的shp，huse，hme等常省去。如：
at the dctr’s (ffice)在(医生的)诊所里
at the barber’s (shp)在理发店
at Mr Green’s (huse)在格林先生家
点对点练习1
单句语法填空
1．The team wh wn the three wrld champinships(champinship) wuld always get this cup.
2．During the festival，which lasts three r fur days，peple are dressed in their best clthes and participate in a variety f rich and clurful activities(activity)．
3．The best slutin might be t find the weaknesses(weakness) in the idea and t try and strengthen them，rather than use them simply as an excuse fr rejecting the whle idea.
4．Timmis and his team set ut t seek the effects f phne use n passers-by(passer-by)．
5．We usually expect Hllywd heres(her) t shw up n ur screens and defeat the bad guys.
6．He ges t the barber’s(barber) t have his hair cut every mnth.
二、不可数名词
T learn mre knwledge①，I have t d lts f hmewrk① every day and have n time① t have fun② r d husewrk①.Last week we had an exam but I didn’t perfrm well.Hwever，my teacher said that I had made great prgress②.S this exam is nt a failure③.On the cntrary，it is a success③ in a way.
注释：①不可数名词没有复数形式，也不能与不定冠词连用。
②fun，weather，prgress，advice，infrmatin为永久性不可数名词，前面不能加不定冠词，也不能具体化。
③抽象名词具体化：
•表示情感、情绪的抽象名词强调具体的人或事的时候，可以在前面加不定冠词，如a surprise，a cmfrt 等。
•表示“一……”的概念时，常与动词构成词组，名词前常常有形容词。如have a gd time，have a gd knwledge/cmmand f 等。
不可以用数目计算，多为物质名词或抽象名词，没有复数形式，常见的不可数名词有：
点对点练习2
单句语法填空
1．Oh，Jhn，what a pleasant surprise yu gave us!
2．He gave us sme advice(advice) n hw t study English.
3．He felt that he needed mre knwledge(knwledge) abut imprt and exprt.
单句语法填空
1．In 1844 they bught it fr $1,200 and sme land frm Charles Dresser，wh perfrmed their marriage(marry) ceremny in 1842.(2021·浙江6月)
2．Histrical accuracy(accurate) is imprtant but s is entertainment.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)
3．Later，they learned t wrk with the seasns(seasn)，planting at the right time and，in dry areas，making use f annual flds t irrigate(灌溉) their fields.(2020·浙江7月)
4．Other American studies shwed n cnnectin/cnnectins(cnnect) between unifrms and schl perfrmance.(2019·浙江6月)
1.根据所处位置判断是否填入名词形式。如谓语动词之前、介词之后、形容词之后、冠词或数词之后。
2．单数可数名词不能单独使用，要与冠词、指示代词、不定代词等连用，否则就用复数形式表示复数含义。
3．注意固定短语中名词的单复数。
4．注意名词应该与其修饰语保持数的一致。
5．不可数名词没有复数形式，不能与不定冠词连用。
考点二 数词
Mister Smith is sixty① years ld and yesterday was his 60th② birthday.He still remembers in the 1990s③ when he was in his thirties③，he drank dzens f④ bttles f beer a day.Hwever，he spent thusands f④ dllars in hspital.Later，tw fifths⑤ f his spare time was spent in taking exercise.
注释：①数词的基本形式为基数词。②表示数词的顺序往往用序数词。大部分是在基数词的基础上加-th。以-y结尾的基数词变序数词，把-y变成-ie＋-th。③“in the＋逢十的基数词的复数”表示“在某个世纪几十年代”。“in ne’s＋逢十的基数词的复数”表示“在某人几十多岁时”。④具体数字＋dzen/scre/hundred/thusand/millin 等词时，后面直接加名词复数；表示笼统数目时，用dzens/scres/hundreds/thusands/millins f＋名词复数。⑤分数表达：分子用基数词，分母用序数词。当分子大于1时，分母序数词加-s，如：1/3：ne third,2/3：tw thirds。
1．易错基数词
thirteen十三 furteen十四 fifteen十五 eighteen十八 nineteen十九 twenty二十
thirty三十 frty四十 fifty五十 ninety九十
2．易错序数词
first第一 secnd第二 third第三
furth第四 fifth第五 eighth第八
ninth第九 eleventh第十一 twelfth第十二
点对点练习
单句语法填空
1．Peter gt a mdel ship frm his uncle n his thirteenth(thirteen) birthday.
2．Tw thirds(three) f the students in ur class have been t Disneyland smewhere.
3．Linda，there are t many mistakes in the ninth(nine) line f yur passage.
4．He made quite a few friends during his twenties(twenty)．
5．It is reprted that the earthquake has left thusands(thusand) f peple hmeless.
单句语法填空
1．The plum trees are the first t flwer even as the snw is melting(融化)．They represent the prmise f spring and a renewal f life.(2020·全国Ⅱ)
2．He did it ne third(three) the time it tk me.(北京高考)
1．需要使用数词时，要先看清是使用该词的基数词形式还是序数词形式。
2．使用序数词时，注意前面要有定冠词the。
3．注意固定用法中的数词的使用及与冠词、介词的搭配，如in the 1820s，in his 30s，thusands f等。
考点三 形容词和副词
一、形容词和副词的基本用法
I bught an interesting① nvel yesterday.The bk is s interesting② that I can hardly let g f it.Wrried③ abut my study，my mther tk it away.Hwever，I fund my mther absrbed④ in it.
注释：①修饰名词，往往用形容词作定语。②在系动词之后，往往用形容词作表语。③表示情绪和精神状态的形容词可以作状语。④在“感官或使役动词＋宾语”之后，形容词可以作宾补，说明宾语的状态。
My mther is reading the nvel attentively① nw and she is quite① mved by it.Obviusly②，she wn’t return the bk t me sn.
注释：①副词可以描述某个动作的情况或者描述动作、行为或状态的程度。②副词可以放在句首，作评论性状语，修饰整个句子。
1．名词、动词变形容词
2．形容词变副词
形容词不同词尾变副词加(-ly)的口诀：
(一般直接加) clear→clearly清楚地
great→greatly很，大大地
(元e去e加) true→truly真实地
(辅y变i加) happy→happily高兴地
heavy→heavily沉重地
(-le尾e变y) terrible→terribly可怕地
gentle→gently轻轻地
(-ll尾只加y) full→fully完全地
dull→dully迟钝地
(-ic加ally) basic→basically主要地
scientific→scientifically合乎科学地
3．-ed形容词修饰物的用法
-ed形容词通常用于说明人的感受，常译为“感到……的”，强调人自身的情感波动；修饰事物时，则多修饰smile(微笑)，feeling(感觉)，cry(叫声)，face(表情)，vice(声音)，lk(表情)，eye(眼神)，expressin(表情)等表示某人情感状况的名词。
He had a pleased smile n his face.
他脸上露出了满意的微笑。
He tld me the news in a very excited vice.
他以非常激动的声音告诉了我这个消息。
4．同根副词加-ly和不加-ly
有些副词不加-ly与其形容词表达的含义是一样的，而加了-ly之后的副词，其词义往往发生改变，具有抽象意义，表示程度。
clse靠近地 clsely密切地；仔细地
hard努力地 hardly几乎不
late晚，迟 lately最近，不久前
mst最，极其 mstly通常；主要地
wide指距离宽 widely广泛地
deep指具体深度 deeply深深地，非常；强烈地
high指具体高度 highly很，非常
点对点练习1
单句语法填空
1．The ld peple there were talkative and they tld us their persnal(persn) stries cheerfully.
2．There were many peple waiting at the bus stp，and sme f them lked very anxius and disappinted(disappint)．
3．I’ll never frget the amazing(amaze) trip I had in Beijing，China and I hpe t g there next time with my friends.
4．He spent seven days in the wind and snw，cld and hungry(hunger)．
5．I fund life in the UK quite different(differ) frm that in China.
6．The title will be fficially(fficial) given t me at a ceremny in Lndn.
7．Luckily(lucky)，he als has a cw which prduces milk every day.
8．I am terribly(terrible) srry that I can’t g t the bkstre with yu at the appinted time.
二、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
In my family，my mther is the thinnest①.My father is much taller② than her and me，but he is twice as heavy as③ my mther，and becming fatter and fatter④.He is quite wrried because the fatter⑤ he is，the mre likely⑤ he is t be ill.
注释：①形容词和副词变比较级或最高级，一般直接加-er或-est；以e结尾的直接加-r或-st；以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词注意双写结尾辅音；以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的词，将y变为i再加-er或-est；多音节词前面加mre或the mst。
两者或两部分之间比较，多用比较级；三者或三者以上的比较，可以使用最高级。
②比较级常常和than连用，并且可以被much，a little，a bit，even，far，still 等词修饰。
③倍数表达法：
•A＋谓语＋倍数＋adj./adv.比较级＋than＋B
•A＋谓语＋倍数＋as＋adj./adv.原级(＋名词)＋as＋B
•A＋谓语＋倍数＋the＋名词(size，length，height，weight等)＋f＋B
④“adj./adv.比较级＋and＋adj./adv.比较级”表示“越来越……”。
⑤“the＋比较级...，the＋比较级...”表示“越……，就越……”。
1．有少数几个双音节形容词，既可以加-er和-est，又可以加mre和the mst构成比较级和最高级。这些双音节词是：cmmn，handsme，quiet，pleasant，cruel，stupid，tired和以-w，-er结尾的词。
2．有些形容词没有程度可分或形容词本身就表示某种程度，因此没有比较级和最高级。这类形容词有：right(正确的)，wrng(错误的)，excellent(优秀的)，pssible(可能的)，empty(空的)，first(第一的)，wden(木制的)，final(最后的)，east(东方的)，last(最后的)等。
3．有些形容词和副词变比较级或最高级时为不规则变化，需牢记。
gd/well—better—best
bad/ill—wrse—wrst
many/much—mre—mst
little—less—least
ld—lder/elder—ldest/eldest
far—farther—farthest(指具体空间上)
far—further—furthest(指抽象程度上)
4．“否定词语＋比较级”也可表示最高级含义。
N man is better than yu in the wrld.
人世间没有人比你好。
I haven’t read a mre interesting nvel.
这是我读过的最有趣的小说了。
点对点练习2
单句语法填空
1．The mre(much) we d fr thse in need，the happier we’ll be.
2．Rad safety has arused wider(wide) attentin f the public than befre.
3．During the end f the 19th century and the beginning f 20th century，Beijing Opera finally frmed and became the biggest(big) f all peras in China.
4．Mr Green isn’t as strict a teacher as Mr White.
5．I have never met a kinder(kind) teacher than Mrs Smith befre.
6．The electrnic waste stream is increasing three times faster(fast) than traditinal garbage as a whle.
7．This restaurant wasn’t half as gd(gd) as that ne we went t.
8．When yu study the lcal map，yu’ll find this twn is twice the size f that ne.
单句语法填空
1．When the huse was built，it was much smaller(small) than it is tday.(2021·浙江6月)
2．Prvide financial(finance) aid and ther benefits fr lcal peples.(2021·全国乙)
3．The far side f the mn is f particular interest t scientists because it has a lt f deep craters(环形山)，mre s than the familiar near side.(2020·全国Ⅰ)
4．One day the emperr wanted t get his prtrait(画像) dne s he called all great artists t cme and present their finest(fine) wrk，s that he culd chse the best.(2020·全国Ⅲ)
5．As the small bat mved gently(gentle) alng the river he was left speechless by the muntains being silently reflected in the water.(2020·全国Ⅲ)
6．It’s never t early t make necessary preparatins fr a healthy and meaningful(meaning) cllege experience.(2019·北京)
1.看到与than连用，要想到用比较级；看到比较级，要想到than。
2．看到语境中暗含的比较含义，要想到用比较级(二者之间)或最高级(三者及以上)。
3.在句子中如果是作定语、表语、宾补或表示心理状态的状语，则用形容词。
4．如果修饰整个句子、动词或形容词，则用副词。
5．看到and，but，r等连词前或后用的比较等级形式，要想到用比较等级。
层级一 基础达标练
单句语法填空
1．Last Octber，while tending her garden in Mra，Sweden，Lena Pahlssn pulled ut a handful f small carrts(carrt) and was abut t thrw them away.
2．Then，handle the mst imprtant tasks first s yu’ll feel a real sense f achievement(achieve)．
3．—Why nt buy a secndhand car first if yu dn’t have enugh mney fr a new ne?
—That’s a gd suggestin(suggest)．
4．Althugh he researches clning，his intentin(intend) has never been t create cpies f humans.
5．Cming t anther cuntry t study requires a big adjustment(adjust) and it takes a while t fit in.
6．In the early fifties(fifty)，researchers fund that peple scred higher n intelligence tests if they spke mre than ne language.
7．She is the twelfth(twelve) tutr，wh has cme t lk after his children since their mther died.
8．The ld man ges t the park every third(three) day，jgging with his fellws.
9．But the successful test drilling fr fire ice des nt mean it can be extracted fr industrial(industry) use.
10．Have yu ever been embarrassed(embarrass) because f frgetting smething imprtant?
11．The mre the students learn abut the university，the easier it will be fr them t adapt t the envirnment.
12．The wrld’s ppulatin is increasing at a surprising(surprise) rate and ur envirnment is facing great pressure.
13．Nwadays it’s the secnd largest(large) city in Bulgaria and it’s a significant ecnmic，educatinal and cultural center.
14．Indians start practicing yga at a very yung age，s their bdies are even strnger(strng)．
15．There isn’t much traffic n Sunday，s hpefully(hpe) we’ll arrive in time fr the cncert.
层级二 高考真题练
单句语法填空
1．This may be due t sme disadvantages fr peple living in the cuntryside，including lwer(lw) levels f incme and educatin，higher csts f healthy fds，and fewer sprts facilities.
(2021·浙江1月)
2．It is calculated by dividing a persn’s(persn) weight in kg by their height in meters squared，and a BMI f between 19 and 25 is cnsidered healthy.(2021·浙江1月)
3．After spending sme time lking at all the defensive equipment at the wall，we decided it was time fr sme actin and what better(gd) than t ride n a piece f histry！(2021·全国甲)
4．Suppsedly yu can d it in tw hurs，but we stpped at the different gates and watchtwers(watchtwer) t take pictures r just t watch the lcal peple ging abut their daily(day) rutines.(2021·全国甲)
5．It will undubtedly(undubted) help yu get refreshed！(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)
6．The amazing thing abut the spring is that the clder the temperature gets，the htter(ht) the spring! Strange，isn’t it？(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)
7．As wrking frm hme becmes increasingly(increasing) cmmn，peple are finding it easier t cmbine parenthd with a full-time career.(2021·天津3月)
8．Filled with curisity(curius)，the artist packed his bags and left.(2020·全国Ⅲ)
9．My name is Mireya Mayr.I’m a scientist(science) wh studies animals such as apes and mnkeys.(2018·全国Ⅲ)
10．Tw f the authrs f the review als made a study published in 2014 that shwed a mere five t 10 minutes a day f running reduced the risk f heart disease and early deaths frm all causes(cause)．(2018·全国Ⅰ)
11．Data abut the mn’s cmpsitin，such as hw much ice and ther treasures it cntains，culd help China decide whether its plans fr a future lunar(月球的) base are practical.
(2020·全国Ⅰ)
12．On ur way t the huse，it was raining s hard that we culdn’t help wndering hw lng it wuld take t get there.(2019·全国Ⅲ)
13．He screams the ludest(lud) f all.The nise shakes the trees as the male beats his chest and charges tward me.(2018·全国Ⅲ)
14．Even wrse(bad)，the amunt f fast fd that peple eat ges up.(2017·全国Ⅰ)
15．While rckclimbing，yu need t remain very fcused(fcus) s that yu wn’t make any dangerus errrs.(2021·天津3月)
层级三 语篇提能练
语法填空
名词篇
(改编自2020·全国Ⅱ)
Decrating with Plants，Fruits and Flwers fr Chinese New Year
Chinese New Year is a 1. (celebrate) marking the end f the winter seasn and the
2. (begin) f spring.This is why decrating with plants，fruits and flwers carries special
3. (significant)．They represent the earth cming back t 4. (live) and best wishes fr new beginnings.
These are sme f the mst ppular in many parts f the cuntry：
Oranges：Orange trees are mre than 5. (decrate)；they are a symbl f gd frtune and 6. (wealthy)．They make great gifts and yu see them many 7. (time) decrated with red envelpes and messages f gd frtune.
Bamb：Chinese lve their “Lucky Bamb” plants and yu will see them ften in their hmes and ffices.Certainly during the hliday perid，this plant is 8. must.Bamb plants are assciated with health，abundance and a happy hme.They are easy t care fr and make great 9. (present)．
10． (branch) f Plum Blssms(梅花)：The beautiful lng branches cvered with pink-clred buds(蓓蕾) make fantastic decratins.The plum trees are the first t flwer even as the snw is melting(融化)．They represent the prmise f spring and a renewal f life.
1．答案 celebratin
解析 考查名词。由空前的不定冠词a可知，后接名词形式。故填celebratin。
2．答案 beginning
解析 考查名词。和前面的the end f winter并列，是名词词组，begin的名词形式为beginning。
3．答案 significance
解析 考查名词。此处作谓语动词carries的宾语，应该用名词形式。故填significance。
4．答案 life
解析 考查名词。作介词t的宾语，用名词或动名词形式，结合句意可知填life。
5．答案 decratin
解析 考查名词。根据句意可知，此处应用名词形式，故填decratin。
6．答案 wealth
解析 考查名词。与gd frtune共同作f的宾语，所以用名词形式，故填wealth。
7．答案 times
解析 考查名词的单复数。time表示“次数”，是可数名词，用在many 之后，故填times。
8．答案 a
解析 考查冠词。must此处表示“必须做(或看、买等)的事”，是可数名词，且发音以辅音音素开头，所以填不定冠词a。
9．答案 presents
解析 考查名词的单复数。present作“礼物，礼品”讲时，是可数名词，此处表示泛指。故填presents。
10．答案 Branches
解析 考查名词的单复数。可数名词出现时，要么前面加冠词，要么用复数形式表泛指。此处branch前面没有冠词及其他限定词，所以只能用其复数形式。位于句首，注意首字母大写。故填Branches。
1．形容词的名词化表达
某些形容词可以用“be f＋抽象名词”来表达。例如：be imprtant＝be f imprtance be beneficial＝be f benefit be valuable＝be f value be helpful＝be f help be useful＝be f use be interesting＝be f interest
典例 (2017·北京)这里是我关于这次旅游的一些建议，希望会对你有益。
Here are sme suggestins abut this trip，which I hpe will be f benefit t yu.
运用 (2021·全国甲)毫无疑问，故宫提供了一个进入中国木结构建筑的窗口，这有助于外国人更多地了解中国文化。
There’s n dubt that the Palace Museum ffers a windw int Chinese wden architecture，which is f help fr freigners t knw mre abut Chinese culture.
2．副词的名词化表达
某些表示情绪的副词可以用“介词＋名词”短语表达。例如：angrily＝with anger anxiusly＝with anxiety curiusly＝with curisity cmfrtably＝in cmfrt peacefully＝in peace hurriedly＝in a hurry jyfully＝with jy
典例 (2020·浙江1月)当Pppy看到小狗时，她欢快地叫了起来。
When Pppy saw the small puppy，she barked with jy.
运用 (2020·浙江7月)我们万分焦急地等待着救援的到来。
We waited fr being rescued with great anxiety.
3．活用带有比较级的句型
(1)the＋比较级．..，the＋比较级．..
典例 (2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)我听到的鼓励越多，我就越有劲。
The mre encuragement I heard，the mre energetic I felt.
运用 (2019·全国Ⅱ)你知道，我们练习得越多，比赛时我们表现得就越好。
As yu knw，the mre we practice fr it，the better we will perfrm in the match.
(2)“否定词＋比较级”表达最高级含义
典例 (2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)约翰认为没有什么比帮助别人自力更生更有意义的事情了。
Jhn thught nthing was mre meaningful than helping thers earn a living by themselves.
运用 (2021·浙江6月)我意识到没有什么比把这119美元给我的家人更有意义了。直到我把钱交给爸爸的时候，我才知道了成长的真正意义。
I realized nthing was mre meaningful than cntributing the 119 dllars t my family.Nt until I handed my Dad the mney did I knw the true meaning f grwing up.fun乐趣
hmewrk
作业
bread面包
wealth财富
prgress
进步
equipment
设备
rm空间
weather
天气
wrk工作
music音乐
news新闻
meat肉
wrd消息
traffic交通
luck运气
husewrk
家务
milk牛奶
advice建议
man人类
range
橙汁
knwledge
知识
furniture
家具
baggage/
luggage
行李
infrmatin
信息
语篇解读 这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国新年常见的三种装饰物——橘子树、富贵竹和梅花枝，以及它们的美好寓意。
考点一 名词
一、可数名词
Mr Smith is very busy because he runs several cmpanies①.He wrks seven days① a week and 12 mnths② a year.In his spare time he likes watching ftball matches③.He likes eating tmates④ but he desn’t eat vegetables with leaves⑤.He has tw pet hrses⑥ and he ften rides them with his friends n Mr Black’s farm⑦ because he thinks the scenery f the farm⑧ is very beautiful.Mr Black is a friend f his⑨，wh raises sme cws and gats.
注释：1.可数名词变复数
①以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es；以元音字母加y结尾的名词，加-s。②以-th结尾的名词加-s。③以-s，-x，-ch，-sh结尾的名词后加-es(如果词尾-ch发音为/k/，要加-s，如stmach)。④以-结尾加-es 的单词有：英雄(heres)吃土豆(ptates)番茄(tmates)，其他多直接加-s。⑤以-f或-fe结尾的词，多变f或fe为v，再加-es。但也有直接加-s的单词，如：屋顶(rf)上的首领(chief)有信仰(belief)。⑥更多的可数名词是直接加-s。
2．名词作定语
往往是说明其中名词的材料、用途、时间、地点、内容、类别等。
多为单数名词作定语，但wman，man作定语时，要用复数形式表达复数概念。
3．名词的所有格
⑦有生命名词，不以-s结尾的名词加-’s；以-s结尾的单数名词和复数名词都加-’。⑧无生命名词，通常用f所有格表示。⑨双重所有格的构成形式为：“名词＋f＋名词所有格”或者“名词＋f＋名词性物主代词”。
1．不规则变化的名词复数
(1)通过内部元音变化构成复数。如：
ft—feet脚 gse—geese鹅
tth—teeth牙齿 muse—mice老鼠
man—men男人 wman—wmen女人
(2)有些名词的单复数形式相同。如：
sheep—sheep绵羊 deer—deer鹿
Chinese—Chinese中国人
Japanese—Japanese日本人
means—means方法 series—series系列
species—species物种
crssrads—crssrads 十字路口
spacecraft—spacecraft航天器
(3)有的名词在词尾加-ren或-en构成复数。如：
child—children 孩子 x—xen 公牛
(4)由man，wman构成的复合名词在变成复数时，与man，wman的变化形式相同。如：
gentleman—gentlemen先生
Englishman—Englishmen英国男子
pliceman—plicemen男警察
chairwman—chairwmen女主席
businessman—businessmen商人
craftsman—craftsmen工匠，手艺人
注意：German的复数形式为Germans。
(5)外来词的不规则复数形式。如：
analysis—analyses分析 basis—bases基础
crisis—crises危机 thesis—theses论文
medium—media媒介物
phenmenn—phenmena现象
2．复合名词的单复数变化
(1)中间没有连字符也没有间隔的复合名词将最后一个词变成复数形式。
birthday—birthdays生日 blackbard—blackbards黑板 bkshelf—bkshelves书架 gentleman—gentlemen绅士
(2)中间有连字符或间隔的复合词将其中主要的词变成复数形式。如：
bk wrm—bk wrms sn-in-law—sns-in-law
lker-n—lkers-n passer-by—passers-by stry-teller—stry-tellers
(3)无主体名词时通常在最后一个词后加复数词尾。如：grwn-up—grwn-ups standby—standbys
3.名词所有格的特殊形式
(1)并列的名词变所有格时，若表示不同的所有关系，则分别在两个名词后加-’s；如果表示共有关系，则只在最后一个名词后加-’s。如：
Kate and Mary’s rm凯特和玛丽共有的房间
Kate’s and Mary’s rms凯特和玛丽各自的房间
(2)表示店铺或某人的家时，名词所有格之后的shp，huse，hme等常省去。如：
at the dctr’s (ffice)在(医生的)诊所里
at the barber’s (shp)在理发店
at Mr Green’s (huse)在格林先生家
点对点练习1
单句语法填空
1．The team wh wn the three wrld champinships(champinship) wuld always get this cup.
2．During the festival，which lasts three r fur days，peple are dressed in their best clthes and participate in a variety f rich and clurful activities(activity)．
3．The best slutin might be t find the weaknesses(weakness) in the idea and t try and strengthen them，rather than use them simply as an excuse fr rejecting the whle idea.
4．Timmis and his team set ut t seek the effects f phne use n passers-by(passer-by)．
5．We usually expect Hllywd heres(her) t shw up n ur screens and defeat the bad guys.
6．He ges t the barber’s(barber) t have his hair cut every mnth.
二、不可数名词
T learn mre knwledge①，I have t d lts f hmewrk① every day and have n time① t have fun② r d husewrk①.Last week we had an exam but I didn’t perfrm well.Hwever，my teacher said that I had made great prgress②.S this exam is nt a failure③.On the cntrary，it is a success③ in a way.
注释：①不可数名词没有复数形式，也不能与不定冠词连用。
②fun，weather，prgress，advice，infrmatin为永久性不可数名词，前面不能加不定冠词，也不能具体化。
③抽象名词具体化：
•表示情感、情绪的抽象名词强调具体的人或事的时候，可以在前面加不定冠词，如a surprise，a cmfrt 等。
•表示“一……”的概念时，常与动词构成词组，名词前常常有形容词。如have a gd time，have a gd knwledge/cmmand f 等。
不可以用数目计算，多为物质名词或抽象名词，没有复数形式，常见的不可数名词有：
点对点练习2
单句语法填空
1．Oh，Jhn，what a pleasant surprise yu gave us!
2．He gave us sme advice(advice) n hw t study English.
3．He felt that he needed mre knwledge(knwledge) abut imprt and exprt.
单句语法填空
1．In 1844 they bught it fr $1,200 and sme land frm Charles Dresser，wh perfrmed their marriage(marry) ceremny in 1842.(2021·浙江6月)
2．Histrical accuracy(accurate) is imprtant but s is entertainment.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)
3．Later，they learned t wrk with the seasns(seasn)，planting at the right time and，in dry areas，making use f annual flds t irrigate(灌溉) their fields.(2020·浙江7月)
4．Other American studies shwed n cnnectin/cnnectins(cnnect) between unifrms and schl perfrmance.(2019·浙江6月)
1.根据所处位置判断是否填入名词形式。如谓语动词之前、介词之后、形容词之后、冠词或数词之后。
2．单数可数名词不能单独使用，要与冠词、指示代词、不定代词等连用，否则就用复数形式表示复数含义。
3．注意固定短语中名词的单复数。
4．注意名词应该与其修饰语保持数的一致。
5．不可数名词没有复数形式，不能与不定冠词连用。
考点二 数词
Mister Smith is sixty① years ld and yesterday was his 60th② birthday.He still remembers in the 1990s③ when he was in his thirties③，he drank dzens f④ bttles f beer a day.Hwever，he spent thusands f④ dllars in hspital.Later，tw fifths⑤ f his spare time was spent in taking exercise.
注释：①数词的基本形式为基数词。②表示数词的顺序往往用序数词。大部分是在基数词的基础上加-th。以-y结尾的基数词变序数词，把-y变成-ie＋-th。③“in the＋逢十的基数词的复数”表示“在某个世纪几十年代”。“in ne’s＋逢十的基数词的复数”表示“在某人几十多岁时”。④具体数字＋dzen/scre/hundred/thusand/millin 等词时，后面直接加名词复数；表示笼统数目时，用dzens/scres/hundreds/thusands/millins f＋名词复数。⑤分数表达：分子用基数词，分母用序数词。当分子大于1时，分母序数词加-s，如：1/3：ne third,2/3：tw thirds。
1．易错基数词
thirteen十三 furteen十四 fifteen十五 eighteen十八 nineteen十九 twenty二十
thirty三十 frty四十 fifty五十 ninety九十
2．易错序数词
first第一 secnd第二 third第三
furth第四 fifth第五 eighth第八
ninth第九 eleventh第十一 twelfth第十二
点对点练习
单句语法填空
1．Peter gt a mdel ship frm his uncle n his thirteenth(thirteen) birthday.
2．Tw thirds(three) f the students in ur class have been t Disneyland smewhere.
3．Linda，there are t many mistakes in the ninth(nine) line f yur passage.
4．He made quite a few friends during his twenties(twenty)．
5．It is reprted that the earthquake has left thusands(thusand) f peple hmeless.
单句语法填空
1．The plum trees are the first t flwer even as the snw is melting(融化)．They represent the prmise f spring and a renewal f life.(2020·全国Ⅱ)
2．He did it ne third(three) the time it tk me.(北京高考)
1．需要使用数词时，要先看清是使用该词的基数词形式还是序数词形式。
2．使用序数词时，注意前面要有定冠词the。
3．注意固定用法中的数词的使用及与冠词、介词的搭配，如in the 1820s，in his 30s，thusands f等。
考点三 形容词和副词
一、形容词和副词的基本用法
I bught an interesting① nvel yesterday.The bk is s interesting② that I can hardly let g f it.Wrried③ abut my study，my mther tk it away.Hwever，I fund my mther absrbed④ in it.
注释：①修饰名词，往往用形容词作定语。②在系动词之后，往往用形容词作表语。③表示情绪和精神状态的形容词可以作状语。④在“感官或使役动词＋宾语”之后，形容词可以作宾补，说明宾语的状态。
My mther is reading the nvel attentively① nw and she is quite① mved by it.Obviusly②，she wn’t return the bk t me sn.
注释：①副词可以描述某个动作的情况或者描述动作、行为或状态的程度。②副词可以放在句首，作评论性状语，修饰整个句子。
1．名词、动词变形容词
2．形容词变副词
形容词不同词尾变副词加(-ly)的口诀：
(一般直接加) clear→clearly清楚地
great→greatly很，大大地
(元e去e加) true→truly真实地
(辅y变i加) happy→happily高兴地
heavy→heavily沉重地
(-le尾e变y) terrible→terribly可怕地
gentle→gently轻轻地
(-ll尾只加y) full→fully完全地
dull→dully迟钝地
(-ic加ally) basic→basically主要地
scientific→scientifically合乎科学地
3．-ed形容词修饰物的用法
-ed形容词通常用于说明人的感受，常译为“感到……的”，强调人自身的情感波动；修饰事物时，则多修饰smile(微笑)，feeling(感觉)，cry(叫声)，face(表情)，vice(声音)，lk(表情)，eye(眼神)，expressin(表情)等表示某人情感状况的名词。
He had a pleased smile n his face.
他脸上露出了满意的微笑。
He tld me the news in a very excited vice.
他以非常激动的声音告诉了我这个消息。
4．同根副词加-ly和不加-ly
有些副词不加-ly与其形容词表达的含义是一样的，而加了-ly之后的副词，其词义往往发生改变，具有抽象意义，表示程度。
clse靠近地 clsely密切地；仔细地
hard努力地 hardly几乎不
late晚，迟 lately最近，不久前
mst最，极其 mstly通常；主要地
wide指距离宽 widely广泛地
deep指具体深度 deeply深深地，非常；强烈地
high指具体高度 highly很，非常
点对点练习1
单句语法填空
1．The ld peple there were talkative and they tld us their persnal(persn) stries cheerfully.
2．There were many peple waiting at the bus stp，and sme f them lked very anxius and disappinted(disappint)．
3．I’ll never frget the amazing(amaze) trip I had in Beijing，China and I hpe t g there next time with my friends.
4．He spent seven days in the wind and snw，cld and hungry(hunger)．
5．I fund life in the UK quite different(differ) frm that in China.
6．The title will be fficially(fficial) given t me at a ceremny in Lndn.
7．Luckily(lucky)，he als has a cw which prduces milk every day.
8．I am terribly(terrible) srry that I can’t g t the bkstre with yu at the appinted time.
二、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
In my family，my mther is the thinnest①.My father is much taller② than her and me，but he is twice as heavy as③ my mther，and becming fatter and fatter④.He is quite wrried because the fatter⑤ he is，the mre likely⑤ he is t be ill.
注释：①形容词和副词变比较级或最高级，一般直接加-er或-est；以e结尾的直接加-r或-st；以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词注意双写结尾辅音；以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的词，将y变为i再加-er或-est；多音节词前面加mre或the mst。
两者或两部分之间比较，多用比较级；三者或三者以上的比较，可以使用最高级。
②比较级常常和than连用，并且可以被much，a little，a bit，even，far，still 等词修饰。
③倍数表达法：
•A＋谓语＋倍数＋adj./adv.比较级＋than＋B
•A＋谓语＋倍数＋as＋adj./adv.原级(＋名词)＋as＋B
•A＋谓语＋倍数＋the＋名词(size，length，height，weight等)＋f＋B
④“adj./adv.比较级＋and＋adj./adv.比较级”表示“越来越……”。
⑤“the＋比较级...，the＋比较级...”表示“越……，就越……”。
1．有少数几个双音节形容词，既可以加-er和-est，又可以加mre和the mst构成比较级和最高级。这些双音节词是：cmmn，handsme，quiet，pleasant，cruel，stupid，tired和以-w，-er结尾的词。
2．有些形容词没有程度可分或形容词本身就表示某种程度，因此没有比较级和最高级。这类形容词有：right(正确的)，wrng(错误的)，excellent(优秀的)，pssible(可能的)，empty(空的)，first(第一的)，wden(木制的)，final(最后的)，east(东方的)，last(最后的)等。
3．有些形容词和副词变比较级或最高级时为不规则变化，需牢记。
gd/well—better—best
bad/ill—wrse—wrst
many/much—mre—mst
little—less—least
ld—lder/elder—ldest/eldest
far—farther—farthest(指具体空间上)
far—further—furthest(指抽象程度上)
4．“否定词语＋比较级”也可表示最高级含义。
N man is better than yu in the wrld.
人世间没有人比你好。
I haven’t read a mre interesting nvel.
这是我读过的最有趣的小说了。
点对点练习2
单句语法填空
1．The mre(much) we d fr thse in need，the happier we’ll be.
2．Rad safety has arused wider(wide) attentin f the public than befre.
3．During the end f the 19th century and the beginning f 20th century，Beijing Opera finally frmed and became the biggest(big) f all peras in China.
4．Mr Green isn’t as strict a teacher as Mr White.
5．I have never met a kinder(kind) teacher than Mrs Smith befre.
6．The electrnic waste stream is increasing three times faster(fast) than traditinal garbage as a whle.
7．This restaurant wasn’t half as gd(gd) as that ne we went t.
8．When yu study the lcal map，yu’ll find this twn is twice the size f that ne.
单句语法填空
1．When the huse was built，it was much smaller(small) than it is tday.(2021·浙江6月)
2．Prvide financial(finance) aid and ther benefits fr lcal peples.(2021·全国乙)
3．The far side f the mn is f particular interest t scientists because it has a lt f deep craters(环形山)，mre s than the familiar near side.(2020·全国Ⅰ)
4．One day the emperr wanted t get his prtrait(画像) dne s he called all great artists t cme and present their finest(fine) wrk，s that he culd chse the best.(2020·全国Ⅲ)
5．As the small bat mved gently(gentle) alng the river he was left speechless by the muntains being silently reflected in the water.(2020·全国Ⅲ)
6．It’s never t early t make necessary preparatins fr a healthy and meaningful(meaning) cllege experience.(2019·北京)
1.看到与than连用，要想到用比较级；看到比较级，要想到than。
2．看到语境中暗含的比较含义，要想到用比较级(二者之间)或最高级(三者及以上)。
3.在句子中如果是作定语、表语、宾补或表示心理状态的状语，则用形容词。
4．如果修饰整个句子、动词或形容词，则用副词。
5．看到and，but，r等连词前或后用的比较等级形式，要想到用比较等级。
层级一 基础达标练
单句语法填空
1．Last Octber，while tending her garden in Mra，Sweden，Lena Pahlssn pulled ut a handful f small carrts(carrt) and was abut t thrw them away.
2．Then，handle the mst imprtant tasks first s yu’ll feel a real sense f achievement(achieve)．
3．—Why nt buy a secndhand car first if yu dn’t have enugh mney fr a new ne?
—That’s a gd suggestin(suggest)．
4．Althugh he researches clning，his intentin(intend) has never been t create cpies f humans.
5．Cming t anther cuntry t study requires a big adjustment(adjust) and it takes a while t fit in.
6．In the early fifties(fifty)，researchers fund that peple scred higher n intelligence tests if they spke mre than ne language.
7．She is the twelfth(twelve) tutr，wh has cme t lk after his children since their mther died.
8．The ld man ges t the park every third(three) day，jgging with his fellws.
9．But the successful test drilling fr fire ice des nt mean it can be extracted fr industrial(industry) use.
10．Have yu ever been embarrassed(embarrass) because f frgetting smething imprtant?
11．The mre the students learn abut the university，the easier it will be fr them t adapt t the envirnment.
12．The wrld’s ppulatin is increasing at a surprising(surprise) rate and ur envirnment is facing great pressure.
13．Nwadays it’s the secnd largest(large) city in Bulgaria and it’s a significant ecnmic，educatinal and cultural center.
14．Indians start practicing yga at a very yung age，s their bdies are even strnger(strng)．
15．There isn’t much traffic n Sunday，s hpefully(hpe) we’ll arrive in time fr the cncert.
层级二 高考真题练
单句语法填空
1．This may be due t sme disadvantages fr peple living in the cuntryside，including lwer(lw) levels f incme and educatin，higher csts f healthy fds，and fewer sprts facilities.
(2021·浙江1月)
2．It is calculated by dividing a persn’s(persn) weight in kg by their height in meters squared，and a BMI f between 19 and 25 is cnsidered healthy.(2021·浙江1月)
3．After spending sme time lking at all the defensive equipment at the wall，we decided it was time fr sme actin and what better(gd) than t ride n a piece f histry！(2021·全国甲)
4．Suppsedly yu can d it in tw hurs，but we stpped at the different gates and watchtwers(watchtwer) t take pictures r just t watch the lcal peple ging abut their daily(day) rutines.(2021·全国甲)
5．It will undubtedly(undubted) help yu get refreshed！(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)
6．The amazing thing abut the spring is that the clder the temperature gets，the htter(ht) the spring! Strange，isn’t it？(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)
7．As wrking frm hme becmes increasingly(increasing) cmmn，peple are finding it easier t cmbine parenthd with a full-time career.(2021·天津3月)
8．Filled with curisity(curius)，the artist packed his bags and left.(2020·全国Ⅲ)
9．My name is Mireya Mayr.I’m a scientist(science) wh studies animals such as apes and mnkeys.(2018·全国Ⅲ)
10．Tw f the authrs f the review als made a study published in 2014 that shwed a mere five t 10 minutes a day f running reduced the risk f heart disease and early deaths frm all causes(cause)．(2018·全国Ⅰ)
11．Data abut the mn’s cmpsitin，such as hw much ice and ther treasures it cntains，culd help China decide whether its plans fr a future lunar(月球的) base are practical.
(2020·全国Ⅰ)
12．On ur way t the huse，it was raining s hard that we culdn’t help wndering hw lng it wuld take t get there.(2019·全国Ⅲ)
13．He screams the ludest(lud) f all.The nise shakes the trees as the male beats his chest and charges tward me.(2018·全国Ⅲ)
14．Even wrse(bad)，the amunt f fast fd that peple eat ges up.(2017·全国Ⅰ)
15．While rckclimbing，yu need t remain very fcused(fcus) s that yu wn’t make any dangerus errrs.(2021·天津3月)
层级三 语篇提能练
语法填空
名词篇
(改编自2020·全国Ⅱ)
Decrating with Plants，Fruits and Flwers fr Chinese New Year
Chinese New Year is a 1. (celebrate) marking the end f the winter seasn and the
2. (begin) f spring.This is why decrating with plants，fruits and flwers carries special
3. (significant)．They represent the earth cming back t 4. (live) and best wishes fr new beginnings.
These are sme f the mst ppular in many parts f the cuntry：
Oranges：Orange trees are mre than 5. (decrate)；they are a symbl f gd frtune and 6. (wealthy)．They make great gifts and yu see them many 7. (time) decrated with red envelpes and messages f gd frtune.
Bamb：Chinese lve their “Lucky Bamb” plants and yu will see them ften in their hmes and ffices.Certainly during the hliday perid，this plant is 8. must.Bamb plants are assciated with health，abundance and a happy hme.They are easy t care fr and make great 9. (present)．
10． (branch) f Plum Blssms(梅花)：The beautiful lng branches cvered with pink-clred buds(蓓蕾) make fantastic decratins.The plum trees are the first t flwer even as the snw is melting(融化)．They represent the prmise f spring and a renewal f life.
1．答案 celebratin
解析 考查名词。由空前的不定冠词a可知，后接名词形式。故填celebratin。
2．答案 beginning
解析 考查名词。和前面的the end f winter并列，是名词词组，begin的名词形式为beginning。
3．答案 significance
解析 考查名词。此处作谓语动词carries的宾语，应该用名词形式。故填significance。
4．答案 life
解析 考查名词。作介词t的宾语，用名词或动名词形式，结合句意可知填life。
5．答案 decratin
解析 考查名词。根据句意可知，此处应用名词形式，故填decratin。
6．答案 wealth
解析 考查名词。与gd frtune共同作f的宾语，所以用名词形式，故填wealth。
7．答案 times
解析 考查名词的单复数。time表示“次数”，是可数名词，用在many 之后，故填times。
8．答案 a
解析 考查冠词。must此处表示“必须做(或看、买等)的事”，是可数名词，且发音以辅音音素开头，所以填不定冠词a。
9．答案 presents
解析 考查名词的单复数。present作“礼物，礼品”讲时，是可数名词，此处表示泛指。故填presents。
10．答案 Branches
解析 考查名词的单复数。可数名词出现时，要么前面加冠词，要么用复数形式表泛指。此处branch前面没有冠词及其他限定词，所以只能用其复数形式。位于句首，注意首字母大写。故填Branches。
1．形容词的名词化表达
某些形容词可以用“be f＋抽象名词”来表达。例如：be imprtant＝be f imprtance be beneficial＝be f benefit be valuable＝be f value be helpful＝be f help be useful＝be f use be interesting＝be f interest
典例 (2017·北京)这里是我关于这次旅游的一些建议，希望会对你有益。
Here are sme suggestins abut this trip，which I hpe will be f benefit t yu.
运用 (2021·全国甲)毫无疑问，故宫提供了一个进入中国木结构建筑的窗口，这有助于外国人更多地了解中国文化。
There’s n dubt that the Palace Museum ffers a windw int Chinese wden architecture，which is f help fr freigners t knw mre abut Chinese culture.
2．副词的名词化表达
某些表示情绪的副词可以用“介词＋名词”短语表达。例如：angrily＝with anger anxiusly＝with anxiety curiusly＝with curisity cmfrtably＝in cmfrt peacefully＝in peace hurriedly＝in a hurry jyfully＝with jy
典例 (2020·浙江1月)当Pppy看到小狗时，她欢快地叫了起来。
When Pppy saw the small puppy，she barked with jy.
运用 (2020·浙江7月)我们万分焦急地等待着救援的到来。
We waited fr being rescued with great anxiety.
3．活用带有比较级的句型
(1)the＋比较级．..，the＋比较级．..
典例 (2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)我听到的鼓励越多，我就越有劲。
The mre encuragement I heard，the mre energetic I felt.
运用 (2019·全国Ⅱ)你知道，我们练习得越多，比赛时我们表现得就越好。
As yu knw，the mre we practice fr it，the better we will perfrm in the match.
(2)“否定词＋比较级”表达最高级含义
典例 (2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)约翰认为没有什么比帮助别人自力更生更有意义的事情了。
Jhn thught nthing was mre meaningful than helping thers earn a living by themselves.
运用 (2021·浙江6月)我意识到没有什么比把这119美元给我的家人更有意义了。直到我把钱交给爸爸的时候，我才知道了成长的真正意义。
I realized nthing was mre meaningful than cntributing the 119 dllars t my family.Nt until I handed my Dad the mney did I knw the true meaning f grwing up.fun乐趣
hmewrk
作业
bread面包
wealth财富
prgress
进步
equipment
设备
rm空间
weather
天气
wrk工作
music音乐
news新闻
meat肉
wrd消息
traffic交通
luck运气
husewrk
家务
milk牛奶
advice建议
man人类
range
橙汁
knwledge
知识
furniture
家具
baggage/
luggage
行李
infrmatin
信息
语篇解读 这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国新年常见的三种装饰物——橘子树、富贵竹和梅花枝，以及它们的美好寓意。
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