讲义 第2部分 语法专题 语法专题 专题三 不可忽视的小词

这是一份讲义 第2部分 语法专题 语法专题 专题三 不可忽视的小词，共28页。试卷主要包含了不定冠词a/an，定冠词 the，零冠词，介词与名词构成的搭配，介词与其他词构成的搭配等内容，欢迎下载使用。


考点一 冠词
一、不定冠词a/an
My friend Linda is an hnest girl① studying in a university①.We are f an age②，we bth like milk and we drink a cup f milk③ a day④.S we think a cw⑤ is very useful.
注释：不定冠词的用法
①表示泛指“某个”。当说话人第一次提及某人、某物时通常用不定冠词；在读音以辅音音素开头的单词前用a，在读音以元音音素开头的单词前用an。②表示“同一”。③表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有ne强烈。④表示“每一”，相当于per。⑤表示“一类”事物。
1．不定冠词a/an用在序数词前，表示“再一，又一”。
He missed the gld medal in the high jump，but he will get a secnd chance in the lng jump.
他在跳高比赛中错失了金牌，但是在跳远比赛中他还有机会。
2．不定冠词a/an可以用于物质名词或抽象名词具体化。
物质名词或抽象名词仅表示概念时，是不可数名词，前面不加不定冠词。但如果表示具体的人或事，特别是前面有形容词修饰时，就变成了可数名词，前面可加不定冠词。
Tny is a famus pianist.I’m abslutely certain that his cncert this Sunday will be a success.
托尼是一位著名的钢琴家，我十分确信这个星期天他的音乐会一定会成功。
3．有些名词是永久性不可数名词，即使前面有了形容词，也不能在形容词前加a/an。如weather，prgress，fun等。
What fine weather we have gt! Let’s g fr a picnic.多好的天气啊，我们去野餐吧。
4．不定冠词常见的固定搭配
have a gift fr有……的天赋
have a hliday度假
get a lift/ride搭便车
pay a visit t参观
lend sb.a hand帮助某人
as a result因此
as a rule通常，照例
in a hurry匆忙地
at a distance离一段距离
a waste f ……的浪费
What a pity！真遗憾！
be/g n a diet节食
a cllectin f一批……
a knwledge f知道
have a gd time玩得高兴
make a living谋生
as a matter f fact事实上
have a histry f有一段……的历史
in a sense/way在某种意义上
fr a while暂时，一时
all f a sudden突然
a matter f ……的问题
点对点练习1
单句语法填空
1．In Chinese culture，each year is related t a Chinese animal accrding t the 12-year cycle.
2．He nt nly is the best student in ur class，but als has an excellent sense f humur.
3．He smiled back as if t give me a receipt and I wuld preserve his smile fr a lng time.
4．One thing we can d t help slve this prblem is walk r use a bicycle when pssible.
二、定冠词 the
Mr Smith is a teacher frm the United States①.He was the first② freign teacher I had met.In the 1990s③，he and his wife were traveling alng the Yangtze River④ when a ship wrecked.The Smiths⑤ came up t help the injured⑥ and saved a by by catching him by the arm⑦.The by’s parents said they were the kindest⑧ peple in the wrld⑨.They wuld remember the cuple⑩ frever.
注释：定冠词的用法
①用于普通名词构成的专有名词之前。②用于序数词之前。③用在朝代、世纪前或用在逢十的年代前，后者表示“在某世纪几十年代”。④用于江河湖海山岛前。⑤用在表示姓氏的复数名词之前，表示“一家人”或“夫妻俩”。⑥用在形容词或分词前，表示某一类人或物。⑦摸/打/抓(等表动作的词)＋sb.＋介词＋the＋身体部位。⑧用于形容词或副词的最高级前。⑨用在世界上独一无二的事物前。⑩表示上文已经提到过的人或事物。
1．被演奏的西洋乐器前用the。但是球类棋类之前却没有冠词。
As far as I knw，he likes playing the pian but desn’t like playing ftball.
据我所知，他喜欢弹钢琴却不喜欢踢足球。
2．用在表计量的名词前，如by the hur，by the day，by the dzen，by the meter等。但是如果是抽象名词前，则不用冠词，如：by weight，by time，by length，by size等。
I gt paid by time.T be exact，I gt paid by the hur.我按时间拿报酬，确切地说，我是按小时拿钱。
3．定冠词的常见固定搭配
at the mment此刻；目前
in the end最后，最终
t tell the truth说实话
n the ther hand另一方面
by the way顺便说一下
in the middle f在……中间
at the same time同时
n the cntrary相反
n the whle总的来说
in the distance在远处
t the pint中肯；切题
make the mst/best f充分利用
点对点练习2
单句语法填空
1．She stayed up until eleven thirty ne evening n purpse just t see the mnlight.
2．The “Spider-stry” is ften tld.Rbert Bruce，leader f the Scts in the 13th century，was hiding in a cave frm the English.
3．Smking is ne f the biggest causes f preventable deaths in England.
4．The Greens are a happy cuple；they have been married fr 30 years.
5．The injured have been sent t hspital where they will be treated.
三、零冠词
When learning that teachers① are badly needed in remte districts①，Lily vlunteered t teach in a remte place.Lcal peple have made her headmaster② f the schl since her arrival and she teaches Chinese③，maths③，and English③ herself frm spring t winter④ and frm Mnday t Sunday④.On weekends，she teaches her students⑦ t play vlleyball and chess⑤.When she finds many children attending schl withut having lunch⑥，she raises mney① fr the children’s meals.
注释：零冠词常用的几种情况
①表泛指的复数名词或不可数名词前。②表示头衔和职务的名词作表语、同位语或补足语时。③表示语言、学科的名词前不用冠词。④季节、月份、日期、星期、节假日前不用冠词。⑤球类运动、棋类游戏的名词前不用冠词。⑥一日三餐前一般不加冠词。⑦名词前已有this，that，my，her，sme，each等限定词时不再用冠词。
1．用于固定结构中的零冠词
“零冠词＋单数名词＋as/thugh＋主语＋谓语，主句”，意为“虽然……但是……”。
Yung man as he is，he has seen much f the wrld.
尽管他很年轻，但他阅历很丰富。
2．n与such连用时放在such之前，而such后的名词前不用冠词。
As the saying ges，there is n such thing as a free lunch.If yu want smething，g and earn it.常言说，天下没有免费的午餐。如果你想要什么，就得去挣。
3．零冠词的常见固定搭配
n purpse故意地 by chance碰巧
catch fire着火 at dawn在黎明
face t face面对面 ut f date过时的
make rm fr让位 in debt负债
in shape健康 n ft步行
in danger在危险中 side by side并排
frm time t time不时地 hand in hand手拉手
day after day日复一日地heart and sul全心全意地
单句语法填空
1．While yu’re in China，Munt Huangshan is a must t visit！(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)
2．Of the nineteen recgnized plar bear subppulatins，three are declining，six are stable，ne is increasing，and nine lack enugh data.(2019·全国Ⅰ)
技巧一 注意泛指还是特指
如果空格后的名词或“形容词＋名词”前没有形容词性物主代词、不定代词、名词所有格或指示代词等限定词时很可能填冠词。
1．如果空格及后面的名词在文中第一次出现，可翻译成“一个(本、种等)”，一般填a/an；如果在前文已经提到过，可翻译成“这/那个，这/那些”，一般填the。
2．如果名词后有f短语、不定式、分词或从句等作定语时很可能填the。
技巧二 注意固定搭配
考点二 代词
一、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词
I① am a senir schl student and I① want t jin ur③ schl ftball team，but the persn in charge has rejected me②.I have t spend my③ spare time practicing ftball t imprve myself④.Lk! The ftball under the bed is mine⑤.It has been wrn ut.
注释：①为代词的主格形式作主语。②为代词的宾格形式作宾语。③为形容词性物主代词，放在名词之前作定语。④为反身代词，可作宾语、表语或同位语。⑤为名词性物主代词，后面不加名词，可作主语、宾语或表语。
(一)代词的形式
(二)it的用法
1．指天气、时间、距离、环境等
It is early spring，but it is already ht.
现在是初春，但是天气已经很热了。
It is twenty miles frm here t the village.
从这里到那个村庄有20英里路。
2．代替前面提过的事物、群体、想法等或代替指示代词
Althugh he didn’t like it，I decided t see the mvie anyway.
尽管他不喜欢看这部电影，但我还是决定去看一看。
3．指不知性别的孩子和婴儿或不明确的人(由于某种原因而不知对方是谁)
What will yu call it if it is a by?
要是男孩的话，你会给他取个什么名字？
4．用作形式主语或形式宾语，代替不定式、动名词或从句
(1)it作形式主语的常用句型：
①It＋be＋adj./n.＋fr/f sb.＋不定式
It is imprtant fr students t learn English well.对学生来说学好英语是重要的。
It was flish f him t leave the dr pen after he left the ffice.
离开办公室之后，他还让门开着，真是糊涂了。
②It is n gd/use/useless ding sth.做某事是没有好处/用处的
It is n use crying ver the spilt milk.
为打翻的牛奶而哭泣是没有用处的。
③It＋be＋名词词组(a pity/a fact/n wnder...)/adj.＋that从句
It is a pity that yu can’t g with her.
很遗憾你不能和她一起去。
④It＋特殊动词(seem/appear/turn ut/ccur t )＋that从句
It seems that he has made a serius mistake.
他似乎犯了一个严重错误。
⑤It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句
It was reprted that 20 peple were killed in the earthquake.据报道有20人死于这场地震。
⑥It takes sb.time/patience/effrt/energy t d sth.
It tk him much energy t write the nvel.
写这部小说花费了他大量的精力。
(2)it作形式宾语的常用句型：
主语＋think/believe/suppse/cnsider/feel/make/keep...＋it＋adj./n.＋fr/f sb.t d/that从句
I find it easy t get n with Jim.
我发现同吉姆相处很容易。
He didn’t make it clear when and where the meeting wuld be held.
他没说清楚何时何地举行会议。
(3)用于like，enjy，hate，lve，appreciate等表示喜欢、憎恶等情感的动词以及depend n/upn，see t等动词短语后，再接when，if，that等引导的从句。
I’d appreciate it if yu culd attend ur party.
如果您能参加我们的聚会，我将不胜感激。
点对点练习1
单句语法填空
1．He lives a very regular life，studying every day and never allwing himself(he) t fall behind in his schlwrk.
2．When tld that it was a lss t humans，the farmers burst int laughter and respnded，“Our real lss is ur(we) decreasing incme.”
3．While making a chice frm varius ways f spending ur time，we ught t ensure smething that restres ur lst energy and cheers us(we) up.
4．I have made it clear that I will nt accept this jb.
5．Given hpe，I am cnvinced that a breakthrugh can cme at any age if we have faith in urselves and keep learning and wrking fr it.
6．There is a knck n the dr.It might be the pstman.
二、不定代词
1．all/every/bth/each/neither/nne
There are 50 students in my class.Thugh nt all① f us are studying well，we all① study hard.Every student② has a dream university，thugh nt every student② can be admitted t a famus ne.My deskmate and I bth③ like music，but bth f us dn’t③ want t enter a music institute.Each④ f us has chsen ur future cllege.We have 14 teachers in all，nne⑤ f whm treat us badly.Hwever，my deskmate and I are bth③ fat，s neither⑥ f us lve PE classes.
注释：①all指三者或三者以上的人或物的“全部”。作主语时，谓语动词通常依据所指为可数名词还是不可数名词而定；与nt连用表示部分否定。②every强调(整体中的)每一个，只能作定语，修饰单数可数名词，表示三者或三者以上中的“每一个”，与nt连用构成部分否定。③bth表示“两者(都)”。作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；与nt连用表示部分否定，意为“两者并不都……”。④each强调个体，可作代词和形容词，修饰单数可数名词，指两者或两者以上中的“每一个”，可以与f短语连用。作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；作同位语时，谓语动词的数和主语保持一致。⑤nne表示“(三者及三者以上中)无一个”或“没有一点儿”。后接f短语作主语时，谓语动词用单复数皆可。⑥neither表示“(两者)都不”。单独作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；后接f短语作主语时，谓语动词用单复数皆可。
2．anything/nthing/smething/everything
—D yu have anything① t say abut yur exam?
—N，I have nthing② t say abut it.
—I hpe yu can share smething③ special abut yur schl.
—I have tld yu that I dn’t have anything① t say abut it.Everything④ has gne wrng.
注释：①anything表示“任何事物，一些事”时，用于否定句和疑问句中；表示“随便什么事物”，用于肯定句中。②nthing表示“什么也没有”，可用于肯定、疑问及否定句。③smething表示“某事(物)”，一般用于肯定句中。④everything表示“一切”，强调全体，但谓语动词要用单数。
3．the ther，anther，thers与the thers
—Excuse me.Can yu exchange this T-shirt fr anther① ne? Sme thers② say it desn’t fit me well.
—Of curse.This T-shirt cmes in tw sizes；yu can try n the ther③ ne.
—Dn’t bther.There are s many shps and I will g t see the thers④.
注释：①anther泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”，代替单数可数名词。②thers表示泛指意义，意为“其他的人或事物”，常与sme连用。③the ther可单独使用，特指两者中的“另一个”或两部分中的“另一部分”。④特指“整体中除去一部分后剩余的全部人或事物”时用the thers。
4．替代词that，thse，ne，nes，the ne，the nes
I fund a beautiful cat in a shp，but it was very expensive.Luckily，I fund ne① lking the same nline and it was much cheaper than that②/the ne③ in the physical shp.Hwever，when I received the cat，I realized thugh the nes④ sld nline were much cheaper，they were nt as gd as thse⑤ in physical shps.I wuld rather spend mre mney n better nes⑥ with high quality.
注释：①ne替代上文出现的单数可数名词，相当于“a/an＋单数名词”。②that替代上文出现的可数名词单数或不可数名词，相当于“the＋单数名词/不可数名词”。③the ne替代特指的可数名词单数，相当于“the＋单数名词”。④the nes替代复数名词，相当于“the＋可数名词复数”。⑤thse 替代复数名词(尤其是有后置定语时)，相当于“the＋可数名词复数”。⑥nes替代复数名词。所替代名词都是同类不同物；同类同物替代用it/them。
1．anther后可接“基数词/few＋复数名词”，表示“另外的……(多少)”。“基数词/few＋ther＋复数名词”也表示“另外的……(多少)”。
Anther three students went t that party.＝Three ther students went t that party.
另外3个学生去了那个聚会。
2．n ne，nne，nbdy，nthing以及“n与名词连用”等都表示全部否定。当nt与不定代词all，bth，everyne，everybdy，everything等或“every＋名词”连用时，不管nt在它们之前还是之后，都表示部分否定。
Nne f us was ging t the party.
我们当中没人打算去参加那个聚会。
Nt all f them smke.＝All f them dn’t smke.他们当中不是所有人都吸烟。
点对点练习2
单句语法填空
1．Success is just n the ther side.Yu have t want it enugh，and be willing enugh t get it.
2．Many singles say the regular dating scene has just led them frm ne bad experience t anther and are ready t try smething else.
3．Nbdy likes t talk abut death，but the reality is—everyne is ging t die at ne pint，but nne f us knw the day，r the hur.
4．Bth teams were in hard training；neither was willing t lse the game.
5．Mr Zhang gave me a very valuable present，ne that I have never seen.
单句语法填空
1．As the sng ges，this lng and winding rad “will never disappear”，and it will always stick in the visitr’s memry.It sure des in mine(I)．(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)
2．Data abut the mn’s cmpsitin，such as hw much ice and ther treasures it cntains，culd help China decide whether its(it) plans fr a future lunar(月球的) base are practical.
(2020·全国Ⅰ)
3．It was sweet and fresh.Mary lved it.She was extremely pretty，and her huse was a reflectin f herself(she)，everything in gd taste and in perfect rder.(2021·浙江6月)
4．Many westerners wh cme t China ck much less than in their wn cuntries nce they realize hw cheap it can be t eat ut.(2018·浙江6月)
1．通过句子成分确定所填代词的形式
如果作主语，则用人称代词的主格；如果作宾语或表语，则用人称代词的宾格；如果作定语，则用形容词性物主代词；如果作宾语、表语或同位语且又和句子的主语为同一人或物，则用反身代词。
2．通过句式结构和“指代”，判断是否用it
如果指代上文提到的同一个事物，则用it；
如果指代天气、时间、距离或环境情况则用it；如果作形式主语或形式宾语，则用it；注意一些固定用法：dislike/hate/appreciate/depend n/see t...＋it＋从句。
考点三 介词
1．表示方位的介词
We walked acrss① the beach，thrugh② the wds and finally came t③ the huse which was under④the big tree marked in⑤ the map.After stepping int⑥ the huse，we fund a small black table，ver⑦ which was a lamp.Then we lked arund⑧，nly t find nthing.My friend fund smething special—an empty bx.Beneath⑨ it was a nte saying，“Stand beside⑩ the windw and lk ut f⑪ it.” Frm⑫ the windw we saw anther huse beynd⑬ a small hill.
注释：①acrss指从较为平坦的表面穿过。②thrugh指从立体的事物中间穿过。③t指到某处，去某处。④under在……下面，无接触面。⑤in在……里面。⑥int到……里面。⑦ver在……正上方(无接触面)；n在……上面(有接触面)。⑧arund在/向……周围。⑨beneath在……下面(有接触面)。⑩beside在……旁边。⑪ut f向/在……外面。⑫frm从……。⑬beynd 在/向……较远的一边，超出。
2．表示时间的介词
It happened n① a Saturday mrning in② Nvember,2015.My parents left hme at③ 6∶00 am t meet my uncle at the airprt and tld me they wuld cme back in② tw hurs.Hwever，it wasn’t lng befre④ smene kncked at the dr，and I lked thrugh the peephle and saw a stranger.I quickly lcked the dr frm the inside，and didn’t pen it until⑤ my parents came back.During⑥ the tw hurs，the stranger always tried t tell me smething but I wuldn’t listen t him.On seeing my parents，the stranger said，“I have been waiting ut f the dr fr⑦ tw hurs since 6∶10 am.” Why had my uncle changed s much ver⑧ the years?
注释：①n指在具体的某一天。②in用在年/月/季节/世纪等大时间之前，或者指上/下午或晚上；也可用在表示一段时间的词之前，表示“多久之后”。③at用在几点钟或night/nn之前。④befre在……之前。⑤until直到……时候。⑥during在……期间。⑦fr表示延续一段时间。⑧ver表示“在……期间”，表延续。
3．表示原因的介词
Jhn was punished fr① cheating in the exam.His father was angry at/ver② it and he trembled with③ anger because f④ Jhn’s bad behaviur.
注释：①fr表示原因，后面可以跟名词(词组)或句子。②at/ver用在表示情绪的形容词之后，后面跟代词或名词(词组)。③with用在表示情绪的名词之前。④because f/wing t/due t/thanks t之后不加陈述句，加名词(短语)/名词性从句。
4．其他重要介词
Between① the tw pinins，I am fr② the first ne but against③ the secnd ne.By④ wearing schl unifrms，students can be treated equally by④ thers despite⑤ the different ecnmic backgrunds amng⑥ them.Besides⑦，the price is within⑧ students’ reach.Mst students except⑨ a minrity f them say schl unifrms are gd except fr⑩ the fact that they are nt fashinable.
注释：①between表示两者之间。②fr表示支持。③against表示反对。④by表示“借助/通过……”，也可以表示“被……”。⑤despite表示尽管，等于in spite f。⑥amng表示在三者或三者以上中。⑦besides表示除此之外(还)。⑧within表示在……范围之内。⑨except表示同类事物除外。⑩except fr表示与整体陈述相对的细节修补。
一、介词的省略
1．当表示时间的词前有this，that，next，last，every，each，sme，any，all等时，介词常省略。
We watched an exciting ftball match last week.
上周我们观看了一场激动人心的足球赛。
Cme any day yu like.你想哪天来就哪天来。
2．表示时间的名词前有不定冠词，且不定冠词作“每一……”讲时，其前不用介词。
An apple a day keeps the dctr away.
每天一个苹果，医生远离我。
3．习惯搭配中介词的省略
一些常和动词、名词或形容词搭配使用的介词常可省略，常见的此类搭配有spend sme time (in) ding sth.，waste sme time (in) ding sth.，have difficulty/truble (in) ding sth.，be busy (in) ding sth.，stp/prevent sb.(frm) ding sth.等。
Frank insisted that he was nt asleep althugh I had great difficulty (in) waking him up.
弗兰克坚持说自己没有睡觉，虽然我叫醒他费了好大劲。
二、介词不可遗漏的问题
1．在被动语态中，动词短语中的介词不能遗漏。
The children have been taken gd care f in the kindergarten.
这些孩子在幼儿园里得到了很好的照顾。
2．当非谓语动词表示被动意义时，相关介词也不可省略。
The prblem is well wrth paying attentin t.
这个问题很值得关注。
3．在定语从句中，当从句的谓语和先行词构成动宾关系且从句谓语为不及物动词时，必须加上介词。
The library which we ften g t is nt far away frm ur schl.
我们常去的那个图书馆距离我们学校不远。
三、介词与动词构成的搭配
call fr需要；要求
pass by经过
pay fr为……付款
figure ut弄清楚
apply fr申请
dream f梦想
search fr寻找，搜索
refer t提及；参考
begin with以……开始
cntribute t贡献；有助于；促成
play with同……一起玩；玩弄
laugh at嘲笑
care abut关心；介意
fcus n集中于
feel like想要
向……索费
hld up举起
用……来交换……
rely n依靠
g back t追溯到
四、介词与名词构成的搭配
1．at开头的介词短语
at a lss不知所措
at the cst f以……的代价
at peace处于和平状态
at the risk f冒……的危险
at war处于战争状态
at the mercy f在……支配下；由……摆布
at the same time同时
2．n开头的介词短语
n exhibitin/shw在展出
n accunt f因为
n fire着火
n average平均；一般地
n sale出售，打折
n behalf f代表
n n accunt/cnditin决不
n the decrease/increase在减少/在增加
n hliday/vacatin在度假
3．by开头的介词短语
by accident偶然地
by hand手工
by mistake错误地
by chance偶然
by the day按天算
by cincidence碰巧
by nature天生地
4．in开头的介词短语
in cash用现金付款
in charge f掌管……
in depth在深度上
in return作为回报
in detail详细地
in danger (f) 在危险中，垂危
in height在高度上
in spite f尽管
in length在长度上
in exchange fr作为交换
in favr f支持，赞成
in n time立刻
in case f万一；如果；假使
in n way决不
in supprt f为支持……
in place f代替
in hnur f为向……表示敬意
in pssessin f拥有，占有
in memry f为了纪念……
in additin t另外
in the middle f在……中间
5．f＋n.表示特征(等于相应的形容词)
f benefit有益处的
f significance有意义的
f help有帮助的
f use有用的
f imprtance重要的
f value有价值的
6．ut f＋n.表示状态
ut f balance失去平衡
ut f rder发生故障
ut f breath上气不接下气
ut f sight看不见
ut f cntrl失去控制
ut f the questin不可能
ut f date过期
ut f wrk失业
7．under＋n.表示被动
under attack遭到袭击
under treatment在治疗中
under pressure在压力下
under cntrl处于控制之中
8．with＋n.表示方式
with delight/jy高兴地
with fear害怕地
with difficulty困难地
with pleasure乐意地
with ease轻而易举地
9．beynd＋n.表示“超出……，难以……”
beynd cmpare无与伦比
beynd descriptin难以描述
beynd reach够不到
beynd expressin/wrds难以表达
五、介词与其他词构成的搭配
but fr要不是
instead f代替
regardless f不管，不顾
apart frm除……之外
up t直到；由……决定
accrding t根据
alng with随着
tgether with连同
by means f用……办法；借助……
wing t因为
点对点练习
单句语法填空
1．She patted him n the head and said，“My little by，d yu feel mre cmfrtable nw than befre？”
2．If yu culd exchange lives with smene fr a shrt time，wuld yu like t d that?
3．As a result，he spends his life in a wheelchair and cannt write by means f a pen r pencil.
4．But wildlife tday disappears r is in danger just because humans d harm t it.
5．Many times we dn’t realize hw rutine ur lives have becme and hw much we take them fr granted until we find urselves in a new situatin.
6．The teacher paused n purpse t remind the students t stp talking.
单句语法填空
1．The study fund that between 1985 and 2017，average rural BMI increased by 2.1 in wmen and men.(2021·浙江1月)
2．Museums must cmpete fr peple’s spare time and mney with ther amusements.
(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)
3．Sme time after 10,000 BC，peple made the first real attempt t cntrl the wrld they lived in，thrugh agriculture.(2020·浙江7月)
技法一 分析句子成分
如果句子中不缺少主语或表语，动词后又不缺少宾语，则在名词、代词或动名词前一定是填介词。
技法二 记牢搭配
1．注意短语搭配中介词的正确使用。
2．注意有特殊用法的介词，如接复合宾语就只能用with或withut。
考点四 动词和动词短语
I lked① at the windw and saw② a bird perching n a tree.I kept watching③ it but it didn’t④ see me.The bird lked⑤ beautiful.Suddenly a cat appeared and the bird gt⑤ frightened.It seemed as if the bird was⑤ in danger.Hwever，it turned ut that I shuldn’t⑥ have been wrried abut it.It had⑦ flwn away swiftly befre the cat drew near.
注释：动词的种类
•有实际意义的动词叫实义动词，如文中的①②③。
•文中的④⑦为助动词，不能单独构成谓语。⑥是情态动词，也不能单独构成谓语。
•动词可分为及物动词(可直接跟宾语)，如②③和不及物动词(需要加介词后再跟宾语)如①。
•根据表示的动作是否可以延续，可分为与表示一段时间的状语连用的延续性动词如③以及不与表示一段时间的状语连用的非延续性动词如①②。
•文中⑤为系动词，后面可以直接跟形容词，构成系表结构。
1．有些及物动词后面可以跟双宾语，构成vt.＋sb.＋sth.结构，如：
award(授予)，buy(买)，give(给)，leave(留下)，lend(借出)，ffer(提供)，pay(付款)，shw(展示)，teach(教)，tell(告诉)，bring(带来)，pass(传递)，sell(销售)，send(送给)，write(给某人写信)，envy(嫉妒)，refuse(拒绝)，save(节省)，spare(留出；免去)等。
2．不及物动词不可以直接跟宾语而且无被动语态。如果一个动词是不及物动词，则考查点不会是被动语态。常见不及物动词有agree，g，wrk，listen，lk，cme，die，belng，fall，exist，rise，arrive，sit，sail，hurry，fail，succeed，run，swim，stand，sleep，lie等。如：
My father (wrk) in a cmputer cmpany (lie) in the east f ur city fr 5 years.
因为wrk是不及物动词无被动语态，所以只能考查wrk的主动形式，根据后面的fr 5 years 可知，应该填现在完成时，所以是has wrked。 另外，lie是不及物动词，所以不可能是被动形式，只能是主动形式作定语，所以填lying。
3．如果被考查动词为及物动词，而且后面有宾语，则要考查其主动形式；如果后面没有宾语，则很可能考查其被动形式。如：
Many dctrs (need) in Wuhan when COVID-19 brke ut.
因为need是及物动词，其后无宾语，所以考查的是它的被动形式。根据题意，此处用were needed。
4．非延续性动词不可与时间段连用。如：
讲座已经开始半个小时了。
The lecture has begun fr half an hur.×
The lecture has been n fr half an hur.√
5．可用于“动词＋sb.＋f＋sth.”结构的常见动词：
accuse sb.f sth.指责/控告某人某事
cure sb.f sth.治好某人的病
rid sb.f sth.使某人摆脱某物
cheat sb.f sth.欺骗某人某物
remind sb.f sth.使某人想起某事
infrm sb.f sth.通知某人某事
rb sb.f sth.抢劫某人的东西
warn sb.f sth.警告某人某事
cnvince sb.f sth.使某人确信某事
suspect sb.f sth.怀疑某人某事
6．可用于“动词＋sb.＋fr ding sth.”结构的常见动词：
blame sb.fr ding sth.指责某人做某事
eq \b\lc\ \rc\}(\a\vs4\al\c1(scld sb.fr ding sth.,criticize sb.fr ding sth.))批评某人做某事
eq \b\lc\ \rc\}(\a\vs4\al\c1(frgive sb.fr ding sth.,excuse sb.fr ding sth.,pardn sb.fr ding sth.))原谅某人做某事
punish sb.fr ding sth.因做某事而惩罚某人
thank sb.fr ding sth.感谢某人做某事
7．可用于“动词＋sb./sth.＋frm ding sth.”结构的常见动词：
prevent/stp/keep sb./sth.frm ding sth.阻止某人/物做某事
prtect/preserve/defend/shelter sb./sth.frm being dne保护某人/物免于被……
ban/prhibit sb./sth.frm ding sth.禁止某人/物做某事
8．常见动词短语
bring
bring in引进；挣得
bring abut引起，导致
bring up养育，培养；提出
bring dwn降低；使倒下
bring back把……带回来；使恢复
bring frward提出；提前
break
break dwn抛锚；(身体、精神)垮掉；(谈判等)失败；(化学)分解
break up打碎；关系结束；解散
break thrugh逾越，突破；冲破
break away (frm)挣脱，脱离
break ut爆发
break in打断，闯入
break ff折断；中断
break int 破门而入
cme
cme abut发生
cme ut出版；开花；(太阳、月亮)出来
cme n加油；快点
cme acrss偶遇；被理解
cme true变为现实
cme up走近；被提出
cme up with想出，提出
cme alng一起来
carry
carry n继续，坚持
carry ut执行
carry thrugh帮助渡过难关；完成，实现
get
get acrss传达，使理解
get alng/n (with)进展，相处
get away逃脱，设法离开
get dwn下来；下车
get in收割；到达
get ff下车；下班
get up起床
get thrugh 接通；通过；完成；度过；使理解
get dwn t开始认真干
get ver克服
give
give up放弃
give in 屈服；呈交
give ut耗尽；分发
give away泄露；赠送
give ff发出
give back归还；使恢复
g
g against违背
g withut(没有……)勉强维持，凑合
g in fr爱好；参加考试(或竞赛)
g n继续
g ver复习；仔细审查
g ahead 进行；去做吧，拿去用吧
g thrugh经历
g away走开
g fr去取来或接来；争取得到
g ut出去；熄灭
hld
hld n t坚持，抓住不放
hld back阻碍(某人发展)；抑制(情感)
hld n别挂断，等会儿；坚持
keep
keep away (frm)使远离
keep ff避免吃(或喝、吸)……；使不接近；回避某话题
keep n继续
keep ut挡在外边；(警示语)请勿靠近
keep up保持(高昂情绪)，不低落；持续
keep up with跟上
lk
lk ahead向前看
lk after照看；负责处理
lk back回忆，回顾
lk ut 当心，提防；找出
lk up向上看；查阅；形势好转
lk dwn upn看不起
lk frward t盼望
lk thrugh浏览；快速查看
lk int调查；向内看
lk arund环视；游览
make
make up编造；化妆；组成，构成；弥补
be made up f 由……构成
make up fr补偿，弥补
make ut 辨认出(看出、听出)；理解
put
put dwn放下来；平定，镇压；记下
put aside把……放到一边；储存
put away把……收起来；储蓄
put frward提出(计划、建议)；拨快；提前
put ff延期，推迟
put n穿戴；上演；增加
put ut扑灭
put up建造；举起；张贴；为……提供住宿
put up with容忍
send
send fr派人去请
send ut发送；发出(请柬、信号等)
set
set ff出发；引爆
set ut出发；动身；着手做
set up创建，建立；竖起
set abut开始做；着手做
set aside留出；把……放在一边；不理会
set apart使与众不同
set dwn让(乘客)下车；写下；记下
take
take in吸收；理解；欺骗；收容
take up从事；拿起；占据(时间或空间)
take ff 飞机起飞；脱下
take place发生
take alng随身携带
take away带走，拿走
take charge负责，掌管
take n呈现；雇用；承担
take ut拿出；带……出去
take ver 接管，接任
turn
turn away转身，走开
turn ut结果是；生产
turn dwn拒绝；调小
turn n打开；取决于
turn ff 关掉
turn ver打翻；翻身
turn in 上交(作业等)
turn int变成；成为
turn t求助于；翻到
turn up调大；出现
点对点练习
单句语法填空
1．Mary was walking(walk) in the garden when it began t rain.
2．English has been taught(teach) in a new way at my cllege in the past few years.
3．Smith is t study medicine as sn as he finishes(finish) military service.
4．Please be sure t telephne me the next time yu cme(cme)．
5．He was disappinted t find his suggestins turned dwn.
6．T keep healthy，Prfessr Jhnsn tk up cycling as a regular frm f exercise after he retired.
单句语法填空
1．The unmanned Chang’e-4 prbe(探测器)—the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese mn gddess—tuched(tuch) dwn last week in the Suth Ple-Aitken basin.(2020·全国Ⅰ)
2． it means we have the chance t btain infrmatin abut hw the mn is cnstructed(cnstruct)．(2020·全国Ⅰ)
3．They make great gifts and yu see them many times decrated(decrate) with red envelpes and messages f gd frtune.(2020·全国Ⅱ)
4．The artist was sure he wuld be chsen(chse)，but when he presented his masterpiece t the emperr’s chief minister，the ld man laughed.(2020·全国Ⅲ)
1．动词的考查常常和时态、语态或非谓语结合起来考。所以分清动词是及物还是不及物，能否用被动形式至关重要。
2．记牢动词短语，分清同一个动词加不同的介词或副词分别是什么意义。
层级一 基础达标练
单句语法填空
1．—We had a really damp September this year.
—I can’t remember an autumn when it rained s much.
2．But she quickly realized that it was prbably because f the fact that she sat in the last rw.
3．The head f the village was tying up his hrse t my car t pull it t a small twn sme 20 kilmetres away where there was a garage.
4．Amng the “fur new great inventins”，nline shpping was invented and pineered by Michael Aldrich in the U．K.in 1979.
5．“As sn as he pens his(he) muth and sings in Chinese，the Chinese are very surprised and they feel prud f him，” said his music teacher.
6．But it’s difficult fr me t decide what activities we shuld rganize and hw t plan them(they)．
7．Nwadays reference bks have becme a prblem f great cncern fr bth the teachers and the students.
8．I suddenly realized I had grwn up and that I had t lk after myself(me) and live independently.
9．When they grw lder than three years ld，it is easier fr girls t catch clds than bys.
10．Pregnant wmen，fr example，shuld limit their(they) intake f cffee.
11．This yung man likes travelling—he is always n the mve.
12．It means that we cannt use sme mdern husehld items，like/including washing machines because they use t much water.
13．Sichuan is hme t pandas，als the starting pint f the Suthern Silk Rad.
14．Wlf Warrir Ⅱ is the first film t taste success bth in terms f bx ffice earnings and prmting Chinese values.
15．Flwing frm the Tibetan Plateau t the East China Sea，the Yangtze is a natural divisin between nrth and suth.
层级二 高考真题练
单句语法填空
1．Ecturism has its(it) rigin with the envirnmental mvement f the 1970s.(2021·全国乙)
2．Due t the grwing ppularity f envirnmentally-related and adventure travel，varius types f trips are nw being classified as ecturism.(2021·全国乙)
3．It was built riginally t prtect the city in/during the Tang dynasty and has nw been cmpletely restred(修复)．(2021·全国甲)
4．It tk us abut 3 hurs t g all the way arund the Xi’an City Wall.(2021·全国甲)
5．In 1844 they bught it fr $1,200 and sme land frm Charles Dresser，wh perfrmed their marriage ceremny in 1842.(2021·浙江6月)
6．Althugh Mary lved flwers，neither she nr her husband was knwn as a gardener.A lng-time neighbr said they never planted trees and nly kept a garden fr ne year.(2021·浙江6月)
7．The Linclns enlarged the huse t a full tw stries in 1856 t meet the needs f their grwing family.(2021·浙江6月)
8．Henry David Threau was happy t withdraw frm scial life，seeking a harmnius relatinship with nature in the quietness f his life.(2021·天津3月改编)
9．When we gt a call saying she was shrt­listed，we thught it was a jke.(2019·全国Ⅱ)
10．As well as lking at exhibits，visitrs can play with cmputer simulatins(模拟) and imagine themselves(they) living at a different time in histry r walking thrugh a rainfrest.
(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)
11．They kept their(they) cllectin at hme until it gt t big r until they died，and then it was given t a museum.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ，改编)
12．This style f farming lasted fr quite a lng time.Then，with the rise f science，changes began.(2020·浙江7月)
13．Mdern methds f/fr tracking plar bear ppulatins have been emplyed nly since the mid­1980s，and are expensive t perfrm cnsistently ver a large area.(2019·全国Ⅰ)
14．If yu are time pr，yu need run fr nly half the time t get the same benefits as ther sprts，s perhaps we shuld all give running/it a try.(2018·全国Ⅰ)
15．This trend，which was started by the medical cmmunity(医学界) as a methd f fighting heart disease，has had sme unintended side effects such as verweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical cmmunity was trying t fight.(2017·全国Ⅰ)
层级三 语篇提能练
语法填空
Passage 1 冠词与代词篇
(改编自2019·全国Ⅲ)
On ur way t the huse,1. was raining s hard that we culdn’t help wndering hw lng 2. wuld take t get there.It was in the middle f Pearl City.
We were first greeted with the barking by 3. pack f dgs，seven t be exact.4. (them) were well trained by their masters wh had great experience with caring fr 5. (this) animals.Our hsts shared many f 6. (they) experiences and recmmended wnderful places t eat，shp，and visit.Fr breakfast，we were able t eat papaya(木瓜) and ther fruits frm their trees in 7. backyard.
When they were free frm wrk，they invited 8. (we) t lcal events and let us knw f 9. interesting cmpetitin t watch，tgether with the stry behind it.They als shared with us many traditinal stries abut Hawaii that were hugely ppular with turists.On
10. last day f ur week-lng stay，we were invited t attend a private cncert n a beautiful farm n the Nrth Shre under the stars，listening t musicians and meeting interesting lcals.
eq \x(语篇解读 本文讲述了作者在美国夏威夷的一次旅行经历。)
1．答案 it
解析 考查代词。句意为：在我们去那座房子的路上，雨下得如此大以至于我们忍不住去想还要多久才能到达那里。it 可以指天气。故填it。
2．答案 it
解析 考查代词。此处是句式It takes (sb.)sme time t d sth.，it为形式主语，t d不定式为真正的主语。故填it。
3．答案 a
解析 考查冠词。a pack f意为“一群”。故填a。
4．答案 They
解析 考查代词。句意为：它们被它们的主人训练得很好，它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。它们(狗儿们)在这里作主语；位于句首，大写首字母。故填They。
5．答案 these
解析 考查代词。句意参考上题解析。因为animals是复数形式，所以要填指示代词these。
6．答案 their
解析 考查代词。experience是名词，前面需要一个形容词性物主代词来修饰它。故填their。
7．答案 the
解析 考查冠词。空格处修饰名词backyard，是特指的他们的院子。故填the。
8．答案 us
解析 考查代词。空格处作invited的宾语，应用宾格形式。故填us。
9．答案 an
解析 考查冠词。空格后interesting的发音以元音音素开头，且此处泛指一场有趣的比赛。故填an。
10．答案 the
解析 考查冠词。n the last day在最后一天。故填the。
Passage 2 动词与介词篇
(改编自2021·全国乙)
Ecturism is cmmnly regarded 1. lw impact(影响) travel t undisturbed places.It is different frm traditinal turism because it allws the traveler 2. (becme) educated abut the areas—bth 3. terms f gegraphical cnditins and cultural characteristics，and ften prvides mney fr cnservatin and benefits the develpment f the lcal areas.
Ecturism has its rigin with the envirnmental mvement f the 1970s.It was nt widely accepted as a travel cncept until the late 1980s.4. that time，increasing envirnmental awareness 5. (make) it desirable.
Due t the grwing ppularity 6. envirnmentally-related and adventure travel，varius types f trips are nw being classified as ecturism.Actually，a true ec-friendly trip must meet the fllwing principles：
·Minimize the impact f visiting the place.
·Build respect 7. and awareness f the envirnment and cultural practices.
·Prvide financial aid and ther benefits fr lcal peples.
·Make sure that the turism 8. (prvide) psitive experiences fr bth the visitrs and the hsts.
Kmd Natinal Park，fficially recgnized in 1980，is ppular fr ecturism because f its unique bidiversity.Activities there range frm whale watching 9. hiking(远足) and accmmdatins aim t have a lw impact 10. the natural envirnment.
eq \x(语篇解读 本文主要介绍了生态旅游的概念、起源及其标准等。)
1．答案 as
解析 考查介词。be regarded as被视为……。
2．答案 t becme
解析 考查动词搭配。allw sb.t d sth.允许某人做某事。
3．答案 in
解析 考查介词。in terms f 从……方面来说，依据……。
4．答案 During
解析 考查介词。根据句意可知，此处指“在那期间”。during意为“在……期间”。
5．答案 made
解析 考查动词。根据时间状语可知，此处填一般过去时。
6．答案 f
解析 考查介词。the ppularity f...……的流行。
7．答案 fr
解析 考查介词。向……表达尊重，用介词fr。
8．答案 prvides
解析 考查动词。根据上文语境可知，此处应用一般现在时，又turism为不可数名词，故用第三人称单数形式。
9．答案 t
解析 考查介词。range 从……到……不等。
10．答案 n
解析 考查介词。have an impact n对……有影响。
1．在抽象名词具体化时，使用不定冠词使文章更加生动简洁
典例 (2020·全国Ⅱ)我们一边摘苹果，一边吃苹果。真是开心啊！
We picked apples while having a gd taste f them.What a pleasure!
运用 (2021·新高考全国Ⅰ)因为被内容所吸引，阅读Yuth成为我每天的必读内容。
Because I am attracted by the cntents，reading Yuth becmes a must fr me every day.
2．使用it作形式主语可以丰富文章句式
典例 (2019·全国Ⅱ)正如你所知，如果我们要赢得比赛，赛前做充分的准备是非常必要的。
As yu knw，it is necessary fr us t make enugh preparatins if we are t win the game.
运用 (2021·上海)从你上一封信中得知你对学习汉语很感兴趣，真是太好了。
It’s great t learn frm yur last letter that yu are interested in learning Chinese.
3．使用it 作形式宾语可以使句子亮点更多
典例 (2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)天气变得很热，这让参赛者们更难坚持下去。
It became ht，which made it mre difficult fr participants t keep up.
运用 (2021·全国乙)虽然在线学习让人们获得知识更容易了，但对于缺乏自律的人来说，在线学习也是一个挑战。
Althugh nline learning makes it easier fr peple t gain knwledge，being nline is als a challenge fr peple wh lack self-discipline.
4．用介词短语代替简单的状语从句
典例 (2020·全国Ⅰ)我最喜欢的老师是我的英语老师，因为他很幽默也很善良。
The teacher I like mst is my English teacher because f his humr and kindness.
运用 (2021·天津6月)因为你的热情款待和帮助，我在英国过得很愉快。
Because f yur kind hspitality and help，I enjyed myself s much in England.类别
主格
宾格
形容词性物主代词
名词性物主代词
反身代词
第一人称
I
me
my
mine
myself
we
us
ur
urs
urselves
第二人称
yu
yu
yur
yurs
yurself
yu
yu
yur
yurs
yurselves
第三人称
he
him
his
his
himself
she
her
her
hers
herself
it
it
its
its
itself
they
them
their
theirs
themselves