高考英语语法词汇专项突破:05聚焦不定式与分词作定语、表语及补足语+巩固训练
展开【高考试题展示】
【考例1】(2022全国乙卷)It can help t build a cmmunity with a (share) future fr mankind,” he said.
答案与解析:shared。考查非谓语动词过去分词作定语。此处为非谓语动词做定语来修饰名词future。因为动词share和名词future之间为被动关系,所以用过去分词作定语。故填shared。句意:这有助于构建人类命运共同体。
【考例2】(2022年浙江6月卷)Thrugh tuch, the ne thing gallery signs tell yu nt (d).
答案与解析:t d。考查不定式作宾语补足语。tell sb nt t d sth“告诉某人不要做某事”为固定短语。其中的不定式作宾语补足语,d与sb是主谓关系,即其动作由yu发出,因此用不定式的主动形式,故填t d。句意:通过触摸,这是画廊招牌告诉你不要做的一件事。
【考例3】(2020浙江1月卷)The median(中位数的)age f an American in 1950 was 30-tday it is 41 and is expected (increase) t 42 by 2050.
答案与解析:t increase。考查非谓语动词不定式做主语补足语。及物动词expect可以跟不定式作宾语补足语,即expect sb. t d sth., 根据其被动形式be expected t d sth.“被期望做某事”看出后跟不定式,不定式这时候是主语补足语。故填t increase。
【考例4】(2023新高考I卷)N matter where I buy them, ne steamer is rarely enugh, yet tw seems greedy, s I am always left (want) mre next time.
答案与解析:wanting。考查非谓语动词现在分词作宾语补足语。分析句子可知,此处考查“leave sb.+宾语补足语”,本句是被动语态,want是主语补足语,根据句意,I与want之间是主动的逻辑关系,用现在分词wanting,故填wanting。句意:无论我在哪里买,一蒸笼都不够,而两蒸笼又显得太贪心了,所以我总是想下次再买。
【考例5】(2023新高考II卷)They talk t the fld f internatinal turists and t (visit) Chinese zkeepers wh ften cme t check n the pandas, which are n lan frm China.
答案与解析:visiting。考查非谓语动词现在分词作定语。分析句子结构可知,空后是名词,所以空处应填形容词作定语;visit对应的形容词为visiting“来访的”。故填visiting。句意:他们与蜂拥而至的国际游客和来访的中国动物园管理员交谈,这些管理员经常来检查从中国租借来的大熊猫。
【考例6】(2022新高考全国II卷)When he saw a yung child hanging frm a sixth-flr apartment balcny (阳台), Henry ne hundred metres, jumped ver a 1.2-metre fence, and held ut his arms t catch the 81 (fall) child.
答案与解析:falling。考查非谓语动词现在分词作定语。ran,jumped,hld ut,and held是三个并列的谓语动词,因此设空处应该使用非谓语动词。根据句意,fall为动词,意为“掉落”, child和fall之间是主动关系,同时表示正在进行的含义。故应该使用现在分词作定语。故填falling。句意:当亨利看到一个小男孩挂在六楼公寓的阳台上时,他跑了100米,跳过了1.2米高的栅栏,伸出双臂去接要掉下来的孩子。
【考例7】(2022全国甲卷) Inspired by the Belt and Rad Frum fr Internatinal Cperatin 73 (hld) in Beijing, Ca decided t cver the rute by hiking as a tribute (致敬) t the ancient Silk Rad.
答案与解析:held。考查非谓语动词过去分词作定语。动词hld意为“举行”,和谓语之间没有连词,和逻辑主语“the Belt and Rad Frum”之间构成被动关系,且动作已完成,应用过去分词,作后置定语。故填held。句意:受到在北京举行的“一带一路”国际合作高峰论坛的启发,曹决定徒步穿越这条路线,以向古代丝绸之路致敬。
【考例8】(2021新高考I卷)But that’s hw nature is — always leaving us 155 (astnish).
答案与解析:非谓语动词过去分词作宾语补足语。此处是“leave +宾语+宾语补足语”,补充说明宾语us的感受,动词astnish应用-ed结尾过去分作形容词astnished,表示人的感受“感到震惊的”。故填astnished。句意:但大自然就是这样——总是让我们惊讶。
【考例9】(2018·全国III)I quickly lwer myself, ducking my head t avid ________ (lk) directly int his eyes s he desn't feel __________ (challenge).
答案与解析:lking, challenged。考查非谓语动词动名词作宾语和过去分词作表语。第一空考核动名词作宾语。动词avid后要加宾语,作宾语应该用动名词,此处表示避免直接看他的眼睛,故用lking;第二空考查非谓语。根据语境可知,此处表示不直视他的眼睛,他就不会感到被挑战。feel为系动词,表示“被挑战”,用过去分词challenged。
【考例10】(2022年浙江6月卷)Blind peple recgnize shapes with their (exist) senses, in a way similar t that f (sight )peple, says Ella Striem-Amit, a Harvard scientist.
答案与解析:
答案与解析:existing;sighted。考查分词形容词作定语。形容词existing作定语,修饰sense。故填existing。形容词sighted作定语修饰名词peple,表示“能看见的、不盲的”。故填sighted。句意:哈佛大学的科学家埃拉·斯特里姆-阿米特(Ella Striem-Amit)说,盲人用他们现有的感官识别形状,在某种程度上与正常人相似。
【不定式与分词作定语、表语及补足语解读】
不定式和分词的形容词特点体现在其可以作定语、表语和补足语。本文根据不定式、现在分词、过去分词的特点,结合典型试题分别解读
一、不定式和分词作定语
(一)不定式作定语
不定式作定语表示一个将来的动作,其动作发生在谓语之后。多用于以下情况:
1. 修饰have,there be,with之后的名词,表示“有……,要……”。如:
She has a lt f wrk t d in the mrning. (注意:she是d的执行者,不定式用主动形式表示被动意义)
Hw still everything is! There’s nt a sund t be heard. 多么宁静呀!一点声音也没有。
【考例1】(XXXX四川卷.10) The airprt t be cmpleted next year will help prmte turism in this area.
【考例2】(2017•天津)I was watching the clck all thrugh the meeting, as I had a train __________(catch).
t catch
答案与解析:have sth. t d有事要做,不定式作定语修饰train。
2. 被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next, secnd, last, nly和nt a,the等限定词时,用不定式。
He is always the first t cme and the last t leave.
He was nt a man t lse his head in an emergency. 他这个人在紧急情况下是不会糊涂的。
3. 要求用动词不定式作宾语的动词、或者要求用不定式作补语的形容词,其对应的名词一般用不定式作定语。这样名词有:decisin, tendency, ability, curisity, failure, determinatin, intentin, wish等。 如:
Their decisin t give up the experiment surprised us.
As a gentleman himself, he thught it was nly implite curisity t ask where any ther gentleman lived.
作为一个上等人,他认为,打听别人住在哪里是无礼的举动,是多管闲事。
4. 不定式作定语修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、希望、目的、权利等抽象名词。这样词有:ambitin抱负,effrt努力,need,campaign战役/运动,pprtunity/chance,frce,prmise,curage,mvement, methd/way,struggle奋斗,mtive动机,right权利等。如:
Prfessr Fang wrked ut a methd t destry bacteria n the seeds.
方教授想出了一个办法来消灭种子上的细菌。
【考例】(XXXX北京卷. 21) Vlunteering gives yu a chance t change lives, including yur wn.
5. 被修饰的词是不定式动作发生的时间、地点、工具或对象时,不及物动词构成的不定式作定语,要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系,这里的介词不能省去。如:
D yu have smething fr me t write with?
Sure. Once yu get the hang f it, it's a piece f cake! It's nthing t wrry abut.
可不是嘛。你一旦掌握了窍门,那就成了小菜一碟!没什么可担心的。
(二)分词作定语
1. 现在分词作定语。单个的分词放在所修饰词前(left在后),分词短语放在所修饰词后。现在分词表示正在发生或与谓语同时发生,与被修饰的名词在逻辑上是主动关系,如果是动宾关系则用现在分词被动形式。注意:现在分词的完成式通常不作定语,非限制性定语或被修饰词是表示泛指的名词除外。如:
The lady said she wuld buy a gift fr her daughter with the remaining 20 dllars/20 dllars left.
【考例1】(XXXX年上海卷,35)Sphia gt an e-mail asking fr her credit card accunt number.
【考例2】(2017•江苏)Many Chinese brands,____________________(develp) their reputatin ver centuries, are facing new challenges frm the mdern market.
答案与解析:having develped。Many Chinese brands与develp之间是主动关系,先于主句动作之前完成的动作或行为用现在分词的完成式having dne作非限制性定语,相当于定语从句which have develped their reputatin ver centuries。
【考例3】(2019·全国II)When we gt a call __________ (say) she was shrt-listed, we thught it was a jke.答案与解析:saying。考查非谓语动词现在分词作定语。根据其后所接的宾语从句可知,此处用现在分词形式saying作后置定语,解释名词call的内容,call与say是主动关系,故填saying。
2. 过去分词作定语。过去分词与被修饰的名词在逻辑上是被动关系,过去分词的动作发生在谓语之前或没有时间性。departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gne, frwn-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-cme等不及物动词的过去分词形式作定语或表语,但不具有被动意义。还有些过去分词已经成为形容词,失去了被动意义或者时间意义。如:
【考例】(XXXX陕西卷,14)The witnesses questined by the plice just nw gave very different descriptins f the fight.
【考例】(XXXX湖南)29. Yu cannt accept an pinin ffered t yu unless it is based n facts.
(三)t be dne, being dne, dne作定语的区别
t be dne表示将来;being dne表示目前正在发生;dne表示过去己经发生。如:
The meeting t be held tmrrw / being held nw / held yesterday is imprtant. 明天要开的/现在召开的/昨天召开的会议很重要。
二、不定式和分词作表语
(一)不定式作表语
不定式作表语用于说明主语“是什么”,表示主语的职业、职责、性质或表示愿望、目的、计划等具体内容。ambitin, dream, wish, hpe, desire, gal, target, aim, purpse, plan, suggestin, duty, idea等作主语时,其对应的表语用不定式。如:
【考例】(XXXX重庆卷.34) The engine just wn't start. Smething seems t have gne wrng with it.
【考例】(XXXX浙江卷,32) Experts think we wn’t have clean water t drink unless smething is dne sn, but much remains t be dne abut envirnment prtectin.
【考例】(2019·全国II)Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, prud Irene declared she had n plans___________ (retire) frm her 36-year-ld business.
答案与解析:t retire。考查不定式作定语。此处用t d sth做后置定语,用来修饰前面的名词plan,表示“……的计划”,故填t retire。
(二)分词作表语
分词作表语含义是回答主语“怎么样”。现在分词说明主语的特征,过去分词说明主语的状态。英语中有些表示心理活动的动词,用过去分词作表语时,多位于系动词(be, becme, feel, get, lk, seem等)之后,表示主语本身(一般为人)“感到……”,此时过去分词具有形容词的特征,它可以作系动词be, g, feel, seem, lk, remain等的表语;用现在分词作表语时,表示主语(一般为物)“令人……的”,此时现在分词具有形容词的特征,它可以作系动词be, g, feel, seem, lk, remain等的表语。excite, frighten, interest, tire, surprise, amaze, mve等表示情感情绪的现在分词作表语时,其主语多指物;对应的过去分词作表语时,其主语多指人。这类词对应的现在分词在句子除了作表语外,其实已经转化为形容词,还可以在句子中作定语,补足语等成分。这类心理活动的动词常见的有以下28个:
(1)amaze 使惊奇/惊叹——amazing令人惊奇的——amazed感到惊奇的
(2)amuse 使快乐,逗乐——amusing令人快乐的——amused感到愉悦的
(3)annying令人生气/烦恼的——annyed感到生气/烦恼的
(4)astnishing令人惊讶的——astnished感到惊讶的
(5)bring令人厌烦的——bred感到厌烦的
(6)bthering令人心烦/烦扰的——bthered感到心烦/烦扰的
(7)cnfusing令人糊涂/混淆的——cnfused感到糊涂/混淆的
(8)delighting令人高兴的——delighted感到高兴的
(9)disappinting令人失望的——disappinted感到失望的
(10)embarrassing 令人难堪/尴尬的——embarrassed感到难堪/尴尬的
(11)encuraging令人鼓舞的——encuraged受到鼓舞的
(12)exciting令人激动的——excited感到激动的
(13)exhausting令人疲惫不堪的——exhausted感到疲惫不堪的
(14)frightening令人惊恐的——frightened感到惊恐的
(15)inspiring令人鼓舞的——inspired受到鼓舞的
(16)interesting令人感兴趣的——interested感到有兴趣的
(17)mving令人感动的——mved受到感动的,被感动的
(18)pleasing令人高兴的——pleased感到高兴的
(19)puzzling令人费解的——puzzled感到费解的
(20)relaxing 令人放松的——relaxed感到放松的
(21)satisfying令人满意的——satisfied感到满意的
(22)shcking令人震惊的——shcked感到震惊的[让人害怕或反感]
(23)surprising令人惊异的——surprised感到惊异的
(24)terrifying令人恐惧的——terrified感到恐惧的
(25)thrilling令人激动的——thrilled感到激动的
(26)tiring令人劳累/厌烦的——tired感到劳累/厌烦的
(27)tuching令人触动/感动的——tuched受到触动/感动的,被感动的
(28)wrrying令人担忧的——wrried感到担忧的
如:
Climbing is tiring and we are cmpletely tired after a day’s climbing.
爬山是累人的,爬了一天的山我们都全累坏了。(tiring说明climbing的特征,tired说明我们的状态)
三、不定式和分词作补足语
(一)带t的不定式作宾语补足语
常见动词有:allw, rder, tell, recmmend, prefer, warn, invite, frce, get, permit, want, wish, frbid, advise, persuade, depend n, call n, arrange fr等。注意: 1. be t blame用主动形式表示被动意义;2. agree, hpe, suggest等不跟不定式作宾补。如:
He didn’t allw us t smke in his huse.
【考例】(2012江西卷,33)Having finished her prject, she was invited by the schl t speak t the new students.
(二)不带t的不定式作宾语补足语
使役动词(make, have, let)及感官动词(see, watch, bserve, hear, ntice, bserve, lk at, listen t等)后跟不带t的不定式作宾补。注意:如果变为被动语态,不定式由宾补变为主语补足语,此时加t。如:
He made a face and made everybdy laugh/ everybdy was made t laugh.
【考例】(XXXX陕西卷.13) Let thse in need understand that we will g all ut t help them.
【考例】(2017•全国I) They are required____________(prcess) the fd that we eat, t recver frm injury and fr several ther bdily functins.
答案与解析:t prcess。此为require sb. t d sth.的被动语态be required t d sth.,不定式在短语require sb t d sth中作宾语补足语,而在被动语态be required t d sth则是主语补足语。
(三)现在分词作补语
宾语与宾补存在逻辑上的主谓关系,且宾补所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。常用动词有:get/ leave/ keep/ send/ catch/ have sb. ding; see/ find/ watch/ feel/hear/ discver sb. ding等。
【考例】(XXXX四川卷,8) I lked up and nticed a snake winding its way up the tree t catch its breakfast.
(四)过去分词作补语
如果宾语补足语与宾语存在逻辑上的动宾关系,宾语补足语的动作具有“完成”概念,或宾语补足语表示已经存在的状态,就用过去分词作宾语补足语。常用过去分词作宾语补足语的结构有:keep/ leave/ have/ get sth. dne; find/ see/ discver/ bserve/ ntice/ hear sth. dne; make neself dne等。如:
The plice caught him stealing a car.→He was caught stealing a car by the plice. 他正在偷汽车时被警察撞见。
【考例】(XXXX北京卷,29) When we saw the rad blcked with snw, we decided t spend the hliday at hme.
【考例】(XXXX四川卷,12)Befre driving int the city, yu are required t get yur car washed.
【实战演练】用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. He said at the Muslim cnference______ (hld) here: “We dn't want wars, but we are nt afraid f wars”.
2. Laura was away in Paris fr ver a week. When she gt hme, there was a pile f mail ______ (wait) fr her.
3. What he wanted t suggest is _____ (cut) dwn the price and increase the sales.
4. They might just have a place ____ (leave) n the writing curse-why dn't yu give it a try?
5. FOSHAN, in suthern China’s Guangdng Prvince, has becme China’s first city ____ (emply) freigners _____ (wrk) fr the gvernment. The fur freigners were selected frm 72 applicants. Their main duties are____(prmte) and attract internatinal investment, cllect verseas investment infrmatin and ____(set) up channels with the wrld’s Tp 500 cmpanies.
6. He had his wallet___(steal), which made him____(upset). My heart was___ (fill) with pain at the ___ (shck) news.
Suggested Answers:
being held 2. waiting 3. cut/t cut 4. left
5. t emply; t wrk; t prmte; set 6. stlen; upset; filled; shcking
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