新高考英语一轮复习练习考向01 名词（2份打包，原卷版+解析版）

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名词是历年高考的重要考点，常常出现在完形填空、语法填空和短文改错题型中。名词部分主要考查：
① 名词的词义辨析和习惯搭配
②名词的数（可数与不可数、单数与复数）
③名词的所有格
④抽象名词的具体化
⑤名词和冠词的搭配
【命题预测】
语法填空对名词的考查仍然会成为高考的重点，主要集中在给出词根进行此类转化，根据习惯用法或固定短语确定名词，名词的复数形式，所有格形式的变化。
【名师指导】
1. 整体把握，注意语境
从近年高考试题看，高考语法填空对名词的考查离不开具体的语境，在语境中考查名词的相关知识。做题时，既要全面、整体地看题干，还要注意分析句子成分，并根据提示词来确定名词的相关考点。通常，涉及名词考点的试题包括：
（1）根据语境判断名词的单复数；
（2）提示词是形容词、动词等此类，根据句子成分和词缀知识加上相应的后缀变成名词；
（3）名词的固定搭配；
（4）名词的所有格及名词的其他相关知识
2. 确定考点，注意搭配
语法填空对名词的考查涉及名词各方面的知识，解题时要注意首先根据提示信息确定考点，试题是考查名词的词类转换，还是考查复数名词、名词的所有格、名词的固定搭配等，确定了考点之后，再结合其他相关知识来做出正确解答。
3. 多记单词，积累词缀
高考对名词的考查注重基础，我们在平时的复习中要打好基础，掌握足够的考纲词汇，并熟知其常见搭配和用法，并注意熟练掌握常用的名词词缀知识。
4. 巧用就近原则
当主语是由r, nr, either…r, neither…nr, nt nly…but als连接的并列成分时以及在there be句型中，谓语动词的单复数遵循就近原则。
考向一 可数名词的复数
(1)规则变化
【名师点睛】
①以－结尾的下列名词要加－es，它们是＂黑人英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿＂，即Negres，heres，eches，
ptates，tmates。
但下列以－结尾的名词既可以加－es，也可以加－s，它们是：zers(zeres)零，msquits (msquites)
蚊子，vlcans(vlcanes)火山。
②以－f或－fe结尾的下列名词需要把f或fe去掉，加－ves，它们是＂为了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子手
里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上，把狼劈成两半＂，即selves，lives，thieves，wives，knives，leaves，shelves，
wlves，halves。
但下列以－f结尾的名词既可以去掉f加－ves，也可以直接加－s，如：handkerchiefs (handkerchieves) 手帕。
③名词前有man或wman修饰，变复数时，作定语的man 或wman和后面的名词都要变成复数。如：wman dctr→wmen dctrs
(2)不规则变化
①自身有特殊变化的名词
child孩子→children man男人→men tth牙→teeth
ft脚，英尺→feet muse老鼠→mice phenmenn现象→phenmena
medium传播媒介→media
②常见单复数同形的名词：
Chinese 中国人；sheep 绵羊；deer鹿；series 系列；means 方式；wrks 工厂；fish 鱼；fruit 水果等。其中fish，fruit表示种类时，可加复数词尾，即fishes，fruits。
☞Sme deer are eating grass at the bttm f the hill.
☞Every pssible means has been tried, but nne has wrked.
③合成名词的复数形式：
sn-in-law → sns-in-lawpasser-by → passers-bystry-teller → stry-tellers
【名师点睛】
名词+名词时，仅将后面的名词变复数：girl student → girl students 但是man/wman+名词时，前后都要变为复数：
wman singer → wmen singers
【典例示例】
1.（2020·江苏卷）The health security systems f many cuntries are underging cnsiderable ______.
A.reservatin B.transfrmatin C.distinctin D.submissin
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：许多国家的卫生安全系统正在经历重大变革。A. reservatin预订；B. transfrmatin改革，变革；C. distinctin区别；D. submissin提交。根据前文The health security systems可知，此处指“卫生安全系统的变革”。故选B。
2. （2019 • 江苏卷）Nwadays the ___________ fr travelling is shifted frm shpping t fd and scenery.
A. pririty B. ptential C prprtin D. pensin
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意：当今，旅行的重点从购物转变成了品尝美食和欣赏风景。A. pririty优先；优先权；B. ptential潜在的，可能的；C. prprtin比例，占比；D. pensin退休金，抚恤金。故选A。
3.（2019·天津卷）We can bserve that artificial intelligence has already made a(n) ___________n ur lives in many ways.
A. statementB. impact
C. impressinD. judgment
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们能够看到人工智能在许多方面已经对我们的生活产生了强烈的影响。 statement＂陈述说明＂； impact＂强烈的影响，冲击力＂； impressin＂印象，感想＂； judgement
＂判断力判断＂。故选B。
4.（2018·全国新课标卷I·语法填空）Tw f the authrs f the review als made a study published in 2014 66that/which shwed a mere five t 10 minutes a day f running reduced the risk f heart disease and early deaths frm all 67 (cause).
【答案】causes
【解析】考查单复数。一项研究表明，仅仅每天5到10分钟的跑步，就能减少各种原因的心脏病和早亡。根据句意用复数形式。故填causes。
5. （2018·全国新课标卷I·短文改错）Last winter when I went here（改为there） again, they had a big separate huse t raise dzens f chicken.
【答案】chicken改为chickens
【解析】考查名词复数。他们拥有一个大的独立住宅，还养了许多只鸡。根据前文的dzens f可知，其后用名词复数形式。
6. （2018·全国新课标卷Ⅱ·短文改错）After supper, we wuld play card games f all srt in the sitting rm.
【答案】srt改为srts
【解析】srt在此意为＂种类＂，是可数名词，和all搭配时用复数形式。故将srt改为srts.
7. （2017·全国新课标卷I·语法填空）This trend, which was started by the medical cmmunity（医学界） as
a methd f fighting heart disease, has had sme unintended side 62 (effect) such as verweight and
heart disease — the very thing the medical cmmunity was trying t fight.
【答案】effects
【解析】考查单复数。分析语境可知作者表达的意思是＂一些不为人知的副作用＂，根据前文的sme可知＂side effect＂(副作用)有很多，故填effects。
考向二 不可数名词
(1)通常只用作不可数名词的名词：advice建议， furniture家具， fun乐趣；infrmatin信息，news新闻， weather天气， prgress进步，wealth财富，value价值等。
(2)不可数名词具体化
①具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考的有：
Yur cntributin will certainly make the event a huge success.你的贡献一定会使这个事件很成功。
②物质名词具体化
drink饮料→tw drinks 两杯饮料 cffee咖啡→a cffee一杯咖啡 chalk 粉笔→a chalk 一支粉笔 hair 头发→a hair 一根头发
③抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。例如：
Being able t affrd a drink wuld be a cmfrt in thse tugh times.在那些艰难的时期，能够买得起一杯酒会是一件欣慰的事。
【典例示例】
1.（2020·天津卷）His vivid descriptins f cuntry life quickly became ppular, which established his _____________as ne f America's greatest writers.
A.trustB.cntactC.reputatinD.thery
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：他对乡村生活的生动描述迅速流行起来，这树立了他作为美国伟大作家之一的声誉。A. trust信任；B. cntact联系；C. reputatin声誉；D. thery理论。根据句意，尤其是greatest writers可知此处用reputatin“声誉”符合语境，故选C项。
2. She has gained many unfrgettable _____ abut animals when _____ in the frest ding research.
A. experiences; stayedB. experiences; staying
C. experience; stayedD. experience; staying
【答案】B
【解析】根据句意可知，experience在这里表示经历，因此为可数名词，所以排除C项和D项。When引导的从句其实是when she is staying in the frest ding research.当主句主语和从句主语一致，并且从句中有系动词时，可以把从句中的主语连同系动词一起省略，故用staying。所以B项正确。句意：当停留在森林里做研究时，她已经获得了许多关于动物的难忘的经历。
考向三 名词所有格
(1)-’s所有格
①用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况，即表示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列名词后加－’s 或’；表示共同的所有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加－’s或’。
Tm’s and Jim’s rms.汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间。
Tm and Jim’s rm.汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间。
②表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时，名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。
at the barber’s在理发店
at the teacher’s在老师办公室
(2)f所有格
表示无生命的事物的名词通常用f所有格表示所有关系；名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用f所有格。
the cntent f the nvel小说的内容
the name f the girl ver there那边那位女孩的名字
(3)双重所有格
指＂名词＋f＋名词所有格＂或＂名词＋f＋名词性物主代词＂。
a play f Shakespeare’s(莎士比亚的一个戏剧)
a friend f mine(我的一个朋友)
【典例示例】
1. （2018·全国新课标卷II·短文改错）When I was little, Friday’s night was ur family game night.
【答案】Friday’s改为Friday。
【解析】考查名词的格。名词作定语，往往表明被修饰名词的时间、地点、类别、目的或用途、材料或来源等。名词所有格作定语则强调与被修饰的词的所有关系或表示逻辑上的谓语关系。此处表示＂星期五晚上＂，并不是所有关系，故把Friday’s改为Friday。
2. The village is far away frm here indeed. It’s _________ walk.
A. a fur hurB. a fur hur’sC. a fur-hursD. a fur hurs’
【答案】D
【解析】’s属格除了用在表示有生命的东西（人或物）的名词后，有时还用于某些无生命的名词（如表示时间的名词）后，一般是在名词词尾加’s，如果该名词词尾已有-s或-es，则是在其后加"‘ "。故选D。
考向四 名词的语法功能
1.作主语
The yung wman played an imprtant part in the matter. 那年轻女人在这件事上举足轻重。
His grandpa jined the Red Army at the age f fifteen. 他爷爷十五岁时参加红军。
2.作宾语
（1）作及物动词的直接宾语
I met yur elder brther in the street。我在街上碰见你哥哥了。
Have yu finished the letter t Jane?你写完给珍的信了吗？
（2）作及物动词的间接宾语。
I tld my students a funny stry. 我给学生们讲一个有趣的故事。
She asked the dctr anther questin. 她问了医生另一个问题。
（3）作介词的宾语。
After 20 years’ traveling, he settled dwn in Liangxiang. 二十年的流浪后,他在良乡定居。
D yu still ask yur parents fr mney?你还向爸妈要钱吗？
3.作表语
It’s a gd idea t plant trees here . 在这里栽些树是个好主意。
She is nw a prfessr while her husband remains a wrker. 也现在是教授而丈夫仍是个工人。
4.作宾语的补足语
They elected Tm head f the wrkshp. 他们推选汤姆当车间的头。（职务名词作宾补前面不加冠词）
The ld man called my uncle Xia Li. 老人喊我叔叔小李。
5.作定语
（1）直接作定语, 通常用单数形式。
cllege students大学生 girl friend女友 vegetable garden菜园 basketball match篮球赛
Let’s stp by the bk stre n the way hme.回家的路上，我们的书店停一下吧！
He bught the shes in that she shp. 这双鞋他是在那个鞋店买的。
（2）名词所有格作定语。
students’ bks学生用书
China’s capital中国的首都
the wrld’s ppulatin世界人口
（3）man，wman，gentleman作定语
man，wman，gentleman作定语时可以用单数和复数两种形式，但必须随所修饰名词的数而定。
He said that tw wmen dctrs wuld cme t ur village the next day. 他说明天有两个女医生到我们村子来。
There are many men teachers in ur schl. 我们学校有很多男教师。
（4）某些常用复数的名词用作定语
某些常用复数的名词，当它们用作定语时，也须用复数形式。
arms prductin 武器生产 clthes shp服装商店 sales department营业部 a gds train货车
savings bank 储蓄所 freign languages department外语系
（5）单位名称、报纸、广播、电视等的标题中经常出现复数名词作定语。
Learning Skills center学习技巧交流中心 The Bys Club 男孩俱乐部
（6）表示类别时名词直接作定语还是用所有格作定语一定要严格遵守习惯。
a peasant family/by(peasant习惯直接作定语) a wrker’s family(wrker习惯用所有格作定语)
（7）两种定语有时并存但意义不一样。
wmen drivers女司机 the wman’s driver这位妇女的司机
girl friend女朋友 the girl’s friend 这女孩的朋友
mther tngue母语 mther’s tngue母亲的舌头
（8）名词作定语强调被修饰成分的内容或职能，与其同根的形容词作定语则强调特点或属性
gld watch 金表 (指手表是含金的) glden watch 金色的表 (指表是金色的，但不一定含金)
6.作状语
时间名词、数量名词、距离名词等有时可以作状语。
The sldiers walked 50 kilmeters at a night. 战士们一夜行军五十公里
Yur suitcase weighs 10 kilgrams. 你的手提箱重10千克。
【检测过关】
1. It’s said that dgs will keep yu _______ fr as lng as yu want when yu are feeling lnely.
A. cmpaninB. clleagueC. cmpanyD. relatin
2. I have heard that it is a cmmn _______ in that cuntry t hld a big party t celebrate when a child turns 15.
A. practiceB. methdC. evidenceD. effects
3. —What’s the matter, dctr?
—Nthing serius. Take this medicine accrding t the ________, and yu will get better sn.
A. intrductinsB. explanatinsC. suggestinsD. instructins
4. In all aspects f the sciety, there are many heres dedicated t their wrk. S they shuld get the ________ they deserves.
A. awardB. ceremnyC. priceD. credit
5. Thanksgiving Day ffers us an pprtunity t express ________ t ur family, friends and even strangers.
A. satisfactinB. appreciatinC. reputatinD. cperatin
6. The strnger the________ is, the mre quickly a man will learn a new skill. In ther wrds, it is up t whether he has an interest in it.
A. mtivatinB. ambitinC. effectD. imaginatin
7. The new law makes n ________ between adults and children, s everyne is treated equally.
A. distinctinB. cmparisnC. assumptinD. divisin
8. —Will yu take my previus experience int________ when yu fix my salary?
—Yu bet. We always d fr senir-level psitins.
A. mindB. thughtC. referenceD. accunt
9. The envirnmentalists said wild gats’ ______ n the vast grasslands was a gd indicatin f the better envirnment.
A. accmmdatinB. absenceC. attendanceD. appearance
10. Yu'd better pay yur lan n time, as late payments may affect yur ________ .
A. cnditinB. creditC. incmeD. status
11. --- I dn't feel I can accept her wrds.
---But what she said was fair ________.
A. cntentB. cmmentC. cntactD. cncern
12. The trip aims t prvide the children with a________ f the cuntryside first-hand.
A. tasteB. reachC. tuchD. lad
13. La Gan Ma, a ppular chilli sauce, built up its ______by prviding high-quality prducts at a relatively lw price.
A. reputatinB. campaignC. appetiteD. ccupatin
14. We are ging t lse anyway, but the ________ f playing is nt t win but t participate.
A. hnurB. pintC. termD. favur
15. We are deeply impressed by his ________ t teaching.
A. cnsideratinB. celebratinC. devtinD. descriptin
16. —D yu think I shuld wear a hat t the party?
—It all depends n yur wn________.
A. persnalityB. preferenceC. cnvenienceD. selectin
17. The________ peple take t clning varies widely frm cuntry t cuntry.
A. attitudeB. advantageC. prideD. part
18. —Have yu ever been t Munt Wuyi? —Yes. It is ne f the mst famus ________in Fujian.
A. attractinsB. expressinsC. instructinsD. attentins
19. What was Jeff's ____ t the news that he was chsen t be chairman f the students' unin?
A. reactinB. impressinC. permissinD. cnclusin
20. Sme cuntries are increasing their use f natural gas, and ther frms f .
A. surceB. energyC. pwerD. material
21. We have many animals n the farm, including three____________ and six____________ .
A. sheeps; chickensB. sheeps; chicken
C. sheep; chickensD. sheep; chicken
22. Her_____ fr writing was a desire fr wmen t get the right t higher educatin.
A. mtivatinB. qualificatin
C. talentD. technique
23. He gave him a new name t hide his _______ when he went t carry ut the secret task.
A. emtinB. talentC. identityD. devtin
24. Sme f the language used n the Internet is different frm that used in ther frms f ____________________.
A. cmmunicatinB. exchangeC. literatureD. transprt
25. He tried t avid making mistakes, but the added pressure caused him t make mre than his usual .
A. sizeB. spaceC. shareD. state
26. He desn’t like having fr supper.
A. chickB. chickenC. chickensD. chicks
27. One day Mary’s mther tld her best friend f all her .
A. hpe and fearB. hpe and fears
C. hpes and fearsD. hpes and fear
28. —Can I help yu, sir?
—Yes, what’s the price f the apple?
—Ninety-seven _______ per kilgram.
A. pencesB. penceC. pennyD. pennys
29. Cming n as a ______ fr a regular player, Jnes scred fur crucial gals fr his team.
A. symblB. sacrificeC. superirD. substitute
30. Yu can read abut ther cuntries, but there’s n _____ fr visiting them yurself.
A. cmpensatinB. criterinC. sacrificeD. substitute
31. This article gives us a real _____ int the causes f the present crisis in the wrld.
A. enquiryB. admissinC. insightD. divisin
32. Prmting the ______f energy and carbn ftprint reductin is an essential part f building an eclgical civilizatin.
A. cnsumptinB. cnservatinC. cnstitutinD. cnstructin
33. The cmpany is running ut f its fund__________and may sn be unable t pay its bills.
A. reservesB. surcesC. incmesD. cllectins
34. Children have a natural _________abut the wrld arund them and they tend t keep asking questins abut it.
A. phenmennB. atmsphereC. appreciatinD. curisity
35. I'm never ging t guess the answer if yu dn't give me a _______.
A. reliefB. clueC. ruteD. preview
36. Mst schls nwadays prefer t use cntinuus_________, because it gives a fairer picture f hw the student has dne during the whle year.
A. arrangementB. assessmentC. argumentD. apprach
37. Mst passengers like sitting in the frnt f a bus t have a better view. What's mre, they believe it's less likely that _______will happen.
A. car-accidentB. car-sicknessC. car-trubleD. car-crash
38. Our aim is t help him, nt t stand by and pass___________n what he has dne.
A. appreciatinB. judgmentC. apprvalD. respnse
39. Recently there has been a in yung peple tward watching prfessinal vide games.
A. trendB. rutineC. reactinD. mtivatin
40. The study f a mdern language has a unique ______ t make t the develpment f cultural awareness.
A. influenceB. cnnectinC. cntributinD. devtin
41. The cmpsitin seems imperfect but yu shuld make_________ fr the fact that the authr is nly seven.
A. appintments.B. assumptins.C. allwances.D. arrangements
42. Dn’t say any mre, we all believe the facts mre than yur wrds. What yu have explained desn’t make .
A. senseB. funC. useD. meaning
43. These mtrized bikes are highly effective fr city traffic as yu will never run ut f ______ t park.
A. ptinsB. patienceC. resurcesD. universe
44. The punishment a criminal deserves shuld be in prprtin t the______f the ffence.
A. gravityB. divisinC. analysisD. cmpsitin
45. There’s a ____between Japan and IOC that 2020 Tky Olympic Games will be pstpned by ne year.
A. criterinB. cincidenceC. cnsensusD. cnflict
情况
方法
例词
一般情况
加－s
students，teachers，dc trs，tables
以s，x，ch，sh结尾
加－es
glasses，dishes，bxes，watches但stmach复数形式直接加s，即stmachs
以辅音字母＋y结尾
变y为i再加－es
families，babies，armies，bdies
以元音字母＋y结尾
加－s
bys，tys，pians，phts
以f或fe结尾
大都变f或fe为v，再加－es
thieves，wives，knives，shelves，lives
少数加－s
beliefs，prfs，rfs，chiefs
以结尾
通常加－s
radis，vides，zs，tbaccs
有的加－es
heres，ptates，tmates
单词
抽象名词意义
具体化名词意义
success
成功
成功的人或事
pleasure
乐趣
令人高兴的事
beauty
美；美丽
美丽的人或事物
cmfrt
安慰；慰藉
令人感到安慰的人或事物
danger
危险
危险的人或因素
delight
高兴
令人高兴的事
failure
失败
失败的人或事物
surprise
惊奇
令人惊奇的事情
shck
震惊
令人震惊的事情
pride
骄傲
令人骄傲的事情