新高考英语二轮复习题型专练12 自然环保类阅读理解（2份打包，原卷版+解析版）

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【命题意图】 阅读理解从能力的角度来讲，考查学生运用英语的能力，具体地说，就是通过阅读有关文章提取有用信息的能力。
【考试方向】 "人与自然和谐发展”是时代的主题，生态环保的话题也越来越多地出现在新试题中。在命题方面有以下趋势：
|1.题材：强调人与自然和谐发展。
2.选材：关注人、自然的生存现状和未来发展。
3.命题：形式多样，突出整体理解，合理推断。
【得分要点】 1.应试生态环保类题目时，在理解文章的基础上，要重点突破归纳主旨大意技能，因为推断是以整体理解为基础的推断能力。那么，怎样归纳主旨大意？
（1）寻找具体段落的中心思想的方法是：找出每小段的主题句。主题句通常有这样的特点：①有一个话题（tpic）；②有阐述控制性概念（cntrlling idea）偶尔也可在一段中间；③有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中。这就需要读者进一步加工概括了。
（2）寻找整篇文章的中心思想的方法建立在寻找具体段落中心的基础上的。
应观察全文的结构安排，理解文章浓墨重笔写的“重心”，考虑文章组织材料及支撑性细节是服务于什么的，分析故事的发展结局都是围绕什么中心大意来安排的。
（3）典型错误：①忽视文章的结构；②混淆了中心与支撑细节或材料的区别；③忽视文章表意的倾向性；④漏掉了主要的特征词。
2.怎样正确推理判断
推理判断试题要求考生尽量考虑文中全部信息或事实，在通篇理解文章的基础上领会作者的言外之意，并作出正确的推理和判断。
（1）数据推断题
解答此类题，关键是要善于捕捉有关数字的信息，然后在透彻理解原文的字面意义和题意的基础上，运用自己的数学知识，对其进行分析、推算，从而得出正确的结论。
（2）知识推断题
根据文章中所阐述的细节，运用基础知识进行分析、推敲，从而得出符合文章原义的结论的一种推断方法。
（3）逻辑结论推断题
根据事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料，不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。解答这类题的前提是要首先获得短文的主题思想或列举的具体事实，然后按题意要求进行推断。
（4）对作者态度、倾向的推断题
作者的倾向和感情往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中，因此，在推断过星中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞。
【真题再现】【2020·全国卷I，D】
The cnnectin between peple and plants has lng been the subject f scientific research. Recent studies have fund psitive effects. A study cnducted in Yungstwn，Ohi，fr example, discvered that greener areas f the city experienced less crime. In anther，emplyees were shwn t be 15% mre prductive when their wrkplaces were decrated with huseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute f Technlgy(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual cmpsitin f plants in rder t get them t perfrm diverse，even unusual functins. These include plants that have sensrs printed nt their leaves t shw when they’re shrt f water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in grundwater. ＂We’re thinking abut hw we can engineer plants t replace functins f the things that we use every day,＂explained Michael Stran, a prfessr f chemical engineering at MIT.
One f his latest prjects has been t make plants grw(发光)in experiments using sme cmmn vegetables. Stran’s team fund that they culd create a faint light fr three-and-a-half hurs. The light，abut ne-thusandth f the amunt needed t read by，is just a start. The technlgy, Stran said, culd ne day be used t light the rms r even t turn tree int self-pwered street lamps.
in the future，the team hpes t develp a versin f the technlgy that can be sprayed nt plant leaves in a ne-ff treatment that wuld last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are als trying t develp an n and ff＂switch＂where the glw wuld fade when expsed t daylight.
Lighting accunts fr abut 7% f the ttal electricity cnsumed in the US. Since lighting is ften far remved frm the pwer surce(电源)-such as the distance frm a pwer plant t street lamps n a remte highway-a lt f energy is lst during transmissin(传输).
Glwing plants culd reduce this distance and therefre help save energy.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. A new study f different plants.
B. A big fall in crime rates.
C. Emplyees frm varius wrkplaces.
D. Benefits frm green plants.
33. What is the functin f the sensrs printed n plant leaves by MIT engineer?
A. T detect plants’ lack f water
B. T change cmpsitins f plants
C. T make the life f plants lnger.
D. T test chemicals in plants.
34. What can we expect f the glwing plants in the future?
A. They will speed up energy prductin.
B. They may transmit electricity t the hme.
C. They might help reduce energy cnsumptin.
D. They culd take the place f pwer plants.
35. Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A. Can we grw mre glwing plants?
B. Hw d we live with glwing plants?
C. Culd glwing plants replace lamps?
D. Hw are glwing plants made pllutin-free?
【答案】32. D 33. A 34. C 35. C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物。文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。
32.主旨大意题。根据第一段中A study cnducted in Yungstwn, Ohi, fr example ,discvered that greener areas f the city experienced less crime. In anther, emplyees were shwn t be 15% mre prductive when their wrkplaces were decrated with huseplants.可知例如，在俄亥俄州扬斯敦进行的一项研究发现，城市绿化较好的地区犯罪率较低。在另一项研究中，当员工的工作场所被室内植物装饰时，他们的工作效率会提高15%。由此可知，第一段的主旨是关于绿色植物的益处。故选D。
33.细节理解题。根据第二段中These include plants that have sensrs printed n their leaves t shw when they're shrt f water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in grundwater.可知这就包括叶子上印有传感器来显示植物缺水的情况的植物，还有一种植物可以检测到地下水中的有害化学物质。由此可知，麻省理工学院工程师植物叶片上印上传感器的作用是检测植物缺水的情况。故选A。
34.细节理解题。根据最后一段中Glwing plants culd reduce this distance and therefre help save energy.可知发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。由此可知，这种发光的植物在未来可能有助于减少能源消耗。故选C。
35.主旨大意题。根据最后一段中Lighting accunts fr abut 7%f the ttal electricity cnsumed in the US. Since lighting is ften far remved frm the pwer surce-such as the distance frm a pwer plant t street lamps n a remte highway-a lt f energy is lst during transmissin. Glwing plants culd reduce this distance and therefre help save energy.可知照明约占美国总耗电量的7%。由于照明通常远离电源，例如从发电厂到偏僻公路上路灯的距离，在传输过程中会损失大量能源。发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。结合文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物，文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。由此可知，C选项“发光的植物能取代路灯吗？”最符合文章标题。故选C。
【题型演练】
1
Greenland is the biggest island in the wrld. And the ice sheet that sits atp it is massive. “The pile f ice being s thick, it extends mre than 10, 000 feet abve the cean. And if all that ice were t melt and g int the cean, glbal sea levels wuld rise by 24 feet everywhere arund the wrld,” said Jasn Briner, a gelgist at the University at Buffal. The ice sheet is melting, f curse. But just hw much, cmpared t the past?
Briner’s team did a cmputer simulatin（模拟）f the suthwest f the Greenland ice sheet, which he says is a gd prxy fr ice melt acrss the entire ice sheet. The researchers plugged past climate data int that mdel t “ hindcast”, rather than frecast, the past activity f the ice sheet. They then checked the mdel’s predictins f the past shape and size f the ice sheet by lking at piles f rcks and dirt n Greenland tday, which utline the edges f ancient ice. And the simulatin was in gd agreement with the actual situatin.
Using that recnstructin f the ice sheet ver time, the team culd cmpare the ice sheet’s histric lsses t thse happening tday under human-caused glbal warming. And they determined that Greenland is n track t lse mre ice this century than during any century in the past 12, 000 years — pssibly fur times as much. The results appear in the jurnal Nature.
Ultimately it’s up t us hw much ice actually melts. “Humanity has the buttn — the carbn buttn — and that buttn is ging t influence the rates f ice lss frm the Greenland ice sheet.” If the wrld ges net carbn zer by 2100, fr example, Briner says ice lss culd stp, entirely at the end f the century, accrding t ne mdel. “That was what kept me frm being cmpletely depressed abut ur study. ” Dzens f cuntries have already annunced gals t g net carbn zer by the middle f this century — s far the U. S. is nt ne f them.
1. What des the underlined wrd “prxy” in Paragraph 2 refer t?
A. Example.B. Recmmendatin.
C. Cmbinatin.D. Interpretatin.
2. What d we learn frm the cmputer simulatin dne by Briner’s team?
A. It is cnducted by predicting the activity f the ice sheet.
B. It centers n ice melt thrughut the entire ice sheet.
C. It cnsists with the ice sheet’s actual circumstance.
D. It shws the ice sheet’s lsses are in decline.
3. What is the main purpse f the passage?
A. T aruse peple’s interest in Greenland.
B. T pint ut the imprtance f cmputer simulatin.
C. T emphasize the accuracy f the simulatin.
D. T appeal t America t g net carbn zer.
4. Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the passage?
A. America Causes the Ice Sheet t Melt
B. Glbal Sea Levels Are Rising
C. Greenland Is Melting Faster
D. Man Can Cnquer Nature
2
While rcas are knwn fr their well-designed jint attacks n unsuspecting ceanic animals, they have never psed a threat t humans. Hwever, since July 2020, the nrmally scial animals have been intentinally attacking sailbats ff the casts f Spain. The unusual hstility is puzzling scientists wrldwide.
The strange behavir first surfaced n July 29, when Victria Mrris, a bilgy graduate, nticed nine rcas circling the 46 ft bat she was crewing near the shres f the Strait f Gibraltar. She was initially cheerful t see the friendly animals, with which she had numerus encunters while teaching sailing in New Zealand. Hwever, that changed when the rcas started striking the bat repeatedly fr almst an hur. “They almst turned the bat ver and the deafening nise was terrifying,” she said.
The cntinuus attacks brke the bat's autmatic rudder, leaving the bat disabled. Spanish bilgist Rci Espada says, “It is crazy. I've seen these whales grw frm babies. I knw their life stries. I've never seen r heard f attacks.”
Since then, ver 30 mre similar incidents have been reprted. Sme researchers believe the rcas' unusual behavir culd be a result f the verfishing f tuna—rcas' primary fd surce—which has left the area's rcas starving and unable t feed their babies. “I saw rcas lk at bats carrying fish. The intelligent animals may knw humans are smehw related t fd shrtages,” says Ken Balcmb, an American scientist.
Hwever, Alfred Lpez a Spanish bilgy prfessr, thinks the attacks were preventative measures the rcas adpted t prtect themselves against bat injuries. The researcher came t this cnclusin after lking at the ftage f a few incidents filmed n the scene and nticing that tw f the yung rcas invlved had serius injuries. The scientist wasn't sure if the rcas were hurt during r befre the recent bat encunters. Lpez said, “Our interpretatin is that they dn't have the slightest intentin f attacking peple.” Hpefully, the experts will find a way t restre the harmny between the animals and humans sn.
5. What des the underlined wrd “hstility” in paragraph 1 mean?
A. Unfriendliness.B. Defence.C. Cperatin.D. Impatience.
6. What d we knw abut Victria Mrris?
A. Her majr led her t anticipate rcas' intense attacks.
B. She rarely sptted rcas when wrking as a sailing cach.
C. Her jy gave way t fear after the rcas began attacking the bat.
D. She was ding research n the shre when she caught sight f nine rcas.
7. What did Rci Espada think f the rcas' behavir f attacking humans?
A. Predictable.B. Abnrmal.C. Unavidable.D. Natural.
8. Which f the fllwing may Alfred Lpez agree with?
A. Orcas frequently get hurt by bats.B. Orcas enjy playing tricks n humans.
C. Orcas are punishing humans fr verfishing.D. Orcas attack bats t safeguard against dangers.
3
The New Suth Wales gvernment used planes t drp mre than 4,000 punds f carrts and sweet ptates, t the frests which are damaged by the recent wildfires. The fires are reprted t have killed mre than a billin wild animals and destryed a land f mre than 84 thusand square kilmeters—abut twice the size f Maryland. What is wrse, mst Australians are wrrying abut when the wildfires will be fully put ut.
“The hme f several imprtant wallabies (沙袋鼠) was burnt in the recent fires,” New Suth Wales Envirnment Minister Matt Kean said n Sunday. Kean said the drps are what wallabies need. The plan is designed t help wallabies and allw them t recver.
Fire seasns ften take place in the cuntry, but this year the fires have been quite devastating. The cuntry experienced ne f its httest and driest years, which made it harder t put ut the fires. Besides wild animals, the fires have taken the lives f at least 25 peple and destryed mre than 2,000 hmes.
“I think there’s nthing t cmpare with the damage that’s ging n ver such a large area s quickly. It’s a big event in terms f gegraphy and the number f wild animals,” Dickman, an animal prtectin expert, said in an interview with NPR last week.
“We knw that the number f Australian wild animals has been ging dwn ver the last several decades, and it’s prbably fairly well knwn that Australia’s gt the wrld’s highest rate f extinctin f animals,” he added. “It’s events like this that may increase the speed f extinctin f a lt f ther animals. S, it’s very sad time. Everyne has t try their best t d smething fr them.”
9. Why did the Australian gvernment drp ptates?
A. T feed the animals.B. T trap the animals.
C. T plant ptates there.D. T help the peple.
10. What des the underlined wrd “devastating” in Paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A. Damaging.B. Interesting.
C. Surprising.D. Tiring.
11. What can we knw abut the recent Australian wildfires frm the text?
A. They have been under cntrl.
B. The weather is helpful in putting ut them.
C. They have killed a small amunt f wildlife.
D. They have greatly influenced bth peple and animals.
12. What des Dickman want t stress in the last paragraph?
A. Australia has a lt f wildlife.
B. Australians have suffered a lt.
C. Australians shuld prtect the wildlife.
D. The gvernment is respnsible fr the wildfires.
4
Everybdy hates rats. But in the earthquake capitals f the wrld-Japan, Ls Angeles, Turkey-rats will sn be man's new best friends.
What happens after an earthquake? We send in rescue dgs. Why? Because they can smell peple. Dgs save lives. They help rescuers t find living peple. But dgs are big and they can't get int small spaces. S nw a new research prject is using a smaller animal t save lives: the rat.
Hw des it wrk? First，the rat is trained t smell peple. When this happens, the rat's brain gives a signal. This is sent t a small radi n its back, and then the rescuers fllw the radi signals. When the rat's brain activity jumps, the rescuers knw that smene is alive. The rat has smelled that persn.
Althugh there are already rbts which can d this jb, rats are better. Christian Linster at Crnell University-New Yrk says, “Rbts' nses dn't wrk well when there are ther smells arund. Rats are gd at that.” Rats can als see in the dark.They are cheaper and quicker t train than dgs, and unlike rbts, they dn't need electricity!
The “rat prject” is nt finished, but Julie Ryan f Internatinal Rescue Crps in Sctland says, “It wuld be fantastic. A rat culd get int spaces we culdn't get t and a rat wuld get ut if it wasn't safe.” Perhaps fr the first time in histry, peple will be happy t see a rat in a building (but nly after an earthquake, f curse).
13. In the wrld earthquake capitals, rats will becme man's best friends because they can ______.
A. take the place f man's rescue jbs
B. find the psitin f peple alive wh are trapped in buildings
C. serve as fd fr peple alive wh are trapped in buildings
D. get int small spaces
14. Frm the third paragraph we knw the rescuers can judge a persn is alive by ________.
A. the nise made by the ratB. the rat's unusual behavir
C. the signal sent by the radi n the rat's backD. the smell given ff by the persn
15. In ding rescue jbs, ________.
A. rats smell better than dgs
B. dgs dn't need t be trained t smell peple
C. rbts' sense f smell can be affected by ther smells arund
D. rats can nt see in the dark
16. After reading the passage we can knw .
A. nwadays rats have replaced dgs in searching fr peple
B. the “rat prject” has been cmpleted
C. peple are nw happy t see a rat in a building
D. at present peple still use dgs and rbts in rescues
5
Identifying the chemical makeup f pigment (色素) used in ancient dcuments, paintings, and waterclrs is critical t restring and cnserving the precius artwrks. Hwever, despite numerus effrts, scientists had been unable t determine the surce f flium, a ppular blue dye used t clr manuscripts (手稿) in Eurpe during the middle ages — frm the 5th t the 15th century. Nw, a team f researchers frm Prtugal has finally uncvered the mysterius ingredient respnsible fr the grgeus blueish-purple clr that helped bring ancient illustratins and texts t life.
The research team began by pring ver instructins penned by Eurpean dye makers frm the 12th, 14th, and 15th centuries. They fund what they were seeking in a 15th-century text entitled The Bk n Hw t Make All the Clr Paints fr Illuminating Bks. Hwever, translating the instructins was n easy task. It was written in the nw extinct Judae-Prtuguese language, and thugh the surce f the dye was traced back t a plant, n name was mentined.
Hwever, by piecing tgether suggestins frm the text, the scientists were able t determine that the dye was made frm the bluish-green berries f the chrzphra tinctria plant. After an extensive search, the team fund a few varieties f the plant grwing alng the radside near the twn f Mnsaraz in suth Prtugal.
The detailed instructins gave the researchers critical clues — including the best time t pick the berries. “Yu need t squeeze the fruits, being careful nt t break the seeds, and then t put them n linen (亚麻).” The scientist says the detail was imprtant since brken seeds plluted the pigment, prducing an inferir quality ink. The dyed linen, which was left t dry, was an efficient way t stre and transprt the pigment during ancient times. When needed, the artist wuld simply cut ff a piece f the clth and dip it with water t squeeze ut the blue clr.
Once the key ingredient had been identified, the researchers began t determine the dye’s mlecular structure. T their surprise, they fund that flium was nt like any ther knwn permanent blue dyes — it was an entirely new class f clr, ne they named chrzphridin. “Chrzphridin was used in ancient times t make a beautiful blue dye fr painting.” the team wrte in the study. “Thus, we believe that this will nt be ur final wrd n this amazing plant and its stry and that further discveries will fllw sn.”
17. The primary purpse f the study is t ________.
A. restre and cnserve ancient precius artwrks
B. determine the substance making up the flium
C. prve the ancient dye-making technique was rganic
D. identify which class f clr flium belngs t
18. The underlined phrase “pring ver” in the secnd paragraph means ________.
A. discussing publiclyB. testing repeatedly
C. passing directlyD. reading carefully
19. What can be learned abut the blue dye flium?
A. It was essentially an inferir type f ink.
B. It was the nly kind made frm wild berries.
C. It culd be carried and used easily.
D. It was carefully squeezed frm brken seeds.
20. The article is mainly abut _________.
A. hw the mystery f a thusand-year-ld blue dye was slved
B. why the researchers tk the truble t recreate the dye
C. what needs t be dne t make an rganic dye frm a plant
D. when and where the discvery f the dye was made
6
A high level f methane (甲烷) gas n Mars was fund by NASA's Mars explratin vehicle. The discvery is exciting because the presence f methane gas culd supprt the case fr life n Mars:
NASA's Curisity vehicle recently recrded the largest level f methane ever measured during its seven-year Mars missin.
Methane has n clr r smell. A special instrument n Curisity's Mars Science Labratry recrded the increased gas level. Besides methane, the instrument can recrd levels f water and carbn dixide.
Nearly all the methane gas fund in earth's atmsphere is prduced by bilgical activity. It usually cmes frm animal and plant life. But it can als be frmed by gelgical prcesses, such as interactins between rcks and water.
It was nt the first time Curisity has fund methane gas in the Martian atmsphere.. Abut a year ag, NASA annunced that Curisity had discvered sharp seasnal increases in the gas. This time, NASA said the measured methane gas level was clearly larger than any thers bserved in the past. NASA fficials even temprarily stpped Curisity's ther activities t investigate further.
Hwever, Curisity's team carried ut a fllw-up methane experiment that shwed a sharp drp in levels f the gas. The rise and fall f the methane gas levels left NASA scientists with mre questins than answers. The scientists are cntinuing t study pssible causes fr the sudden increase.
Curisity des nt have instruments that can exactly identify whether the surce f the methane is bilgical r gelgical. One leading thery is that methane is being released frm undergrund areas created by pssible life frms that disappeared lng ag. Even thugh Mars has n active vlcanes, scientists believe it is als pssible that methane is being prduced by reactins invlving carbn materials and water.
21. Why is the discvery f methane gas n Mars exciting?
A. It was first fund n Mars.B. It's evidence f life existence.
C. It can be used in further studies.D. It prves the existence f water.
22. What can we learn abut the methane gas n Mars?
A. It is clrless and smelly.
B. It is mainly created by rcks and water.
C. It is as imprtant as water and carbn dixide.
D. It is prduced by bilgical r gelgical, activity.
23. What brught mre puzzles t NASA's scientists?
A. Discvering methane gas several times n Mars.
B. The failure f the fllw-up methane experiment.
C. Having n exact instruments t identify methane gas.
D. Sharp changes in the amunt f methane gas n Mars.
24. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Explratins n MarsB. Methane Level n Mars
C. Methane Mystery n MarsD. The Surces f Methane n Mars