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上外版2020必修第三册 高一英语下学期 Unit 4. Life and Technology 单元素养评估测试卷
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这是一份上外版2020必修第三册 高一英语下学期 Unit 4. Life and Technology 单元素养评估测试卷，共27页。
Unit 4. Life and Technology单元素养评估测试卷第= 1 \* ROMANI卷 I. Listening ComprehensionII. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Social robots are going to become a lot more common in the next few years, ___1___ in the home or the workplace. Social robots are about to bring technology to the everyday world in a more humanized way, said Cynthia Breazeal, chief scientist at the robot company Jibo.___2___ household robots today do the normal housework, social robots will be much more like companions than mere tools. For example, these robots will be able to distinguish when someone is happy or sad. This allows them ___3___ (respond) more appropriately to the user.The Jibo robot, ___4___ (arrange) to ship later this year, is designed to be a personalized assistant. You can talk to the robot, ask it questions, and make requests for it to perform different tasks. The robot doesn’t just deliver general answers to questions; it responds based on ___5___ it learns about each individual in the household. It can do things such as reminding an elderly family member to take medicine or taking family photos.Social robots are not just finding their way into the home. They have potential applications ___6___ everything from education to health care and are already finding their way into some of these spaces.Fellow Robots is one company ___7___ (bring) social robots to the market. The company’s “Oshbot” robot is built to assist customers in a store, ___8___which can help the customers find items and help guide them to the product’s location in the store. It can also speak different languages and make recommendations for different items based on what the customer is shopping for.The more interaction the robot has with humans, ___9___ (much) it learns.But Oshbot, like other social robots, ___10___ (not intend) to replace workers, but to work alongside other employees. “We have technologies to train social robots to do things not for us, but with us,” said Breazeal. 【答案】1. either 2. while 3. to respond 4. arranged 5. what 6. in 7. bringing 8. which 9. the more 10. is not intended【解析】这是一篇应用文。文章介绍了社交机器人将以一种更人性化的方式把技术带到日常世界。【1题详解】考查固定搭配。句意：未来几年，社交机器人将变得更加普遍，无论是在家里还是在工作场所。根据or the workplace，可知此处用either，固定短语either...or...“要么……要么……，不是……就是……”。故填either。【2题详解】考查连接词。句意：今天的家用机器人做着普通的家务，社交机器人将更像是伙伴而不仅仅是工具。根据social robots will be much more like companions than mere tools可知，前后句为对比转折句，连词while“虽然，在……期间，（对比两件事物）……而”符合题意。故填while。【3题详解】考查不定式。句意：这使它们能够更适当地响应用户。根据allows them可知，此处用不定式，短语allow sb. to do sth.“允许某人做某事”。故填to respond。【4题详解】考查过去分词作定语。句意：Jibo机器人将于今年迟点上市，它被设计成一个个性化的助手。arrange与the Jibo robot是逻辑动宾关系，应使用过去分词作定语。故填arranged。【5题详解】考查宾语从句的引导词。句意：它的反应基于它对家庭中每个人的了解。此处是what引导的宾语从句，what在句子作learn的宾语。故填what。【6题详解】考查介词。句意：它们在从教育到医疗保健的各个领域都有潜在的应用，并且已经在这些领域找到了自己的出路。根据everything from education to health care可知，用介词in表示“在……方面”。故填in。【7题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：Fellow Robots是一家将社交机器人推向市场的公司。此句已有谓语动词is，此处要用非谓语动词，且one company与动词bring是主谓关系，应使用现在分词形式。故填bringing。【9题详解】考查固定句式。句意：机器人与人类互动越多，它的学习能力就越强。根据The more interaction the robot has with humans,可知用the more。句式The+比较级…, the+比较级…“越……越……”。故填the more。【10题详解】考查被动语态。句意：但和其他社交机器人一样，Oshbot并不是为了取代工人，而是为了和其他员工一起工作。短语be not intended to“不打算……”，主语为Oshbot，时态为一般现在时。故填is not intended。Section B Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A recent study, while showing a generally positive attitude toward science, also suggests a widespread worry that it may be "running out of control". This idea is dangerous.Science can be a force for evil as well as for good. Its ___17___ can be channeled either way, depending on our decisions. The decisions we make, personally or collectively, will ___18___ the outcomes of science. But here is a real danger. Science ___19___ so fast and is so strongly influenced by businesses that we are likely to believe whatever decisions we come to will make little difference. And, rather than fighting for the best possible policies, we may step back and do nothing.Some people go even further. They say that despite the ___20___ and legal objections (反对), whatever is scientifically possible will be done-somewhere , sometime. They believe that science will get out of control in the end. This belief is dangerous too, because it fuels a sense of hopelessness and ___21___ them from making efforts to build a safer world.In our interconnected world, the ___22___ of agreement in and out of the world of science can lead to the failure to control the use of science. Without a ___23___ understanding, the challenges of "controlling" science in this century will be really tough. Take human cloning for example. Despite the general agreement among scientists on its possible huge ___24___ on traditional moral values, some countries still go ahead with the research and development of its related techniques. The ___25___ are hard to predict.Therefore, discussions on how science is applied should be extended far beyond scientific societies. Only through the untied ___26___ of people with hope, can we be fully safe against the misuse of science and can science best serve mankind in the future.【答案】17. BD 18. B 19. AD 20. ABC 21. AB 22. AC 23. A 24. D 25. CD 26. C【解析】这是一篇议论文。最近的一项研究虽然显示了人们对科学普遍的积极态度，但也表明人们普遍担心科学可能会“失控”。这种想法是危险的。【17题详解】考查名词。句意：根据我们的决定，它的应用可以以任何一种方式引导。根据Its 形容词性物主代词后可知，此处要用名词，结合Science can be a force for evil as well as for good.可知，要用名词复数形式。applications“应用”符合题意。故选BD。【18题详解】考查动词。句意：我们个人或集体做出的决定将决定科学的结果。根据情态动词will可知，此处用动词原形。determine“决定”符合题意。故选B。【19题详解】考查动词。句意：科学发展如此之快，受商业的影响如此之大，以至于我们很可能相信，我们做出的任何决定都不会有什么不同。根据and is可知，时态是一般现在时，主语为Science，要用第三人称单数形式。advance“发展，前进”符合题意，advances so fast“进步如此快”。故选AD。【20题详解】考查形容词。句意：他们说，尽管存在道德和法律上的反对，任何科学上可能的事情都将在某个地方、某个时间被完成。根据and legal可知，此处用并列的形容词修饰名词objections。moral“道德的”符合题意。故选ABC。【21题详解】考查动词。句意：这种信念也很危险，因为它助长了一种绝望感，使他们不愿努力建设一个更安全的世界。根据并列连词and 可知，此处缺少谓语动词，时态为一般现在时。discourage“阻止，使气馁”符合题意，discourage sb. from doing sth.“阻止某人做某事”。故选AB。【22题详解】考查名词。句意：在我们这个相互联系的世界里，科学界内外缺乏共识可能会导致无法控制科学的使用。根据冠词the可知此处用名词，lack“缺少”，the lack of sth.“缺少某物”。故选AC。【23题详解】考查形容词。句意：如果没有一个共同的认识，本世纪“控制”科学的挑战将是非常艰巨的。根据冠词a和名词understanding可知，此处用形容词。common“共同的”符合题意。故选A。【24题详解】考查名词。句意：尽管科学家们普遍认为它可能对传统道德价值观产生巨大影响，但一些国家仍然继续研究和开发它的相关技术。根据形容词huge可知，此处要用名词。effect“作用，影响，效果”符合题意，effect on “对……的影响”。故选D。【25题详解】考查名词。句意：结果很难预测。根据冠词the可知用名词，谓语动词为are 可知，此处用名词复数形式。outcomes“结果”符合题意。故选CD。【26题详解】考查名词。句意：只有通过有希望的人们的不懈努力，我们才能完全安全的防止科学的滥用，科学才能在未来更好的为人类服务。根据形容词untied可知，此处要用名词。effort“努力”符合题意，united effort“共同努力”。故选C。II. Reading ComprehensionSection A Do Brain Training Games Work?With an ageing population worried about cognitive (认知的) decline, brain training apps have soared in popularity. Search “brain training”, and you will find ____21____ apps and websites promising to make you mentally agile (敏捷的). In the same way that we might go to the gym to exercise, a daily mental ____22____ is said to produce physical changes in the brain. All you will have to do is to ____23____ a few minutes each day to complete puzzles, memory games and word quizzes.At least that’s the idea. And there are a lot of people who are ____24____ into it. In 2018, consumers spent an estimated $1.9 billion on brain training apps—a fourfold increase from 2012. Of course, smartphones were not the original home for brain training games. ____25____, Nintendo recently released its fourth all-time best-selling game, Brain Age, and brought it to the Switch in Japan last month. The idea of improving mental fitness clearly has widespread appeal, but is it based on scientific evidence or ____26____ marketing promises?In 2014, the Stanford Center on Longevity published an open letter ____27____ by 69 international neuroscientists (神经科学家) and cognitive psychologists. There is no convincing scientific evidence, the experts argued, that playing brain games improves cognitive abilities in everyday life.Two years later, another team of psychologists reviewed every scientific study cited by major brain training companies ____28____ their products. They questioned not only how the evidence had been reported and interpreted, but the way many of the studies had been designed. The ____29____ included small sample sizes, inadequate control groups, and cherry-picking (挑选最有利的) research outcomes to _____30_____.If the science is so _____31_____ flawed (错误的), why do people feel the need to train their brains with these apps and games?That’s _____32_____, according to Til Wykes, a professor at King’s College London. Nintendo’s Brain Age game, for instance, assigns players a score based on their gaming performance. They might start with a “brain age” score of 60 and after a few weeks of _____33_____, will be told they have reduced it to 40. For some people, there is clearly some positive reward for seeing themselves improve over time. Wykes stresses, _____34_____, that for people who are really worried about their cognition, learning a new language would be more beneficial, which has been shown to improve brain _____35_____.21. A. endless B. advanced C. protective D. imaginary22 A. outcome B. tryout C. workout D. outlook23. A. set out B. set back C. set off D. set aside24. A. buying B. engaging C. overlooking D. inquiring25. A. By contrast B. For instance C. Of course D. In conclusion26. A. reliable B. precious C. secret D. empty27. A. signed B. secured C. received D. sought28. A. in presence of B. in support of C. in case of D. in memory of29. A. expectation B. solution C. criticism D. standard30. A. report B. design C. produce D. negotiate31. A. effortlessly B. temporarily C. seriously D. unfairly32. A. dependable B. understandable C. comparable D. achievable33. A. experiment B. theory C. practice D. performance34. A. altogether B. therefore C. however D. likewise35. A. movement B. cooperation C. evaluation D. function【答案】21. A 22. C 23. D 24. A 25. B 26. D 27. A 28. B 29. C 30. A 31. C 32. B 33. C 34. C 35. D【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章通过引用数据、科学报告，事例等方式，论述了脑力训练游戏对提高大脑的认知能力是否有用的问题。【21题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：搜索“大脑训练”，你会发现不计其数的应用程序和网站，承诺让你在思想上变得敏捷。A. endless不计其数的，无止境的；B. advanced先进的；C. protective保护的；D. imaginary想象的。根据前文的“brain training apps have soared in popularity”可知，大脑训练类的应用程序人气急升，很受欢迎，由此可推断出，当你搜索“大脑训练”时，你会发现不计其数的应用程序。故选A项。【22题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：就像我们可能去健身房锻炼一样，每天的智力上的练习据说会使大脑产生生理变化。A. outcome结果，成果；B. tryout试验，试用；C. workout锻炼，练习；D. outlook观点。根据前文的“go to the gym to exercise”可知，上文指的是去健身房进行身体上的锻炼，空格处指的是进行智力上的练习。故选C项。【23题详解】考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：你所要做的就是每天留出几分钟来完成智力游戏、记忆游戏和字谜游戏。A. set out出发，启程；B. set back使推迟；C. set off使爆炸；D. set aside留出。根据前文的“a daily mental _____”可知，每天要进行智力上的练习，由此可推断出是每天留出几分钟来完成智力游戏等练习。故选D项。【24题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：至少这是个主意。而且有很多人都在为它买账。A. buying买；B. engaging吸引住（注意力、兴趣）；C. overlooking忽略；D. inquiring询问。根据后文的“consumers spent an estimated $1.9 billion on brain training apps”可知，消费者在大脑训练应用程序上花费了很多钱，由此可推断出，很多人都在为这个主意买账，“buy into”意为“买入”。故选A项。【25题详解】考查介词短语词义辨析。句意：例如，任天堂最近发布了第四款有史以来最畅销的游戏Brain Age，并于上个月在日本的游戏机上发布。A. By contrast相比之下；B. For instance例如；C. Of course当然；D. In conclusion总而言之。上文说大脑训练游戏并不只是出现在智能手机上，空格后举例，大脑训练游戏也出现在游戏机上，例如任天堂最近发布的Brain Age，由此可推断出，空格处是在举例，For instance意为“例如”，符合语境。故选B项。【26题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：改善智力健康的想法显然具有广泛的吸引力，但它是基于科学证据还是空洞的营销承诺？A. reliable可信赖的；B. precious宝贵的；C. secret秘密的；D. empty空洞的。根据句中“scientific evidence”和连词“or”可知，作者这里是在提出疑问，这种想法是基于“科学证据”还是“空洞的营销承诺”，“empty”意为“空洞的”，与前文的科学证据形成对比。故选D项。【27题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：2014年，斯坦福长寿研究中心发表了一封由69位国际神经科学家和认知心理学家签署的公开信。A. signed签署；B. secured获得，取得；C. received收到；D. sought寻找，寻求。根据后文内容可知，专家们认为，没有令人信服的科学证据表明玩脑力游戏可以提高日常生活中的认知能力。由此可推断出，空格处应该是专家们“签署”了这份公开信，向公众公开这一看法，signed意为“签署”，动词词性。故选A项。【28题详解】考查介词短语词义辨析。句意：两年后，另一组心理学家回顾了主要的大脑培训公司为支持他们的产品而引用的每项科学研究。A. in presence of在……面前；B. in support of支持；C. in case of如果发生……；D. in memory of纪念……。根据句中“scientific study”可知，引用科学研究是为了“支持”他们的产品，in support of意为“支持”，符合语境。故选B项。【29题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：批评包括样本量小，控制组不足，以及择优报告研究结果。A. expectation预料，预期；B. solution解决办法；C. criticism批评；D. standard标准。根据后文的“small sample sizes”和“inadequate control groups”可知，下文说的是这些公司引用的科学研究存在着“样本量小”和“控制组不足”的问题，由此可推断出，空格处应该是专家们针对这些研究的“批评”。故选C项。【30题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：批评包括样本量小，控制组不足，以及择优报告研究结果。A. report报告；B. design设计；C. produce生产；D. negotiate谈判，协商。根据句中“cherry-picking research outcomes”可知，应该是挑选最有利的研究成果去“报告”，这样才能让人们相信公司的产品。故选A项。【31题详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：如果它所引用的科学有如此严重的错误，为什么人们觉得有必要用这些应用程序和游戏来训练大脑呢？A. effortlessly毫不费力地；B. temporarily临时地；C. seriously严重地；D. unfairly不公平地。上文提到这些公司所引用的科学研究存在着样本量小，控制组不足，以及择优报告研究结果的问题，由此可推断出，它所引用的科学是“严重地”错误的。故选C项。【32题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：King’s College London的教授Til Wykes认为，这是可以理解的。A. dependable可靠的；B. understandable可以理解的；C. comparable类似的，可比较的；D. achievable可达到的。下文Til Wykes以任天堂的Brain Age游戏为例，来解释为什么人们用游戏来训练大脑，由此可推断出，这里Til Wykes认为人们的这种行为是“可以理解的”。故选B项。【33题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们可能一开始的“大脑年龄”得分为60分，经过几周的练习，他们会被告知已经将其降至40分。A. experiment实验；B. theory理论；C. practice练习；D. performance表演。根据上文“Nintendo’s Brain Age game”可知，这里是以任天堂的Brain Age游戏为例，来解释为什么人们用游戏来训练大脑，由此可推断出，游戏应该是通过“练习”，使自己的大脑年龄更年轻。故选C项。【34题详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，Wykes强调，对于那些真正担心自己认知能力的人来说，学习一门新语言会更有益处，这已经被证明可以改善大脑功能。A. altogether完全，全部；B. therefore因此；C. however然而；D. likewise同样地。根据下文“learning a new language would be more beneficial”可知，Wykes强调，比起玩游戏，学习一门新语言对改善大脑功能更有益处，由此可推断出，这里Wykes的观点和上文“用应用程序和游戏来训练大脑”的观点为转折关系，故应用however。故选C项。【35题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，Wykes强调，对于那些真正担心自己认知能力的人来说，学习一门新语言会更有益处，这已经被证明可以改善大脑功能。A. movement运动，移动；B. cooperation合作；C. evaluation评价，估计；D. function功能。本文主要讲的是如何提高大脑的认知能力，根据句中“learning a new language would be more beneficial”可知，空格处指的是学习一门新语言能够对改善大脑“功能”更有益处。故选D项。Section B (A)Math, Taught like FootballGrowing up, I thought math class was something to be endured, not enjoyed. I disliked memorizing formulas and taking tests, all for the dull goal of getting a good grade. But my problem wasn’t with math itself. In fact, I spent countless hours as a child doing logic and math puzzles on my own, and as a teenager, when a topic seemed particularly interesting, I would go to the library and read more about it.By high school, none of my teachers questioned my mathematical talent, but none of them really encouraged it, either. No one told me that I could become a professional mathematician. What I wanted to do then was to play college football. My ambition was to get an athletic scholarship to attend a Big Ten school.The chances of that happening were very low. In high school, I was just an above-average athlete and my high school was not a “feeder” school for college sports programs.That didn’t stop me from dreaming, though. And it didn’t stop my coaches from encouraging me to believe I could reach my goal, and preparing and pushing me to work for it. They made video tapes of my performances and sent them to college coaches around the country. It didn’t matter that I didn’t initially attract much interest from the big schools. My coaches kept picking up the phone, and kept convincing me to try to prove myself. In the end, a Big Ten school, Pennstate, did offer me a scholarship.A growing body of research shows that students are affected by more than just the quality of a lesson plan. They also respond to the passion of their teachers and the engagement of their peers, and they seek a sense of purpose. They benefit from specific instructions, constant feedback and a culture of earning that encourages resilience in the face of failure.Until I got to college, I didn’t really know what mathematics was. I still thought of it as problem sets and laborious computations. Then one day, one of my professors handed me a book and suggested that I think about a particular problem. It wasn’t easy, but it was fascinating.My professor kept giving me problems, and I kept pursuing them. Before long, he was introducing me to problems that had never been solved before and urging me to find new techniques to help crack them.I am now a Ph. D. candidate in mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and I have published several papers in mathematical journals. I still feel that childlike excitement every time I complete a proof. I wish I’d known this was possible when I was a kid.36. Why did the writer think math class in school was “something to be endured” before entering college?A. Because he wasn’t interested in math.B. Because his math teachers didn’t care to push him.C. Because he was too smart and talented for math class.D. Because he was training hard for an athletic scholarship.37. According to the writer, students are affected by the following things from teachers or coaches EXCEPT __________.A. passion B. constant feedbackC. a sense of purpose D. specific instructions38. We can conclude that after entering college, the writer___________.A. was busy looking for problem sets to crackB. began to realize what mathematics really isC. met with laborious computations in his studiesD. studied on his own just as he was in high school39. What does “this” in the last sentence mean?A. Feeling the children excitement.B. Different mathematical research.C. Generating curiosity and creativity.D. Being a professional mathematician.【答案】36. B 37. C 38. B 39. D【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。本文主要讲述了作者大学以前不喜欢数学，老师也没有逼他。作者希望数学老师更像足球教练那样给与他鼓励。学生不仅会受到教案质量的影响。他们还会对老师的热情和同龄人的参与做出反应，并寻求目标感。到了大学后，作者才真正知道数学是什么。它更接近于作者小时候独自做的数学和逻辑难题，它给了作者同样的好奇心和好奇心，它奖励了作者的创造力。【36题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段“By high school, none of my teachers questioned my mathematical talent, but none of them really encouraged it, either. No one told me that I could become a professional mathematician.。到了高中，我的老师没有一个质疑过我的数学天赋，但也没有一个真正鼓励我的数学天赋。没有人告诉我，我可以成为一个专业数学家。”可知在学校的时候他的数学老师不愿意督促、逼迫他。故选B。【37题详解】细节理解题。根据第四段“A growing body of research shows that students are affected by more than just the quality of a lesson plan. They also respond to the passion of their teachers and the engagement of their peers, and they seek a sense of purpose. They benefit from specific instructions and constant feedback(反馈). 越来越多的研究表明，影响学生的不仅仅是教学计划的质量。他们还会对老师的热情和同龄人的参与做出回应，他们还会寻求一种使命感。他们受益于特定的指令和持续的反馈。”可知他们受到老师的热情，具体的指导和同龄人不断的反馈的影响。而目标感是学生自己的。故选C。【38题详解】细节理解题，根据第五段“Until I got to college, I didn't really know what mathematics was. 直到上了大学，我才真正知道数学是什么。”可知作者进入大学才开始意识到数学到底是什么，故选B。【39题详解】词义猜测题。根据文章最后一段“I am now a Ph. D. candidate in mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and I have published several papers in mathematical journals. I still feel that childlike excitement every time I complete a proof. I wish I’d known this was possible when I was a kid. 我现在在麻省理工学院攻读数学博士学位，我在数学期刊上发表过几篇论文。每当我完成一个证明，我仍然能感受到那种孩子般的兴奋。我希望在我还是个孩子的时候就知道这是可能的。”可知，划线处“this”指代上文提到的攻读数学博士，发表论文等，即成为一名专业的数学家。故选D。(B)Modern medicine’s ability to keep us alive makes it tempting to think human evolution may have stopped. But if we look at the rate of our DNA’s evolution, we can see that human evolution hasn’t stopped – it may even be happening faster than before.Evolution is a gradual change to the DNA of a species over many generations. It can occur by natural selection, when certain traits created by genetic changes help an organism survive or reproduce. Such genes are thus more likely to be passed on to the next generation, so they increase in frequency in a population. Gradually, these changes and their associated traits become more common among the whole group.By looking at global studies of our DNA, we can see evidence that natural selection has recently made changes and continues to do so. Though modern healthcare disrupts a key driving force of evolution by keeping some people alive longer, in countries without access to good healthcare, populations are continuing to evolve. Survivors of infectious disease outbreaks drive natural selection by giving their genetic resistance to offspring. Our DNA shows evidence for recent selection for resistance of killer diseases like Lassa fever and malaria. Selection in response to malaria remains in regions where the disease remains common.Humans are also adapting to their environment. Gene change allowing humans to live at high altitudes have become more common in populations in Tibet, Ethiopia, and the Andes. The spread of genetic changes in Tibet is possibly the fastest evolutionary change in humans, occurring over the past 3,000 years. This rapid increase in frequency of a mutated gene that increases blood oxygen content gives locals a survival advantage in higher altitudes, resulting in more surviving children.Diet is another source for adaptations. Studies show that natural selection favoring a change allowing adults to produce lactase – the enzyme (酶) that breaks down milk sugars – is why some groups of people can digest milk. Over 80 per cent of northwest Europeans can, but in parts of East Asia, where milk is much less commonly drunk, an inability to digest lactose is the norm. Like high altitude adaptation, selection to digest milk has evolved more than once in humans and may be the strongest kind of recent selection.Yet, despite these changes, natural selection only affects about 8 per cent of our genome. But scientists can’t explain why some genes are evolving much faster than others. We measure the speed of gene evolution by comparing human DNA with that of other species. One fast-evolving gene is human accelerated region 1 (HAR1), which is needed during brain development. A random section of human DNA is on average more than 98 per cent identical to the chimp comparator, but HAR1 is so fast evolving that it’s only around 85 per cent similar. Though scientists can see these changes are happening – and how quickly – we still don’t fully understand why fast evolution happens to some genes but not others.40. Which of the following statements may the author agree with?A. Evolution occurs among several people overnight.B. Genes may change and some are beneficial to people’s lives.C. Evolution is done when the whole population possesses a certain gene.D. The changed genes leading to higher survival rates are chosen deliberately.41. The underlined word “disrupts” in paragraph 3 can be best replaced by________.A. explains B. causes C. upsets D. heals42. The author illustrates humans’ ongoing evolution with the following examples EXCEPT that__________.A. some people can resist infectious diseases like malariaB. children in Tibet tolerate living environments with thin airC. northwestern Europeans digest lactose better than East AsiansD. the human gene HAR1 resembles that of a chimp to a lesser extent43. Which of the following may serve as the title?A. What Is Natural Selection?B. Are Humans Still Evolving?C. Why Will Certain Genes Evolve?D. How Do Mutated Genes Function?【答案】40. B 41. C 42. D 43. B【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章作者通过分析研究和例子告诉读者：人类的进化还在进行，并没有停止。【40题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Evolution is a gradual change to the DNA of a species over many generations. It can occur by natural selection, when certain traits created by genetic changes help an organism survive or reproduce. Such genes are thus more likely to be passed on to the next generation, so they increase in frequency in a population. Gradually, these changes and their associated traits become more common among the whole group.”（进化是一个物种的DNA在许多代中逐渐改变的过程。它可以通过自然选择发生，当遗传变化产生的某些特征帮助生物体生存或繁殖时。这样的基因更有可能传递给下一代，因此它们在种群中出现的频率会增加。渐渐地，这些变化及其相关特征在整个群体中变得更加普遍。）可知，基因可能会改变，其中一些对人们的生活有益。故选B项。【41题详解】词义猜测题。划线后提及到“a key driving force of evolution”（进化的一个关键驱动力）在此应指代前文提及的“natural selection”（自然选择）。根据常识，人类通过现代医疗保健的方式来延长了一些人的寿命却也是对“自然选择”这一进化关键驱动力的“破坏”。故选C项。【42题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Survivors of infectious disease outbreaks drive natural selection by giving their genetic resistance to offspring. Our DNA shows evidence for recent selection for resistance of killer diseases like Lassa fever and malaria. Selection in response to malaria remains in regions where the disease remains common.”（传染病爆发的幸存者通过将他们的基因抗性传给后代来推动自然选择。我们的DNA显示了对致命疾病如拉沙热和疟疾的抗性最近选择的证据。在疟疾仍然普遍的地区，针对疟疾的选择仍然存在。），文章第四段“Humans are also adapting to their environment. Gene change allowing humans to live at high altitudes have become more common in populations in Tibet, Ethiopia, and the Andes. The spread of genetic changes in Tibet is possibly the fastest evolutionary change in humans, occurring over the past 3,000 years. This rapid increase in frequency of a mutated gene that increases blood oxygen content gives locals a survival advantage in higher altitudes, resulting in more surviving children.”（人类也在适应环境。在西藏、埃塞俄比亚和安第斯山脉，允许人类生活在高海拔地区的基因改变已经变得越来越普遍。西藏基因变化的传播可能是人类进化中最快的变化，发生在过去3000年里。这种增加血液含氧量的突变基因频率的快速增加，使当地人在高海拔地区具有生存优势，从而产生更多存活下来的孩子。）和文章第五段“Diet is another source for adaptations. Studies show that natural selection favoring a change allowing adults to produce lactase – the enzyme (酶) that breaks down milk sugars – is why some groups of people can digest milk. Over 80 per cent of northwest Europeans can, but in parts of East Asia, where milk is much less commonly drunk, an inability to digest lactose is the norm. Like high altitude adaptation, selection to digest milk has evolved more than once in humans and may be the strongest kind of recent selection.”（饮食是适应的另一个来源。研究表明，自然选择有利于使成年人产生乳糖酶(一种分解牛奶糖的酶)的变化，这就是为什么某些群体的人能够消化牛奶。超过80%的西北欧人可以吃到乳糖，但在东亚部分地区，牛奶饮用的普及率要低得多，无法消化乳糖是常见现象。就像高原适应性一样，消化牛奶的选择在人类身上已经进化了不止一次，而且可能是最近最强烈的一种选择。）可知，抵抗某些传染病，适应环境以及饮食适应都是人类正在进化的例子。因此可以依次排除A，B和C。故选D项。【43题详解】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Modern medicine’s ability to keep us alive makes it tempting to think human evolution may have stopped. But if we look at the rate of our DNA’s evolution, we can see that human evolution hasn’t stopped – it may even be happening faster than before.”（现代医学让我们存活下来的能力让我们很容易认为人类的进化可能已经停止了。但如果我们看看我们DNA的进化速度，我们可以看到人类的进化并没有停止——甚至可能比以前更快。）可知，作者提出观点：人类的进化并没有停止。接着作者分别从抵抗传染病，适应环境以及饮食适应等例子来告诉读者，人类正在进化。因此B选项“人类还在进化吗”符合题意。故选B项。(C)A US government study has found that facial recognition technology is getting better at identifying people wearing masks. The study is part of an ongoing research by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The agency has examined the effectiveness of more than 150 facial recognition systems on people wearing face coverings . The systems are powered by machine learning algorithms (算法). The first results of the study were announced in July, as health officials across the world urged people to wear masks to limit the spread of COVID-19. New findings were released this week . Police agencies have long used facial recognition technology to search for and help catch criminals. It can also be used to unlock phones or other electronic devices. Some robots use facial recognition technology to recognize the people they are communicating with. However, the wide use of masks in public has created major difficulties for such systems. The study looked at facial recognition systems already in use before the pandemic. It also looked at systems specially developed to work on masked faces. The NIST said it processed a total of 6. 2 million images for the experiment People in the images were not actually wearing masks. So, the researchers digitally added different mask shapes to faces in the pictures for use in the study. In some cases, up to 70 percent of a person’s face was covered in the images. Overall, the research shows the top-performing facial recognition systems fail to correctly identify unmasked individuals about 0. 3 percent of the time and the failure rate rose to about 5 percent with masked images. Many of the lower performing algorithms, however, had much higher error rates with masked images — as high as 20 to 50 percent. In the latest findings, researchers included results from 65 new facial recognition systems that have been developed since the start of the pandemic. “Some of these systems performed “significantly better” than the earlier ones，” Mei Ngan, a lead researcher on the project, said in a statement. The study also found round-shaped masks — which cover only the mouth and nose — led to fewer errors than wider ones that stretch across the cheeks. The new study also ran tests to see whether different colored masks would affect error rates. The team used red, white, black and light blue. The research findings suggested that generally, the red and black masks led to higher failure rates than the other colors.12. How does the author mainly present the study finding?A. By giving definitions and examples.B. By giving examples and a brief description.C. By presenting data and making a comparison.D. By giving definitions and presenting data.13. According to the study, what has affected the effectiveness of facial recognition?A. The speed of the machine learning algorithms.B. The operators’ skill in performing algorithms.C. The number of the tested people.D. The diversity of face coverings.14. Who is the most difficult to recognize?A. A girl wearing a white round-shaped mask.B. A lady with a red mask stretching across her cheeks.C. A man wearing a light blue mask covering his mouth and nose.D. A man wearing a black mask with his nose and mouth covered up .15. What is the author’s attitude towards the facial recognition systems?A. Objective B. NegativeC. Uncaring. D. Doubtful.【答案】32. C 33. D 34. B 35. A【解析】这是一篇说明文。美国政府的一项研究发现，面部识别技术在识别戴口罩的人方面正变得越来越好。【12题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段最后两句“Overall, the research shows the top-performing facial recognition systems fail to correctly identify unmasked individuals about 0. 3 percent of the time and the failure rate rose to about 5 percent with masked images. Many of the lower performing algorithms, however, had much higher error rates with masked images — as high as 20 to 50 percent.”（总的来说，研究表明，表现最好的面部识别系统不能正确地识别出大约0. 3%个未被蒙面的人。而在使用蒙面图像的情况下，失败率上升到5%左右。然而，许多表现较差的算法，对蒙面图像的错误率要高得多——高达20%到50%。）可知，作者主要通过提供数据和对比的方式来呈现研究结果。故选C。【13题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段倒数第三句“The new study also ran tests to see whether different colored masks would affect error rates. ”（这项新研究还进行了测试，看不同颜色的口罩是否会影响错误率。）和倒数第四句“The study also found round-shaped masks — which cover only the mouth and nose — led to fewer errors than wider ones that stretch across the cheeks.”（研究还发现，圆形口罩(只覆盖嘴和鼻子)比宽口罩(覆盖脸颊)产生的错误要少。）可知，口罩的多样性影响面部识别的有效性。故选D。【14题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“The research findings suggested that generally, the red and black masks led to higher failure rates than the other colors.”（研究结果表明，一般来说，红色和黑色面具比其他颜色的面具失败率更高。）和倒数第四句“The study also found round-shaped masks — which cover only the mouth and nose — led to fewer errors than wider ones that stretch across the cheeks.”（研究还发现，圆形口罩(只覆盖嘴和鼻子)比宽口罩(覆盖脸颊)产生的错误要少。）可知，一位戴着红色宽口罩的女士会最难识别。故选B。【15题详解】推理判断题。全文只是介绍了对人脸识别系统的研究，并没有表达作者的个人观点，所以作者对人脸识别系统持客观态度。故选A。Section CDirections: Read the following passages.Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box.Each sentence can be used only once.Note that there are two more sentences than you need.How to Work From HomeAs more companies across nearly every industry accommodate an increasing number of employees wishing to forego (摒弃) the morning commute and office pantry footfall, remote work has become an increasingly easy and breathlessly practical option for many who seek it.___1___. Here is a modest guide to becoming a successful remote employee. It’s a culmination (巅峰) of what I’ve learned along the way.Don’t sleep where you work. Whether it’s a rented office space or a den converted (转换) into a home office or a cabin in the woods for that matter, find a space away from your bedroom to work.___2___. “Having a consistent schedule and being kind of strict about it is really useful for drawing outlines around your time so that you can keep things balanced for both work and play,” said Jacqui Cheng, editor in chief of Wirecutter, and someone who’s worked from home full time for over 12 years.Plan against distractions.___3___You can explain to your family members or children that your work area is off limits, and they should avoid interrupting unless it’s important.Trying to mix work and free time runs the danger of never quite powering down or shutting off.___4___. Besides, your friends and family miss out on the time you would spend with them if you worked in an office instead of at home. Make sure to enforce your boundaries.A. Get into your groove.B. Set boundaries if you’re working at home.C. Close your work chat programs and emails and consider yourself “out for the day,” and “home now.”D. I can comfortably and productively contribute a solid day’s work from almost anywhere.E. And it can lead to burnout and depression from feeling like you’re always on and available.F. There are many things that contribute to becoming a successful work-from-home employee.【答案】1. F 2. A 3. B 4. E【解析】【分析】本文为说明文。介绍了如何实现高效远程办公。文章分三个层次：首先介绍远程办公是当下的一种趋势和许多人的愿望；接着介绍如何高效远程办公的方法；最后说明了处理不好工作时间和生活休闲时间的弊端。【1题详解】根据上文remote work has become an increasingly easy and breathlessly practical option for many who seek it.可知，当前远程办公是一种趋势和人们的希望，F项“有许多事情有助于你成为一名成功的在家办公的员工。 ”自然过渡到怎样实现高效远程办公话题，符合语境。故选F。【2题详解】空格处是段落主题句。由下文引用的一位远程办公的成功人士的话：Having a consistent schedule and being kind of strict about it is really useful for drawing outlines around your time so that you can keep things balanced for both work and play,(有一个一致的时间表，并严格遵守它对于规划你的时间是非常有用的，以便你可以保持工作和游戏的平衡)很有说服力地说明依照惯例制定日程安排并严格执行非常有助于合理规划时间的重要性。因此本段讲述“按照你的惯例行事”。故选A。【3题详解】本小节的主题是做好应对干扰的计划，故下面的叙述都是如何应对干扰的，B项的意思：“当你在家办公时，要设定好界限”和主题句意思相吻合。故选B。【4题详解】由前一句Trying to mix work and free time runs the danger of never quite powering down or shutting off.可知，试图将工作和空闲时间混在一起，会有一直不能完全休眠或是关机的风险，可推断接下来要说明风险具体是怎么产生的，和E句意思“总是在工作、随叫随到的感觉而导致身心俱疲和抑郁”相匹配。故选E。第II卷Section AIII. Summary Writing (10分)Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Social networking sites such as Facebook, MySpace and Orkut are now estimated to have more than 700 million users worldwide. As users can create any profile of themselves they choose, you might expect them to portray themselves in the best possible way. When putting up a profile, it would be reasonable for them to present positive images, choose classy interests, and carefully express their thoughts so as to appear more intelligent than in real life. But according to recent research, this is not the case. Far from presenting themselves in a pleasing way, most users' profiles reflect their true personalities, and reveal both psychological and natural physical weaknesses.Research was carried out on 250 Facebook users who filled in a personality questionnaire. Results were compared with the same people's Facebook profiles. The survey set out to assess not only the participants' actual personality, but their "ideal" personality---in other words, what kind of person they would be if they actually possessed all their ideal characteristics. These results were then compared with the participants' Facebook profiles. What emerged was astonishing: far from being idealized versions of themselves, people's online profiles roughly resemble what they were really like. Their profiles accurately reflected how agreeable, outgoing, hardworking and sociable they were in real life. It's not entirely clear why online profiles display users' personalities so accurately. It could be that users want to portray themselves as they really are, or it could be that people attempt to present an ideal image of themselves but in fact fail to do so. One thing seems clear: social networking sites can in no way be considered a false online world that is idealized and removed from reality; rather, they are simply another way in which people choose to interact with each other.Sample Summary:It is generally believed that internet users tend to present a better online profile of themselves. However, research conducted on 250 Facebook users indicates their profiles do not conflict with their real personalities. Though the reason remains unclear, it is certain that social networking sites are not a false virtual world but are places where real interaction takes place. （Word Count: 59)Section BTranslation (第1-2句，每句3分；第3句，4分；第4句5分；共15分)Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1. 学而不思犹如食而不化。(like)Learning / To read without reflecting / reflection / thinking is just like eating without digesting / digestion. 2. 全球气候变暖使得一些稀有动物濒临灭绝。(leave)The global warming has left some rare species of animals threatened with extinction/ in great danger of extinction. 3. 我养成了习惯，趁记忆犹新，就把难忘的经历写下来。(while)I have formed/ developed/ cultivated a habit of writing down the unforgettable experiences while they’re still fresh in my mind/memory. 4. 这部新上映的电影刻画的是生活中最微不足道的小事会如何影响我们的人生轨迹。(feature)The / This newly - released movie features how the tiniest incidents in our life can have an impact / effect on what our life will be like / the course of our life. 5. 正因为大量健身步道的投入使用，越来越多的上海市民开始了定期户外锻炼，“每天一万步”一成为都市新风尚。(It)It is because a large number of fitness / jogging / hiking trails have been put into use that more and more Shanghai citizens get / become engaged in / take (up) / do / take part in regular outdoor exercise / regular exercise outdoors and 10,000 steps a day has become a new urban trend / fashion.Section CDirections: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.随着互联网的发展和普及，网络购物在中国也变得越来越普遍了，甚至已经成了我们日常生活的一部分了。相信同学们身边一定有不少同学已经通过网络进行购物了，比如淘宝网等，但是网络购物究竟有何利弊呢? 请写一篇短文，谈谈网上购物的好处与坏处。 With the development of the Internet and the popularization of computers, shopping on the Internet has become a commonplace in our life. Here consumers can buy almost everything they need. Shopping on the Internet has a lot of advantages, of which the most important is perhaps its convenience. People don't have to waste a lot of their energy and precious time to go from one shop to another to choose the commodities they like. This is especially desirable to the old, the sick and the busy people who cannot go to the shops in person. The goods come in all shapes, sizes and colors on the Internet. All they need to do is to sit in front of their computers and click the mouses. The commodities they order will be delivered（运送）to them promptly. However, shopping on the Internet also has its disadvantages. The first disadvantage is that the consumers can't see the goods or try them on personally. Sometimes, the real goods may not be the same as what they have seen on the computer. The second disadvantage is that some shops on the Internet are not registered. They will never deliver anything to you after they get the money from you. Once cheated, you will find that you have nowhere to go to complain. A.-common B .determine C.eftbrt D.efiect AB .discourages AC. lackAD. advances BC.illegal BD. applications CD. outcomes ABC. moral
Unit 4. Life and Technology单元素养评估测试卷第= 1 \* ROMANI卷 I. Listening ComprehensionII. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Social robots are going to become a lot more common in the next few years, ___1___ in the home or the workplace. Social robots are about to bring technology to the everyday world in a more humanized way, said Cynthia Breazeal, chief scientist at the robot company Jibo.___2___ household robots today do the normal housework, social robots will be much more like companions than mere tools. For example, these robots will be able to distinguish when someone is happy or sad. This allows them ___3___ (respond) more appropriately to the user.The Jibo robot, ___4___ (arrange) to ship later this year, is designed to be a personalized assistant. You can talk to the robot, ask it questions, and make requests for it to perform different tasks. The robot doesn’t just deliver general answers to questions; it responds based on ___5___ it learns about each individual in the household. It can do things such as reminding an elderly family member to take medicine or taking family photos.Social robots are not just finding their way into the home. They have potential applications ___6___ everything from education to health care and are already finding their way into some of these spaces.Fellow Robots is one company ___7___ (bring) social robots to the market. The company’s “Oshbot” robot is built to assist customers in a store, ___8___which can help the customers find items and help guide them to the product’s location in the store. It can also speak different languages and make recommendations for different items based on what the customer is shopping for.The more interaction the robot has with humans, ___9___ (much) it learns.But Oshbot, like other social robots, ___10___ (not intend) to replace workers, but to work alongside other employees. “We have technologies to train social robots to do things not for us, but with us,” said Breazeal. 【答案】1. either 2. while 3. to respond 4. arranged 5. what 6. in 7. bringing 8. which 9. the more 10. is not intended【解析】这是一篇应用文。文章介绍了社交机器人将以一种更人性化的方式把技术带到日常世界。【1题详解】考查固定搭配。句意：未来几年，社交机器人将变得更加普遍，无论是在家里还是在工作场所。根据or the workplace，可知此处用either，固定短语either...or...“要么……要么……，不是……就是……”。故填either。【2题详解】考查连接词。句意：今天的家用机器人做着普通的家务，社交机器人将更像是伙伴而不仅仅是工具。根据social robots will be much more like companions than mere tools可知，前后句为对比转折句，连词while“虽然，在……期间，（对比两件事物）……而”符合题意。故填while。【3题详解】考查不定式。句意：这使它们能够更适当地响应用户。根据allows them可知，此处用不定式，短语allow sb. to do sth.“允许某人做某事”。故填to respond。【4题详解】考查过去分词作定语。句意：Jibo机器人将于今年迟点上市，它被设计成一个个性化的助手。arrange与the Jibo robot是逻辑动宾关系，应使用过去分词作定语。故填arranged。【5题详解】考查宾语从句的引导词。句意：它的反应基于它对家庭中每个人的了解。此处是what引导的宾语从句，what在句子作learn的宾语。故填what。【6题详解】考查介词。句意：它们在从教育到医疗保健的各个领域都有潜在的应用，并且已经在这些领域找到了自己的出路。根据everything from education to health care可知，用介词in表示“在……方面”。故填in。【7题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：Fellow Robots是一家将社交机器人推向市场的公司。此句已有谓语动词is，此处要用非谓语动词，且one company与动词bring是主谓关系，应使用现在分词形式。故填bringing。【9题详解】考查固定句式。句意：机器人与人类互动越多，它的学习能力就越强。根据The more interaction the robot has with humans,可知用the more。句式The+比较级…, the+比较级…“越……越……”。故填the more。【10题详解】考查被动语态。句意：但和其他社交机器人一样，Oshbot并不是为了取代工人，而是为了和其他员工一起工作。短语be not intended to“不打算……”，主语为Oshbot，时态为一般现在时。故填is not intended。Section B Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A recent study, while showing a generally positive attitude toward science, also suggests a widespread worry that it may be "running out of control". This idea is dangerous.Science can be a force for evil as well as for good. Its ___17___ can be channeled either way, depending on our decisions. The decisions we make, personally or collectively, will ___18___ the outcomes of science. But here is a real danger. Science ___19___ so fast and is so strongly influenced by businesses that we are likely to believe whatever decisions we come to will make little difference. And, rather than fighting for the best possible policies, we may step back and do nothing.Some people go even further. They say that despite the ___20___ and legal objections (反对), whatever is scientifically possible will be done-somewhere , sometime. They believe that science will get out of control in the end. This belief is dangerous too, because it fuels a sense of hopelessness and ___21___ them from making efforts to build a safer world.In our interconnected world, the ___22___ of agreement in and out of the world of science can lead to the failure to control the use of science. Without a ___23___ understanding, the challenges of "controlling" science in this century will be really tough. Take human cloning for example. Despite the general agreement among scientists on its possible huge ___24___ on traditional moral values, some countries still go ahead with the research and development of its related techniques. The ___25___ are hard to predict.Therefore, discussions on how science is applied should be extended far beyond scientific societies. Only through the untied ___26___ of people with hope, can we be fully safe against the misuse of science and can science best serve mankind in the future.【答案】17. BD 18. B 19. AD 20. ABC 21. AB 22. AC 23. A 24. D 25. CD 26. C【解析】这是一篇议论文。最近的一项研究虽然显示了人们对科学普遍的积极态度，但也表明人们普遍担心科学可能会“失控”。这种想法是危险的。【17题详解】考查名词。句意：根据我们的决定，它的应用可以以任何一种方式引导。根据Its 形容词性物主代词后可知，此处要用名词，结合Science can be a force for evil as well as for good.可知，要用名词复数形式。applications“应用”符合题意。故选BD。【18题详解】考查动词。句意：我们个人或集体做出的决定将决定科学的结果。根据情态动词will可知，此处用动词原形。determine“决定”符合题意。故选B。【19题详解】考查动词。句意：科学发展如此之快，受商业的影响如此之大，以至于我们很可能相信，我们做出的任何决定都不会有什么不同。根据and is可知，时态是一般现在时，主语为Science，要用第三人称单数形式。advance“发展，前进”符合题意，advances so fast“进步如此快”。故选AD。【20题详解】考查形容词。句意：他们说，尽管存在道德和法律上的反对，任何科学上可能的事情都将在某个地方、某个时间被完成。根据and legal可知，此处用并列的形容词修饰名词objections。moral“道德的”符合题意。故选ABC。【21题详解】考查动词。句意：这种信念也很危险，因为它助长了一种绝望感，使他们不愿努力建设一个更安全的世界。根据并列连词and 可知，此处缺少谓语动词，时态为一般现在时。discourage“阻止，使气馁”符合题意，discourage sb. from doing sth.“阻止某人做某事”。故选AB。【22题详解】考查名词。句意：在我们这个相互联系的世界里，科学界内外缺乏共识可能会导致无法控制科学的使用。根据冠词the可知此处用名词，lack“缺少”，the lack of sth.“缺少某物”。故选AC。【23题详解】考查形容词。句意：如果没有一个共同的认识，本世纪“控制”科学的挑战将是非常艰巨的。根据冠词a和名词understanding可知，此处用形容词。common“共同的”符合题意。故选A。【24题详解】考查名词。句意：尽管科学家们普遍认为它可能对传统道德价值观产生巨大影响，但一些国家仍然继续研究和开发它的相关技术。根据形容词huge可知，此处要用名词。effect“作用，影响，效果”符合题意，effect on “对……的影响”。故选D。【25题详解】考查名词。句意：结果很难预测。根据冠词the可知用名词，谓语动词为are 可知，此处用名词复数形式。outcomes“结果”符合题意。故选CD。【26题详解】考查名词。句意：只有通过有希望的人们的不懈努力，我们才能完全安全的防止科学的滥用，科学才能在未来更好的为人类服务。根据形容词untied可知，此处要用名词。effort“努力”符合题意，united effort“共同努力”。故选C。II. Reading ComprehensionSection A Do Brain Training Games Work?With an ageing population worried about cognitive (认知的) decline, brain training apps have soared in popularity. Search “brain training”, and you will find ____21____ apps and websites promising to make you mentally agile (敏捷的). In the same way that we might go to the gym to exercise, a daily mental ____22____ is said to produce physical changes in the brain. All you will have to do is to ____23____ a few minutes each day to complete puzzles, memory games and word quizzes.At least that’s the idea. And there are a lot of people who are ____24____ into it. In 2018, consumers spent an estimated $1.9 billion on brain training apps—a fourfold increase from 2012. Of course, smartphones were not the original home for brain training games. ____25____, Nintendo recently released its fourth all-time best-selling game, Brain Age, and brought it to the Switch in Japan last month. The idea of improving mental fitness clearly has widespread appeal, but is it based on scientific evidence or ____26____ marketing promises?In 2014, the Stanford Center on Longevity published an open letter ____27____ by 69 international neuroscientists (神经科学家) and cognitive psychologists. There is no convincing scientific evidence, the experts argued, that playing brain games improves cognitive abilities in everyday life.Two years later, another team of psychologists reviewed every scientific study cited by major brain training companies ____28____ their products. They questioned not only how the evidence had been reported and interpreted, but the way many of the studies had been designed. The ____29____ included small sample sizes, inadequate control groups, and cherry-picking (挑选最有利的) research outcomes to _____30_____.If the science is so _____31_____ flawed (错误的), why do people feel the need to train their brains with these apps and games?That’s _____32_____, according to Til Wykes, a professor at King’s College London. Nintendo’s Brain Age game, for instance, assigns players a score based on their gaming performance. They might start with a “brain age” score of 60 and after a few weeks of _____33_____, will be told they have reduced it to 40. For some people, there is clearly some positive reward for seeing themselves improve over time. Wykes stresses, _____34_____, that for people who are really worried about their cognition, learning a new language would be more beneficial, which has been shown to improve brain _____35_____.21. A. endless B. advanced C. protective D. imaginary22 A. outcome B. tryout C. workout D. outlook23. A. set out B. set back C. set off D. set aside24. A. buying B. engaging C. overlooking D. inquiring25. A. By contrast B. For instance C. Of course D. In conclusion26. A. reliable B. precious C. secret D. empty27. A. signed B. secured C. received D. sought28. A. in presence of B. in support of C. in case of D. in memory of29. A. expectation B. solution C. criticism D. standard30. A. report B. design C. produce D. negotiate31. A. effortlessly B. temporarily C. seriously D. unfairly32. A. dependable B. understandable C. comparable D. achievable33. A. experiment B. theory C. practice D. performance34. A. altogether B. therefore C. however D. likewise35. A. movement B. cooperation C. evaluation D. function【答案】21. A 22. C 23. D 24. A 25. B 26. D 27. A 28. B 29. C 30. A 31. C 32. B 33. C 34. C 35. D【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章通过引用数据、科学报告，事例等方式，论述了脑力训练游戏对提高大脑的认知能力是否有用的问题。【21题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：搜索“大脑训练”，你会发现不计其数的应用程序和网站，承诺让你在思想上变得敏捷。A. endless不计其数的，无止境的；B. advanced先进的；C. protective保护的；D. imaginary想象的。根据前文的“brain training apps have soared in popularity”可知，大脑训练类的应用程序人气急升，很受欢迎，由此可推断出，当你搜索“大脑训练”时，你会发现不计其数的应用程序。故选A项。【22题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：就像我们可能去健身房锻炼一样，每天的智力上的练习据说会使大脑产生生理变化。A. outcome结果，成果；B. tryout试验，试用；C. workout锻炼，练习；D. outlook观点。根据前文的“go to the gym to exercise”可知，上文指的是去健身房进行身体上的锻炼，空格处指的是进行智力上的练习。故选C项。【23题详解】考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：你所要做的就是每天留出几分钟来完成智力游戏、记忆游戏和字谜游戏。A. set out出发，启程；B. set back使推迟；C. set off使爆炸；D. set aside留出。根据前文的“a daily mental _____”可知，每天要进行智力上的练习，由此可推断出是每天留出几分钟来完成智力游戏等练习。故选D项。【24题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：至少这是个主意。而且有很多人都在为它买账。A. buying买；B. engaging吸引住（注意力、兴趣）；C. overlooking忽略；D. inquiring询问。根据后文的“consumers spent an estimated $1.9 billion on brain training apps”可知，消费者在大脑训练应用程序上花费了很多钱，由此可推断出，很多人都在为这个主意买账，“buy into”意为“买入”。故选A项。【25题详解】考查介词短语词义辨析。句意：例如，任天堂最近发布了第四款有史以来最畅销的游戏Brain Age，并于上个月在日本的游戏机上发布。A. By contrast相比之下；B. For instance例如；C. Of course当然；D. In conclusion总而言之。上文说大脑训练游戏并不只是出现在智能手机上，空格后举例，大脑训练游戏也出现在游戏机上，例如任天堂最近发布的Brain Age，由此可推断出，空格处是在举例，For instance意为“例如”，符合语境。故选B项。【26题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：改善智力健康的想法显然具有广泛的吸引力，但它是基于科学证据还是空洞的营销承诺？A. reliable可信赖的；B. precious宝贵的；C. secret秘密的；D. empty空洞的。根据句中“scientific evidence”和连词“or”可知，作者这里是在提出疑问，这种想法是基于“科学证据”还是“空洞的营销承诺”，“empty”意为“空洞的”，与前文的科学证据形成对比。故选D项。【27题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：2014年，斯坦福长寿研究中心发表了一封由69位国际神经科学家和认知心理学家签署的公开信。A. signed签署；B. secured获得，取得；C. received收到；D. sought寻找，寻求。根据后文内容可知，专家们认为，没有令人信服的科学证据表明玩脑力游戏可以提高日常生活中的认知能力。由此可推断出，空格处应该是专家们“签署”了这份公开信，向公众公开这一看法，signed意为“签署”，动词词性。故选A项。【28题详解】考查介词短语词义辨析。句意：两年后，另一组心理学家回顾了主要的大脑培训公司为支持他们的产品而引用的每项科学研究。A. in presence of在……面前；B. in support of支持；C. in case of如果发生……；D. in memory of纪念……。根据句中“scientific study”可知，引用科学研究是为了“支持”他们的产品，in support of意为“支持”，符合语境。故选B项。【29题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：批评包括样本量小，控制组不足，以及择优报告研究结果。A. expectation预料，预期；B. solution解决办法；C. criticism批评；D. standard标准。根据后文的“small sample sizes”和“inadequate control groups”可知，下文说的是这些公司引用的科学研究存在着“样本量小”和“控制组不足”的问题，由此可推断出，空格处应该是专家们针对这些研究的“批评”。故选C项。【30题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：批评包括样本量小，控制组不足，以及择优报告研究结果。A. report报告；B. design设计；C. produce生产；D. negotiate谈判，协商。根据句中“cherry-picking research outcomes”可知，应该是挑选最有利的研究成果去“报告”，这样才能让人们相信公司的产品。故选A项。【31题详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：如果它所引用的科学有如此严重的错误，为什么人们觉得有必要用这些应用程序和游戏来训练大脑呢？A. effortlessly毫不费力地；B. temporarily临时地；C. seriously严重地；D. unfairly不公平地。上文提到这些公司所引用的科学研究存在着样本量小，控制组不足，以及择优报告研究结果的问题，由此可推断出，它所引用的科学是“严重地”错误的。故选C项。【32题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：King’s College London的教授Til Wykes认为，这是可以理解的。A. dependable可靠的；B. understandable可以理解的；C. comparable类似的，可比较的；D. achievable可达到的。下文Til Wykes以任天堂的Brain Age游戏为例，来解释为什么人们用游戏来训练大脑，由此可推断出，这里Til Wykes认为人们的这种行为是“可以理解的”。故选B项。【33题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们可能一开始的“大脑年龄”得分为60分，经过几周的练习，他们会被告知已经将其降至40分。A. experiment实验；B. theory理论；C. practice练习；D. performance表演。根据上文“Nintendo’s Brain Age game”可知，这里是以任天堂的Brain Age游戏为例，来解释为什么人们用游戏来训练大脑，由此可推断出，游戏应该是通过“练习”，使自己的大脑年龄更年轻。故选C项。【34题详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，Wykes强调，对于那些真正担心自己认知能力的人来说，学习一门新语言会更有益处，这已经被证明可以改善大脑功能。A. altogether完全，全部；B. therefore因此；C. however然而；D. likewise同样地。根据下文“learning a new language would be more beneficial”可知，Wykes强调，比起玩游戏，学习一门新语言对改善大脑功能更有益处，由此可推断出，这里Wykes的观点和上文“用应用程序和游戏来训练大脑”的观点为转折关系，故应用however。故选C项。【35题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，Wykes强调，对于那些真正担心自己认知能力的人来说，学习一门新语言会更有益处，这已经被证明可以改善大脑功能。A. movement运动，移动；B. cooperation合作；C. evaluation评价，估计；D. function功能。本文主要讲的是如何提高大脑的认知能力，根据句中“learning a new language would be more beneficial”可知，空格处指的是学习一门新语言能够对改善大脑“功能”更有益处。故选D项。Section B (A)Math, Taught like FootballGrowing up, I thought math class was something to be endured, not enjoyed. I disliked memorizing formulas and taking tests, all for the dull goal of getting a good grade. But my problem wasn’t with math itself. In fact, I spent countless hours as a child doing logic and math puzzles on my own, and as a teenager, when a topic seemed particularly interesting, I would go to the library and read more about it.By high school, none of my teachers questioned my mathematical talent, but none of them really encouraged it, either. No one told me that I could become a professional mathematician. What I wanted to do then was to play college football. My ambition was to get an athletic scholarship to attend a Big Ten school.The chances of that happening were very low. In high school, I was just an above-average athlete and my high school was not a “feeder” school for college sports programs.That didn’t stop me from dreaming, though. And it didn’t stop my coaches from encouraging me to believe I could reach my goal, and preparing and pushing me to work for it. They made video tapes of my performances and sent them to college coaches around the country. It didn’t matter that I didn’t initially attract much interest from the big schools. My coaches kept picking up the phone, and kept convincing me to try to prove myself. In the end, a Big Ten school, Pennstate, did offer me a scholarship.A growing body of research shows that students are affected by more than just the quality of a lesson plan. They also respond to the passion of their teachers and the engagement of their peers, and they seek a sense of purpose. They benefit from specific instructions, constant feedback and a culture of earning that encourages resilience in the face of failure.Until I got to college, I didn’t really know what mathematics was. I still thought of it as problem sets and laborious computations. Then one day, one of my professors handed me a book and suggested that I think about a particular problem. It wasn’t easy, but it was fascinating.My professor kept giving me problems, and I kept pursuing them. Before long, he was introducing me to problems that had never been solved before and urging me to find new techniques to help crack them.I am now a Ph. D. candidate in mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and I have published several papers in mathematical journals. I still feel that childlike excitement every time I complete a proof. I wish I’d known this was possible when I was a kid.36. Why did the writer think math class in school was “something to be endured” before entering college?A. Because he wasn’t interested in math.B. Because his math teachers didn’t care to push him.C. Because he was too smart and talented for math class.D. Because he was training hard for an athletic scholarship.37. According to the writer, students are affected by the following things from teachers or coaches EXCEPT __________.A. passion B. constant feedbackC. a sense of purpose D. specific instructions38. We can conclude that after entering college, the writer___________.A. was busy looking for problem sets to crackB. began to realize what mathematics really isC. met with laborious computations in his studiesD. studied on his own just as he was in high school39. What does “this” in the last sentence mean?A. Feeling the children excitement.B. Different mathematical research.C. Generating curiosity and creativity.D. Being a professional mathematician.【答案】36. B 37. C 38. B 39. D【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。本文主要讲述了作者大学以前不喜欢数学，老师也没有逼他。作者希望数学老师更像足球教练那样给与他鼓励。学生不仅会受到教案质量的影响。他们还会对老师的热情和同龄人的参与做出反应，并寻求目标感。到了大学后，作者才真正知道数学是什么。它更接近于作者小时候独自做的数学和逻辑难题，它给了作者同样的好奇心和好奇心，它奖励了作者的创造力。【36题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段“By high school, none of my teachers questioned my mathematical talent, but none of them really encouraged it, either. No one told me that I could become a professional mathematician.。到了高中，我的老师没有一个质疑过我的数学天赋，但也没有一个真正鼓励我的数学天赋。没有人告诉我，我可以成为一个专业数学家。”可知在学校的时候他的数学老师不愿意督促、逼迫他。故选B。【37题详解】细节理解题。根据第四段“A growing body of research shows that students are affected by more than just the quality of a lesson plan. They also respond to the passion of their teachers and the engagement of their peers, and they seek a sense of purpose. They benefit from specific instructions and constant feedback(反馈). 越来越多的研究表明，影响学生的不仅仅是教学计划的质量。他们还会对老师的热情和同龄人的参与做出回应，他们还会寻求一种使命感。他们受益于特定的指令和持续的反馈。”可知他们受到老师的热情，具体的指导和同龄人不断的反馈的影响。而目标感是学生自己的。故选C。【38题详解】细节理解题，根据第五段“Until I got to college, I didn't really know what mathematics was. 直到上了大学，我才真正知道数学是什么。”可知作者进入大学才开始意识到数学到底是什么，故选B。【39题详解】词义猜测题。根据文章最后一段“I am now a Ph. D. candidate in mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and I have published several papers in mathematical journals. I still feel that childlike excitement every time I complete a proof. I wish I’d known this was possible when I was a kid. 我现在在麻省理工学院攻读数学博士学位，我在数学期刊上发表过几篇论文。每当我完成一个证明，我仍然能感受到那种孩子般的兴奋。我希望在我还是个孩子的时候就知道这是可能的。”可知，划线处“this”指代上文提到的攻读数学博士，发表论文等，即成为一名专业的数学家。故选D。(B)Modern medicine’s ability to keep us alive makes it tempting to think human evolution may have stopped. But if we look at the rate of our DNA’s evolution, we can see that human evolution hasn’t stopped – it may even be happening faster than before.Evolution is a gradual change to the DNA of a species over many generations. It can occur by natural selection, when certain traits created by genetic changes help an organism survive or reproduce. Such genes are thus more likely to be passed on to the next generation, so they increase in frequency in a population. Gradually, these changes and their associated traits become more common among the whole group.By looking at global studies of our DNA, we can see evidence that natural selection has recently made changes and continues to do so. Though modern healthcare disrupts a key driving force of evolution by keeping some people alive longer, in countries without access to good healthcare, populations are continuing to evolve. Survivors of infectious disease outbreaks drive natural selection by giving their genetic resistance to offspring. Our DNA shows evidence for recent selection for resistance of killer diseases like Lassa fever and malaria. Selection in response to malaria remains in regions where the disease remains common.Humans are also adapting to their environment. Gene change allowing humans to live at high altitudes have become more common in populations in Tibet, Ethiopia, and the Andes. The spread of genetic changes in Tibet is possibly the fastest evolutionary change in humans, occurring over the past 3,000 years. This rapid increase in frequency of a mutated gene that increases blood oxygen content gives locals a survival advantage in higher altitudes, resulting in more surviving children.Diet is another source for adaptations. Studies show that natural selection favoring a change allowing adults to produce lactase – the enzyme (酶) that breaks down milk sugars – is why some groups of people can digest milk. Over 80 per cent of northwest Europeans can, but in parts of East Asia, where milk is much less commonly drunk, an inability to digest lactose is the norm. Like high altitude adaptation, selection to digest milk has evolved more than once in humans and may be the strongest kind of recent selection.Yet, despite these changes, natural selection only affects about 8 per cent of our genome. But scientists can’t explain why some genes are evolving much faster than others. We measure the speed of gene evolution by comparing human DNA with that of other species. One fast-evolving gene is human accelerated region 1 (HAR1), which is needed during brain development. A random section of human DNA is on average more than 98 per cent identical to the chimp comparator, but HAR1 is so fast evolving that it’s only around 85 per cent similar. Though scientists can see these changes are happening – and how quickly – we still don’t fully understand why fast evolution happens to some genes but not others.40. Which of the following statements may the author agree with?A. Evolution occurs among several people overnight.B. Genes may change and some are beneficial to people’s lives.C. Evolution is done when the whole population possesses a certain gene.D. The changed genes leading to higher survival rates are chosen deliberately.41. The underlined word “disrupts” in paragraph 3 can be best replaced by________.A. explains B. causes C. upsets D. heals42. The author illustrates humans’ ongoing evolution with the following examples EXCEPT that__________.A. some people can resist infectious diseases like malariaB. children in Tibet tolerate living environments with thin airC. northwestern Europeans digest lactose better than East AsiansD. the human gene HAR1 resembles that of a chimp to a lesser extent43. Which of the following may serve as the title?A. What Is Natural Selection?B. Are Humans Still Evolving?C. Why Will Certain Genes Evolve?D. How Do Mutated Genes Function?【答案】40. B 41. C 42. D 43. B【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章作者通过分析研究和例子告诉读者：人类的进化还在进行，并没有停止。【40题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Evolution is a gradual change to the DNA of a species over many generations. It can occur by natural selection, when certain traits created by genetic changes help an organism survive or reproduce. Such genes are thus more likely to be passed on to the next generation, so they increase in frequency in a population. Gradually, these changes and their associated traits become more common among the whole group.”（进化是一个物种的DNA在许多代中逐渐改变的过程。它可以通过自然选择发生，当遗传变化产生的某些特征帮助生物体生存或繁殖时。这样的基因更有可能传递给下一代，因此它们在种群中出现的频率会增加。渐渐地，这些变化及其相关特征在整个群体中变得更加普遍。）可知，基因可能会改变，其中一些对人们的生活有益。故选B项。【41题详解】词义猜测题。划线后提及到“a key driving force of evolution”（进化的一个关键驱动力）在此应指代前文提及的“natural selection”（自然选择）。根据常识，人类通过现代医疗保健的方式来延长了一些人的寿命却也是对“自然选择”这一进化关键驱动力的“破坏”。故选C项。【42题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Survivors of infectious disease outbreaks drive natural selection by giving their genetic resistance to offspring. Our DNA shows evidence for recent selection for resistance of killer diseases like Lassa fever and malaria. Selection in response to malaria remains in regions where the disease remains common.”（传染病爆发的幸存者通过将他们的基因抗性传给后代来推动自然选择。我们的DNA显示了对致命疾病如拉沙热和疟疾的抗性最近选择的证据。在疟疾仍然普遍的地区，针对疟疾的选择仍然存在。），文章第四段“Humans are also adapting to their environment. Gene change allowing humans to live at high altitudes have become more common in populations in Tibet, Ethiopia, and the Andes. The spread of genetic changes in Tibet is possibly the fastest evolutionary change in humans, occurring over the past 3,000 years. This rapid increase in frequency of a mutated gene that increases blood oxygen content gives locals a survival advantage in higher altitudes, resulting in more surviving children.”（人类也在适应环境。在西藏、埃塞俄比亚和安第斯山脉，允许人类生活在高海拔地区的基因改变已经变得越来越普遍。西藏基因变化的传播可能是人类进化中最快的变化，发生在过去3000年里。这种增加血液含氧量的突变基因频率的快速增加，使当地人在高海拔地区具有生存优势，从而产生更多存活下来的孩子。）和文章第五段“Diet is another source for adaptations. Studies show that natural selection favoring a change allowing adults to produce lactase – the enzyme (酶) that breaks down milk sugars – is why some groups of people can digest milk. Over 80 per cent of northwest Europeans can, but in parts of East Asia, where milk is much less commonly drunk, an inability to digest lactose is the norm. Like high altitude adaptation, selection to digest milk has evolved more than once in humans and may be the strongest kind of recent selection.”（饮食是适应的另一个来源。研究表明，自然选择有利于使成年人产生乳糖酶(一种分解牛奶糖的酶)的变化，这就是为什么某些群体的人能够消化牛奶。超过80%的西北欧人可以吃到乳糖，但在东亚部分地区，牛奶饮用的普及率要低得多，无法消化乳糖是常见现象。就像高原适应性一样，消化牛奶的选择在人类身上已经进化了不止一次，而且可能是最近最强烈的一种选择。）可知，抵抗某些传染病，适应环境以及饮食适应都是人类正在进化的例子。因此可以依次排除A，B和C。故选D项。【43题详解】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Modern medicine’s ability to keep us alive makes it tempting to think human evolution may have stopped. But if we look at the rate of our DNA’s evolution, we can see that human evolution hasn’t stopped – it may even be happening faster than before.”（现代医学让我们存活下来的能力让我们很容易认为人类的进化可能已经停止了。但如果我们看看我们DNA的进化速度，我们可以看到人类的进化并没有停止——甚至可能比以前更快。）可知，作者提出观点：人类的进化并没有停止。接着作者分别从抵抗传染病，适应环境以及饮食适应等例子来告诉读者，人类正在进化。因此B选项“人类还在进化吗”符合题意。故选B项。(C)A US government study has found that facial recognition technology is getting better at identifying people wearing masks. The study is part of an ongoing research by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The agency has examined the effectiveness of more than 150 facial recognition systems on people wearing face coverings . The systems are powered by machine learning algorithms (算法). The first results of the study were announced in July, as health officials across the world urged people to wear masks to limit the spread of COVID-19. New findings were released this week . Police agencies have long used facial recognition technology to search for and help catch criminals. It can also be used to unlock phones or other electronic devices. Some robots use facial recognition technology to recognize the people they are communicating with. However, the wide use of masks in public has created major difficulties for such systems. The study looked at facial recognition systems already in use before the pandemic. It also looked at systems specially developed to work on masked faces. The NIST said it processed a total of 6. 2 million images for the experiment People in the images were not actually wearing masks. So, the researchers digitally added different mask shapes to faces in the pictures for use in the study. In some cases, up to 70 percent of a person’s face was covered in the images. Overall, the research shows the top-performing facial recognition systems fail to correctly identify unmasked individuals about 0. 3 percent of the time and the failure rate rose to about 5 percent with masked images. Many of the lower performing algorithms, however, had much higher error rates with masked images — as high as 20 to 50 percent. In the latest findings, researchers included results from 65 new facial recognition systems that have been developed since the start of the pandemic. “Some of these systems performed “significantly better” than the earlier ones，” Mei Ngan, a lead researcher on the project, said in a statement. The study also found round-shaped masks — which cover only the mouth and nose — led to fewer errors than wider ones that stretch across the cheeks. The new study also ran tests to see whether different colored masks would affect error rates. The team used red, white, black and light blue. The research findings suggested that generally, the red and black masks led to higher failure rates than the other colors.12. How does the author mainly present the study finding?A. By giving definitions and examples.B. By giving examples and a brief description.C. By presenting data and making a comparison.D. By giving definitions and presenting data.13. According to the study, what has affected the effectiveness of facial recognition?A. The speed of the machine learning algorithms.B. The operators’ skill in performing algorithms.C. The number of the tested people.D. The diversity of face coverings.14. Who is the most difficult to recognize?A. A girl wearing a white round-shaped mask.B. A lady with a red mask stretching across her cheeks.C. A man wearing a light blue mask covering his mouth and nose.D. A man wearing a black mask with his nose and mouth covered up .15. What is the author’s attitude towards the facial recognition systems?A. Objective B. NegativeC. Uncaring. D. Doubtful.【答案】32. C 33. D 34. B 35. A【解析】这是一篇说明文。美国政府的一项研究发现，面部识别技术在识别戴口罩的人方面正变得越来越好。【12题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段最后两句“Overall, the research shows the top-performing facial recognition systems fail to correctly identify unmasked individuals about 0. 3 percent of the time and the failure rate rose to about 5 percent with masked images. Many of the lower performing algorithms, however, had much higher error rates with masked images — as high as 20 to 50 percent.”（总的来说，研究表明，表现最好的面部识别系统不能正确地识别出大约0. 3%个未被蒙面的人。而在使用蒙面图像的情况下，失败率上升到5%左右。然而，许多表现较差的算法，对蒙面图像的错误率要高得多——高达20%到50%。）可知，作者主要通过提供数据和对比的方式来呈现研究结果。故选C。【13题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段倒数第三句“The new study also ran tests to see whether different colored masks would affect error rates. ”（这项新研究还进行了测试，看不同颜色的口罩是否会影响错误率。）和倒数第四句“The study also found round-shaped masks — which cover only the mouth and nose — led to fewer errors than wider ones that stretch across the cheeks.”（研究还发现，圆形口罩(只覆盖嘴和鼻子)比宽口罩(覆盖脸颊)产生的错误要少。）可知，口罩的多样性影响面部识别的有效性。故选D。【14题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“The research findings suggested that generally, the red and black masks led to higher failure rates than the other colors.”（研究结果表明，一般来说，红色和黑色面具比其他颜色的面具失败率更高。）和倒数第四句“The study also found round-shaped masks — which cover only the mouth and nose — led to fewer errors than wider ones that stretch across the cheeks.”（研究还发现，圆形口罩(只覆盖嘴和鼻子)比宽口罩(覆盖脸颊)产生的错误要少。）可知，一位戴着红色宽口罩的女士会最难识别。故选B。【15题详解】推理判断题。全文只是介绍了对人脸识别系统的研究，并没有表达作者的个人观点，所以作者对人脸识别系统持客观态度。故选A。Section CDirections: Read the following passages.Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box.Each sentence can be used only once.Note that there are two more sentences than you need.How to Work From HomeAs more companies across nearly every industry accommodate an increasing number of employees wishing to forego (摒弃) the morning commute and office pantry footfall, remote work has become an increasingly easy and breathlessly practical option for many who seek it.___1___. Here is a modest guide to becoming a successful remote employee. It’s a culmination (巅峰) of what I’ve learned along the way.Don’t sleep where you work. Whether it’s a rented office space or a den converted (转换) into a home office or a cabin in the woods for that matter, find a space away from your bedroom to work.___2___. “Having a consistent schedule and being kind of strict about it is really useful for drawing outlines around your time so that you can keep things balanced for both work and play,” said Jacqui Cheng, editor in chief of Wirecutter, and someone who’s worked from home full time for over 12 years.Plan against distractions.___3___You can explain to your family members or children that your work area is off limits, and they should avoid interrupting unless it’s important.Trying to mix work and free time runs the danger of never quite powering down or shutting off.___4___. Besides, your friends and family miss out on the time you would spend with them if you worked in an office instead of at home. Make sure to enforce your boundaries.A. Get into your groove.B. Set boundaries if you’re working at home.C. Close your work chat programs and emails and consider yourself “out for the day,” and “home now.”D. I can comfortably and productively contribute a solid day’s work from almost anywhere.E. And it can lead to burnout and depression from feeling like you’re always on and available.F. There are many things that contribute to becoming a successful work-from-home employee.【答案】1. F 2. A 3. B 4. E【解析】【分析】本文为说明文。介绍了如何实现高效远程办公。文章分三个层次：首先介绍远程办公是当下的一种趋势和许多人的愿望；接着介绍如何高效远程办公的方法；最后说明了处理不好工作时间和生活休闲时间的弊端。【1题详解】根据上文remote work has become an increasingly easy and breathlessly practical option for many who seek it.可知，当前远程办公是一种趋势和人们的希望，F项“有许多事情有助于你成为一名成功的在家办公的员工。 ”自然过渡到怎样实现高效远程办公话题，符合语境。故选F。【2题详解】空格处是段落主题句。由下文引用的一位远程办公的成功人士的话：Having a consistent schedule and being kind of strict about it is really useful for drawing outlines around your time so that you can keep things balanced for both work and play,(有一个一致的时间表，并严格遵守它对于规划你的时间是非常有用的，以便你可以保持工作和游戏的平衡)很有说服力地说明依照惯例制定日程安排并严格执行非常有助于合理规划时间的重要性。因此本段讲述“按照你的惯例行事”。故选A。【3题详解】本小节的主题是做好应对干扰的计划，故下面的叙述都是如何应对干扰的，B项的意思：“当你在家办公时，要设定好界限”和主题句意思相吻合。故选B。【4题详解】由前一句Trying to mix work and free time runs the danger of never quite powering down or shutting off.可知，试图将工作和空闲时间混在一起，会有一直不能完全休眠或是关机的风险，可推断接下来要说明风险具体是怎么产生的，和E句意思“总是在工作、随叫随到的感觉而导致身心俱疲和抑郁”相匹配。故选E。第II卷Section AIII. Summary Writing (10分)Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Social networking sites such as Facebook, MySpace and Orkut are now estimated to have more than 700 million users worldwide. As users can create any profile of themselves they choose, you might expect them to portray themselves in the best possible way. When putting up a profile, it would be reasonable for them to present positive images, choose classy interests, and carefully express their thoughts so as to appear more intelligent than in real life. But according to recent research, this is not the case. Far from presenting themselves in a pleasing way, most users' profiles reflect their true personalities, and reveal both psychological and natural physical weaknesses.Research was carried out on 250 Facebook users who filled in a personality questionnaire. Results were compared with the same people's Facebook profiles. The survey set out to assess not only the participants' actual personality, but their "ideal" personality---in other words, what kind of person they would be if they actually possessed all their ideal characteristics. These results were then compared with the participants' Facebook profiles. What emerged was astonishing: far from being idealized versions of themselves, people's online profiles roughly resemble what they were really like. Their profiles accurately reflected how agreeable, outgoing, hardworking and sociable they were in real life. It's not entirely clear why online profiles display users' personalities so accurately. It could be that users want to portray themselves as they really are, or it could be that people attempt to present an ideal image of themselves but in fact fail to do so. One thing seems clear: social networking sites can in no way be considered a false online world that is idealized and removed from reality; rather, they are simply another way in which people choose to interact with each other.Sample Summary:It is generally believed that internet users tend to present a better online profile of themselves. However, research conducted on 250 Facebook users indicates their profiles do not conflict with their real personalities. Though the reason remains unclear, it is certain that social networking sites are not a false virtual world but are places where real interaction takes place. （Word Count: 59)Section BTranslation (第1-2句，每句3分；第3句，4分；第4句5分；共15分)Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1. 学而不思犹如食而不化。(like)Learning / To read without reflecting / reflection / thinking is just like eating without digesting / digestion. 2. 全球气候变暖使得一些稀有动物濒临灭绝。(leave)The global warming has left some rare species of animals threatened with extinction/ in great danger of extinction. 3. 我养成了习惯，趁记忆犹新，就把难忘的经历写下来。(while)I have formed/ developed/ cultivated a habit of writing down the unforgettable experiences while they’re still fresh in my mind/memory. 4. 这部新上映的电影刻画的是生活中最微不足道的小事会如何影响我们的人生轨迹。(feature)The / This newly - released movie features how the tiniest incidents in our life can have an impact / effect on what our life will be like / the course of our life. 5. 正因为大量健身步道的投入使用，越来越多的上海市民开始了定期户外锻炼，“每天一万步”一成为都市新风尚。(It)It is because a large number of fitness / jogging / hiking trails have been put into use that more and more Shanghai citizens get / become engaged in / take (up) / do / take part in regular outdoor exercise / regular exercise outdoors and 10,000 steps a day has become a new urban trend / fashion.Section CDirections: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.随着互联网的发展和普及，网络购物在中国也变得越来越普遍了，甚至已经成了我们日常生活的一部分了。相信同学们身边一定有不少同学已经通过网络进行购物了，比如淘宝网等，但是网络购物究竟有何利弊呢? 请写一篇短文，谈谈网上购物的好处与坏处。 With the development of the Internet and the popularization of computers, shopping on the Internet has become a commonplace in our life. Here consumers can buy almost everything they need. Shopping on the Internet has a lot of advantages, of which the most important is perhaps its convenience. People don't have to waste a lot of their energy and precious time to go from one shop to another to choose the commodities they like. This is especially desirable to the old, the sick and the busy people who cannot go to the shops in person. The goods come in all shapes, sizes and colors on the Internet. All they need to do is to sit in front of their computers and click the mouses. The commodities they order will be delivered（运送）to them promptly. However, shopping on the Internet also has its disadvantages. The first disadvantage is that the consumers can't see the goods or try them on personally. Sometimes, the real goods may not be the same as what they have seen on the computer. The second disadvantage is that some shops on the Internet are not registered. They will never deliver anything to you after they get the money from you. Once cheated, you will find that you have nowhere to go to complain. A.-common B .determine C.eftbrt D.efiect AB .discourages AC. lackAD. advances BC.illegal BD. applications CD. outcomes ABC. moral
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