考点20 高考高频考点阅读理解说明文&议论文（含答案)备战2025年高考英语一轮复习考点讲义（北京专用）

这是一份考点20 高考高频考点阅读理解说明文&议论文（含答案)备战2025年高考英语一轮复习考点讲义（北京专用），文件包含考点20高考高频考点阅读理解说明文议论文教师版备战2025年高考英语一轮复习考点讲义北京专用docx、考点20高考高频考点阅读理解说明文议论文学生版备战2025年高考英语一轮复习考点讲义北京专用docx等2份学案配套教学资源，其中学案共109页， 欢迎下载使用。
北京近三年高考真题考点分布
其他省份高考真题考点分布
说明文
议论文
2. 命题规律及备考策略
【命题规律】
近三年北京卷对于说明文和议论文的考查可知，说明文都具备客观地解说事物、阐明事理，给人以知识的文体特征。它通过对实体事物(如仪器、产品、自然环境)的解说，或对抽象事理(如概念、原理、定律)的阐释，使人们对事物的形态、特征、构造、性能、种类、成因、功能等有所了解，或对事理的特点、来源、演变、异同等有所认识，从而获得有关的知识。词汇运用灵活，同一词的不同词性的用法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多。
【备考策略】
说明文
1. 掌握说明文的文体特征。
2. 掌握说明文的命题规律及各种题型的解题要领和选项规律。
3. 数量掌握说明文常用的框架结构、说明顺序和说明方法。
4. 熟练掌握说明文中中常用的重难词汇如，statistics, illustrate, demnstrate等。
议论文
●明确论点：
论点是议论文的核心，是作者对所论问题的看法和主张。
注意文章的标题、开头、结尾或关键句中的论点表述。
●梳理论据：
论据是用来证明论点的材料，包括事实论据和道理论据。
梳理文章中的论据，并理解它们与论点之间的关系。
●分析论证方法：
议论文常用的论证方法包括举例论证、道理论证、对比论证和比喻论证。
分析这些方法在文章中的运用及其作用。
●理清论证结构：
议论文的论证结构一般包括引论、本论和结论三部分。
注意文章的结构安排和段落之间的联系。
●把握语言特点：
议论文的语言一般具有准确性、严密性和逻辑性。
注意文章中的关键词汇和句子，理解它们的准确含义和表达效果。
●答题技巧：
对于论点类题目，直接从文中找到论点表述或根据文章内容概括。
对于论据类题目，梳理文章中的论据并理解其作用。
对于论证方法和结构类题目，结合文章内容进行分析和概括。
【命题预测】
2025年阅读理解说明文和议论文仍会占很大比例。

考点一 说明文
分析近年高考阅读真题可知，说明文都具备客观地解说事物、阐明事理，给人以知识的文体特征。它通过对实体事物(如仪器、产品、自然环境)的解说，或对抽象事理(如概念、原理、定律)的阐释，使人们对事物的形态、特征、构造、性能、种类、成因、功能等有所了解，或对事理的特点、来源、演变、异同等有所认识，从而获得有关的知识。词汇运用灵活，同一词的不同词性的用法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多。
做题技巧
一 善于分析说明文的框架结构解题
总分式。在说明事物或事理时，段落(层次)之间有一个总分关系，表现为由总到分、由分到总。
承接式。各层之间按照事物的发展过程，或者按时间、因果、条件等关系安排，前后相互承接。
递进式。后边在前边的基础上进一步说明，各层之间的关系是由浅入深。文章的命题除了遵循科普阅读的命题方式外，还经常考查文章的篇章结构和修辞手法。
二 掌握说明文命题的主要特点
文章中词汇的意义比较单一、稳定、简明，不带感情色彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点。纵观整篇文章可以明显看出，它没有文学英语中常采用的排比、比喻、夸张等修饰手段，一词多义的现象也不多见。
句子结构较复杂，语法分析较困难。为了描述一个客观事物，严密地表达自己的思想，作者经常会使用集多种语法现象于一体的长句。
文中常使用被动语态，强调动作的承受者。
4. 文中常使用双重否定句。
三 逻辑分解长难句
说明文中的长难句常会出现命题点。在分析长难句时应采用“主干提取法”。即首先找出句子的主语、谓语、宾语，这样就抓住了句子的主干，也就从整体上把握了句子的结构。再分析句子主干以外的从句或短语的功能以及和主干的相互关系。例如：非谓语动词的成分是什么，其逻辑主语是哪个，定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个，介词短语修饰哪个词，and 连接的是哪些并列成分等。
四 定位重点逻辑标志词
定位标志句子间的逻辑关系和衔接手段的词，不外乎列举、原因、结果、让步、对照、补充、目的、条件等。
表示列举的词:fr example, fr instance;表罗列的词:first，secnd, third， t begin with，t cnclude;
表转折的词: hwever, but, whereas;
表示原因的词: because, since，as;
表示结果的词:s，therefre, thus, cnsequently, as a result;
表示对照的词:n the cntrary, by cntrast, in cmparisn;
表示目的的词: s that， in rder that等。
标志词就像指路牌一样，指明作者思路发展的方向和思路之间的逻辑联系。标志词前后的信息往往都是命题和答题的主要线索或依据，因此，识别标志词对考生更快、更好地理解文章具有举足轻重的作用。
考点二 议论文
议论文是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。这类文章或从正面提出某种见解，或驳斥别人的错误观点，以说服读者同意自己的观点为主要目的。
分析近三年高考真题议论文可知，文章涉及的论题具有生活化的特征，与社会生活密切相关。从体裁特点看，议论文有夹叙夹议文和议论文两种。
文章通常由论点、论据、论证三部分构成，论点是议论文的核心，即中心思想，是论据和论证的服务对象。论据是作者所引用的用以支持和证明论点的材料，这些材料可以是名人名言、事实例证或统计数据等。论证是作者组织、运用论据的手法。
做题技巧
双管齐下法：从结构和内容两方面同时入手，先通读全文，再区分事实和观点。
关注标志词：句子间的逻辑关系和衔接手段不外乎列举、原因、结果、让步、对照、补充、目的、条件等。
表示列举的词:fr example, fr instance;表罗列的词:first，secnd, third， t begin with，t cnclude;
表转折: hwever, but, whereas;
表原因: because, since，as;
表结果:s，therefre, thus, cnsequently, as a result;
表对照:n the cntrary, by cntrast, in cmparisn;
表目的: s that， in rder that等。
标志词就像指路牌一样，指明作者思路发展的方向和思路之间的逻辑联系。标志词前后的信息往往都是命题和答题的主要线索或依据，因此，识别标志词对考生更快、更好地理解文章具有举足轻重的作用。
把握长难句：议论文中的长难句常是命题点。遇到长难句，不可慌乱，耐心拆解出主干部分，再依次定位其修饰语，如定语、状语等，便可化繁为简，读懂句意。
典例一 说明文
（2021·北京·高考真题）Hundreds f scientists, writers and academics sunded a warning t humanity in an pen letter published last December: Plicymakers and the rest f us must engage penly with the risk f glbal cllapse. Researchers in many areas have prjected the widespread cllapse as “a credible scenari(情景) this century”.
A survey f scientists fund that extreme weather events, fd insecurity, and freshwater shrtages might create glbal cllapse. Of curse, if yu are a nn-human species, cllapse is well underway.
The call fr public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this mment f still-uncntrlled pandemic and ecnmic crises in the wrld's mst technlgically advanced natins. Nt very lng ag, it was als unthinkable that a virus wuld shut dwn natins and that safety nets wuld be prven s disastrusly lacking in flexibility.
The internatinal schlars’ warning letter desn't say exactly what cllapse will lk like r when it might happen. Cllapselgy, the study f cllapse, is mre cncerned with identifying trends and with them the dangers f everyday civilizatin. Amng the signatries(签署者) f the warning was Bb Jhnsn, the riginatr f the “eclgical ftprint” cncept, which measures the ttal amunt f envirnmental input needed t maintain a given lifestyle. With the current ftprint f humanity, “it seems that glbal cllapse is certain t happen in sme frm, pssibly within a decade, certainly within this century,” Jhnsn said in an email.
“Only if we discuss the cnsequences f ur biphysical limits,” the December warning letter says, “can we have the hpe t reduce their speed, severity and harm”. And yet messengers f the cming disturbance are likely t be ignred. We all want t hpe things will turn ut fine. As a pet wrte,
Man is a victim f dpe(麻醉品)
In the incurable frm f hpe.
The hundreds f schlars wh signed the letter are intent(执着) n quieting hpe that ignres preparedness. “Let's lk directly int the issue f cllapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible pssibilities f what we see there t make the best f a trubling future.”
8．What des the underlined wrd “germane” in Paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A．Scientific.B．Credible.
C．Original.D．Relevant.
9．As fr the public awareness f glbal cllapse, the authr is________.
A．wrriedB．puzzled
C．surprisedD．scared
10．What can we learn frm this passage?
A．The signatries may change the biphysical limits.
B．The authr agrees with the message f the pem.
C．The issue f cllapse is being priritized.
D．The glbal cllapse is well underway.
【答案】8．D 9．A 10．B
【分析】这是一篇说明文，文章阐述了全球崩塌（glbal cllapse）的概念。数百名科学家、作家和学者在去年12月发表的一封公开信中向全人类发出了警告：政策制定者和我们每个人必须直面“全球崩塌”的风险。文章具体阐释了学者们对这一概念的定义、理解和它的现实意义。
8．词义猜测题。根据该词所在的具体语境，第三段第一句“The call fr public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this mment f still-uncntrlled pandemic and ecnmic crises in the wrld's mst technlgically advanced natins.”（呼吁公众对世界不确定性的关注，尤其与此时此刻的情况密切相关：此时此刻，在世界上技术最先进的国家，仍处于无法控制流行病和经济危机的泥潭中），下文也提到，一场病毒肆虐，一个国家社会停止了运转，大流行无法控制，经济下行，这样的事情在不久之前都是无法想象，不可思议（unthinkable）的，即世界充满了不确定性。而此时此刻呼吁人们对这种unthinkable加以关注，正是和此时此刻的世界实况密切相关。A. Scientific科学的；B. Credible可信的，可靠的；C. Original原来的，原创的；D. Relevant相关的，有重大关系的。根据上面的分析，仅有D符合语境，故选D。
9．推理判断题。本题要求判断作者的情感态度，根据原文第五段“yet messengers f the cming disturbance are likely t be ignred. We all want t hpe things will turn ut fine.”（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略，我们都希望事情在未来会变好）和倒数最后一段的呼吁，例如“Let's lk directly int the issue f cllapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible pssibilities f what we see there t make the best f a trubling future.”（他们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么糟。”）可知，作者认为公众对“全球崩塌”的重视意识不够，比较担心，A. wrried担忧的；B. puzzled困惑的，茫然的；C. surprised惊讶的；D. scared害怕的，综合以上的分析，可见作者对此是“担忧的”，故选A。
10．推理判断题。原文诗歌“Man is a victim f dpe; In the incurable frm f hpe.”（人类是麻醉品的受害者；沉迷于无可救药的幻想中）表达的是，人类无视未来全球崩塌的巨大危险，把头埋进沙子里，假装不知道，充满不切实际的幻想和希望。而诗歌前面的段落就提到“yet messengers f the cming disturbance are likely t be ignred. We all want t hpe things will turn ut fine.”（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略，我们都希望事情在未来会变好），结合上下文，这里指的是人们都幻想着未来就会变好。诗歌之后的最后一段则提到执着于“quieting hpe that ignres preparedness.”（掐灭不做准备的空有幻想），接着又借学者之口，提到“Let's lk directly int the issue f cllapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible pssibilities f what we see there t make the best f a trubling future.”（他们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么糟。”）可见，上下文一脉相承，表达相同的一方观点，未对另一方的观点有任何呈现，理解文章后可知，作者有明显的态度倾向，作者对于这首诗表达的信息是赞同的，故选B。
典例二 议论文
（2021全国甲卷）
Wh is a genius? This questin has greatly interested humankind fr centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almst the internatinal symbl fr genius. But we want t g beynd ne man and explre the nature f genius itself. Why is it that sme peple are s much mre intelligent r creative than the rest f us? And wh are they?
In the sciences and arts, thse praised as geniuses were mst ften white men, f Eurpean rigin. Perhaps this is nt a surprise. It's said that histry is written by the victrs, and thse victrs set the standards fr admissin t the genius club. When cntributins were made by geniuses utside the club—wmen, r peple f a different clr r belief—they were unacknwledged and rejected by thers.
A study recently published by Science fund that as yung as age six, girls are less likely than bys t say that members f their gender (性别) are “really, really smart.” Even wrse, the study fund that girls act n that belief: Arund age six they start t avid activities said t be fr children wh are “really, really smart.” Can ur planet affrd t have any great thinkers becme discuraged and give up? It desn't take a genius t knw the answer: abslutely nt.
Here's the gd news. In a wired wrld with cnstant glbal cmmunicatin, we're all psitined t see flashes f genius wherever they appear. And the mre we lk, the mre we will see that scial factrs(因素)like gender, race, and class d nt determine the appearance f genius. As a writer says, future geniuses cme frm thse with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance (毅力), and simple gd frtune, wh are able t change the wrld.”
12. What des the authr think f victrs' standards fr jining the genius club?
A. They're unfair.
B. They're cnservative.
C. They're bjective.
D. They're strict.
13. What can we infer abut girls frm the study in Science?
A. They think themselves smart.
B. They lk up t great thinkers.
C. They see gender differences earlier than bys.
D. They are likely t be influenced by scial beliefs
14. Why are mre geniuses knwn t the public?
A. Imprved glbal cmmunicatin.
B. Less discriminatin against wmen.
C. Acceptance f victrs' cncepts.
D. Changes in peple's scial psitins.
15. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Geniuses Think Alike
B. Genius Takes Many Frms
C. Genius and Intelligence
D. Genius and Luck
【答案】12-15 ADAB
【导读】这是一篇议论文。文章由问题“谁是天才？”引入，论述了世人对天才的狭隘定义，提出事实上“天才”有很多种形式，不要让思维限制了我们的“天才”能力。
12. A。推理判断题。根据第三段的“It is said that histry is written by victrs, and thse victrs set the standards fr admissin t the genius club. When cntributins were made by geniuses utside the club-wmen, r peple f a different clr r belief-they were unacknwledged and rejected by thers.( 据说历史是由胜利者书写的，而那些胜利者为进入天才俱乐部设定了标准。当俱乐部以外的天才——女性或不同肤色或信仰的人——做出贡献时，他们不会被承认并且被其他人拒绝)”可推知，作者认为那些“胜利者”对进入“天才俱乐部”设置的标准是不公平的，因为女性或者不同肤色或信仰的人做出的成就是得不到承认的。
13. D。推理判断题。根据第四段的“Even wrse, the study fund that girls act n that belief. Arund age six they start t avid activities said t be fr children wh are “really, really smart.”(更糟糕的是，研究发现女孩们是按照这个信念行事的。六岁左右，她们开始避免那些据说是“非常非常聪明”的孩子参加的活动)”可推知，女孩容易受到社会信仰的影响，认为自己在六岁左右就不适合做“聪明孩子”做的事情。
14. A。细节理解题。根据最后一段的“In a wired wrld with cnstant glbal cmmunicatin, we’re all psitined t see flashes f genius wherever they appear.( 在一个全球通讯不断的有线世界里，我们随时随地都能看到天才的闪现)”可知，进步的全球通讯让更多的天才被公众所知道。
15. B。主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，结合文章第一段提出问题“Wh is a genius?（谁是天才）”和最后一段的“As a writer says, future geniuses cme frm thse with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance, and simple geniuses, wh are able t change the wrld.”(正如一位作家所说，未来的天才来自那些具有“智慧、创造力、毅力和那些能够改变世界的简单天才。”)”可知，天才不一定是那些有巨大贡献的人，他们也可以是某一方面比较突出的普通人。由此可知B项“天才有多种形式”可以作为本文最佳标题。
（2024·北京海淀·二模）The idea that aging reduces adults’ ability t imagine, a cmmn theme in children’s literature, is cntradicted by psychlgical research. While children are ften prtrayed as mre imaginative, research indicates that adults nt nly keep this ability but smetimes surpass children in imaginative thinking.
Children are frequently celebrated fr bundless imaginatin. Yet, research reveals that their make-believe games ften center arund realistic scenaris, such as cking and cleaning, as demnstrated in a 2020 study published in Jurnal f Cgnitin and Develpment. Anther study, lasting fr fur decades, als suggests that children are nt naturally mre imaginative than adults; their limitatins result frm a lack f knwledge and expertise t effectively use their imaginative capacity as adults.
Imaginatin may have evlved fr cnsidering alternatives t reality, but we use it mst naturally t explre clse alternatives, like preparing a different meal, rather than far alternatives, like riding n cluds. When we use imaginatin t envisin far alternatives — t innvate r invent — we’re nt digging int an inbrn appreciatin f the extrardinary; we’re using a tl designed t explre the rdinary. When cnsidering alternatives t reality, we fix ur attentin n pssibilities that are physically reasnable, statistically prbable, scially cnventinal and mrally permissible. When tld abut pssibilities that vilate such regularities, we usually deny they culd happen. Generally speaking, ur ideas abut what culd happen are firmly rted in what we expect t happen.
This mindset is als particularly apparent in yung children. In a 2018 study I c-designed with psychlgist Jnathan Phillips, 4-year-lds were asked t help a distressed girl wh disliked ging t schl due t missing her mther. Amng all the slutins given, they perceived the nly pssible slutin was fr her mther t d smething special after schl t ease her cncerns. Unexpected alternatives, such as snapping fingers and making it Saturday, wearing pajamas t schl r lying abut schl being clsed, were all regarded impssible. Frm this, we can cnclude that children’s earliest intuitins (直觉力) abut pssibility cnfuse what culd happen with what shuld happen.
Histrically, the imprbable event f traveling faster than a hrse was cnsidered impssible, as was traveling by air r traveling int space. Befre the arrival f trains and planes, there were gd reasns t think that peple culd travel nly s far and nly s fast. But these reasns were empirical (经验主义的), nt lgical. Imaginatin, n its wn, lumps the imprbable with the impssible, but we can cmbine imaginatin with ther abilities — namely, knwledge and reflectin — t separate the tw. While imaginatin in children ften subjects t expectatin, adults can cntrl their imaginative capacity fr innvatin by integrating it with accumulated knwledge and reflective thinking.
1．Accrding t the first tw paragraphs, we knw that _________.
A．children develp imaginatin thrugh games
B．children face limitatins in acquiring knwledge
C．adults are as gd as children in imaginative thinking
D．adults’ imaginative ability is likely t stay cnstant with age
2．We can infer frm the passage that _________.
A．expectatin results frm imaginative capacity
B．certain practical cncerns can limit imaginatin
C．breaking regularities may lead t clse alternatives
D．far alternatives are mre imprtant than clse alternatives
3．The 2018 study shws that children _________.
A．came up with a wide range f alternativesB．were quicker t figure ut slutins
C．tk what shuld happen as pssibilitiesD．used imaginatin in a reasnable way
4．The underlined wrd “lumps” in the last paragraph prbably means _________.
A．mixB．matchC．cmpareD．replace
【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。这篇短文主要指出心理学研究反驳了老年人想象力下降的观点，实际上成年人在某些方面可能比儿童更有想象力。研究表明，儿童的想象游戏通常围绕现实场景，并非天生比成人更具想象力，而是受限于知识和经验。人们倾向于用想象力探索与现实相近的可能性，而非遥远的不切实际的事物。研究还显示，儿童对可能性的理解容易与期望混淆。最后，文章强调成人可以通过结合知识和反思来控制想象力，从而进行创新。
1．推理判断题。由第一段中“While children are ften prtrayed as mre imaginative, research indicates that adults nt nly keep this ability but smetimes surpass children in imaginative thinking. (虽然儿童通常被描绘成更有想象力，但研究表明，成年人不仅保持了这种能力，而且有时在想象力思维方面超过了儿童)”和第二段中“Anther study, lasting fr fur decades, als suggests that children are nt naturally mre imaginative than adults (另一项持续四十年的研究也表明，儿童天生并不比成年人更有想象力)”可知，儿童天生并不比成年人更有想象力，人成年后也更有想象力，成年人不仅保持了这种能力，而且有时在想象力思维方面超过了儿童，可得出成年人的想象力可能会随着年龄的增长而保持不变。故选D项。
2．推理判断题。由第三段中“When we use imaginatin t envisin far alternatives — t innvate r invent — we’re nt digging int an inbrn appreciatin f the extrardinary; we’re using a tl designed t explre the rdinary. When cnsidering alternatives t reality, we fix ur attentin n pssibilities that are physically reasnable, statistically prbable, scially cnventinal and mrally permissible. When tld abut pssibilities that vilate such regularities, we usually deny they culd happen. Generally speaking, ur ideas abut what culd happen are firmly rted in what we expect t happen. (当我们用想象力来设想创新或发明的遥远替代方案时，我们并不是在挖掘与生俱来的非凡鉴赏力；我们正在使用一种旨在探索普通事物的工具。在考虑现实的替代方案时，我们将注意力集中在物理上合理、统计上可能、社会传统和道德上允许的可能性上。当被告知违反这种规律的可能性时，我们通常否认它们可能发生。一般来说，我们对可能发生的事情的想法深深植根于我们所期望的事情)”可得出，某些实际问题会限制想象力。故选B项。
3．细节理解题。由第四段中“Frm this, we can cnclude that children’s earliest intuitins (直觉力) abut pssibility cnfuse what culd happen with what shuld happen. (由此，我们可以得出结论，孩子们最早对可能性的直觉混淆了可能发生的事情和应该发生的事情)”可知，2018年的研究表明，儿童把应该发生的事情视为可能。故选C项。
4．词句猜测题。由最后一段中“But these reasns were empirical (经验主义的), nt lgical. Imaginatin, n its wn, lumps the imprbable with the impssible, but we can cmbine imaginatin with ther abilities — namely, knwledge and reflectin — t separate the tw. (但这些原因都是经验的，而非逻辑的。想象力本身就lumps不大可能（还有机会实现）和大不可能（绝无可能实现），但我们可以把想象力与其他能力——即知识和反思——结合起来，把两者分开)”可知，but后讲人们可以通过将想象力与其他能力，即知识和反思相结合，将不大可能（还有机会实现）和大不可能（绝无可能实现）分开，说明想象力本身会将不大可能（还有机会实现）和大不可能（绝无可能实现）混为一谈，划线词lumps意为“混合”。故选A项。
（2024·北京大兴·模拟预测）Wmen experience a “gender tenure gap”, lasting in CEO rles at publicly listed cmpanies fr shrter perids than men, accrding t new research which may supprt the idea that female leaders are subject t a “ glass cliff ” where they are set up t fail.
The cncept f the glass cliff is that wmen are mre likely t be appinted as leaders when an rganizatin is in a time f crisis, s that their psitin is seen as mre precarius than male cunterparts.
Researchers at the University f Exeter fund in 2005 that wmen were mre likely t be appinted as bard members after a cmpany’s share price had perfrmed badly. Prfessr Ryan tld the Observer that the Russell Reynlds analysis was “ rbust and added t the bdy f wrk in this area”.
“If wmen are mre likely t take n leadership rles in times f crisis, then it fllws that their time in ffice is likely t be stressful, mre heavily scrutinised and shrter in tenure. This reduced tenure culd be fr a number f reasns — because there is ften higher turnver in times f crisis, because they are judged as nt perfrming well, even thugh pr perfrmance was in train befre their appintment, r because when things start t turn arund, men cme back int leadership rles.” she said.
Chief executive rles have a very lw turnver, she said, which makes prgress harder. “I think men can enjy a greater fllwership — supprt within the rganizatin. They can suffer big setbacks and rise again. Wmen wh have been CEOs tend t g ff t an alternative career.
Hwever, she said that there was cause fr ptimism. The number f wmen n FTSE 350 bards is nw 41%, up frm 9.5% in 2011, and appinting wmen is “nw the nrm”. Russell Reynlds als fund in a survey f 1,500 leaders wrldwide that there were n significant differences in hw wmen and men were perceived by the peple wh wrked fr them, shwing that they were equally effective as leaders, althugh wmen were seen as being better at caching and develpment.
5．What des the underlined wrd “precarius” prbably mean?
A．Dangerus.
B．Prfitable.
C．Essential.
D．Available.
6．Which f the fllwing statements is crrect?
A．“gender tenure gap” can be fund in the majrity f cmpanies.
B．Male leaders are less likely t be appinted as bard members.
C．Wman leaders in times f crisis tend t be shrter in tenure.
D．Female leaders are generally nt perfrming well during their appintment.
7．What des the last paragraph indicate?
A．Wmen leaders are destined t eliminate glass cliff in the future.
B．Nwadays wman leaders differ hugely frm man leaders in fllwership.
C．Man leaders are superir t wman leaders in every aspect.
D．Wman leaders are n less cmpetent than man cunterparts.
【答案】5．A 6．C 7．D
【导语】本文是说明文。讲述了一项新的研究结果，即女性在上市公司担任首席执行官的时间比男性短，这支持了女性领导者更容易陷入“玻璃悬崖”的观点。
5．词句猜测题。根据第一段“Wmen experience a “gender tenure gap”, lasting in CEO rles at publicly listed cmpanies fr shrter perids than men, accrding t new research which may supprt the idea that female leaders are subject t a “ glass cliff ” where they are set up t fail.(一项新的研究表明，女性在上市公司担任首席执行官的时间比男性短，这可能会支持女性领导者面临“玻璃悬崖”的观点，即她们注定会失败)”以及第二段“The cncept f the glass cliff is that wmen are mre likely t be appinted as leaders when an rganizatin is in a time f crisis, s that their psitin is seen as mre precarius than male cunterparts.(玻璃悬崖的概念是，当组织处于危机时期时，女性更有可能被任命为领导者，因此她们的地位被视为比男性同行更precarius)”可知，女性在上市公司担任首席执行官的时间比男性短，她们注定会失败可知，此处glass cliff对女性并不是一个友好的词，所以推知应是“因此她们的地位被视为比男性同行更危险的”之意，推知precarius意为“危险的”，和A项意思相近。故选A项。
6．细节理解题。根据第四段““If wmen are mre likely t take n leadership rles in times f crisis, then it fllws that their time in ffice is likely t be stressful, mre heavily scrutinised and shrter in tenure. This reduced tenure culd be fr a number f reasns—because there is ften higher turnver in times f crisis, because they are judged as nt perfrming well, even thugh pr perfrmance was in train befre their appintment, r because when things start t turn arund, men cme back int leadership rles.” she said.(她说：“如果女性更有可能在危机时期担任领导角色，那么她们在任期间可能会面临很大压力，受到更严格的审查，任期也会更短。任期缩短的原因可能有很多，因为在危机时期人员流动率往往更高，或者即使业绩不佳在她们上任之前就已存在，她们仍可能因此被评判为表现不佳，又或者因为当情况开始好转时，男性会重新担任领导职务。”)”可知，在危机时期，女性领导人的任期往往较短。故选C项。
7．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Hwever, she said that there was cause fr ptimism. The number f wmen n FTSE 350 bards is nw 41%, up frm 9.5% in 2011, and appinting wmen is “nw the nrm”. Russell Reynlds als fund in a survey f 1,500 leaders wrldwide that there were n significant differences in hw wmen and men were perceived by the peple wh wrked fr them, shwing that they were equally effective as leaders, althugh wmen were seen as being better at caching and develpment.(然而，她表示我们仍有理由保持乐观。富时350指数(FTSE 350)公司董事会中的女性成员占比现已达到41%，高于2011年的9.5%，而且如今任命女性担任要职已“成为常态”。罗素·雷诺兹还在一项针对全球1500名领导者的调查中发现，员工对男女领导的看法并无显著差异，这表明他们作为领导者的效率是相同的，尽管女性更擅长指导和培养下属)”可知，本段主要表明女性领导者的能力并不比男性同行差。故选D项。
（2024·北京西城·二模）Can yu imagine getting a majr dental prcedure withut nvcaine (一种麻醉药)? A scientist clleague f mine recently tld me, rather than use it, he used a “fcus in” meditatin (冥想) technique t direct all f his attentin t his muth with as much calming equanimity as he culd gather. Ding s transfrmed the pain fr a few minutes.
A stream f scientific articles suggests that there are benefits in turning tward discmfrt r negative emtins with acceptance. In additin, all f us can gain frm finding ways t cpe with stress and suffering — particularly when larger circumstances are beynd ur cntrl. As a researcher wh has studied meditatin fr mre than 20 years, I believe that the cultivatin f equanimity can help.
It’s imprtant t first define the idea f turning tward discmfrt. I’m nt advcating fr peple t put themselves in dangerus psitins. But when we push urselves int challenging r embarrassing situatins, much like trainers wh push athletes just past their cmfrt zne t make gains, learning ften happens.
My wn research indicates that meditatin prvides an ideal way t practice turning tward discmfrt — particularly when it trains up ne’s equanimity. In my labratry at Carnegie Melln University, we cnducted several clinical trials n develping equanimity during mindfulness meditatin training. This apprach includes guided meditatin exercises such as using a matter-f-fact vice t label uncmfrtable feelings in the bdy r welcming uncmfrtable feelings by saying “yes” alud each time a feeling is detected.
We hired 153 stressed adults and ffered them a mindfulness meditatin training prgram with r withut training in equanimity. Our equanimity skills training grup had significantly better utcmes n several measures. After just 14 days f training, fr example, the participants wh learned equanimity skills had significantly lwer bilgical stress respnses when asked t deliver a difficult speech and slve math prblems in frnt f experts in white lab cats. This grup als had significantly lwer bld pressure and stress levels. In the days after training, peple intrduced t equanimity exercises als reprted significantly higher psitive emtins and well-being thrughut the day and mre meaningful scial interactins than participants wh received mindfulness training withut the equanimity cmpnent. It was as thugh develping equanimity had transfrmed their emtinal reactivity t stress, helping them better appreciate and enjy daily life’s many little psitive experiences and making them mre curius and pen t cnnecting with thers.
We are expanding n this wrk in several ways—including thrugh the develpment f an app that ffers equanimity training n demand and with trials invlving participants with stress-related gastrintestinal (胃肠的) disrders. Meanwhile ther scientists are further explring equanimity’s pwer. We are cnvinced we can each build ur resilience (恢复力) n a persnal level by cultivating greater acceptance f ur experience — gd r bad, painful r pleasant — in the present mment.
8．What can be learned abut equanimity?
A．It is a state f mental calmness.
B．It is a frm f negative emtins.
C．It is a replacement fr nvcaine.
D．It is the result f mindfulness meditatin.
9．Which f the fllwing is a gd example f equanimity training?
A．Ignring discmfrt ttally.B．Detecting unusual behavir.
C．Keeping emtins t neself.D．Seeing negative feelings bjectively.
10．Paragraph 5 is written t shw ______.
A．the benefits f develping equanimity
B．the prcedure f mindfulness meditatin
C．the perfrmances f tw meditatin training grups
D．the relatinship between equanimity and well-being
11．What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A．Stress cntributes t physical disrders.
B．Pleasant experiences result in greater equanimity.
C．Peple are likely t have easy access t equanimity training.
D．Resilience can help peple gain mre acceptance f hardship.
【答案】8．A 9．D 10．A 11．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了通过接受和正念冥想训练中的“平静”来应对不适和负面情绪的好处。
8．推理判断题。根据首段中的“A scientist clleague f mine recently tld me, rather than use it, he used a “fcus in” meditatin (冥想) technique t direct all f his attentin t his muth with as much calming equanimity as he culd gather. Ding s transfrmed the pain fr a few minutes. (我的一位科学家同事最近告诉我，他没有使用它，而是使用了一种“专注”冥想技术，将所有注意力集中在他的嘴巴上，尽可能地平静下来。这样做可以缓解几分钟的疼痛。)”可知，通过“专注”冥想技术尽可能让人平静下来，这样可以缓解几分钟的疼痛，结合第二段中的“A stream f scientific articles suggests that there are benefits in turning tward discmfrt r negative emtins with acceptance. (一系列科学文章表明，用接纳的态度来对待不舒服或负面情绪是有好处的。)”可知，用接纳的态度对待不适或负面情绪是有好处的，由此可知，“平静”其实是一种精神上的平静状态，是以接纳的心态来对待不适或负面情绪。故选A项。
9．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“It’s imprtant t first define the idea f turning tward discmfrt. I’m nt advcating fr peple t put themselves in dangerus psitins. (重要的是要首先定义转向不适的概念。我不是在提倡人们把自己置于危险的境地。)”可知，首先定义这种转向不适的概念是很重要的，结合第四段中的“This apprach includes guided meditatin exercises such as using a matter-f-fact vice t label uncmfrtable feelings in the bdy r welcming uncmfrtable feelings by saying “yes” alud each time a feeling is detected. (这种方法包括引导冥想练习，比如用一种实事求是的声音来标记身体里不舒服的感觉，或者在每次发现不舒服的感觉时大声说“是”来欢迎不舒服的感觉。)”可知，训练这种“平静”需要实事求是地记住身体不适的感觉，或者发现不适时大声说“是”来欢迎这种不适，由此可知，客观地看待消极情绪是训练平静的好例子。故选D项。
10．推理判断题。根据第五段中的“We hired 153 stressed adults and ffered them a mindfulness meditatin training prgram with r withut training in equanimity. Our equanimity skills training grup had significantly better utcmes n several measures. (我们雇佣了153名压力大的成年人，为他们提供了一个正念冥想训练项目，有或没有接受过平静训练。我们的平静技能训练组在几个方面有明显更好的结果。)”以及下文中列举的平津训练给压力大的人带来的好处可知，本段主要为了表明平静技能训练给压力大的人带来的好处。故选A项。
11．推理判断题。根据尾段中的“We are expanding n this wrk in several ways—including thrugh the develpment f an app that ffers equanimity training n demand and with trials invlving participants with stress-related gastrintestinal (胃肠的) disrders. Meanwhile ther scientists are further explring equanimity’s pwer. (我们正在以多种方式扩展这项工作，包括开发一款应用程序，根据需要提供平静训练，并对患有压力相关胃肠道疾病的参与者进行试验。与此同时，其他科学家正在进一步探索平静的力量。)”可知，目前正在以多种方式开展这项平静训练工作，其它科学家也在进一步探索平静的力量，由此可知，人们可能更容易获得平静训练。故选C项。
（2024·北京通州·模拟预测）In this age f scial media, everyne has fllwed the review trend. Nearly every business r website persuades custmers t leave reviews as they can drive traffic t the site r business. The nline business directry Yelp, which gets 178 millin mnthly visitrs, invites anyne with a cellphne t leave a review f a business r restaurant. But by n means are negative reviews always hnest. Sme peple threaten t give a bad review t extrt (敲诈) discunted r free fd frm a restaurant. Sme then fllw thrugh when their demands are nt met.
But there are tw sides t every stry. One Denver chef decided t respnd t bad reviews at his restaurant. As it turned ut, sme custmers wh left bad review s deserved bad reviews themselves. One custmer’s terrible review claimed that the fd at the restaurant was s awful that he didn’t eat a single bite. The chef lked thrugh the mnitr and fund clear evidence that he had eaten every bite! In respnse, the chef called ut the dissatisfied custmer in his wn negative review. Since the chef started respnding t all his negative reviews, business at his restaurant has nearly dubled.
Telling peple what yu think f them as the result f a bad review can backfire n yu, especially when a bad review is justified. Reviews are imprtant because 94 percent f diners read nline review s befre they decide where t eat.
But bad reviews appear fr many reasns. The reviewer may be having a bad day, r the chef may be sick and the substitute (代替者) culdn’t fill his shes, s the cuisine suffered. Or perhaps the service wasn’t as gd as usual. The wrst-case scene is that the reviewer wants t punish the restaurant n purpse fr sme slight, real r imagined. S ne r tw bad reviews need t be taken with a grain f salt. Many negative reviews, hwever, indicate a prblem.
S what is a restauranteur t d? First give an hnest assessment f any negative reviews. Take a step back and ask if the writer has made any valid pints. Are there areas fr imprvement? If the answer is yes, make adjustments. Reviewers themselves need t be hnest and cnstructive. The gal shuld be t imprve the situatin, nt just blw ff steam.
12．The authr mentins Yelp in Paragraph 1 t ______.
A．intrduce the tpicB．predict the ending
C．evaluate an argumentD．supprt a statement
13．Regarding negative reviews t restaurants, the authr is ______.
A．psitiveB．bjectiveC．negativeD．dubtful
14．What des the underlined wrd “valid” in Paragraph 5 mst prbably mean?
A．Philsphical.B．Identical.C．Reasnable.D．Legal.
15．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．Wh t Be Respnsible fr Bad Reviews?B．When t Respnd t Bad Reviews?
C．Hw t Criticise Bad Reviews?D．What t D with Bad Reviews?
【答案】12．D 13．B 14．C 15．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了如今社交媒体时代，每个人都有发表评价和追随好评的趋势，但是顾客给出的负面评价总是令人头疼，为此作者给出了一些建议。
12．推理判断题。根据第一段“The nline business directry Yelp, which gets 178 millin mnthly visitrs, invites anyne with a cellphne t leave a review f a business r restaurant. But by n means are negative reviews always hnest. Sme peple threaten t give a bad review t extrt (敲诈) discunted r free fd frm a restaurant. Sme then fllw thrugh when their demands are nt met.(在线商业目录Yelp每月有1.78亿的访问量，它邀请任何有手机的人对企业或餐馆发表评论。但负面评论绝不是诚实的。有些人威胁要给差评，以从餐馆敲诈打折或免费的食物。当他们的要求没有得到满足时，有些人会坚持到底)”可知，作者在第一段中提到Yelp来支持一个说法。故选D。
13．推理判断题。根据第二段“But there are tw sides t every stry. One Denver chef decided t respnd t bad reviews at his restaurant. As it turned ut, sme custmers wh left bad review s deserved bad reviews themselves. One custmer’s terrible review claimed that the fd at the restaurant was s awful that he didn’t eat a single bite. The chef lked thrugh the mnitr and fund clear evidence that he had eaten every bite! In respnse, the chef called ut the dissatisfied custmer in his wn negative review. Since the chef started respnding t all his negative reviews, business at his restaurant has nearly dubled.(但凡事都有两面性。丹佛的一位厨师决定对他餐厅的差评做出回应。事实证明，一些留下差评的顾客自己也应该得到差评。一位顾客的差评称，这家餐厅的食物太糟糕了，他一口都没吃。厨师看了看监视器，发现了他吃了每一口的明显证据！作为回应，厨师在他自己的差评中点名了这位不满意的顾客。自从厨师开始回应他所有的差评后，他餐厅的生意几乎翻了一番)”可知，对于餐馆的负面评价，作者认为有两面性，即作者是客观的。故选B。
14．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“First give an hnest assessment f any negative reviews.(首先，对任何负面评价给予诚实的评价)”以及后文“Are there areas fr imprvement?(是否有需要改进的地方？)”可知，作者认为对于负面评价应该看是否合理，然后进行改进。故划线词意思是“合理的”。故选C。
15．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“S what is a restauranteur t d? First give an hnest assessment f any negative reviews. Take a step back and ask if the writer has made any valid pints. Are there areas fr imprvement? If the answer is yes, make adjustments. Reviewers themselves need t be hnest and cnstructive. The gal shuld be t imprve the situatin, nt just blw ff steam.(那么，餐馆老板该怎么做呢？首先，对任何负面评价给予诚实的评价。退后一步，问问作者是否提出了有效的观点。是否有需要改进的地方？如果答案是肯定的，那就做出调整。审稿人本身需要诚实和有建设性。目标应该是改善情况，而不仅仅是发泄情绪)”结合文章主要说明了如今社交媒体时代，每个人都有发表评价和追随好评的趋势，但是顾客给出的负面评价总是令人头疼，为此作者给出了一些建议。可知，D选项“如何处理差评？”最符合文章标题。故选D。
（2024·北京丰台·二模）A shpkeeper’s sn breaks a windw, causing a crwd t gather. They tell the shpkeeper nt t be angry: actually, the brken windw is a reasn t celebrate, since it will create wrk fr the glazier (装玻璃的工人). In the stry, written by a 19th-century ecnmist, the crwd envisins the wrk invlved in repairing the windw, but nt that invlved in everything else n which the shpkeeper culd have spent his mney — unseen pssibilities that wuld have brught him greater happiness.
If that windw were t be brken these days, peple might have a different reactin, especially if they were NIMBYs (Nt In My Back Yard) wh ppse any lcal cnstructin that affects their quality f life. Their cncern might be with the “embdied carbn”. The prductin f a piece f glass wuld carry a sizeable carbn cst. Similarly, the bricks and cncrete in a building are relics f past emissins. They are, the lgic ges, embdied carbn.
Cnserving what already exists, rather than adding t the building stck, will avid increasing these embdied emissins — r s NIMBYs ften suggest. At its wrst, this idea is based n a warped lgic. Greenhuse gases released by the cnstructin f an existing building will heat the planet whether the building is repaired r kncked dwn. The emissins have been taken ut f the wrld’s “carbn budget”, s treating them as anew debit means duble cunting. The right questin t ask is whether it is wrth using the remaining carbn budget t repair a building r it is better t knck it dwn.
Chsing between these pssibilities requires thinking abut the unseen. It used t be said that cnstructin emitted tw types f emissins. Besides the embdied srt, there were peratinal nes frm cling, heating and prviding electricity t residents. Arund the wrld, buildings accunt fr 39% f annual emissins, accrding t the Wrld Green Building Cuncil, f which 28% cme frm peratinal carbn.
These tw types f emissins might be enugh fr the architects designing an individual building. But when it cmes t brader questins, ecnmists ught als t cnsider hw the placement f buildings affects the manner in which peple wrk, shp and travel. Density (密度) lwers the per-persn cst f public transprt, and this reduces car use. Research by Green Alliance, a pressure grup, suggests that in Britain a plicy f “demlish (拆除) and densify” — replacing semi-detached husing near public transprt with blcks f flats — wuld save substantial emissins. Withut such demlitin, ptential residents wuld typically have t mve t the suburbs instead, saving mney n rent but cnsuming mre energy.
Targeted subsidies (补贴), especially fr research and develpment int cnstructin materials, culd speed up the pace at which the built envirnment decarbnises. What will never wrk, hwever, is allwing the ludest vices t decide hw t use land and ignring the carbn emissins f their wuld-be neighburs nce they are ut f sight.
16．The first tw paragraphs are written t ________.
A．exemplify an utlk n energy cnservatin
B．present a new way f relieving energy crisis
C．explain peple’s reactin t a brken windw
D．intrduce an argument n carbn emissin
17．What des the underlined wrd “warped” in Paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A．Unsund.B．Cmplicated.C．Distinctive.D．Underlying.
18．What can be learnt frm the passage?
A．Operatinal carbn accunts fr a larger share f carbn emissin.
B．Repairing ld buildings utweighs demlitin in energy cnservatin.
C．Higher residential density near public transprt may help reduce emissin.
D．Stpping residents frm living in new buildings is sensible t energy saving.
19．As fr decarbnizatin f the built envirnment, which wuld the authr agree with?
A．Interests f NIMBYs are wrthy f cnsideratin.
B．A cmprehensive insight int emissin is essential.
C．Upgrading cnstructin materials shuld be priritized.
D．Every resident shuld d their bit in reducing carbn emissin.
【答案】16．D 17．A 18．C 19．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了建筑行业中的“隐含碳”问题，指出建筑物中的砖块和混凝土是过去排放的遗迹。从逻辑上讲，它们是隐含的碳。无论是修缮还是拆除现有建筑，建筑所释放的温室气体都将使地球升温。
16．推理判断题。根据第一段“A shpkeeper’s sn breaks a windw, causing a crwd t gather. They tell the shpkeeper nt t be angry: actually, the brken windw is a reasn t celebrate, since it will create wrk fr the glazier (装玻璃的工人). In the stry, written by a 19th-century ecnmist, the crwd envisins the wrk invlved in repairing the windw, but nt that invlved in everything else n which the shpkeeper culd have spent his mney — unseen pssibilities that wuld have brught him greater happiness.(一个店主的儿子打破了一扇窗户，引起了一群人的聚集。他们告诉店主不要生气：实际上，打破窗户是一个值得庆祝的理由，因为这将为玻璃匠创造工作机会。在这个由一位19世纪经济学家撰写的故事中，人们想象的是修理窗户的工作，而不是店主本可以花钱购买的其他东西，这些东西看不见，可能会给他带来更大的幸福)”以及第二段“If that windw were t be brken these days, peple might have a different reactin, especially if they were NIMBYs (Nt In My Back Yard) wh ppse any lcal cnstructin that affects their quality f life. Their cncern might be with the “embdied carbn”. The prductin f a piece f glass wuld carry a sizeable carbn cst. Similarly, the bricks and cncrete in a building are relics f past emissins. They are, the lgic ges, embdied carbn.(如果这扇窗户现在被打破了，人们可能会有不同的反应，特别是如果他们是邻避主义者（不要在我的后院），他们反对任何影响他们生活质量的地方建设。他们担心的可能是“隐含碳”。一块玻璃的生产将带来相当大的碳成本。同样，建筑物中的砖块和混凝土是过去排放的遗迹。从逻辑上讲，它们是隐含的碳)”可推知，前两段是用来介绍一个关于碳排放的论点。故选D。
17．词句猜测题。根据第三段“Cnserving what already exists, rather than adding t the building stck, will avid increasing these embdied emissins — r s NIMBYs ften suggest.(保护已经存在的东西，而不是增加建筑存量，将避免增加这些隐含的排放——邻避主义者经常这样建议)”以及“Greenhuse gases released by the cnstructin f an existing building will heat the planet whether the building is repaired r kncked dwn.(无论是修缮还是拆除现有建筑，建筑所释放的温室气体都将使地球升温)”可知，邻避主义者的建议是不健康的，故划线词意思是“不健康的”。故选A。
18．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Density (密度) lwers the per-persn cst f public transprt, and this reduces car use. Research by Green Alliance, a pressure grup, suggests that in Britain a plicy f “demlish (拆除) and densify” — replacing semi-detached husing near public transprt with blcks f flats — wuld save substantial emissins.(人口密度降低了公共交通的人均成本，从而减少了汽车的使用。压力集团绿色联盟的研究表明，在英国，“拆除和密集”政策——用公寓楼取代公共交通附近的半独立式住房——将节省大量的排放)”可知，公共交通附近较高的住宅密度可能有助于减少排放。故选C。
19．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Targeted subsidies (补贴), especially fr research and develpment int cnstructin materials, culd speed up the pace at which the built envirnment decarbnises. What will never wrk, hwever, is allwing the ludest vices t decide hw t use land and ignring the carbn emissins f their wuld-be neighburs nce they are ut f sight.(有针对性的补贴，尤其是对建筑材料研发的补贴，可能会加快建筑环境脱碳的步伐。然而，允许最响亮的声音来决定如何使用土地，而忽视潜在邻居在视线之外的碳排放，这是永远行不通的)”可推知，关于建筑环境的脱碳，作者同意对排放的全面了解是必要的。故选B。
（2024·北京·一模）A recent glbal study, which surveyed 10,000 yung peple frm 10 cuntries, shwed that nearly 60 percent f them were extremely wrried abut the future state f the planet. The reprt, which was published in The Lancet, als shwed that nearly half f the respndents said that such distress affected them daily, and three quarters agreed with the statement that “the future is frightening.” This, alng with many ther studies, shws clearly that climate change is nt just a threat t the envirnment that we inhabit. It als pses a very real threat t ur emtinal well-being. Psychlgists have categrized these feelings f grief and wrry abut the current climate emergency, a cmmn ccurrence amng yuth tday, under the label f “ec-anxiety”.
Ec-anxiety desn’t just affect yung peple. It als affects researchers wh wrk in climate and eclgical science, burdened by the reality depicted by their findings, and it affects the mst ecnmically marginalized (边缘化的) acrss the glbe, wh bear the damaging impacts f climate breakdwn.
In 2024, ec-anxiety will rise t becme ne f the leading causes f mental health prblems. The reasns are bvius. Scientists estimate that the wrld is likely t breach safe limits f temperature rise abve pre-industrial levels fr the first time by 2027.
In recent years, we’ve seen wildfires tear thrugh Canada and Greece, and summer flds ruin regins in Pakistan that are hme t nearly 33 millin peple. Studies have shwn that thse impacted by air pllutin and rising temperatures are mre likely t experience psychlgical distress.
T make matters wrse, facing climate crisis, ur plitical class is nt ffering strng leadership. The COP28 cnference in Dubai will be headed by an il and gas cmpany executive. In the UK, the gvernment is backtracking n its green cmmitments.
Frtunately, greater levels f ec-anxiety will als ffer an avenue fr reslving the climate crisis directly. Accrding t Carline Hickman, a researcher n ec-anxiety frm the University f Bath, anyne experiencing ec-anxiety is displaying entirely natural and ratinal reactins t the climate crisis. This is why, in 2024, we will als see mre peple arund the wrld jin the fight fr climate justice and seek jbs that priritize envirnmental sustainability. Campaigners will put increased pressure n fssil fuel industries and the gvernments t rapidly abandn the usage f plluting cal, il, and gas.
It’s nw clear that nt nly are these industries the main causes fr the climate crisis, they are als respnsible fr the mental health crisis, which is starting t affect mst f us. Ec-anxiety is nt smething we will defeat with therapy, but smething we will tackle by taking actin.
20．What can we learn frm the passage?
A．The cause f ec-anxiety is emtins existing in ur mind.
B．Peple in develped cuntries are mre likely t suffer frm ec-anxiety.
C．Ec-anxiety is a new kind f psychlgical disease due t climate change.
D．The authr is disappinted abut gvernment behaviur twards climate crisis.
21．What des the underlined wrd “breach” in Paragraph 3 mst prbably mean?
A．Break.B．Reach.C．Raise.D．Affect.
22．As fr Carline Hickman’s pinin n ec-anxiety, the authr is .
A．puzzledB．favurableC．suspiciusD．uncncerned
23．What wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．Wh Is t Blame fr Ec-anxiety?
B．Hw Shuld Yu See Ec-anxiety?
C．Hw Will Ec-anxiety Be Reslved?
D．Why D Peple Suffer frm Ec-anxiety?
【答案】20．D 21．A 22．B 23．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了，气候变化不仅威胁到我们所居住的环境。它还对我们的情绪健康构成了非常现实的威胁，因为对地球的未来状况极为担忧，许多人会有“生态焦虑”，作者解释了它的影响、好处和应对策略。
20．推理判断题。由第五段中“T make matters wrse, facing climate crisis, ur plitical class is nt ffering strng leadership. (更糟糕的是，面对气候危机，我们的政治阶层没有提供强有力的领导)”和“In the UK, the gvernment is backtracking n its green cmmitments. (在英国，政府正在背弃其绿色承诺)”可知，作者认为面对气候危机，政府不是无作为就是背弃其绿色承诺，可得出作者对政府应对气候危机的行为感到失望。故选D项。
21．词句猜测题。由第一段中“Psychlgists have categrized these feelings f grief and wrry abut the current climate emergency, a cmmn ccurrence amng yuth tday, under the label f “ec-anxiety”. (心理学家将这些对当前气候紧急情况的悲伤和担忧归类为“生态焦虑”，这在当今年轻人中很常见)”和第四段中“In recent years, we’ve seen wildfires tear thrugh Canada and Greece (近年来，我们看到野火肆虐加拿大和希腊)”及“Studies have shwn that thse impacted by air pllutin and rising temperatures are mre likely t experience psychlgical distress. (研究表明，那些受到空气污染和气温上升影响的人更有可能经历心理痛苦)”可知，人们因对当前气候紧急情况（如空气污染和气温上升）的悲伤和担忧而产生“生态焦虑”，而当前气候紧急情况在加剧，野火肆虐加拿大和希腊，说明全球气温在不断升高，再结合第三段中“In 2024, ec-anxiety will rise t becme ne f the leading causes f mental health prblems. (2024年，生态焦虑将上升为心理健康问题的主要原因之一)”和“Scientists estimate that the wrld is likely t breach safe limits f temperature rise abve pre-industrial levels fr the first time by 2027. (科学家估计，到2027年，世界可能首次breach气温上升超过工业化前水平的安全极限)”可知，生态焦虑在继续，说明当前气候紧急情况并未得到缓解，而是在加剧，到2027年，世界可能首次“打破”气温上升超过工业化前水平的安全极限，划线词意为“Break”。故选A项。
22．推理判断题。由倒数第二段中“Frtunately, greater levels f ec-anxiety will als ffer an avenue fr reslving the climate crisis directly. Accrding t Carline Hickman, a researcher n ec-anxiety frm the University f Bath, anyne experiencing ec-anxiety is displaying entirely natural and ratinal reactins t the climate crisis. (幸运的是，更大程度的生态焦虑也将为直接解决气候危机提供途径。巴斯大学生态焦虑研究人员卡罗琳·希克曼表示，任何经历生态焦虑的人都会对气候危机表现出完全自然和理性的反应)”可知，更大程度的生态焦虑也将让人们对气候危机表现出完全自然和理性的反应，为直接解决气候危机提供途径，Carline Hickman对生态焦虑持赞同态度。故选B项。
23．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章介绍了气候变化不仅威胁到我们所居住的环境。它还对我们的情绪健康构成了非常现实的威胁，因为对地球的未来状况极为担忧，许多人会有“生态焦虑”，作者解释了它的影响、好处和应对策略，B项“你应该如何看待生态焦虑？”适合做标题。故选B项。
（2024·北京朝阳·一模）The streets and rfs f cities all absrb heat, making sme urban areas htter than rural nes. These “urban heat islands” can als develp undergrund as city heat spreads dwnward, and subway tracks and ther subsurface infrastructure(基础设施) als cnstantly radiate warmth int the surrunding earth.
A new study f dwntwn Chicag shws undergrund htspts may threaten the very same structures that give ff the heat in the first place. “Withut anyne realizing it, the city f Chicag’s dwntwn was defrming,” says study authr Rtta Lria, an envirnmental engineer.
Humans aren’t the nly ptentially affected. “Fr a lt f things in the subsurface, it’s kind f ‘ut f sight, ut f mind’,” says Grant Fergusn, a gelgist. But the undergrund wrld is full f creatures that have adapted t subsurface existence such as insects and snails. As the temperature rises because f climate change and undergrund urban develpment, scientists are keeping eyes n the ptential implicatins fr undergrund ecsystems.
But the questin f hw undergrund htspts culd affect infrastructure has gne largely unstudied. Because materials expand and cntract with temperature change, Rtta suspected that heat cming frm undergrund culd be cntributing t wear and tear n varius structures. T understand hw undergrund temperature difference has affected the grund’s physical prperties, he used a cmputer mdel t simulate(模拟) the undergrund envirnment frm the 1950s t nw—and then t 2050. He fund that by the middle f this century, sme areas may lift upward by as much as 0.50 inch r settle by as much as 0.32 inch, depending n the sil makeup f the area invlved. Thugh these may sund like small displacements, Rtta says they culd cause cracks in the fundatins f sme buildings, causing buildings t fall.
Kathrin Menberg, a gescientist in Germany, says these displacement predictins are far beynd her guesses and culd be linked t the sft, clay-heavy sils. “Clay material is particularly sensitive,” she says, “It wuld be a big issue in all cities wrldwide that are built n such material.”
Like climate change abve the surface, undergrund changes ccur gradually. “These effects tk decades t develp,” Fergusn says, adding that increased undergrund temperatures wuld likewise take a lng time t dissipate n their wn. “We culd basically turn everything ff, and it’s ging t remain there, the temperature signal, fr quite a while.”
But Fergusn says this wasted heat energy culd als be reused, presenting an pprtunity t bth cl the subsurface and save n energy csts. Still, this assumptin culd fail as abvegrund climate change cntinues t bst undergrund warming. Hwever slwly, this heat will gather beneath ur feet. “It’s like climate change,” Rtta Lria says. “Maybe we dn’t see it always, but it’s happening.”
24．The authr qutes Rtta Lria in Paragraph 2 mainly t _______.
A．make a predictinB．highlight a finding
C．draw a cnclusinD．raise an assumptin
25．What can we learn frm this passage?
A．“Urban heat islands” extend undergrund t spare ecsystems.
B．Surface climate change cntributes t the reuse f undergrund heat.
C．Undergrund temperatures mirrr the grund’s physical characteristics.
D．Buildings may cllapse as a ptential cnsequence f undergrund heat.
26．What des the underlined wrd “dissipate” in Paragraph 6 prbably mean?
A．Shw.B．Stay.C．Develp.D．Disappear.
27．What des the authr intend t tell us?
A．Undergrund climate change is a silent danger.
B．Humans fail t ntice the dramatic climate change.
C．Cling the subsurface helps cntrl urban heat rises.
D．Researching undergrund heat helps save n energy csts.
【答案】24．B 25．D 26．D 27．A
【导语】本文为一篇说明文，介绍了城市的热量正在向地下传播，这会影响到一些地面建筑材料，且这种变化是不易察觉的，是一种无声的危险。
24．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The streets and rfs f cities all absrb heat, making sme urban areas htter than rural nes. These “urban heat islands” can als develp undergrund as city heat spreads dwnward, and subway tracks and ther subsurface infrastructure(基础设施) als cnstantly radiate warmth int the surrunding earth.(城市的街道和屋顶都会吸收热量，这使得一些城市地区比农村地区更热。随着城市热量向下传播，这些“城市热岛”也会在地下发展，地铁轨道和其他地下基础设施也会不断向周围的地球辐射热量)”说明城市热量在向地下发展，第二段““Withut anyne realizing it, the city f Chicag’s dwntwn was defrming,” says study authr Rtta Lria, an envirnmental engineer.(“在没有人意识到的情况下，芝加哥市中心正在变形，”研究报告的作者、环境工程师罗塔·洛里亚说)”引用Rtta Lria的话突出了这一发现。故选B。
25．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Because materials expand and cntract with temperature change, Rtta suspected that heat cming frm undergrund culd be cntributing t wear and tear n varius structures.(由于材料会随着温度的变化而膨胀和收缩，罗塔怀疑来自地下的热量可能会导致各种结构的磨损)”及“He fund that by the middle f this century, sme areas may lift upward by as much as 0.50 inch r settle by as much as 0.32 inch, depending n the sil makeup f the area invlved. Thugh these may sund like small displacements, Rtta says they culd cause cracks in the fundatins f sme buildings, causing buildings t fall.(他发现，到本世纪中叶，一些地区可能会向上抬升0.50英寸或下沉0.32英寸，这取决于该地区的土壤构成。虽然这些听起来像是很小的位移，但罗塔说，它们可能会导致一些建筑物的地基出现裂缝，导致建筑物倒塌)”可知，地下热量的潜在后果是建筑物可能倒塌。故选D。
26．词义猜测题。根据划线词前文“adding that increased undergrund temperatures wuld likewise take a lng time t(他补充说，地下温度的升高同样需要很长时间才能)”及后文“We culd basically turn everything ff, and it’s ging t remain there, the temperature signal, fr quite a while.(我们基本上可以把所有的东西都关掉，温度信号会在那里停留很长一段时间)”可推知，关掉开关，也不会导致地下温度升高立即消失，因此，地下温度升高需要很长时间才能消失，划线词与disappear意思一致。故选D。
27．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The streets and rfs f cities all absrb heat, making sme urban areas htter than rural nes. These “urban heat islands” can als develp undergrund as city heat spreads dwnward, and subway tracks and ther subsurface infrastructure(基础设施) als cnstantly radiate warmth int the surrunding earth.(城市的街道和屋顶都会吸收热量，这使得一些城市地区比农村地区更热。随着城市热量向下传播，这些“城市热岛”也会在地下发展，地铁轨道和其他地下基础设施也会不断向周围的地球辐射热量)”及第二段“A new study f dwntwn Chicag shws undergrund htspts may threaten the very same structures that give ff the heat in the first place.(一项针对芝加哥市中心的新研究表明，地下热点可能会威胁到最初散发热量的相同结构)”结合最后一段““It’s like climate change,” Rtta Lria says. “Maybe we dn’t see it always, but it’s happening.”(“这就像气候变化，”罗塔·洛里亚说。“也许我们并不总是看到这种情况，但它正在发生。”)”可知，本文介绍了城市的热量正在向地下传播，这会影响到一些地面建筑材料，且这种变化是不易察觉的，因此，作者想要告诉我们“地下气候变化是一种无声的危险”。故选A。
（2024·北京西城·一模）Evan Selinger, prfessr in RIT’s Department f Philsphy, has taken an interest in the ethics (伦理标准) f Al and the plicy gaps that need t be filled in. Thrugh a humanities viewpint, Selinger asks the questins, “Hw can AI cause harm, and what can gvernments and cmpanies creating Al prgrams d t address and manage it?” Answering them, he explained, requires an interdisciplinary apprach.
“AI ethics g beynd technical fixes. Philsphers and ther humanities experts are uniquely skilled t address the nuanced (微妙的) principles, value cnflicts, and pwer dynamics. These skills aren’t just crucial fr addressing current issues. We desperately need them t prmte anticipatry (先行的) gvernance, ” said Selinger.
One example that illustrates hw philsphy and humanities experts can help guide these new, rapidly grwing technlgies is Selinger’s wrk cllabrating with a special AI prject. “One f the skills I bring t the table is identifying cre ethical issues in emerging technlgies that haven’t been built r used by the public. We can take preventative steps t limit risk, including changing hw the technlgy is designed, ”said Selinger.
Taking these preventative steps and regularly reassessing what risks need addressing is part f the nging jurney in pursuit f creating respnsible AI. Selinger explains that there isn’t a step-by-step apprach fr gd gvernance. “AI ethics have cre values and principles, but there’s endless disagreement abut interpreting and applying them and creating meaningful accuntability mechanisms, ” said Selinger. “Sme peple are rightly wrried that AI can becme integrated int ‘ethics washing’-weak checklists, flwery missin statements, and empty rhetric that cvers ver abuses f pwer. Frtunately, I’ve had great cnversatins abut this issue, including with sme experts, n why it is imprtant t cnsider a range f psitins. ”
Sme f Selinger’s recent research has fcused n the back-end issues with develping AI, such as the human impact that cmes with testing AI chatbts befre they’re released t the public. Other issues fcus n plicy, such as what t d abut the dangers psed by facial recgnitin and ther autmated surveillance(监视) appraches.
Selinger is making sure his students are infrmed abut the nging industry cnversatins n AI ethics and respnsible AI. “Students are ging t be future tech leaders. Nw is the time t help them think abut what gals their cmpanies shuld have and the csts f minimizing ethical cncerns. Beynd scial csts, dwnplaying ethics can negatively impact crprate culture and hiring, ” said Selinger. “T attract tp talent, yu need t cnsider whether yur cmpany matches their interests and hpes fr the future. ”
28．Selinger advcates an interdisciplinary apprach because ________.
A．humanities experts pssess skills essential fr AI ethics
B．it demnstrates the pwer f anticipatry gvernance
C．AI ethics heavily depends n technlgical slutins
D．it can avid scial cnflicts and pressing issues
29．T prmte respnsible AI, Selinger believes we shuld ________.
A．adpt a systematic apprachB．apply innvative technlgies
C．anticipate ethical risks befrehandD．establish accuntability mechanisms
30．What can be inferred frm the last tw paragraphs?
A．Mre cmpanies will use AI t attract tp talent.
B．Understanding AI ethics will help students in the future.
C．Selinger favrs cmpanies that match his students’ values.
D．Selinger is likely t fcus n back-end issues such as plicy.
【答案】28．A 29．C 30．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了RIT哲学系教授Evan Selinger对于对人工智能的伦理的一些看法和建议。
28．细节理解题。根据第二段““AI ethics g beynd technical fixes. Philsphers and ther humanities experts are uniquely skilled t address the nuanced (微妙的) principles, value cnflicts, and pwer dynamics. These skills aren’t just crucial fr addressing current issues. We desperately need them t prmte anticipatry (先行的) gvernance, ” said Selinger.( Selinger说：“人工智能伦理超越了技术修复。哲学家和其他人文专家在处理微妙的原则、价值冲突和权力动态方面具有独特的技能。这些技能不仅对解决当前问题至关重要。我们迫切需要他们来促进预见性治理。”)”可知，塞林格主张跨学科的方法，因为人文学科专家拥有人工智能伦理所必需的技能。故选A。
29．细节理解题。根据第四段“Taking these preventative steps and regularly reassessing what risks need addressing is part f the nging jurney in pursuit f creating respnsible AI.(采取这些预防措施并定期重新评估需要解决的风险，是追求创造负责任的人工智能的持续旅程的一部分)”可知，为了促进负责任的人工智能，塞林格认为我们应该事先预测道德风险。故选C。
30．推理判断题。根据最后一段““Students are ging t be future tech leaders. Nw is the time t help them think abut what gals their cmpanies shuld have and the csts f minimizing ethical cncerns. Beynd scial csts, dwnplaying ethics can negatively impact crprate culture and hiring, ” said Selinger. “T attract tp talent, yu need t cnsider whether yur cmpany matches their interests and hpes fr the future.”(“学生们将成为未来的科技领袖。现在是时候帮助他们思考他们的公司应该有什么样的目标，以及最小化道德问题的成本。除了社会成本之外，轻视道德还会对企业文化和招聘产生负面影响。”“为了吸引顶尖人才，你需要考虑你的公司是否符合他们的兴趣和对未来的希望。”)”可推知，理解人工智能伦理对学生未来有帮助。故选B。
议论文
（2024·江苏·模拟预测）The expressin “Genius is 1% inspiratin and 99% perspiratin (汗水)” is ften attributed t Thmas Edisn. But as we have prgressed int the 21st century, I think we shuld update the saying: “Success is 1% inspiratin and 99% preparatin.”
Indeed, ideas are shting arund faster than ever, but mst are wrthless because n ne des the hard wrk t implement them. And as we’re in a service ecnmy nw, implementatin requires hurs and hurs nt f sweat but f preparatin. Yu must d it all: reading, researching, falling int ne rabbit hle after anther n the Internet t find the right series f test cases and qutes t make yur pint, and presenting yur idea briefly and clearly.
Preparatin is everything! Watch the amazing 2021 vide f the Perseverance rver landing n the surface f Mars. The nbard camera shws the terrain (地形). After the landing, I’m pretty sure ne f the scientists exclaims, “Hey, that’s my rck.” In missin preparatin, the entire landing area was digitized. The planners knew the placement f every rck and dip in terrain.
Churchill famusly memrized his speeches and practiced giving them ver and ver in his bathtub. Sme f this was t vercme his stutter (口吃), but it was mainly t get the tne just right. Nthing was ff-the-cuff (即兴的). His speeches didn’t sund like they were read frm a piece f paper; they felt stream f cnsciusness. In his finest hurs he shwed the value f preparatin.
But, yu may ask, why put in any extra effrt? ChatGPT can pass Advanced Placement tests, entry exams fr law and medical schl, and even the bar exam. That prbably says mre abut hw pr thse tests are than abut AI’s ability. But even thugh AI can answer almst any questin yu thrw at it, it is wrthless in an elevatr when yur bss asks yu what yu think abut new prduct ideas r sales prspects in Omaha.
The nly answer cmes frm that 99% preparatin. Study everything, nt nly the task yu’ve been assigned. Dig deep. Cme up with ideas and ptential slutins. Wrk n an elevatr speech fr what excites yu. Dn’t wing it. Prepare. And trust me, the feeling yu get frm preparatin-induced success is better than anything yu can buy at a drugstre. Preparatin will make yu super great.
1．What can we learn frm paragraph 2?
A．The service ecnmy makes ideas wrthless.
B．Implementatin des nt take much time these days.
C．Ideas are wrthless withut preparatin and hard wrk.
D．Implementatin requires mre inspiratin than preparatin.
2．Hw des the authr try t persuade readers t accept his argument?
A．By listing examples.B．By sharing his experience.
C．By prviding research results.D．By referring t experts’ wrds.
3．What pint is the authr trying t make by mentining ChatGPT?
A．ChatGPT is capable f passing varius tests.
B．Preparatin can help yu perfrm better than AI.
C．Elevatr cnversatins require high scial skills.
D．Standard tests d nt fully represent ne’s abilities.
4．What des the text mainly talk abut?
A．Hw we can achieve success with little sweat.
B．Hw we shuld make preparatin fr ur future.
C．Why perspiratin still maters in the 21st century.
D．Why preparatin can pave the way t yur success.
【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．D
【导语】这是一篇议论文。本文强调成功更多依赖于99%的准备而非灵感，通过爱迪生名言的更新、火星车着陆准备、丘吉尔演讲准备等例子，论证了充分准备对于成功的重要性。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“Indeed, ideas are shting arund faster than ever, but mst are wrthless because n ne des the hard wrk t implement them. (事实上，想法的传播速度比以往任何时候都快，但大多数想法都毫无价值，因为没有人努力实施它们)”可知，没有准备和努力的想法是无价值的。故选C项。
2．推理判断题。根据文章第三段中的“Watch the amazing 2021 vide f the Perseverance rver landing n the surface f Mars. (观看2021年毅力号火星车在火星表面着陆的精彩视频)”和第三段中的“In missin preparatin, the entire landing area was digitized. The planners knew the placement f every rck and dip in terrain. (在任务准备过程中，整个着陆区都被数字化了。规划者知道每一块岩石的位置和地形的倾角)”以及第四段中的“Churchill famusly memrized his speeches and practiced giving them ver and ver in his bathtub. Sme f this was t vercme his stutter (口吃), but it was mainly t get the tne just right. Nthing was ff-the-cuff (即兴的). (丘吉尔以熟记演讲而闻名，并在浴缸里反复练习演讲。其中一些是为了克服他的口吃，但主要是为了让语气恰到好处。没有什么是即兴的)”可知，作者在文章中通过列举多个例子来支持他的观点，如Perseverance火星探测器着陆前的详尽准备，以及丘吉尔对演讲的精心准备等。故选A项。
3．推理判断题。根据文章第五段中的“But even thugh AI can answer almst any questin yu thrw at it, it is wrthless in an elevatr when yur bss asks yu what yu think abut new prduct ideas r sales prspects in Omaha. (但是，尽管人工智能几乎可以回答你提出的任何问题，但当你的老板问你对奥马哈的新产品创意或销售前景有何看法时，它在电梯里毫无价值)”可知，在实际的工作场景中，如电梯里老板询问你对新产品想法或销售前景的看法时，AI是无能为力的。这实际上是在突出准备和人的能力的重要性，即准备可以让你在需要时表现得比AI更好。故选B项。
4．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段中的“But as we have prgressed int the 21st century, I think we shuld update the saying: “Success is 1% inspiratin and 99% preparatin.” (但随着我们进入21世纪，我认为我们应该更新这句话：“成功是1%的灵感和99%的准备。”)”以及最后一段中的“The nly answer cmes frm that 99% preparatin. (唯一的答案来自99%的准备)”和“ Preparatin will make yu super great. (准备会让你变得超级棒)”可知，作者认为成功不仅仅是靠灵感，更重要的是准备，整篇文章主要围绕“准备”这一主题展开，通过多个例子和论述来强调准备对于成功的重要性。故选D项。
（2024·湖南衡阳·模拟预测）In a wrld where everyne has their wn pinins n just abut everything, it’s cmmn fr peple t be critical f each ther’s mistakes and imperfectins withut nticing their wn. Sme individuals mistakenly think it’s their respnsibility t make yu int a better persn. They d this by first pinting ut yur shrtcmings directly and then prviding advice n hw yu can imprve.
S what is the pssible slutin t criticism? If yu are the ne frcing thers t feel ashamed f themselves, please stp. Make a cnscius decisin rather than highlight the negative aspect f a persn’s perfrmance r attitudes. Yu are mre likely t ffer helpful suggestins frm the beginning. If yu are n the receiving end f criticism, the “OK” respnse is a perfect slutin. When smene cmments negatively n a task yu are ding r a persnality issue f yurs, a natural respnse is t defend and attack. Hwever, this apprach is rarely effective as it puts bth parties n the defensive. Instead, simply reply with “OK”. This brief ne-wrd respnse acknwledges the ther persn’s cmment withut agreeing with it r feeling necessary t engage in a debate abut it.
It’s crucial t stay cnnected t what the ther persn is talking abut, and listen withut getting upset, t be an bjective bserver. In fact, there is much that ne can learn frm a negative review. Yu can ask yurself: Did I make a mistake? Culd I have dne better? Did I give 100% f myself t the task at hand? If s, hw can I imprve myself? As fr chrnic criticizers: It is imprtant t set strict bundary with them. Remve yurself frm their presence when necessary.
In any case, ne can learn t be “OK” with criticism and nt allw it t negatively impact yur life r relatinship with the ther party.
5．What might the authr think f peple wh like t judge thers?
A．Self-centered.B．Respnsible.C．Talkative.D．Warm-hearted.
6．What des a persn mean by saying “OK” accrding t Paragraph 3?
A．He thinks the advice is helpful.B．He cmpletely agrees with the cmments.
C．He wants t avid unnecessary arguments.D．He defends himself with the respnse.
7．What is the recmmended actin fr dealing with chrnic criticizers?
A．Embrace their views.B．Criticize them in return.
C．Avid interactin if needed.D．Engage with them regularly.
8．What is the mst suitable title fr the text?
A．The Art f Giving CriticismB．Mastering Self-Defense against Criticism
C．Dealing with Persnal Relatinships FlexiblyD．The Path t Self-Imprvement thrugh Criticism
【答案】5．A 6．C 7．C 8．D
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要探讨了如何正确地处理批评，无论是作为批评者还是被批评者，同时也提出了一些具体的策略，例如：通过简单地说“OK”来避免不必要的争论，以及如何对待那些习惯性批评他人的人。
5．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Sme individuals mistakenly think it’s their respnsibility t make yu int a better persn. They d this by first pinting ut yur shrtcmings directly and then prviding advice n hw yu can imprve.(有些人错误地认为他们有责任让你成为一个更好的人。他们首先直接指出你的缺点，然后就如何改进提供建议)”可知，作者可能认为这些人是自以为是，以自我为中心的。故选A。
6．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Instead, simply reply with “OK”. This brief ne-wrd respnse acknwledges the ther persn’s cmment withut agreeing with it r feeling necessary t engage in a debate abut it.(相反，只需回答“OK”。这个简短的一个词的回应承认了对方的评论，但不同意它，也不觉得有必要就此展开辩论)”可知，对方通过说“OK”意在避免不必要的争论。故选C。
7．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“It is imprtant t set strict bundary with them. Remve yurself frm their presence when necessary.(与他们建立严格的界限是很重要的。必要时离开他们)”可知，对于那些经常批评他人的人，文中推荐的行动是在必要时避免与他们互动。故选C。
8．主旨大意题。根据第一段“In a wrld where everyne has their wn pinins n just abut everything, it’s cmmn fr peple t be critical f each ther’s mistakes and imperfectins withut nticing their wn. Sme individuals mistakenly think it’s their respnsibility t make yu int a better persn. They d this by first pinting ut yur shrtcmings directly and then prviding advice n hw yu can imprve.(在一个每个人对每件事都有自己看法的世界里，人们对彼此的错误和不完美吹毛求疵，而不注意自己的错误和不完美，这是很常见的。有些人错误地认为他们有责任让你成为一个更好的人。他们首先直接指出你的缺点，然后就如何改进提供建议)”结合文章探讨了如何应对批评，无论是给出批评还是接受批评，并提出了一些建议和策略。故选D“通过批评走向自我提升”最为合适。故选D。
（2024·北京海淀·二模）We are a scial animal. Indeed, it is ur sciality — such as the ability t make sense f each ther, t cmmunicate, t wrk cperatively and, finally, t create culture — that marks us ff frm ther animal species.
But then why are we everywhere striving t increase ur islatin and limit ur cntact with thers? As musician David Byrn e argues in an essay published last mnth, it is a striking fact abut the new technlgies that have s cme t shape ur lives, that they have precisely this effect: they limit ur need fr human cntact. Online shpping? Check. Autmated checkut? Check. Ride hail apps? Check.
Efficiency is the key. We purchase efficiency by limiting the human aspect, knwn as “autnmus peratin”. This is perhaps even mre prnunced with new technlgies n the hrizn. Take the MOOC, the teacher-less virtual classrm. As Byrn e ntes, this is meant t deliver the values f a learning envirnment withut, well, withut the envirnment — yu get t stay at hme — n teacher, but als, n fellw students.
Byrne isn’t claiming we are cnsciusly chsing t islate urselves. We shp nline because it is cnvenient. The absence f cntact with thers is a side-effect. Maybe even an unavidable ne, as ne f the things that makes nline shpping s easy is precisely the absence f cntact with ther peple.
But Bryne’s thught is that whatever ur intentin, the tendency f ur tech t islate us may be a feature, nt a bug. His hypthesis is that we actually, at sme level, crave (渴望) the increased islatin and we are actually making technlgies t satisfy impulses that, in sme way, g beynd r against ur scial nature. But I wnder, is this really new?
Even if we are scial by nature, and d everything we can t embed urselves scially, the need t find ways t be alne is, well, nthing new. It’s als striking that the very activities that risk separating us — in the ld days, bks, newspapers, TV; nwadays, the latest apps als cnnect us. We read abut each ther. What we read gives us infrmatin t share with each ther.
I am well aware f the data that shws the mre time yu spend n scial media, the sadder and mre islated and envius yu feel f thers. But hw nvel is the islating effect f scial media? Being there reminds me a lt f what it was like t be scial in high schl — yu have a vivid sense f yur status and yur standing in relatin t thers, and yu have t deal with that.
This may be islating, sure. But it’s the islating face f the scial lives we’ve always had. It is islating because f the ways technlgy brings us int real cntact with thers, nt because it remves that cntact.
I wnder whether mre islatin is a real ptin, after all.
9．Which f the fllwing best reflects “autnmus peratin”?
A．Getting a tthbrush via a htel delivery rbt.
B．Teaching mm hw t establish a smart hme.
C．Seeking help by calling human custmer services.
D．Having an nline meeting at hme with clleagues.
10．Which f the fllwing might the authr agree?
A．Technlgy ffers fresh insights int ur scial status.
B．Actins seemingly islating can bnd peple.
C．Scial platfrms help bring peple clser.
D．Scial media has cme t define ur life.
11．What wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．What Technlgies D t Human NatureB．D Technlgies Shape Our Lives?
C．Hw Islatin Changes with CnnectinD．Can We Erase Human Element?
【答案】9．A 10．B 11．D
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了在线购物和社交媒体如何可能无意中导致人们感到孤独，但同时强调这些活动也提供了与他人建立联系的机会，反映了现代社会中人们在追求便利与社交之间的平衡。
9．推理判断题。由文章第三段中“Efficiency is the key. We purchase efficiency by limiting the human aspect, knwn as “autnmus peratin”. This is perhaps even mre prnunced with new technlgies n the hrizn. Take the MOOC, the teacher-less virtual classrm. As Byrn e ntes, this is meant t deliver the values f a learning envirnment withut, well, withut the envirnment — yu get t stay at hme — n teacher, but als, n fellw students. (效率是关键。我们通过限制人的方面来获得效率，被称为“自主操作”。随着新技术的出现，这一点可能更加明显。以MOOC为例，即没有教师的虚拟课堂。正如伯恩所指出的，这意味着在没有环境的情况下，传递学习环境的价值——你可以呆在家里——没有老师，也没有同学)”可知，通过限制人为因素（即自主操作）来提高效率。由此推知，通过酒店送货机器人获取牙刷正好符合“自主操作”的定义，因为这一过程中没有人为的参与，完全由机器人自主完成。故选A。
10．推理判断题。由文章第六段中“Even if we are scial by nature, and d everything we can t embed urselves scially, the need t find ways t be alne is, well, nthing new. It’s als striking that the very activities that risk separating us — in the ld days, bks, newspapers, TV; nwadays, the latest apps — als cnnect us. We read abut each ther. What we read gives us infrmatin t share with each ther. (即使我们天生具有社交性，并尽我们所能融入社会，寻找独处方式的需求也不是什么新鲜事。同样令人吃惊的是，那些有可能把我们分开的活动——在过去，书籍、报纸、电视；如今，最新的应用程序也连接着我们。我们互相了解对方。我们所读的东西给我们提供信息，让我们彼此分享)” 可推知，作者认为看似孤立的行为实际上可以让人们产生联系。故选B。
11．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第二段“But then why are we everywhere striving t increase ur islatin and limit ur cntact with thers? As musician David Byrn e argues in an essay published last mnth, it is a striking fact abut the new technlgies that have s cme t shape ur lives, that they have precisely this effect: they limit ur need fr human cntact. Online shpping? Check. Autmated checkut? Check. Ride hail apps? Check. (但是，为什么我们到处都在努力增加我们的孤立，限制我们与他人的接触呢？正如音乐家David Byrn在上月发表的一篇文章中所指出的那样，新技术如此塑造了我们的生活，一个令人震惊的事实是，它们恰恰具有这样的效果：它们限制了我们对人际交往的需求。)”可知，文章主语讨论了在线购物和社交媒体如何可能无意中导致人们感到孤独，但同时强调这些活动也提供了与他人建立联系的机会，反映了现代社会中人们在追求便利与社交之间的平衡。由此可知，D项“Can We Erase Human Element? (我们能抹去人类元素吗？)”适合作本文最佳标题。故选D。
（2024·江苏南通·一模）If yu’ve never been ne t sleep in scks, yu might want t give it a try. Sleeping in scks helps t regulate yur bdy temperature, which can lead t falling asleep faster, waking up less, and sleeping in later, accrding t research.
When yur cre bdy temperature is regulated, it makes fr better sleep, Breus said. A drp in cre bdy temperature signals t the bdy that it’s time t sleep and cincides(相符合)with the release f the sleep hrmne. Experts suggest keeping yur bedrm between 68 t 72 degrees Fahrenheit fr enugh sleep.
“Sme surces recmmend an even clder rm; hwever, I typically recmmend temperatures tw t five degrees cler than a cmfrtable temperature in the huse during the day,” Dr. Nilng Vyas, medical review expert at Sleep Fundatin, previusly tld Frtune.
If yu wear scks t sleep, ensure they aren’t s tight that they restrict bld flw, wrte Breus. It’s imprtant the scks are cmfrtable s they dn’t becme a sleep distractin. And yu shuld chse a clean pair, nt the nes yu wre all day, behaviral sleep disrders specialist Michelle Drerup, PsyD, tld the Cleveland Clinic.
If yu feel a sensry verlad sleeping in scks, research suggests that putting yur feet in a warm water bath befre bed can give a similar effect.
While sleeping in scks is wrth a try t get better rest, it’s nt a cure all. Scks aren’t a treatment fr insmnia r ther sleep cnditins—yu shuld talk t a medical prfessinal fr nging issues. And peple with circulatin issues shuld nt sleep with scks withut talking t their dctr first.
But, alng with unplugging befre bed and aviding caffeine t late in the day, putting n a pair f scks befre bed might be a way t step up yur sleep rutine, and wake up better rested.
1．What cntributes t better sleep accrding t the text?
A．A bedrm full f fresh air.B．A pair f scks n the ft.
C．A gd emtin regulatin.D．A higher cre bdy temperature.
2．What might Dr. Nilng Vyas agree with?
A．Sleepers will suffer in a very cld rm.
B．Temperature plays a rle in quality sleep.
C．The clder the rm is, the better we sleep.
D．Daytime sleep matters as much as nighttime sleep.
3．What des the underlined wrd“unplugging”prbably mean in paragraph 7?
A．Heat up.B．Turn verC．Think back.D．Switch ff.
4．Which f the fllwing wuld be the best title fr the text?
A．A wrthwhile attempt t sleep in scks
B．A gd excuse fr sleeping in every day
C．The reasns fr scks curing yur diseases
D．The ways t wear scks during the night sleep
【答案】1．B 2．B 3．D 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了穿袜子睡觉是值得尝试的一种增强睡眠的方法。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“If yu’ve never been ne t sleep in scks, yu might want t give it a try. Sleeping in scks helps t regulate yur bdy temperature, which can lead t falling asleep faster, waking up less, and sleeping in later, accrding t research. (如果你从来没有穿袜子睡觉，你可能想试一试。研究表明，穿袜子睡觉有助于调节体温，从而更快入睡、醒得更少、睡得更晚)”可知，脚上穿一双袜子有助于更好的睡眠。故选B。
2．推理判断题。根据文章第三段““Sme surces recmmend an even clder rm; hwever, I typically recmmend temperatures tw t five degrees cler than a cmfrtable temperature in the huse during the day,” Dr. Nilng Vyas, medical review expert at Sleep Fundatin, previusly tld Frtune. (一些消息来源建议更冷的房间；然而，我通常建议白天的温度比舒适的室内温度低2到5度，睡眠基金会的医学审查专家尼龙·维亚斯博士此前告诉《财富》杂志。)”可知，Dr. Nilng Vyas认为温度在睡眠质量中起作用。故选B。
3．词义猜测题。根据“and aviding caffeine t late in the day, putting n a pair f scks befre bed might be a way t step up yur sleep rutine (避免在一天中太晚摄入咖啡因，睡前穿一双袜子可能是加强睡眠规律的一种方法)”以及划线处后的“befre bed (睡前)”可知，划线处应为增强睡眠的一种方法，睡前应关灯，划线处和D项：Switch ff(关灯)含义一致。故选D。
4．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“If yu’ve never been ne t sleep in scks, yu might want t give it a try. Sleeping in scks helps t regulate yur bdy temperature, which can lead t falling asleep faster, waking up less, and sleeping in later, accrding t research. (如果你从来没有穿袜子睡觉，你可能想试一试。研究表明，穿袜子睡觉有助于调节体温，从而更快入睡、醒得更少、睡得更晚)”可知，文章讲述的是穿袜子睡觉是值得尝试的一种增强睡眠的方法。A项：A wrthwhile attempt t sleep in scks(穿袜子睡觉是值得尝试的)合乎题意。故选A。
（2024·浙江嘉兴·一模）“Are we alne in the universe? That’s the key questin we’re trying t answer here,” Meenakshi Wadhwa, a planetary scientist, tells her class. As she explains, ne student takes ntes while anther hlds up an iPhne t take a pht f the slides. In many ways this lecture hall at Arizna State University is like any ther. A grup f enthusiastic wmen sit attentively in the frnt rw; the men are spread ut in the back. But the hearing aids suggest hw unusual this class is.
Mirabella, a 20- strey “university retirement cmmunity” n ASU’s campus, is hme t ver 300 retired peple. When it was pened in 2020, the senir-living facility was nearly fully subscribed. Mst residents are having a ball. They can attend the same classes and cultural events as students, but with the distinct benefit f nt having t take exams. In their drms, facilities include an art studi, a pl and gym, and a games rm. Only the secnd flr feels institutinal, with a memry- care centre and rms fr residents wh need rund- the- clck attentin.
This is part f a wider trend. An estimated 85 clleges in America are nw cnnected t senir living cmmunities. With mre than 10,000 baby bmers (生育高峰期出生的人) in America turning 65 every day, the pprtunity fr alternative frms f retirement is large. Cmpared with previus generatins, bmers are wealthy, educated and picky. They want t remain active and nt lcked away. These wishes can all be met n a university campus.
Fr universities, welcming pensiners (领退休金者) can make sense t. Natinally, undergraduate enrlment drpped frm ver 18m in 2010 t belw 16m in 2022. As fr what t d with the extra space, the smartest nes, Andrew Carle at Gergetwn University says, prvide a cntinuum f care — including fr the very last stage f life. “The charity is the icing n the cake,” he says f the ptential that residents will include universities in their wills.
5．Hw des the writer intrduce the tpic?
A．By raising a questin.B．By making a cmparisn.
C．By ffering an explanatin.D．By giving a descriptin.
6．Why are university retirement cmmunities well- received?
A．They prvide free medical carB．They have varius research facilities.
C．They allw students t take exams flexibly.D．They help senirs live an active and engaging life.
7．Hw can universities benefit frm integrating senir living cmmunities?
A．It imprves university teaching prgrams.
B．It addresses the university enrlment decline.
C．It draws public attentin t university educatin.
D．It earns universities the fame fr caring fr senirs.
8．What is the text mainly abut?
A．Different frms f retirement.B．The educatin welfare f pensiners.
C．The trend f retiring n cllege campuses.D．A new way fr universities t make prfits.
【答案】5．D 6．D 7．B 8．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“大学退休社区”，为老年退休人员提供服务，介绍了这一机构的特点以及带来的好处。
5．推理判断题。根据第一段““Are we alne in the universe? That’s the key questin we’re trying t answer here,” Meenakshi Wadhwa, a planetary scientist, tells her class. As she explains, ne student takes ntes while anther hlds up an iPhne t take a pht f the slides. In many ways this lecture hall at Arizna State University is like any ther. A grup f enthusiastic wmen sit attentively in the frnt rw; the men are spread ut in the back. But the hearing aids suggest hw unusual this class is.(“我们在宇宙中是孤独的吗?”这是我们在这里试图回答的关键问题，”行星科学家Meenakshi Wadhwa告诉她的学生。她解释说，一个学生在做笔记，另一个学生拿着iPhne给幻灯片拍照。在许多方面，亚利桑那州立大学的这个演讲厅和其他任何演讲厅都一样。一群热情的妇女聚精会神地坐在前排；人们在后面散开。但助听器表明，这门课有多不寻常)”可知，作者通过描述一个上课的情景引入主题。故选D。
6．细节理解题。根据第三段“Cmpared with previus generatins, bmers are wealthy, educated and picky. They want t remain active and nt lcked away. These wishes can all be met n a university campus.(与前几代人相比，婴儿潮一代富有、受过良好教育，而且很挑剔。他们希望保持活跃，而不是被关起来。这些愿望都可以在大学校园里实现)”可知，大学退休社区受到欢迎因为它们帮助老年人过积极而有吸引力的生活。故选D。
7．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Fr universities, welcming pensiners (领退休金者) can make sense t. Natinally, undergraduate enrlment drpped frm ver 18m in 2010 t belw 16m in 2022.(对于大学来说，欢迎退休人员也是有意义的。在全国范围内，本科生入学人数从2010年的1800多万下降到2022年的1600万以下)”可知，大学通过解决大学入学率下降的问题从整合老年人生活社区中获益。故选B。
8．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Mirabella, a 20- strey “university retirement cmmunity” n ASU’s campus, is hme t ver 300 retired peple.(米拉贝拉是亚利桑那州立大学校园里一个20层的“大学退休社区”，住着300多名退休人员)”结合文章主要介绍了“大学退休社区”为老年退休人员提供服务可知，这篇文章的主要内容是大学校园里为退休人员提供教育的趋势。故选C。
（2024·湖南衡阳·模拟预测）Starship Technlgies riginated in Estnia but is nw based in San Francisc. The cmpany emplys dzens f six-wheeled delivery rbts n cllege campuses. Starship is als adding fur new schls t its peratinal field: University f Illinis Chicag, University f Kentucky, University f Nevada, and Embry-Riddle Aernautical University.
Currently, the cmpany perates n 20 cllege campuses in 15 states with a glbal fleet that ttals 1,000 rbts. This expansin will add 85 mre rbts t that fleet. Starship states that it has dne ver 1.5 millin deliveries wrldwide since its funding in 2014. The cmpany has raised $102 millin s far, including $17 millin in fresh funding annunced earlier this year.
Each rbt in Starship is electric, has a bx that can fit abut 20 punds f gds, and has a number f cameras t identify bjects in the way and help guide it t its destinatin. The rbts have a delivery area f three t fur miles and can travel at a maximum speed f 4mph, which is bviusly slwer than a delivery by a human n a bike r in a car. And they can climb the edge f rads but nt stairs, which may limit their appeal t custmers wh live in high-rise buildings.
Delivery via rbts is still relatively brave in the US. There are a handful f start-ups perating delivery rbts f varying sizes, everything frm fully-sized minivans like Udelv t rbts that are almst similar t Starship’s like Amazn and Yandex. Recently, Pstmates has als invented a delivery rbt called Serve that can carry 50 punds f gds. There are even sme newly prduced rbts like Nur, which has made what can be best described as a mini-rbtic car, and thers that fall smewhere in between. All claim t be autmated, but sme still require humans t fllw their mvements.
Demand fr delivery rbts has risen since the pandemic, thugh it remains t be seen whether that will hld up as the ecnmy repens and fewer peple rely n takeut frm restaurants.
9．What d we knw abut Starship Technlgies frm Paragraph 1?
A．It perates glbally.
B．It emplys university students as designers.
C．It is spreading its service n campuses.
D．It is diversifying int the field f scientific educatin.
10．Why d peple in high-rise buildings shw little interest in delivery rbts?
A．They are likely t get lst.
B．They wrk much slwer than men.
C．They have difficulty ging up stairs.
D．They are unable t identify custmers.
11．What des the underlined wrd “brave” prbably mean in Paragraph 4?
A．New.B．Efficient.
C．Cnventinal.D．Curageus.
12．What’s the authr’s attitude twards the future demand fr rbt delivery?
A．Indifferent.B．Objective.
C．Skeptical.D．Wrried.
【答案】9．C 10．C 11．A 12．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Starship Technlgies公司的配送机器人业务，包括其在大学校园的运营情况、机器人的特点以及配送机器人市场的现状和未来发展趋势。
9．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Starship is als adding fur new schls t its peratinal field: University f Illinis Chicag, University f Kentucky, University f Nevada, and Embry-Riddle Aernautical University.(Starship还在其运营领域增加了四所新学校:伊利诺伊大学芝加哥分校、肯塔基大学、内华达大学和安柏瑞德航空大学)”可知，Starship Technlgies正在扩展其在校园中的服务。故选C。
10． 细节理解题。根据第三段中“And they can climb the edge f rads but nt stairs, which may limit their appeal t custmers wh live in high-rise buildings.(它们可以爬到路边，但不能爬楼梯，这可能会限制它们对住在高层建筑里的顾客的吸引力)”可知，高层建筑里的人对快递机器人不感兴趣的原因是：它们上楼有困难。故选C。
11．词句猜测题。根据第四段划线词所在句子“Delivery via rbts is still relatively brave in the US. There are a handful f start-ups perating delivery rbts f varying sizes, everything frm fully-sized minivans like Udelv t rbts that are almst similar t Starship’s like Amazn and Yandex.(在美国，通过机器人送货仍然相对brave。有几家初创公司在运营大小不一的送货机器人，从Udelv这样的全尺寸小型货车到Amazn和Yandex等几乎与Starship类似的机器人，应有尽有)”可知，通过机器人进行配送在美国仍然是相对较新的尝试，有一些初创公司正在运营不同大小的配送机器人，这说明“brave”在此处意味着“新的”。故选A。
12．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Demand fr delivery rbts has risen since the pandemic, thugh it remains t be seen whether that will hld up as the ecnmy repens and fewer peple rely n takeut frm restaurants.(自疫情爆发以来，对送货机器人的需求有所上升，但随着经济重新开放，依赖餐馆外卖的人越来越少，这种需求是否会持续下去还有待观察)”可推知，作者很客观地看待人们对快递机器人行业的未来需求。故选B。
（2024·湖北·模拟预测）Tw researchers frm the Gergia Institute f Technlgy, Alex Rbel and Shi Jyce Sim, have wrked n a new mdel fr hw water mves under glaciers (冰川). The new thery shws that up t twice the amunt f under-glacier water that was riginally predicted might be flwing int the cean-ptentially increasing glacial melting (融化), sea level rise, and s n.
While there are pre-existing methds t understand under-glacier flw, these techniques invlve time-cnsuming cmputatins. Rbel and Sim develped a simple slutin, which can predict hw fast exfiltratin (渗漏) is, using satellite measurements f Antarctica frm the last tw decades. Rbel explains, “Previusly, peple wuld run a mdel, which wuld have t be applied at every pint under Antarctica, and then run frward ver a lng time perid. Nw the entirety f ur predictin can be dne in a secnd n a cmputer.”
The ptentially large surce f under-glacier water-pssibly up t duble the amunt previusly thught-culd be affecting hw quickly glacial ice flws and hw quickly the ice melts at its base. Rbel and Sim hpe that the predictins made pssible by this thery can be included int ice sheet mdels that scientists use t predict future ice sheet change and sea level rise.
Beynd sea level rise, this additinal exfiltratin and melting has ther pssible future effects. Sme f the places f richest cean prductivity in the wrld ccur ff the cast f Antarctica, and being able t better predict exfiltratin and melting culd help cean bilgists better understand where cean prductivity is ccurring, and hw it might change in the future.
Rbel als hpes this wrk will pen the drway t mre cperatin with grundwater hydrlgists wh may be able t apply their knwledge t ice sheet dynamics, while Sim stresses the need fr mre fieldwrk. “Getting the bservatinalists interested in trying t help us better understand the qualities f ice sheets wuld prduce a dramatic effect,” Sim says. “That’s ur largest unknwn at this pint, and it heavily influences the results.”
13．What is the new mdel used t study?
A．The risk f sea level rise.B．The changes f cean ecsystems.
C．The speed f glacial melting.D．The flw f water beneath glaciers.
14．Hw des the authr shw the advantage f the new mdel?
A．By analyzing facts.B．By referring t figures.
C．By giving examples.D．By making a cmparisn.
15．What des the authr stress abut the additinal exfiltratin and melting?
A．It gets attentin in many places.B．It may influence mre than ne field.
C．It is respnsible fr sea level rise.D．It has been cnsidered by bilgists.
16．Which can be a suitable title fr the text?
A．An In-depth Study f Antarctic GlaciersB．A Predictin f the Future f Glaciers
C．A Big Discvery Abut Under-glacier FlwD．A New Mdel Invented t Mnitr Glaciers
【答案】13．D 14．D 15．B 16．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Gergia Institute f Technlgy的两位研究人员开发了一种新的模型，用于研究冰川下的水流，并发现冰川下的水流可能比原先预测的要大得多，这可能对冰川融化和海平面上升等产生影响。
13．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Tw researchers frm the Gergia Institute f Technlgy, Alex Rbel and Shi Jyce Sim, have wrked n a new mdel fr hw water mves under glaciers (冰川). ( 来自乔治亚理工学院的两位研究人员Alex Rbel和Shi Jyce Sim开发了一种新的模型，用于研究冰川下的水流如何移动。)”可知，该模型用于研究冰川下的水流。故选D。
14．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Rbel explains, “Previusly, peple wuld run a mdel, which wuld have t be applied at every pint under Antarctica, and then run frward ver a lng time perid. Nw the entirety f ur predictin can be dne in a secnd n a cmputer.” (罗伯尔解释说：“以前，人们会运行一个模型，这个模型必须应用于南极洲下的每一个点，然后才能向前运行很长一段时间。现在，我们的整个预测可以在计算机上一秒钟内完成。”)”可知，作者通过比较之前的方法和新的模型来展示新模型的优点。故选D。
15．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Beynd sea level rise, this additinal exfiltratin and melting has ther pssible future effects. Sme f the places f richest cean prductivity in the wrld ccur ff the cast f Antarctica, and being able t better predict exfiltratin and melting culd help cean bilgists better understand where cean prductivity is ccurring, and hw it might change in the future. (除了海平面上升之外，这种额外的渗漏和融化还可能对未来产生其他影响。世界上一些海洋生产力最丰富的地区位于南极洲沿岸，如果能够更好地预测渗漏和融化，将有助于海洋生物学家更好地了解海洋生产力的发生地，以及它未来可能如何变化。)”可知，在文章第四段中提到，除了海平面上升之外，这种额外的渗漏和融化还可能对未来产生其他影响。这表明额外的渗漏和融化可能会影响多个领域，因此作者强调了这一点。故选B。
16．主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了Gergia Institute f Technlgy的两位研究人员开发了一种新的模型，用于研究冰川下的水流，并发现冰川下的水流可能比原先预测的要大得多，这可能对冰川融化和海平面上升等产生影响。因此，文章主要讲述的是关于冰川下水流的一个重大发现，所以C选项“A Big Discvery Abut Under-glacier Flw”最适合作为文章的标题。故选C。
（2024·湖北·一模）There have been cncerns that vide games might damage ur mental and physical well-being. Recently, mre researches have revealed these wrries are largely unfunded. Nevertheless, there exists a deep-seated idea that playing them rts yur brain — it’s easy t view them as an unprductive waste f time. But in reality, is the ppsite the case?
Fr years, “brain-training” games and apps have been cnvinced t be an effective way t bst ur cgnitive (认知的) abilities r intelligence, as it’s thught that by playing a series f quickfire puzzles fcusing n things like memry r spatial awareness, ver time ur abilities in these areas will imprve; theretically, s will ur general intelligence.
Frm a research viewpint, the key lies in whether playing these srts f games results in “transfer” effects — “near” and “far” transfer effects: near effects relate t whether playing ne memry game results in imprvements in ther memry games, whereas far effects relate t whether playing that game results in a general imprvement in cgnitive abilities. Sme studies have pinted ut brain-training games shw weak near effects. As fr far effects, there’s n cnvincing evidence this happens.
Hwever, things get interesting when brain-training games are cmpared with vide games. In a 2015 study cmparing the brain-training game SmartP with the vide game Mazix, researchers fund SmartP players didn’t shw bsts in prblem-slving and spatial skills, but Mazix players did.
Mre recently, in 2020, researchers in Sweden studied data frm sme 9,000 children and fund that kids aged 9 r 10 wh played vide games fr abve-average amunts f time didn’t shw any differences in intelligence cmpared with thse playing less. Tw years later, they discvered that by 12, the kids playing vide games had 2.5 mre IQ pints than average.
Why vide games result in imprvements in cgnitive abilities ver mre targeted games isn’t clear. One argument is t d with the amunt f time invested: whereas brain-training apps tend t deliver mini-games ver a shrt time, vide games have players engaged and require sustained levels f attentin and prblem-slving. Despite sme prmising findings, it’s currently unsafe t say that vide games make us smarter. Meanwhile, vide games can ffer bth advantages and risks, s it’s imprtant t be cautius and avid making quick judgments.
17．What d peple usually think f brain-training games?
A．They are a waste f time.B．They can imprve ur intelligence.
C．They are easily accessible.D．They may enhance ur cncentratin.
18．What d we knw abut Mazix players?
A．They demnstrated signs f far effects.
B．They had a great talent fr vide games.
C．They exhibited bsts in gaming skills.
D．They prved the imprtance f near effects.
19．What des the study in 2020 reveal?
A．The limited effects f age n IQ pints.
B．The negative impacts f vide games.
C．The advantages f playing mre games.
D．The benefits f vide games ver time.
20．What is the best title fr the text?
A．D Brain-training Games Really Wrk?
B．Vide Games r Brain-training Games?
C．Culd Vide Games Make Us Smarter?
D．Shuld We Stp Playing Vide Games?
【答案】17．B 18．A 19．D 20．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了电子游戏能否让人类变得更聪明的问题。
17．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Fr years, “brain-training” games and apps have been cnvinced t be an effective way t bst ur cgnitive abilities r intelligence, as it’s thught that by playing a series f quickfire puzzles fcusing n things like memry r spatial awareness, ver time ur abilities in these areas will imprve;(多年来，“大脑训练”游戏和应用程序一直被认为是提高我们认知能力或智力的有效方法，因为人们认为，通过玩一系列专注于记忆或空间意识的速射谜题，随着时间的推移，我们在这些领域的能力将会提高)”可知，人们通常认为脑力训练游戏可以提高我们的智力。故选B。
18．推理判断题。根据文章第三段的“Sme studies have pinted ut brain-training games shw weak near effects. As fr far effects, there’s n cnvincing evidence this happens.(一些研究指出，大脑训练游戏显示出微弱的近距效应。至于远效应，没有令人信服的证据表明会发生这种情况)”以及文章第四段的“In a 2015 study cmparing the brain-training game SmartP with the vide game Mazix, researchers fund SmartP players didn’t shw bsts in prblem-slving and spatial skills, but Mazix players did.(在2015年的一项研究中，研究人员将大脑训练游戏SmartP与电子游戏Mazix进行了比较，发现SmartP玩家在解决问题和空间技能方面没有表现出提升，但Mazix玩家表现出了提升)”可推知，Mazix玩家展示了远效应的迹象。故选A。
19．推理判断题。根据文章第五段的“Tw years later, they discvered that by 12, the kids playing vide games had 2.5 mre IQ pints than average.(两年后，他们发现，到12岁时，玩电子游戏的孩子智商比平均水平高出2.5分)”可推知，2020年的研究揭示了随着时间的推移，电子游戏所展现出的益处。故选D。
20．主旨大意题。根据文章内容，尤其是最后一段“Despite sme prmising findings, it’s currently unsafe t say that vide games make us smarter. Meanwhile, vide games can ffer bth advantages and risks, s it’s imprtant t be cautius and avid making quick judgments.(尽管有一些有希望的发现，但目前说电子游戏让我们更聪明是不够的。同时，电子游戏既有优势也有风险，因此谨慎行事，避免快速判断非常重要)”可知，文章讨论了电子游戏是否能让我们变得更聪明。所以“电子游戏能让我们更聪明吗？”适合作本文的标题。故选C。
（2024·江苏·模拟预测）Perfume (香味；香水) has held a special place in human histry. The traditinal making prcess invlves cllecting raw materials, prducing ils, mixing, aging and quality cntrl. Fr centuries, perfumers have merely relied n their wn senses. But nw mdern-day perfumers are beginning t lk beynd their nses. They are, instead, turning t neurtechnlgy (神经技术).
Perfume nw can be designed t stimulate emtinal respnses using neurscents (神经气味) shwn by bimetric measures — the use f bilgical data t analyze human respnses — t help inspire different psitive feelings such as calm, jy r sleepiness. Neurtechnlgy can als help perfumers analyze the chemical cmpsitin f these neurscents and find new cmbinatins f raw materials that can prduce similar r enhanced effects.
Researcher Hug Ferreira is trying t build a database f neurscents. “With sight and hearing, yu can imagine the face f a lved ne r the favurite tune. It’s hard t imagine a smell thugh it can stimulate a series f emtins and memries.”
Ferreira explains this is due t the structure f the lfactry (嗅觉的) system. Messages frm scent receptrs are sent thrugh the lfactry bulb t different brain areas that cntrl everything frm memry r thirst t stress reactins. Olfactin is the mst diverse sense with many different receptrs. It’s estimated that there are abut 400 different lfactry receptr gene families. Amng ther things these varius cnnectins may explain hw we can “smell fear, r victry.”
L’Oréal, a French multinatinal persnal care cmpany, has partnered with neurtechnlgy cmpany Emtiv t create a scent chice “experience”. During 2023, shppers at certain stres used a device t discver which scents appealed t them. Results s far shw that 95% f custmers wh used the device fund the right perfume. Anther perfume frm Givenchy, a French luxury fashin and perfume huse, has been a bestseller fr years, which includes a special substance chsen after bimetric research.
Hwever, perfume writer Katie Puckrik says she’d like t “design her wn perfume”. “Leave the magic t the artists. Why d we need a cmputer t tell us what ur nse already knws? Finding a new favrite scent by chance is a rare mment f grace we shuld allw urselves,” she says.
21．Hw can neurtechnlgy functin in the perfume-making prcess?
A．By distinguishing ne scent frm the ther.
B．By explring the best way t btain special il.
C．By finding the scents mst appealing t peple.
D．By ffering perfumers infrmatin f materials.
22．What des Ferreira want t indicate in paragraph 3?
A．The clse cnnectin amng ur senses.
B．The great cmplexity f the lfactry system.
C．The relatinship between emtin and memry.
D．The significance f having a gd imaginatin.
23．Why are the perfume brands mentined in the text?
A．T shw applicatins f neurtechnlgy.
B．T cllect mre data fr bimetric research.
C．T illustrate the fierce cmpetitin between them.
D．T stress their dminance in the perfume industry.
24．What is Katie Puckrik’s attitude twards the new technlgy?
A．Tlerant.B．Unclear.C．Supprtive.D．Negative.
【答案】21．C 22．B 23．A 24．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种通过寻找最吸引人的气味在香水制作过程中发挥作用的神经技术。
21．细节理解题。根据第一段中“But nw mdern-day perfumers are beginning t lk beynd their nses. They are, instead, turning t neurtechnlgy (神经技术).(但现在，现代调香师开始把目光投向鼻子之外。相反，他们转向了神经技术。)”和第二段“Perfume nw can be designed t stimulate emtinal respnses using neurscents (神经气味) shwn by bimetric measures — the use f bilgical data t analyze human respnses — t help inspire different psitive feelings such as calm, jy r sleepiness. Neurtechnlgy can als help perfumers analyze the chemical cmpsitin f these neurscents and find new cmbinatins f raw materials that can prduce similar r enhanced effects. (香水现在可以被设计成使用生物特征测量显示的神经官能症来刺激情绪反应，即使用生物数据来分析人类反应，以帮助激发不同的积极情绪，如平静、快乐或嗜睡。神经技术还可以帮助调香师分析这些神经官能症的化学成分，并找到可以产生类似或增强效果的原材料的新组合。)”可知，神经技术通过寻找最吸引人的气味在香水制作过程中发挥作用。故选C项。
22．推理判断题。根据第三段中Ferreira所说“With sight and hearing, yu can imagine the face f a lved ne r the favurite tune. It’s hard t imagine a smell thugh it can stimulate a series f emtins and memries. (有了视觉和听觉，你可以想象所爱之人的脸或最喜欢的曲调。很难想象一种气味，尽管它能激发一系列的情绪和记忆。)”以及第四段中“Ferreira explains this is due t the structure f the lfactry (嗅觉的) system.( Ferreira解释说，这是由于嗅觉系统的结构。)”等内容可知，Ferreira想在第三段说明嗅觉系统的复杂性。故选B项。
23．推理判断题。根据第五段中“L’Oréal, a French multinatinal persnal care cmpany, has partnered with neurtechnlgy cmpany Emtiv t create a scent chice “experience”. During 2023, shppers at certain stres used a device t discver which scents appealed t them. Results s far shw that 95% f custmers wh used the device fund the right perfume. Anther perfume frm Givenchy, a French luxury fashin and perfume huse, has been a bestseller fr years, which includes a special substance chsen after bimetric research. (法国跨国个人护理公司欧莱雅与神经技术公司Emtiv合作，创造了一种气味选择‘体验’。2023年，某些商店的购物者使用一种设备来发现哪些气味吸引了他们。到目前为止的结果显示，使用该设备的客户中有95%找到了合适的香水。法国奢侈时尚和香水品牌纪梵希的另一款香水多年来一直是畅销品，其中包括一种经过生物识别研究选择的特殊物质。)”可知，提到了香水品牌是为了展示神经技术的应用。故选A项。
24．推理判断题。根据最后一段中Katie Puckrik所说“Leave the magic t the artists. Why d we need a cmputer t tell us what ur nse already knws? Finding a new favrite scent by chance is a rare mment f grace we shuld allw urselves.(把神奇留给艺术家吧。为什么我们需要电脑来告诉我们鼻子已经知道的东西？偶然发现一种新的喜欢的气味是我们应该允许自己享受的难得的优雅时刻。)”可知，Katie Puckrik对这项新技术的态度是消极的。故选D项。
（2024·广东·一模）China’s tea culture is an ancient and prfund (意义深远的) cultural heritage that has been passed dwn and develped fr thusands f years. It weaves an cmplicated and fascinating pattern within Chinese sciety.
Tea grwing in China is an art frm in itself. The tea-grwing areas, with their special climates and lands, prduce teas f exceptinal quality. Frm the misty muntains f Fujian t the green landscapes f Yunnan, different areas ffer a rich variety f tea types.
The prcess f making tea is careful and detailed. It invlves exact measurements f water temperature, the right amunt f tea leaves, and a certain steeping time t get the fullest flavr and smell. This care fr details shws the Chinese peple’s search fr excellence in all parts f life.
Tea is nt merely a beverage; it is a thing that helps scial relatins. It brings peple tgether, whether in family get-tgethers, friendly meetings, r business talks. The act f sharing a cup f tea is a sign f kindness and cnnectin. And the many tea-huses all ver the cuntry ffer places fr peple t relax, talk, and enjy the peace that tea gives. Mrever, tea ceremnies are an imprtant part f Chinese culture. These ceremnies are cmplex and frmal, shwing the grace and elegance f Chinese traditins. They invlve exact mvements and a deep respect fr the tea and the prcess.
In additin t its scial and cultural imprtance, tea in China is als knwn fr its pssible health benefits. It is thught t have anti-xidant (抗氧化的) features and is linked t varius gd effects n physical health.
As China keeps mving frward and mdernizing, its tea culture is still strngly fixed, a prf f its histrical and cultural imprtance. It keeps attracting bth the Chinese peple and thse frm arund the wrld, inviting them t explre and enjy the beauty and depth f this great cultural phenmenn.
25．What is the main reasn fr the rich variety f tea types in China?
A．Different prcessing methds.B．Different peple’s preferences.
C．Different regins’ climates and lands.D．Different times f harvest.
26．What des the wrd “beverages” mean in the passage?
A．A type f fd that is sweet and usually served as dessert.
B．A tl r equipment used fr cking.
C．A kind f medicine that helps t cure diseases.
D．Smething that peple drink, such as water, juice, r cffee.
27．What is the main feature f tea ceremnies in China?
A．Simple and casual.B．Cmplicated and frmal.
C．Fast-paced and efficient.D．Lud and lively.
28．Why is tea culture still firmly rted in China?
A．Because f its lng histry.B．Because it is prfitable.
C．Because it is easy t maintain.D．Because the gvernment prmtes it.
【答案】25．C 26．D 27．B 28．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了中国的茶文化，包括茶叶种植、泡茶技巧、饮茶的社会意义、饮茶仪式以及茶对健康的益处等。
25．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The tea- grwing areas, with their special climates and lands, prduce teas f exceptinal quality. Frm the misty muntains f Fujian t the green landscapes f Yunnan, different areas ffer a rich variety f tea types. (茶叶种植区，由于其特殊的气候和土壤，生产出品质卓越的茶叶。从云雾笼罩的福建山脉到绿意盎然的云南，不同的地区提供了种类丰富的茶叶)”可知，中国茶叶种类丰富主要得益于不同地区的气候和土壤。故选C项。
26．词句猜测题。根据画线词的下文“it is a thing that helps scial relatins. It brings peple tgether, whether in family get-tgethers, friendly meetings, r business talks. The act f sharing a cup f tea is a sign f kindness and cnnectin. And the many tea-huses all ver the cuntry ffer places fr peple t relax, talk, and enjy the peace that tea gives. (这是一种有助于社会关系的东西。它把人们聚集在一起，无论是在家庭聚会、友好会议还是商务会谈中。分享一杯茶的行为是一种善意和联系的象征。全国各地的许多茶馆为人们提供了放松、交谈和享受茶所带来的宁静的地方)”可知，此处先说茶不仅是一种beverage，然后介绍茶作为人们饮用的东西起到的社会作用，因此beverage指的应该是“饮品，人们喝的东西”。故选D项。
27．细节理解题。根据第四段中“These ceremnies are cmplex and frmal, shwing the grace and elegance f Chinese traditins. (这些仪式复杂而正式，显示了中国传统的优雅和优雅)”可知，中国饮茶仪式的主要特点是复杂和正式。故选B项。
28．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“As China keeps mving frward and mdernizing, its tea culture is still strngly fixed, a prf f its histrical and cultural imprtance. (随着中国的不断发展和现代化，其茶文化仍然牢固地固定下来，这证明了其历史和文化的重要性)”可知，茶文化由于其悠久的历史在中国仍然根深蒂固。故选A项。
（2024·浙江台州·一模）Falcns (猎鹰) are pwerful birds that may be trained t hunt in cperatin with humans. The art f training falcns as “hunting dgs f the skies” is called falcnry. It was develped in the ancient Arabian Desert arund 4000 B．C． In the past, falcnry mainly invlved hunting with falcns t supplement ne’s diet. But nw, it has becme the favrite sprt and spare-time activities in the Arabian Peninsula.
Falcnry includes three majr prcesses: acquiring the falcns, training them, and hunting with them. Every year, falcners begin capturing wild falcns in June and July, the migratin seasn. The best birds t catch are the nes with naturally nurtured hunting skills, aged ne r tw years. Once the falcns are captured, their heads are immediately cvered with a leather hd (罩). This is essential because they imprint as their master whmever they see first after the hd is remved. Right after a bird is caught, the training prcess starts. It begins by depriving the bird f fd t make it easier t dmesticate. The birds are taught t knw their wn name and respnd t their master when called. Arab falcners live with their birds day and night in rder t build a strng relatinship with them.
By the end f Octber r mid-Nvember, the trained falcns are ready t hunt in the desert. They have excellent visin, 2.6 times greater than that f a human. They are als the fastest divers n the planet. One hunting technique that sets them apart frm ther animals is that they can be trained t deliver their prey (猎物), withut killing it first. This is vital in Islamic culture because animals used fr fd must still be alive t ensure that the meat is halal, that is, prperly prepared accrding t Islamic law.
Falcns have played such a crucial rle in traditinal Islamic cultures that a number f cuntries in the Middle East have made them their natinal bird. Falcnry has grwn s ppular that specialist hspitals have been established t take care f these magnificent birds. Falcns are even issued their wn passprts. They are the nly animals in the United Arab Emirates that are legally allwed t travel inside planes, enjying a level f luxury that sme humans can nly dream f.
29．What is the main reasn fr Arabic peple t hunt with falcns tday?
A．T imprve their diet.B．T serve as recreatin and exercise.
C．T hnr their natinal bird.D．T replace the practice f hunting with dgs.
30．Which f the fllwing can be inferred frm the secnd paragraph?
A．Falcners dn’t ffer fd t falcns in rder t capture them.
B．Falcns are kept frm seeing their trainers during the training prcess.
C．Wild falcns with natural hunting skills are ideal fr falcners t catch.
D．The trainers’ names are written n the hds cvering the birds’ heads.
31．What especially makes falcns a unique species fr hunting in Islamic culture?
A．Falcns keep their prey alive until it’s presented t the falcners.
B．Falcns can be trained relatively easily fr targeted hunting purpses.
C．Falcns pssess visin well-suited fr hunting in desert envirnments.
D．Falcns are capable f rapidly develping a strng bnd with their handlers.
32．Accrding t the article, what privilege d falcns enjy in the Arab wrld?
A．Air tickets free f charge.B．Access t specialized medical care.
C．Luxuries unique t Arab.D．Passprts hnrably issued by the King.
【答案】29．B 30．C 31．A 32．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了鹰猎的起源、训练过程和在阿拉伯文化中的重要性。它强调了鹰猎在古代主要用于补充食物，而现在已经成为阿拉伯半岛上最受喜爱的运动和消遣活动之一。
29．细节理解题。根据第一段“Falcns (猎鹰) are pwerful birds that may be trained t hunt in cperatin with humans. The art f training falcns as “hunting dgs f the skies” is called falcnry. It was develped in the ancient Arabian Desert arund 4000 B. C. In the past, falcnry mainly invlved hunting with falcns t supplement ne’s diet. But nw, it has becme the favrite sprt and spare-time activities in the Arabian Peninsula. (猎鹰是一种强大的鸟类，可以训练与人类合作狩猎。将猎鹰训练成“空中猎犬”的艺术被称为鹰猎。它是在公元前4000年左右在古阿拉伯沙漠中发展起来的。在过去，鹰猎主要涉及用猎鹰狩猎来补充饮食。但现在，它已成为阿拉伯半岛最受欢迎的运动和业余活动。)”可知，今天阿拉伯人用猎鹰狩猎的主要原因是娱乐和锻炼。故选B项。
30．推理判断题。根据第二段“Every year, falcners begin capturing wild falcns in June and July, the migratin seasn. The best birds t catch are the nes with naturally nurtured hunting skills, aged ne r tw years. (每年6月和7月，也就是迁徙季节，猎鹰爱好者都会开始捕捉野生猎鹰。最适合捕捉的鸟是那些天生具有狩猎技能的鸟，年龄在一两岁左右。)”可知，天生具有狩猎技能的野生猎鹰是猎鹰爱好者的理想选择。故选C项。
31．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“One hunting technique that sets them apart frm ther animals is that they can be trained t deliver their prey (猎物), withut killing it first. This is vital in Islamic culture because animals used fr fd must still be alive t ensure that the meat is halal, that is, prperly prepared accrding t Islamic law. (一种使它们与其他动物不同的狩猎技术是，它们可以被训练来运送猎物，而无需先杀死猎物。这在伊斯兰文化中至关重要，因为用于食物的动物必须仍然活着，以确保肉类是清真的，即根据伊斯兰法律适当准备。)”以及最后一段“Falcns have played such a crucial rle in traditinal Islamic cultures that a number f cuntries in the Middle East have made them their natinal bird. (猎鹰在传统的伊斯兰文化中发挥着至关重要的作用，以至于许多中东国家都把它们作为国鸟。)”可知，在伊斯兰文化中，猎鹰在把猎物交给驯鹰人之前，会让猎物活下来，这使得猎鹰成为一种独特的狩猎物种。故选A项。
32．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Falcnry has grwn s ppular that specialist hspitals have been established t take care f these magnificent birds. Falcns are even issued their wn passprts. They are the nly animals in the United Arab Emirates that are legally allwed t travel inside planes, enjying a level f luxury that sme humans can nly dream f. (鹰猎已经变得如此受欢迎，以至于已经建立了专门的医院来照顾这些美丽的鸟类。猎鹰甚至有自己的护照。它们是阿拉伯联合酋长国唯一合法允许乘坐飞机旅行的动物，享受着一些人类梦寐以求的奢华)。”可知，在阿拉伯世界，有专门的医院来照顾这些美丽的鸟类，也就是说，猎鹰享有专业的医疗服务。故选B项。
议论文
（2024·河北唐山·二模）I like an rganized, clean huse. I am, hwever, ften in the minrity in the huse.
Every time I walk in the frnt dr and make the turn t hang my cat in the mudrm (Amudrm is a space set aside in a huse where peple can take ff their utdr clthing, remve their siled shes, stre equipment), I frwn at the mess that meets my eyes. Lts f shes littered all ver the flr, alng with slippers (拖鞋) and anything yu can imagine. N matter hw many times I attempt t restre the scene, this rm immediately ends up back in mess.
The ther day I started t think abut why the mu drm is the mst challenging rm t keep in rder. I came t the realizatin that it is because the mu drm is bth the beginning and the end, it is the jumping ff pint t the adventures f ur day and it is the strage grund when the sun sets. In turn, thse fur walls have becme a hlder f memries, and a museum f my family’s treasures, as each item tells a stry f thse that I lve mst.
The bright white Nike high tps cast ff n the flr belng t my ldest sn, nearing 12,presenting his emerging fashin sense. The wrn black and blue runners intrduce my yungest,a lively trnad in a 10-year-ld’s bdy.
The slippers belng t my husband. They were a Christmas present frm the bys and me many years ag. During the clder mnths, it is the first thing that my husband des when he return s hme frm wrk, he slips n thse grey wl slippers and cntinues t settle in. He lves and wears them s much that the initial pair wre right thrugh the te. He wn’t part with thse treasures but nw has a secnd pair; the exact same make and mdel.
Recently it ccurred t me that my annyance at the mudrm chas is temprary. This disrder will last nly a few years. The bys are getting lder, and the tys and mess will mve n ... as will my sns eventually. This makes me sad fr what I knw will feel like a big lss. Each day that I see that cllectin f gds means that my huse is full f lve, energy, passin and family.
1．What des the authr intend t tell us in paragraph 2?
A．Intense desire t be clean.B．Strng ha te f the mudrm.
C．Onging struggle t maintain rder.D．Great tensin between her and her family.
2．What can we learn frm the authr’s reflectin?
A．Her regret and restart.B．Her wnder and willpwer.
C．Her frustratin and frgiveness.D．Her acceptance and appreciatin.
3．Why des the stry refer t the husband’s slippers?
A．T prve their cmfrt.B．T shw their emtinal value.
C．T ffer insight int his daily life.D．T praise his mney management.
4．What is the best title f the text?
A．Lss? Universal Gain!B．Chas? Life’s Lving Marks!
C．Litter? Prf f Daily Rutine!D．Mudrm? Family’s Obligatin!
【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．B
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章讲述了作者喜欢整洁，但是家里的房间总是很难整理好，经过反思，作者认为家里的乱也透露出了家庭的友爱和活力。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段“Every time I walk in the frnt dr and make the turn t hang my cat in the mudrm (A mudrm is a space set aside in a huse where peple can take ff their utdr clthing, remve their siled shes, stre equipment), I frwn at the mess that meets my eyes. Lts f shes littered all ver the flr, alng with slippers (拖鞋) and anything yu can imagine. N matter hw many times I attempt t restre the scene, this rm immediately ends up back in mess.(每次我走进前门，转身去把外套挂在储物间（储物间是房子里留出的一块地方，人们可以在那里脱下户外的衣服，脱掉脏鞋子，存放设备），我都会对眼前的混乱皱眉。地板上到处都是鞋子，还有拖鞋和任何你能想到的东西。不管我试着恢复多少次，这个房间马上就又乱了)”可知，作者想在第2段告诉我们维持秩序的持续斗争。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段“In turn, thse fur walls have becme a hlder f memries, and a museum f my family’s treasures, as each item tells a stry f thse that I lve mst.(反过来，这四面墙也成了记忆的储藏地，成了我家珍宝的博物馆，因为每一件藏品都讲述了我最爱的人的故事)”可知，我们可以从作者的反思中了解到作者的接受和感激。故选D。
3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The slippers belng t my husband. They were a Christmas present frm the bys and me many years ag. During the clder mnths, it is the first thing that my husband des when he return s hme frm wrk, he slips n thse grey wl slippers and cntinues t settle in. He lves and wears them s much that the initial pair wre right thrugh the te. He wn’t part with thse treasures but nw has a secnd pair; the exact same make and mdel.(这双拖鞋是我丈夫的。它们是许多年前我和孩子们送给我的圣诞礼物。在寒冷的月份里，我丈夫下班回家后做的第一件事就是穿上灰色羊毛拖鞋，继续安顿下来。他非常喜欢穿这双鞋，以至于最初的一双鞋都能漏出脚趾头。他不会放弃那些珍宝，但现在他有了第二双；一模一样的牌子和型号)”可知，这个故事提到了丈夫的拖鞋是为了显示情感价值。故选B。
4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Each day that I see that cllectin f gds means that my huse is full f lve, energy, passin and family.(每天我看到这些收藏品，就意味着我的房子里充满了爱、活力、激情和家庭)”结合文章讲述了作者喜欢整洁，但是家里的房间总是很难整理好，经过反思，作者认为家里的乱也透露出了家庭的友爱和活力。可知，B选项“混乱？生命的可爱印记！”最符合文章标题。故选B。
（2024·河南·模拟预测）An verall transfrmatin is needed fr the planet t adapt peple’s pursuit f well-being. A new study by an internatinal team f researchers explres a Thery f Planetary Scial Pedaggy as a driver f a transfrmative prcess based n a learning sciety.
The Thery f Planetary Scial Pedaggy is a way f learning applicable t all scietal sectrs. Accrding t it, peple, scieties and the wrld are an interlinked, systemic bdy. Such a wrldview can make life meaningful, increase peple’s experiences f belnging and inclusin, expand the scpe f care, and help peple identify their pprtunities t influence.
In a time marked by crises, learning t be ne with the wrld is increasingly essential. In many ways, ur everyday lives are linked with all ther life n Earth. Accrding t Prfessr Art O. Salnen f the University f Eastern Finland, the study’s lead authr, the mst imprtant reasn behind the upgrading (升级) planetary crises is peple’s being separated frm their surrunding reality.
He says, “As we try fr a cmprehensive sustainability transitin (转变), we need increasingly pwerful and mre systemic interpretatins f reality. ” The current strategy fr a sustainable future emphasizes ecnmic and technlgical prgress，but that is nt enugh. Learning is needed, t. A learning sciety relies n changes in its citizens’ values, beliefs and wrldviews.
“Hw we becme aware f ur everyday cnnectin t ther peple and nature at the level f ur emtins, bdy and mind stands at the cre f the sustainability transitin,” says Erkka Laininen, a c-authr f the study. Having an experience f belnging t and being part f the wrld strengthens peple’s sense f meaningfulness and their agency needed in building a sustainable future.
The transfrmative pwer f a learning sciety can be a key factr in the green transfrmatin ging int all sciety, in which citizens’ cnsumer behaviur and ways f living, mving and prducing fd and energy are rganized in new ways. Cnceptins f wrk and the ecnmy can be refrmed, t.
A sustainable future is nt abut life becming mre miserable—it’s abut life becming richer and mre meaningful as hpe fr the future grws strnger.
5．Why is Thery f Planetary Scial Pedaggy mentined?
A．T stress learning t be ne with the wrld.
B．T suggest refrming citizens’ ways f living.
C．T describe hw the thery is being imprved.
D．T tell if a sustainable future is significant.
6．What is the main reasn fr increasing glbal crises accrding t Prfessr Salnen?
A．The planet is reaching its limits.
B．Humans break away frm the reality.
C．Old ideas f well-being are being questined.
D．Prgress in ecnmy and technlgy is unbalanced.
7．What can we cnclude frm the text?
A．A sustainable future is based n a learning sciety.
B．Humans, scieties and the wrld were cnnected mre.
C．Ending the present strategy fr future is needed.
D．Glbal crises have resulted in wrng wrldviews.
8．Hw des the authr supprt the theme f the text?
A．By intrducing a thery.B．By making a cmparisn.
C．By using researchers’ arguments.D．By prviding study prcesses.
【答案】5．A 6．B 7．A 8．C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要探讨了在一个充满全球危机的时代，学会与世界融为一体变得越来越重要，而可持续的未来要建立在学习型社会的基础上。
5．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The Thery f Planetary Scial Pedaggy is a way f learning applicable t all scietal sectrs. Accrding t it, peple, scieties and the wrld are an interlinked, systemic bdy. Such a wrldview can make life meaningful, increase peple’s experiences f belnging and inclusin, expand the scpe f care, and help peple identify their pprtunities t influence.(行星社会教育学理论是一种适用于所有社会部门的学习方式。根据该理论，人、社会和世界是一个相互关联的系统性整体。这样的世界观可以让生活更有意义，增加人们的归属感和包容感，扩大关怀的范围，并帮助人们发现自身的影响力机会。)”和文章第三段“In a time marked by crises, learning t be ne with the wrld is increasingly essential.(在一个充满危机的时代，学会与世界融为一体变得越来越重要。)”可推知，文章提及行星社会教育学理论的目的是强调学会与世界融为一体。故选A。
6．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“the mst imprtant reasn behind the upgrading (升级) planetary crises is peple’s being separated frm their surrunding reality(行星危机升级背后最重要的原因是人们与周围现实的脱节)”可知，Prfessr Salnen认为全球危机不断上升背后的主要原因是人们脱离周围现实。故选B。
7．推理判断题。根据全文，尤其是后四段可知，我们处在一个充满全球危机的时代，学会与世界融为一体变得越来越重要，而可持续发展的未来需要人类不断学习，即可持续的未来要建立在学习型社会的基础上。故选A。
8．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Accrding t Prfessr Art O. Salnen f the University f Eastern Finland, the study’s lead authr, the mst imprtant reasn behind the upgrading (升级) planetary crises is peple’s being separated frm their surrunding reality.( 该研究的主要作者、东芬兰大学的阿尔托·O·萨洛宁教授表示，地球危机升级背后最重要的原因是人们与周围的现实环境分离。)”、第四段“He says, “As we try fr a cmprehensive sustainability transitin (转变), we need increasingly pwerful and mre systemic interpretatins f reality. ”(他说:“当我们尝试全面的可持续转型时，我们需要对现实进行越来越有力和更系统的解释。”)”和第五段““Hw we becme aware f ur everyday cnnectin t ther peple and nature at the level f ur emtins, bdy and mind stands at the cre f the sustainability transitin,” says Erkka Laininen, a c-authr f the study.(该研究的合著者Erkka Laininen说:“我们如何在情感、身体和思想的层面上意识到我们与他人和自然的日常联系，这是可持续转型的核心。”)”可推知，作者主要通过引述研究者的相关论述来说明主题，即可持续的未来要建立在学习型社会的基础上。故选C。
（2024·北京东城·二模）Yu might nt think that an AI capable f making music wuld stimulate yur emtin, but thers think differently, particularly thse wh gathered at Mexic City’s Symphny Hall in 2019 fr Schubert’s Unfinished Symphny, which I finished using meldies generated by an AI.
As the rchestra (管弦乐团) finished Schubert’s riginal wrk and began the music the AI and I had written, I culd feel the crwd’s energy shift frm astnishment t indignatin and fear. They seemed afraid that an AI might be able t make emtinal symphnic music. Yu can see their pint: an AI that makes emtinal music culd affect the emtinal lives f thusands r even millins f peple in a small, but prfund way, just like a human musician des.
Psitive and negative, peple reacted very strngly t AI’s symphnic debut (首秀). Even thugh mst peple dn’t believe that AI can create smething enjyable, they, at least partly, did enjy the Unfinished Symphny.
Enjyment in music implies that there’s smething in the music that the listener cnnects t, a perceptin f shared emtin. But, in the case f AI music, an emtin shared with wh? AI, as f yet, has n emtins. S what is the meaning f music made withut an emtinal cmpser? The unsatisfying answer is that music has n bjective meaning. A cmpser can decide hw a piece f music sunds, but it’s the listener that decides what it means.
N matter hw it’s created, music desn’t exist in a vacuum (真空) t the listener. The meaning we assign t music depends n its cntext — hw the piece cnnects t ther elements in ur lives. Withut cntext, music is like the results f a game whse rules have been lst. The cntext fr a music is part f wh yu are. The music is emtinal t yu because yu have the cntext t appreciate it. As it cntinues t evlve, AI music will develp its wn cntext. Certainly, it’ll be different frm human-made music. It’ll mix existing genres t create new nes; it’ll cmbine instruments that we wuldn’t think f cmbining. Its rules will be different.
I’m nw always asked the same questin: “Wh put the emtin in that music: yu, the cmpser, r the AI?” But that’s nt the questin they really want t ask, thugh. There’s a deeper questin that mst peple are t afraid t ask right nw: “Are my emtins s simple that they can be maneuvered by a machine?”
In my experience, this culd be pssible ne day. If a mdestly capable music AI in 2019 culd stir up emtins f an audience, maybe AI can have a mre pwerful effect n ur emtinal lives than we’d like t admit.
9．The audience reacted strngly t the symphny mainly due t ______.
A．their dubts abut AI’s capabilitiesB．their uneasiness abut AI’s influence
C．the rchestra’s brilliant presentatin f AI musicD．the likeness between AI music and the riginal wrk
10．What might the authr agree with?
A．AI pses little impact n peple’s emtins.
B．Music bears n intended emtinal meaning.
C．AI music will utperfrm human-made music.
D．The cntext reflects peple’s interpretatin f music.
11．What des the wrd “maneuvered” underlined in Paragraph 6 mst prbably mean?
A．Refreshed.B．Challenged.C．Revealed.D．Directed.
12．Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A．Are Cmpsers T Be Replaced?B．Wuld AI Music Be a Rising Trend?
C．Culd AI Make Music That Mves Yu?D．Was the Unfinished Symphny Successful?
【答案】9．B 10．B 11．D 12．C
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了人工智能是否能创作出富含情感的音乐的问题，论述了作者对于音乐中情感的看法。
9．推理判断题。根据第二段“As the rchestra (管弦乐团) finished Schubert’s riginal wrk and began the music the AI and I had written, I culd feel the crwd’s energy shift frm astnishment t indignatin and fear. They seemed afraid that an AI might be able t make emtinal symphnic music. Yu can see their pint: an AI that makes emtinal music culd affect the emtinal lives f thusands r even millins f peple in a small, but prfund way, just like a human musician des.(当管弦乐队演奏完舒伯特的原创作品，开始演奏人工智能和我共同创作的音乐时，我能感觉到观众的情绪从惊讶转变为愤怒和恐惧。他们似乎担心人工智能可能会创作出充满情感的交响乐。你可以看到他们的观点：一个制作情感音乐的人工智能可以以一种微小但深刻的方式影响数千甚至数百万人的情感生活，就像一个人类音乐家一样。)”可知，观众之所以对交响曲反应强烈，主要是因为对人工智能的影响感到不安。故选B。
10．推理判断题。根据第四段“AI, as f yet, has n emtins. S what is the meaning f music made withut an emtinal cmpser? The unsatisfying answer is that music has n bjective meaning. A cmpser can decide hw a piece f music sunds, but it’s the listener that decides what it means.(到目前为止，人工智能还没有情感。那么，没有情感作曲家的音乐有什么意义呢?令人不满意的答案是，音乐没有客观意义。作曲家可以决定一段音乐的声音，但听众可以决定它的意义。)”可知，作者可能会同意音乐没有预期的情感含义。故选B。
11．词句猜测题。根据第二段“Yu can see their pint: an AI that makes emtinal music culd affect the emtinal lives f thusands r even millins f peple in a small, but prfund way, just like a human musician des.(你可以看到他们的观点：一个制作情感音乐的人工智能可以以一种微小但深刻的方式影响数千甚至数百万人的情感生活，就像一个人类音乐家一样。)”以及划线词上文“Are my emtins s simple that they can be”和后文“by a machine”可知，人工智能制作的音乐可以影响数千甚至数百万人的情感生活，所以大多数人不敢问的问题是：我的情绪是否简单到可以被机器操纵？故划线词意思是“操纵”，与D选项Directed“指示，指导”意思最接近。故选D。
12．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Psitive and negative, peple reacted very strngly t AI’s symphnic debut (首秀). Even thugh mst peple dn’t believe that AI can create smething enjyable, they, at least partly, did enjy the Unfinished Symphny.(不管是正面还是负面，人们对AI的交响乐首演反应非常强烈。尽管大多数人不相信人工智能可以创造出令人愉快的东西，但他们（至少在一定程度上）确实喜欢《未完成的交响曲》)”结合文章主要讨论了人工智能是否能创作出富含情感的音乐的问题，论述了作者对于音乐中情感的看法。可知，C选项“人工智能能做出打动你的音乐吗？”最符合文章标题。故选C。
【2024.北京高考真题】
Franz Bas’s descriptin f Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the prbable mral cde f early humans. Here, nrms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understd and taken t heart. Dishnest and vilent behaviurs were disapprved f; leadership, marriage and interactins with ther grups were lsely gverned by traditins. Cnflict was ften reslved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads t chas, it was strngly discuraged. With life in the unfrgiving Nrthern Canada being s demanding, the Inuit’s practical apprach t mrality made gd sense.
The similarity f mral virtues acrss cultures is striking, even thugh the relative ranking f the virtues may vary with a scial grup’s histry and envirnment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discuraged, while cperatin, humbleness and curage are praised. These universal nrms far pre-date the cncept f any mralising religin r written law. Instead, they are rted in the similarity f basic human needs and ur shared mechanisms fr learning and prblem slving. Our scial instincts (本能) include the intense desire t belng. The apprval f thers is rewarding, while their disapprval is strngly disliked. These scial emtins prepare ur brains t shape ur behaviur accrding t the nrms and values f ur family and ur cmmunity. Mre generally, scial instincts mtivate us t learn hw t behave in a scially cmplex wrld.
The mechanism invlves a repurpsed reward system riginally used t develp habits imprtant fr self-care. Our brains use the system t acquire behaviural patterns regarding safe rutes hme, efficient fd gathering and dangers t avid. Gd habits save time, energy and smetimes yur life. Gd scial habits d smething similar in a scial cntext. We learn t tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is incnvenient. We acquire what we call a sense f right and wrng.
Scial benefits are accmpanied by scial demands: we must get alng, but nt put up with t much. Hence self-discipline is advantageus. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain bsts self-cntrl, just as it bsts prblem-slving skills in the scial as well as the physical wrld. These abilities are strengthened by ur capacity fr language, which allws scial practices t develp in extremely unbvius ways.
32. What can be inferred abut the frming f the Inuit’s mral cde?
A. Living cnditins were the drive.B. Unwritten rules were the target.
C. Scial traditin was the basis.D. Hnesty was the key.
33. What can we learn frm this passage?
A. Incnveniences are the cause f telling lies.B. Basic human needs lead t universal nrms.
C. Language capacity is limited by self-cntrl.D. Written laws have great influence n virtues.
34. Which wuld be the best title fr this passage?
A. Virtues: Bridges Acrss CulturesB. The Values f Self-discipline
C. Brains: Walls Against ChasD. The Rts f Mrality
【答案】32. C 33. B 34. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“Here, nrms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understd and taken t heart. Dishnest and vilent behaviurs were disapprved f; leadership, marriage and interactins with ther grups were lsely gverned by traditins. Cnflict was ften reslved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads t chas, it was strngly discuraged. With life in the unfrgiving Nrthern Canada being s demanding, the Inuit’s practical apprach t mrality made gd sense. (在这里，规范是不成文的，很少明确表达，但被很好地理解和铭记。不赞成不诚实和暴力行为；领导、婚姻以及与其他群体的互动都受到传统的松散控制。冲突往往通过音乐斗争来解决。因为愤怒的争论会导致混乱，所以强烈反对。在无情的加拿大北部，生活的要求如此之高，因纽特人对待道德的务实态度很有道理)”可知，因纽特人的生活中，规范是不成文的，因纽特人的道德准则的形成是以社会传统为基础的。故选C项。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“These universal nrms far pre-date the cncept f any mralising religin r written law. Instead, they are rted in the similarity f basic human needs and ur shared mechanisms fr learning and prblem slving.(这些普遍规范远远早于任何道德化宗教或成文法律的概念。相反，它们植根于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制)”可知，普遍的道德规范植根于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制，即人类的基本需求导致普遍的道德规范形成。故选B项。
【34题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“Franz Bas’s descriptin f Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the prbable mral cde f early humans.(弗朗兹·博厄斯对19世纪因纽特人生活的描述说明了早期人类可能的道德准则)”以及文章内容可知，本文围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，主要介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中，所以“道德的起源”适合作为文章标题。故选D项。
【2022.北京高考真题】
“What wuld the wrld be if there were n hunger?” It’s a questin that Prfessr Crystal wuld ask her students. They fund it hard t answer, she wrte later, because imagining smething that isn’t part f real life—and learning hw t make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught t artists and engineers, but much less ften t scientists. Crystal set ut t change that, and helped t create a glbal mvement. The result—an apprach knwn as systems thinking—is nw seen as essential in meeting glbal challenges.
Systems thinking is crucial t achieving targets such as zer hunger and better nutritin because it requires cnsidering the way in which fd is prduced, prcessed, delivered and cnsumed, and lking at hw thse things intersect (交叉 ) with human health, the envirnment, ecnmics and sciety. Accrding t systems thinking, changing the fd system—r any ther netwrk—requires three things t happen. First, researchers need t identify all the players in that system; secnd, they must wrk ut hw they relate t each ther; and third, they need t understand and quantify the impact f thse relatinships n each ther and n thse utside the system.
Take nutritin. In the latest UN reprt n glbal fd security, the number f undernurished (营养不良 )peple in the wrld has been rising, despite great advances in nutritin science. Tracking f 150 bichemicals in fd has been imprtant in revealing the relatinships between calries, sugar, fat and the ccurrence f cmmn diseases. But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, sme scientists prpse that human diets cnsist f at least 26,000 bichemicals—and that the vast majrity are nt knwn. This shws that we have sme way t travel befre achieving the first bjective f systems thinking - which,in this example, is t identify mre cnstituent parts f the nutritin system.
A systems apprach t creating change is als built n the assumptin that everyne in the system has equal pwer. But as sme researchers find, the fd system is nt an equal ne. A gd way t redress (修正 ) such pwer imbalance is fr mre universities t d what Crystal did and teach students hw t think using a systems apprach.
Mre researchers, plicymakers and representatives frm the fd industry must learn t lk beynd their direct lines f respnsibility and adpt a systems apprach. Crystal knew that visins alne dn’t prduce results, but cncluded that “we’ll never prduce results that we can’t envisin”.
8．The authr uses the questin underlined in Paragraph 1 t ________.
A．illustrate an argumentB．highlight an pinin
C．intrduce the tpicD．predict the ending
9．What can be inferred abut the field f nutritin?
A．The first bjective f systems thinking hasn’t been achieved.
B．The relatinships amng players have been clarified.
C．Machine learning can slve the nutritin prblem.
D．The impact f nutritin cannt be quantified.
10．As fr systems thinking, which wuld the authr agree with?
A．It may be used t justify pwer imbalance.
B．It can be applied t tackle challenges.
C．It helps t prve why hunger exists.
D．It ges beynd human imaginatin.
【答案】8．C 9．A 10．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了解决全球挑战的重要方法——系统思维。
8．推理判断题。由文章第一段““What wuld the wrld be if there were n hunger?” It’s a questin that Prfessr Crystal wuld ask her students. They fund it hard t answer, she wrte later, because imagining smething that isn’t part f real life—and learning hw t make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught t artists and engineers, but much less ften t scientists. Crystal set ut t change that, and helped t create a glbal mvement. The result—an apprach knwn as systems thinking—is nw seen as essential in meeting glbal challenges. (“如果没有饥饿，世界会是什么样子？”这是 Crystal教授会问学生的问题。她后来写道，他们发现很难回答这个问题，因为想象一些不属于现实生活的东西，并学习如何将其变成现实是一项罕见的技能。它被教授给艺术家和工程师，但很少教授给科学家。Crystal着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，文章开头提出问题是为了引出话题-系统思维的方法被视为应对全球挑战的关键。故选C项。
9．细节理解题。由文章第三段“This shws that we have sme way t travel befre achieving the first bjective f systems t hinking - which,in this example, is t identify mre cnstituent parts f the nutritin system.(这表明，在实现系统思考的第一个目标之前，我们还有一段路要走——在本例中，这是为了确定营养系统的更多组成部分。)”可知，实现系统思维的第一个目标还有一段路需要走，现尚未实现。故选A项。
10．推理判断题。由文章第一段“Crystal set ut t change that, and helped t create a glbal mvement. The result—an apprach knwn as systems thinking—is nw seen as essential in meeting glbal challenges.(Crystal着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，作者认为该系统能应用于解决挑战。故选B项。
（2023新课标II卷）
Reading Art: Art fr Bk Lvers is a celebratin f an everyday bject — the bk, represented here in almst three hundred artwrks frm museums arund the wrld. The image f the reader appears thrughut histry, in art made lng befre bks as we nw knw them came int being. In artists’ representatins f bks and reading, we see mments f shared humanity that g beynd culture and time.
In this “bk f bks,” artwrks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these cnnectins between different eras and cultures. We see scenes f children learning t read at hme r at schl, with the bk as a fcus fr relatins between the generatins. Adults are prtrayed (描绘) alne in many settings and pses —absrbed in a vlume, deep in thught r lst in a mment f leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds f years ag, but they recrd mments we can all relate t.
Bks themselves may be used symblically in paintings t demnstrate the intellect (才智), wealth r faith f the subject. Befre the wide use f the printing press, bks were treasured bjects and culd be wrks f art in their wn right. Mre recently, as bks have becme inexpensive r even thrwaway, artists have used them as the raw material fr artwrks — transfrming cvers, pages r even cmplete vlumes int paintings and sculptures.
Cntinued develpments in cmmunicatin technlgies were nce believed t make the printed page utdated. Frm a 21st-century pint f view, the printed bk is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-pwered e-reader. T serve its functin, a bk must be activated by a user: the cver pened, the pages parted, the cntents reviewed, perhaps ntes written dwn r wrds underlined. And in cntrast t ur increasingly netwrked lives where the infrmatin we cnsume is mnitred and tracked, a printed bk still ffers the chance f a whlly private, “ff-line” activity.
8. Where is the text mst prbably taken frm?
A. An intrductin t a bk.B. An essay n the art f writing.
C. A guidebk t a museum.D. A review f mdern paintings.
9. What are the selected artwrks abut?
A. Wealth and intellect.B. Hme and schl.
C. Bks and reading.D. Wrk and leisure.
10. What d the underlined wrds “relate t” in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Understand.B. Paint.
C. Seize.D. Transfrm.
11. What des the authr want t say by mentining the e-reader?
A. The printed bk is nt ttally ut f date.
B. Technlgy has changed the way we read.
C. Our lives in the 21st century are netwrked.
D. Peple nw rarely have the patience t read.
【答案】8. B9. C10. A11. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了印刷书籍和阅读对人类的重要意义。
8.推理判断题。通读全文，再根据文章第一段“Reading Art: Art fr Bk Lvers is a celebratin f an everyday bject — the bk, represented here in almst three hundred artwrks frm museums arund the wrld. (Reading Art: Art fr Bk Lvers这一活动是为书籍这一日常物品办的典礼，这里有来自世界各地博物馆的近三百件艺术品)”以及倒数第二段“Befre the wide use f the printing press, bks were treasured bjects and culd be wrks f art in their wn right. (在印刷机广泛使用之前，书籍是珍贵的物品，它们本身就可以成为艺术品)”可推知，本文最有可能出自一篇关于著作艺术的文章。故选B。
9.细节理解题。通过文章第二段“artwrks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these cnnectins between different eras and cultures. We see scenes f children learning t read at hme r at schl, with the bk as a fcus fr relatins between the generatins. (艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系。我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间关系的焦点)”可知，选定的艺术品是关于书籍和阅读的。故选C。
10.词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“artwrks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these cnnectins between different eras and cultures. We see scenes f children learning t read at hme r at schl, with the bk as a fcus fr relatins between the generatins. (艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系。我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间关系的焦点)”以及“These scenes may have been painted hundreds f years ag, but they recrd mments (这些场景可能是数百年前绘制的，但它们记录了一些时刻)”可推知，此处指书籍是人类之间相互联系和理解的纽带，故与画线短语“relate t”意思最相近的为A项“理解、认识到”。故选A。
11.推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“it remains as interactive as any battery-pwered e-reader (它仍然像任何电池供电的电子阅读器一样具有互动性)”以及“printed bk still ffers the chance f a whlly private, “ff-line” activity (印刷书籍仍然提供了完全私人的“离线”活动的机会)”可推知，本文作者提到电子阅读器想表达的是印刷书籍并没有完全过时。故选A。
（2023全国甲卷）
I was abut 13 when an uncle gave me a cpy f Jstein Gaarder’s Sphie’s Wrld. It was full f ideas that were new t me, s I spent the summer with my head in and ut f that bk. It spke t me and brught me int a wrld f philsphy (哲学).
That lve fr philsphy lasted until I gt t cllege. Nthing kills the lve fr philsphy faster than peple wh think they understand Fucault, Baudrillard, r Cnfucius better than yu — and then try t explain them.
Eric weiner’s The Scrates Express: In Search f Life Lessns frm Dead Philsphers reawakened my lve fr philsphy. It is nt an explanatin, but an invitatin t think and experience philsphy.
Weiner starts each chapter with a scene n a train ride between cities and then frames each philspher’s wrk in the cntext (背景) f ne thing they can help us d better. The end result is a read in which we learn t wnder like Scrates, see like Threau, listen like Schpenhauer, and have n regrets like Nietzsche. This, mre than a bk abut undestanding philsphy, is a bk abut learning t use philsphy t imprve a life.
He makes philsphical thught an appealing exercise that imprves the quality f ur experiences, and he des s with plenty f humr. Weiner enters int cnversatin with sme f the mst imprtant philsphers in histry, and he becmes part f that crwd in the prcess by decding (解读) their messages and adding his wn interpretatin.
The Scrates Express is a fun, sharp bk that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thughts n desire, lneliness, and aging. The invitatin is clear: Weiner wants yu t pick up a cffee r tea and sit dwn with this bk. I encurage yu t take his ffer. It’s wrth yur time, even if time is smething we dn’t have a lt f.
28. Wh pened the dr t philsphy fr the authr?
A. Fucault.B. Eric Weiner.
C. Jstein Gaarder.D. A cllege teacher.
29. Why des the authr list great philsphers in paragraph 4?
A. T cmpare Weiner with them.
B. T give examples f great wrks.
C. T praise their writing skills.
D. T help readers understand Weiners bk.
30. What des the authr like abut The Scrates Express?
A. Its views n histry are well-presented.
B. Its ideas can be applied t daily life.
C. It includes cmments frm readers.
D. It leaves an pen ending.
31. What des the authr think f Weiners bk?
A. Objective and plain.
B. Daring and ambitius.
C. Serius and hard t fllw.
D. Humrus and straightfrward.
【答案】28. C 29. D 30. B 31. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。作者在13岁时开始喜欢哲学，随后Weiner的书The Scrates Express唤起了作者对哲学的热爱。文章通过介绍了The Scrates Express这本书，倡导读者花时间去读这本书。
28.细节理解题。根据第一段“I was abut 13 when an uncle gave me a cpy f Jstein Gaarder’s Sphie’s Wrld. It was full f ideas that were new t me, s I spent the summer with my head in and ut f that bk. It spke t me and brught me int a wrld f philsphy(哲学).(我13岁的时候，一个叔叔给了我一本Jstein Gaarder的《 Sphie的世界》。书里面的观点对我来说都很新奇，所以我整个夏天都在钻研那本书。它对我说话，把我带入一个哲学的世界。)”可知，Jstein Gaarder为作者打开了通往哲学的大门。故选C。
29.推理判断题。根据第四段中“Weiner starts each chapter with a scene n a train ride between cities and then frames each philspher’s wrk in the cntext (背景) f ne thing they can help us d better. The end result is a read in which we learn t wnder like Scrates, see like Threau, listen like Schpenhauer, and have n regrets like Nietzsche. (Weiner在每一章的开头都描述了一个城市之间火车旅行的场景，然后将每一位哲学家的著作框定在一个他们能够帮助我们做得更好的事情上。最终的结果是，我们学会了像苏格拉底一样思考，像梭罗一样看，像叔本华一样听，像尼采一样没有遗憾。)”可知，作者在第四段开头描写了Weiner书的内容，接着作者通过列举了几位伟大的哲学家来描写读完这本书后我们能从中学到的东西，由此可推知，作者列举了几位伟大的哲学家是为了帮助读者理解Weiners的书。故选D。
30.细节理解题。根据第四段中“This, mre than a bk abut undestanding philsphy, is a bk abur learning t use philsphy t imprve a life.(这不仅仅是一本关于理解哲学的书，更是一本关于学习运用哲学来改善生活的书。)”可知，作者喜欢The Scrates Express这本书，是因为它的思想可以应用到日常生活中。故选B。
31.推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“He makes philspical thught an appealing exercise that imprves the quality f ur experiences, and he des s with plenty f humr.(他使哲学思想成为一种有吸引力的练习，可以提高我们经验的质量，而且他在做这件事的时候充满了幽默感。)”可知，Weiners的书很幽默，根据最后一段中“The Scrates Express is a fun, sharp bk that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thughts n desire, lneliness, and aging. (The Scrates Express是一本有趣而尖锐的书，它以其表面上的简单吸引着读者，并逐渐将他们拉进对欲望、孤独和衰老的深层思考中。)”可知，Weiners的书简单易懂，由此可知，Weiners的书既幽默又简单易懂。故选D。
（2023全国乙卷）
What cmes int yur mind when yu think f British fd? Prbably fish and chips, r a Sunday dinner f meat and tw vegetables. But is British fd really s uninteresting? Even thugh Britain has a reputatin fr less-than-impressive cuisine, it is prducing mre tp class chefs wh appear frequently n ur televisin screens and whse recipe bks frequently tp the best seller lists.
It’s thanks t these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britns are turning away frm meat-and-tw-veg and ready-made meals and becming mre adventurus in their cking habits. It is recently reprted that the number f thse sticking t a traditinal diet is slwly declining and arund half f Britain’s cnsumers wuld like t change r imprve their cking in sme way. There has been a rise in the number f students applying fr fd curses at UK universities and clleges. It seems that TV prgrammes have helped change what peple think abut cking.
Accrding t a new study frm market analysts, 1 in 5 Britns say that watching ckery prgrammes n TV has encuraged them t try different fd. Almst ne third say they nw use a wider variety f ingredients (配料) than they used t, and just under 1 in 4 say they nw buy better quality ingredients than befre. One in fur adults say that TV chefs have made them much mre cnfident abut expanding their ckery knwledge and skills, and yung peple are als getting mre interested in cking. The UK’s bsessin (痴迷) with fd is reflected thrugh televisin scheduling. Ckery shws and dcumentaries abut fd are bradcast mre ften than befre. With an increasing number f male chefs n TV, it’s n lnger “uncl” fr bys t like cking.
28. What d peple usually think f British fd?
A. It is simple and plain.B. It is rich in nutritin.
C. It lacks authentic tastes.D. It deserves a high reputatin.
29. Which best describes ckery prgramme n British TV?
A. Authritative.B. Creative.
C. Prfitable.D. Influential.
30. Which is the percentage f the peple using mre diverse ingredients nw?
A. 20%.B. 24%.C. 25%.D. 33%.
31. What might the authr cntinue talking abut?
A. The art f cking in ther cuntries.B. Male chefs n TV prgrammes.
C. Table manners in the UK.D. Studies f big eaters.
【答案】28. A 29. D 30. D 31. B
【导语】本篇是一篇说明文，介绍英国人在英国烹饪节目的影响下改变对烹饪的看法，并尝试新的烹饪习惯。
28.细节理解题。根据第一段的“What cmes int yur mind when yu think f British fd? Prbably fish and chips, r a Sunday dinner f meat and tw vegetables. But is British fd really s uninteresting?”（当你想到英国食物时，你会想到什么？你可能想到的是炸鱼薯条，或是一肉两菜的周日晚餐。但是，英国食物真的如此无趣吗？）可知，提及英国食物，大家往往只是想到炸鱼薯条和周日烤肉，所以人们通常会觉得英国食物平平无奇。故选A项。
29.推理判断题。根据第二段的“It’s thanks t these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britns are turning away frm meat-and-tw-veg and ready-made meals and becming mre adventurus in their cking habits.”（正是由于电视上的这些大厨，而不是凭借广告宣传活动，英国人正在远离“一肉两菜”和速食餐，而变得更加愿意探索新的烹饪习惯。）和“It seems that TV prgrammes have helped change what peple think abut cking.”（似乎电视节目帮助改变了人们对烹饪的看法。）可知，英国的烹饪节目能够改变英国人对烹饪的看法，尝试从传统的英式饮食走出来，尝试新的烹饪习惯，由此推知英国的烹饪节目具有很大的影响力。故选D项。
30.细节理解题。根据第三段的“Almst ne third say they nw use a wider variety f ingredients (配料) than they used t, and just under 1 in 4 say they nw buy better quality ingredients than befre.”（几乎三分之一的人表示他们现在使用的配料比以前更多，将近四分之一的人表示他们现在购买的配料质量比以前更好。）可知，三分之一左右的人，也就是33%左右的人，使用的配料比以前更多。故选D项。
31.推理判断题。根据第三段的最后一句“With an increasing number f male chefs n TV, it’s n lnger “uncl” fr bys t like cking.”（随着电视上出现越来越多男性厨师，男孩子喜欢烹饪不再是一件“不酷”的事了。）可知，接下来，文章应该具体介绍电视上的男性厨师，从而与上文形成语义连贯。故选B项。
（2022新课标I卷）
The elderly residents (居民) in care hmes in Lndn are being given hens t lk after t stp them feeling lnely.
The prject was dreamed up by a lcal charity (慈善组织) t reduce lneliness and imprve elderly peple’s wellbeing, It is als being used t help patients suffering dementia, a serius illness f the mind. Staff in care hmes have reprted a reductin in the use f medicine where hens are in use.
Amng thse taking part in the prject is 80-year-ld Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used t keep hens when I was yunger and had t prepare their breakfast each mrning befre I went t schl. ”
“I like the prject a lt. I am dwn there in my wheelchair in the mrning letting the hens ut and dwn there again at night t see they’ve gne t bed.”
“It’s gd t have a different fcus. Peple have been bringing their children in t see the hens and residents cme and sit utside t watch them. I’m enjying the creative activities, and it feels great t have dne smething useful.”
There are nw 700 elderly peple lking after hens in 20 care hmes in the Nrth East, and the charity has been given financial supprt t rll it ut cuntrywide.
Wendy Wilsn, extra care manager at 60 Penfld Street, ne f the first t embark n the prject, said: “Residents really welcme the idea f the prject and the creative sessins. We are lking frward t the benefits and fun the prject can bring t peple here.”
Lynn Lewis, directr f Ntting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy t be taking part in the prject. It will really help cnnect ur residents thrugh a shared interest and creative activities.”
28. What is the purpse f the prject?
A. T ensure harmny in care hmes.
B. T prvide part-time jbs fr the aged.
C. T raise mney fr medical research.
D. T prmte the elderly peple’s welfare.
29. Hw has the prject affected Ruth Xavier?
A. She has learned new life skills.
B. She has gained a sense f achievement.
C. She has recvered her memry.
D. She has develped a strng persnality.
30. What d the underlined wrds “embark n” mean in paragraph 7?
A. Imprve.B. Oppse.
C. Begin.D. Evaluate.
31. What can we learn abut the prject frm the last tw paragraphs?
A. It is well received.B. It needs t be mre creative.
C. It is highly prfitable.D. It takes ages t see the results.
【答案】28 D29. B30. C31. A
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况的项目。
28. D。推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The prject was dreamed up by a lcal charity (慈善组织) t reduce lneliness and imprve elderly peple’s wellbeing (该项目由当地一家慈善机构构想，旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况)”可知，这个项目的目的是为了提高老年人的幸福。故选D。
29. B。推理判断题。根据文章第五段““It’s gd t have a different fcus. Peple have been bringing their children in t see the hens and residents cme and sit utside t watch them. I’m enjying the creative activities, and it feels great t have dne smething useful.” (有不同的关注点很好。人们把自己的孩子带进来看母鸡，居民们也来外面坐着看它们。我喜欢创造性的活动，做一些有用的事情的感觉很好)”可推知，Ruth Xavier通过该项目获得了一种成就感。故选B。
30. C。词义猜测题。根据文章倒数第二段“Residents really welcme the idea f the prject and the creative sessins. We are lking frward t the benefits and fun the prject can bring t peple here. (居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣)”以及划线处前的“ne f the first (第一批人之一)”可知Wendy Wilsn是着手这项工程的人之一，划线处的含义与C项：“Begin (开始)”含义相近。故选C。
31. A。推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Residents really welcme the idea f the prject and the creative sessins. We are lking frward t the benefits and fun the prject can bring t peple here. (居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣)”以及最后一段“Lynn Lewis, directr f Ntting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy t be taking part in the prject. It will really help cnnect ur residents thrugh a shared interest and creative activities.” (“诺丁山路径”的负责人林恩•刘易斯说:我们很高兴能参与这个项目。它将通过共同的兴趣和创造性活动真正帮助我们的居民联系起来)”可知，该项目的反响很好。故选A。
议论文
【2024.北京高考真题】
The ntin that we live in smene else’s vide game is irresistible t many. Searching the term “simulatin hypthesis” (模拟假说) returns numerus results that debate whether the universe is a cmputer simulatin —— a cncept that sme scientists actually take seriusly. Unfrtunately, this is nt a scientific questin. We will prbably never knw whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea t advance scientific knwledge.
The 18th-century philspher Kant argued that the universe ultimately cnsists f things-in-themselves that are unknwable. While he held the ntin that bjective reality exists, he said ur mind plays a necessary rle in structuring and shaping ur perceptins. Mdern sciences have revealed that ur perceptual experience f the wrld is the result f many stages f prcessing by sensry systems and cgnitive (认知的) functins in the brain. N ne knws exactly what happens within this black bx. If empirical (实证的) experience fails t reveal reality, reasning wn’t reveal reality either since it relies n cncepts and wrds that are cntingent n ur scial, cultural and psychlgical histries. Again, a black bx.
S, if we accept that the universe is unknwable, we als accept we will never knw if we live in a cmputer simulatin. And then, we can shift ur inquiry frm “Is the universe a cmputer simulatin?” t “Can we mdel the universe as a cmputer simulatin? ” Mdelling reality is what we d. T facilitate ur cmprehensin f the wrld, we build mdels based n cnceptual metaphrs (隐喻) that are familiar t us. In Newtn’s era, we imagined the universe as a clck. In Einstein’s, we uncvered the standard mdel f particle (粒子) physics.
Nw that we are in the infrmatin age, we have new cncepts such as the cmputer, infrmatin prcessing, virtual reality, and simulatin. Unsurprisingly, these new cncepts inspire us t build new mdels f the universe. Mdels are nt the reality, hwever. There is n pint in arguing if the universe is a clck, a set f particles r an utput f cmputatin. All these mdels are tls t deal with the unknwn and t make discveries. And the mre tls we have, the mre effective and insightful we can becme.
It can be imagined that cmparable t the prcess f building previus scientific mdels, develping the “cmputer simulatin” metaphr-based mdel will als be a hugely rewarding exercise.
28. What des the authr intend t d by challenging a hypthesis?
A. Make an assumptin.B. Illustrate an argument.
C. Give a suggestin.D. Justify a cmparisn.
29. What des the phrase “cntingent n” underlined in Paragraph 2 prbably mean?
A. Accepted by.B. Determined by.C. Awakened by.D. Discvered by.
30. As fr Kant’s argument, the authr is _________.
A. appreciativeB. dubtfulC. uncncernedD. disapprving
31. It is implied in this passage that we shuld _________.
A. cmpare the current mdels with the previus nes
B. cntinue explring the classical mdels in histry
C. stp arguing whether the universe is a simulatin
D. turn simulatins f the universe int realities up.
【答案】28. C 29. B 30. A 31. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了哲学家对于宇宙的认知和信息时代下的作者对于宇宙争论的看法。
【28题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“Searching the term “simulatin hypthesis” (模拟假说) returns numerus results that debate whether the universe is a cmputer simulatin —— a cncept that sme scientists actually take seriusly. Unfrtunately, this is nt a scientific questin. We will prbably never knw whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea t advance scientific knwledge.(搜索“模拟假说”这一术语会得到许多关于宇宙是否是计算机模拟的争论结果——一些科学家实际上认真对待这个概念。不幸的是，这不是一个科学问题。我们可能永远都不知道这是不是真的。相反，我们可以利用这个想法来推进科学知识)”可知，作者对于模拟假说提出质疑，是为了提出自己的建议，建议使用这一想法来推进科学知识。故选C项。
【29题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第二段“If empirical (实证的) experience fails t reveal reality, reasning wn’t reveal reality either since it relies n cncepts and wrds that are cntingent n ur scial, cultural and psychlgical histries. Again, a black bx.(如果经验不能揭示现实，推理也不会揭示现实，因为它依赖于cntingent n我们的社会、文化和心理历史的概念和词语)”可知，句中that引导限制性定语从句，指代先行词cncepts and wrds，且结合常识，概念和词语取决于我们的社会、文化和心理历史，推测划线短语表示“取决于”，与determined by意义相近。故选B项。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段“The 18th-century philspher Kant argued that the universe ultimately cnsists f things-in-themselves that are unknwable. While he held the ntin that bjective reality exists, he said ur mind plays a necessary rle in structuring and shaping ur perceptins. (18世纪的哲学家康德认为，宇宙最终由不可知的事物本身组成。虽然他认为客观现实是存在的，但他说，我们的大脑在构建和塑造我们的感知方面发挥着必要的作用)”以及第三段“S, if we accept that the universe is unknwable, we als accept we will never knw if we live in a cmputer simulatin.(因此，如果我们接受宇宙是不可知的，我们也接受我们永远不会知道我们是否生活在计算机模拟中)”可知，作者引用康德的观点，并在客观陈述后利用该观点来构建自己的论述，由此可知，作者对康德的论点持欣赏的态度。故选A项。
【31题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“There is n pint in arguing if the universe is a clck, a set f particles r an utput f cmputatin. All these mdels are tls t deal with the unknwn and t make discveries. And the mre tls we have, the mre effective and insightful we can becme. (争论宇宙是否是一个时钟、一组粒子还是计算输出的产物是没有意义的。所有这些模型都是处理未知事物和发现事物的工具。我们拥有的工具越多，我们就能变得越有效、越有洞察力)”以及第五段“It can be imagined that cmparable t the prcess f building previus scientific mdels, develping the “cmputer simulatin” metaphr-based mdel will als be a hugely rewarding exercise.(可以想象，与之前构建科学模型的过程相比，开发基于“计算机模拟”隐喻的模型也将是一项非常有益的工作)”可知，作者认为争论宇宙是否是虚拟的，这是没有意义的，我们应该停止争论宇宙是否为模拟，而应该着手于将其作为一个模型来探索和理解，这样会更有助于科学的进步。故选C项。
（2024新课标I卷）
Is cmprehensin the same whether a persn reads a text nscreen r n paper? And are listening t and viewing cntent as effective as reading the written wrd when cvering the same material? The answers t bth questins are ften “n.” The reasns relate t a variety f factrs, including reduced cncentratin, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency t multitask while cnsuming digital cntent.
When reading texts f several hundred wrds r mre, learning is generally mre successful when it’s n paper than nscreen. A large amunt f research cnfirms this finding. The benefits f print reading particularly shine thrugh when experimenters mve frm psing simple tasks – like identifying the main idea in a reading passage – t nes that require mental abstractin – such as drawing inferences frm a text.
The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related t paper’s physical prperties. With paper, there is a literal laying n f hands, alng with the visual gegraphy f distinct pages. Peple ften link their memry f what they’ve read t hw far int the bk it was r where it was n the page.
But equally imprtant is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have prpsed a thery called “shallwing hypthesis (假说).” Accrding t this thery, peple apprach digital texts with a mindset suited t scial media, which are ften nt s serius, and devte less mental effrt than when they are reading print.
Audi (音频) and vide can feel mre engaging than text, and s university teachers increasingly turn t these technlgies – say, assigning an nline talk instead f an article by the same persn. Hwever, psychlgists have demnstrated that when adults read news stries, they remember mre f the cntent than if they listen t r view identical pieces.
Digital texts, audi and vide all have educatinal rles, especially when prviding resurces nt available in print. Hwever, fr maximizing learning where mental fcus and reflectin are called fr, educatrs shuldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they cntain identical wrds.
28. What des the underlined phrase “shine thrugh” in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Seem unlikely t last.B. Seem hard t explain.
C. Becme ready t use.D. Becme easy t ntice.
29. What des the shallwing hypthesis assume?
A. Readers treat digital texts lightly.
B. Digital texts are simpler t understand.
C. Peple select digital texts randmly.
D. Digital texts are suitable fr scial media.
30. Why are audi and vide increasingly used by university teachers?
A. They can hld students’ attentin.
B. They are mre cnvenient t prepare.
C. They help develp advanced skills.
D. They are mre infrmative than text.
31. What des the authr imply in the last paragraph?
A. Students shuld apply multiple learning techniques.
B. Teachers shuld prduce their wn teaching material.
C. Print texts cannt be entirely replaced in educatin.
D. Educatin utside the classrm cannt be ignred.
【答案】28. D 29. A 30. A 31. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是议论文。主要讨论了纸质阅读与数字阅读、音频和视频学习方式的差异和效果。
28.词句猜测题。根据前文“When reading texts f several hundred wrds r mre, learning is generally mre successful when it’s n paper than nscreen. A large amunt f research cnfirms this finding.(当阅读几百字或更多的文本时，在纸上学习通常比在屏幕上学习更成功。大量的研究证实了这一发现)”可知，在纸上学习更有成效，以及后文“when experimenters mve frm psing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — t nes that require mental abstractin — such as drawing inferences frm a text.(当实验人员从提出简单的任务(如识别阅读文章的主旨)转移到需要思维抽象的任务(如从文本中推断)时)”推知，此处应是表达“当实验者从简单的任务转向需要精神抽象的任务时，纸质阅读的益处就变得显而易见”之意，所以shine thrugh应是“显而易见”之意，和D项意思相近。故选D项。
29.推理判断题。根据第四段“But equally imprtant is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have prpsed a thery called “shallwing hypthesis (假说)”. Accrding t this thery, peple apprach digital texts with a mindset suited t scial media, which are ften nt s serius, and devte less mental effrt than when they are reading print.(但同样重要的是精神层面。阅读研究人员提出了一个名为“shallwing hypthesis”的理论。根据这一理论，人们以适合社交媒体的心态接触数字文本，这些文本通常不那么严肃，与阅读印刷品时相比，投入的精神努力也更少)”可知，shallwing hypthesis假设读者在阅读数字文本时会持有一种轻松的心态，不会像阅读纸质书籍那样投入太多的心理努力。故选A项。
30.细节理解题。根据第五段“Audi (音频) and vide can feel mre engaging than text, and s university teachers increasingly turn t these technlgies — say, assigning an nline talk instead f an article by the same persn.(音频和视频可能比文本更具吸引力，因此大学教师越来越多地转向这些技术，例如分配在线讲座而不是同一作者的文章)”可知，音频和视频比文本更能吸引学生的注意力，所以大学教师越来越多地使用这些技术。故选A项。
31.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Digital texts, audi and vide all have educatinal rles, especially when prviding resurces nt available in print. Hwever, fr maximizing learning where mental fcus and reflectin are called fr, educatrs shuldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they cntain identical wrds.(数字文本、音频和视频都具有教育作用，尤其是在提供印刷品中无法获得的资源时。然而，为了在需要精神集中和反思的情况下最大限度地学习，教育工作者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词)”可知，尽管数字文本、音频和视频在教育中有一定作用，但当需要精神集中和反思以最大化学习时，教育者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词。这表明作者认为纸质文本在教育中的作用仍然不可替代，因此暗示纸质文本在教育中的重要性。故选C项。
（2021·北京·高考真题）Early fifth-century philspher St．Augustine famusly wrte that he knew what time was unless smene asked him．Albert Einstein added anther wrinkle when he therized that time varies depending n where yu measure it．Tday's state-f-the-art atmic（原子的） clcks have prven Einstein right．Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends n the questin yu're asking．
Frget abut time as an abslute．What if，instead f cnsidering time in terms f astrnmy,we related time t eclgy？What if we allwed envirnmental cnditins t set the temp（节奏） f human life？We're increasingly aware f the fact that we can't cntrl Earth systems with engineering alne，and realizing that we need t mderate（调节）ur actins if we hpe t live in balance．What if ur definitin f time reflected that？
Recently，I cnceptualized a new apprach t timekeeping that's cnnected t circumstances n ur planet，cnditins that might change as a result f glbal warming．We're nw building a clck at the Anchrage Museum that reflects the ttal flw f several majr Alaskan rivers，which are sensitive t lcal and glbal envirnmental changes．We've prgrammed it t match an atmic clck if the waterways cntinue t flw at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future n average，the clck will get ahead f standard time．If they run slwer，yu'll see the ppsite effect．
The clck registers bth shrt-term irregularities and lng-term trends in river dynamics．It's a srt f bservatry that reveals hw the rivers are behaving frm their wn tempral frame（时间框架），and allws us t witness thse changes n ur smartwatches r phnes．Anyne wh pts t g n Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmny with the planet．Anyne wh cnsiders river time in relatin t atmic time will encunter a majr imbalance and may be mtivated t cunteract it by cnsuming less fuel r supprting greener plicies．
Even if this methd f timekeeping is nvel in its particulars，early agricultural scieties als cnnected time t natural phenmena．In pre-Classical Greece，fr instance，peple“crrected”fficial calendars by shifting dates frward r backward t reflect the change f seasn．Tempral cnnectin t the envirnment was vital t their survival．Likewise，river time and ther timekeeping systems we're develping may encurage envirnmental awareness．
When St．Augustine admitted his inability t define time， he highlighted ne f time 's mst nticeable qualities：Time becmes meaningful nly in a defined cntext．Any timekeeping system is valid，and each is as praisewrthy as its purpse．
11．What is the main idea f Paragraph 1？
A．Timekeeping is increasingly related t nature．
B．Everyne can define time n their wn terms．
C．The qualities f time vary with hw yu measure it．
D．Time is a majr cncern f philsphers and scientists．
12．The authr raises three questins in Paragraph 2 mainly t________．
A．present an assumptinB．evaluate an argument
C．highlight an experimentD．intrduce an apprach
13．What can we learn frm this passage？
A．Thse wh d nt g n river time will live an imbalanced life．
B．New ways f measuring time can help t cntrl Earth systems．
C．Atmic time will get ahead f river time if the rivers run slwer．
D．Mdern technlgy may help t shape the rivers’ tempral frame．
14．What can we infer frm this passage？
A．It is crucial t imprve the definitin f time．
B．A fixed frame will make time meaningless．
C．We shuld live in harmny with nature．
D．Histry is a mirrr reflecting reality．
【答案】11．B 12．D 13．C 14．C
【分析】本文是议论文。文章通过讨论时间的定义，讲述了人们应该和大自然和谐相处，保护环境。
11．主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends n the questin yu're asking．(即使是先进的物理学也不能决定性地告诉我们时间是什么，因为答案取决于你要问的问题)”以及上文列举的哲学家St．Augustine和爱因斯坦对于时间的定义可推断，第一段主要讲述每个人都可以用自己的话来定义时间。故选B项。
12．推理判断题。根据第二段的“We're increasingly aware f the fact that we can't cntrl Earth systems with engineering alne，and realizing that we need t mderate（调节）ur actins if we hpe t live in balance．(我们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要调节我们的行动。)”进而提出问题“What if ur definitin f time reflected that？(如果时间的定义反映那些会怎么样呢)”，结合前两个问题“What if，instead f cnsidering time in terms f astrnmy, we related time t eclgy？What if we allwed envirnmental cnditins t set the temp（节奏） f human life？(如果我们不考虑天文学方面的时间，而是将时间与生态学联系起来呢？如果我们允许环境条件来设定人类生活的节奏呢)”可推断，第二段提出的三个问题是为了介绍方法。故选D项。
13．细节理解题。根据第三段的“We've prgrammed it t match an atmic clck if the waterways cntinue t flw at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future n average，the clck will get ahead f standard time．If they run slwer，yu'll see the ppsite effect．（如果水道继续以目前的速度流动，我们对它进行了编程，匹配了一个原子时间。如果河流在未来的平均运行速度更快，时间就会超过标准时间。如果它们的运行速度较慢，你就会看到相反的效果。）”可知，如果河流运行速度得较慢，原子时间将超过河流时间。故选C项。
14．推理判断题。根据第二段的“We're increasingly aware f the fact that we can't cntrl Earth systems with engineering alne，and realizing that we need t mderate（调节）ur actins if we hpe t live in balance．(我们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要调节我们的行动。)”和倒数第二段的“Tempral cnnectin t the envirnment was vital t their survival．Likewise，river time and ther timekeeping systems we're develping may encurage envirnmental awareness(时间与环境的暂时联系对它们的生存至关重要。同样，河流时间和我们正在开发的其他时间保护系统也可能会鼓励人们提高环境意识)”可推断，从这篇文章中我们知道我们应该与自然和谐共处，保护环境。故选C。
阅读理解
说明文
2024
主题语境
话题
人与社会
人类道德规范的起源
2023
C篇：人与社会
D篇：人与社会
短期主义
ALife是否也在不断地进化的
2022
人与社会
解决全球挑战的重要方法——系统思维
阅读理解
议论文
2024
主题语境
话题
人与社会
讨论科学问题：宇宙是否是由计算机模拟生成的
2023
-----
-------
2022
人与社会
量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？
年份
卷别
主题语境
话题分类
2024
新高考I卷
C篇：人与社会
D篇：人与自然
纸质阅读与数字阅读在学习效果上的差异
现代生物采样数据的科学性
新高考II卷
B篇：人与社会
C篇：人与社会
D篇：人与社会
旧金山湾区快速交通引入短篇故事自助服务亭
巴比伦微农场
图书《人工智能设计:与人工智能共生的计划》
全国甲卷
B篇：人与自然
C篇：人与社会
D篇：人与社会
了解猫的行为
提供医疗服务的圣卢卡斯列车
谈论文学作品的最佳结局
浙江卷1月
人与自我
儿童棉花糖实验引发思考
2023
新高考I卷
C篇：人与社会
D篇：人与社会
数字极简主义生活方式
“群体智慧”效
新高考II卷
人与自然
保护城市中的野生自然
全国甲卷
人与自然
美国灰熊从濒危物种恢复到2000多头
全国乙卷
人与社会
英国烹饪节目的影响
浙江卷1月
人与社会
新型的太阳能农场
2022
新高考I卷
B篇：人与社会
C篇：人与社会
D篇：人与社会：
在家庭中过零浪费的生活方式
改善老年人的健康状况的项目
饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音
新高考II卷
人与社会
Textalyzer（短信监控器）的技术来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机
全国甲卷
人与自然
会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉
全国乙卷
C篇：人与社会：
D篇：人与社会
无人机能在保证铁路安全可靠又经济
：对软饮料征收的糖税
年份
卷别
主题语境
话题分类
2024
新高考I卷
人与社会
纸质阅读与数字阅读、音频和视频学习方式的差异和效果
浙江卷1月
人与自然
加拿大Alberta防雹千预计划之争
2023
全国乙卷
人与社会
物品纳入历史叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性
2022
全国甲卷
人与社会
悉尼发展中面临的问题
天津卷
人与社会
美好生活的秘诀