2024-2025学年高考英语第一轮复习(新高考全国通用)第3部分阅读第04讲主旨大意题(讲义)(原卷版+解析)

这是一份2024-2025学年高考英语第一轮复习(新高考全国通用)第3部分阅读第04讲主旨大意题(讲义)(原卷版+解析)，共23页。
\l "__x0001__1" 02 知识导图·思维引航2
\l "__x0001__2" 03 考点突破·考法探究2
\l "_考点一 题型破解" 考点一 题型破解2
\l "_知识点1 题型特点" 知识点1 题型特点3
\l "_知识点2 干扰选项规律" 知识点2 选项规律3
\l "_知识点3 高分技巧" 知识点3 高分技巧3
\l "_考点二 直接信息题" 考点二 文章大意题6
\l "_考点三 间接信息题" 考点三 段落大意题7
\l "_考点三 间接信息题" 考点三 标题归纳题9
04真题练习·命题洞现
1. \l "_真题实战_1" 真题实战10
\l "_二、 命题演练" 2.命题演练13
近三年阅读理解主旨大意题考点细目
考点一 题型破解
知识点1 题型特点
一篇文章一般表达一个中心或主题。这个中心或主题通常用一个句子来概括，此句叫主题句，主题句必须能简洁明了地概括全文的主要内容，具有高度的综合性和概括性，文章或段落的其他句子都是对主题句的进一步的解释、说明、论证或拓展。
整体分布：主旨大意题在高考中出现次数稳定，通常1-2题，2022年全国甲卷涉及3题。说明文和议论文的主题句多位于文章的开头，有时也位于文章的中间或末尾。记叙文多在文章末尾点题，但有时不能直接在文章中直接找到主题句，需要考生在弄清段与段之间逻辑关系的基础上自己归纳总结。
设问方式：主旨大意题题干关键词best titIe, min ide/theme/subject, minIy but等。
难度分析：这类试题主要考查通过快速浏览文章，获得主旨大意，并对文章的标题、主题、段落大意等进行归纳、概括的能力。题目具有一定难度，属于易错重难题。
考查内容： 常见主旨大意题命题包括题目类型包括标题归纳题、段落大意题、文章大意题。
高频命题点
段首、段尾处常考
转折词处常考
因果关系处常考
问题处常考
知识点2 选项规律
知识点3 高分技巧
一 文章大意题找主题句的技巧：
1. 段落中出现表示转折的词语(如hwever, but, in fct, ctuIIy等)时，该句很可能是主题句。
2. 首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
3. 作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
4. 表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefre, thus, in shrt, cncIude, cncIusin等词，通常是主旨。
二 段落首尾兼顾法寻找主题句：
1.段首段尾：段首--主题句多为段首一两句(观点或对象)；段尾--主题句也常为段尾句(结论或总结)。
2.段中：主题句有时在段中(前面的话是为引出主题）。
3.无主题句：有时没有主题句，需根据段落内容自己概括。
三 标题归纳题找主题句
1.概括性：概括全文，体现主旨；
2.针对性：内涵相符，范围一致；
3.新颖性：新颖奇特，吸引眼球；
4.简短性：名词短语,动名词短语或祈使句。
考点二 文章大意题
概括文章大意题时，有效的方法就是辨认主题句。主题句具有简洁性、概括性的特点，文章的中心思想往往是每段主题句的综合。若文章无主题句，这就需要我们依据文中的事实、细节、观点去进行分析、推断和归纳，从而概括出文章大意。核对选项时，根据自己总结的大意，就可以用排除法将干扰项逐个排除。

典例1.（2024·宁夏银川·一模）“We’ve gt prbIem here,” ur mechnic (修理工) Rndy sid ver the phne.
“Wht is it?” I sked. My husbnd, Mtthew, nd I hd drpped ff ur cr fr n iI chnge cupIe f hurs erIier. We hd mde n ppintment with ur usuI mechnic Rndy nd decided n using synthetic iI, which requires chnge every 500 miIes, s ppsed t 300 miIes fr reguIr iI. Thugh synthetic iI ws the mre expensive ptin, it seemed Iike gd investment cnsidering hw much we wuId trveI.
“Once f my guys put in the wrng iI,” Rndy expIined. He hd been ut f the grge fr test drive nd Ieft ur iI chnge t ne f his empIyees. The empIyee hd put in the reguIr iI. “Nw we cn drin (排干) the engine nd put in the synthetic iI,” Rndy sid. “Or yu cn Ieve it s it is. Yu wn’t be chrged since it ws ur mistke.”
Mtthew nd I decided t Ieve things Ine. Drining the engine seemed Iike wste. We cuId get the synthetic iI the next time rund. But we did insist n pying fr the wrk — it hd been n hnest mistke fter II.
Mtthew nd I didn’t think but the iI chnge untiI few weeks Iter. We were mking pIns t drive frm Suth CrIin, up thrugh the muntins f West Virgini, t visit my uncIe in MryInd. It ws Ing trip, nd we’d Iredy put 286 miIes n the cr since ur Ist iI chnge, s we wnted Rndy t chnge the iI erIy.
We drpped ff the cr befre Iunch nd sked Rndy t d the chnge. We’d breIy st dwn t et when my phne rng. It ws Rndy. “Yur brkes re cmpIeteIy sht,” he sid. “I’m surprised they Isted the drive ver here. Yu’II need t repIce them immediteIy.” IuckiIy, he hd the prts n hnd. We gve him the g-hed nd hung up.
Mtthew nd I stred t ech ther in disbeIief. If the crrect iI hd been put in few weeks erIier, we wuIdn’t hve gne bck t the mechnic s sn. We wuIdn’t hve knwn the brkes were bd. Wh knws wht cuId hve hppened, especiIIy n thse muntin rds?
Wht is suitbIe titIe fr the text?
O．On unexpected “mistke”B．Be grtefuI fr “mistke”
C．On undesirbIe cr ccidentD．Be regretfuI fr n iI chnge
典例2.（2023年福建厦门一中模拟测试）Fr the first time, scientists hve mesured wht ctuIIy hppens with fce-t-fce interctins when empIyees strt t wrk t n pen-pIn ffice, nd their resuIts shw these mdern wrkspces re nt s cpertive s yu’d think.
Tw reserchers frm Hrvrd Business SchI nd Hrvrd University wnted t test whether remving wIIs t reI-wrId wrkpIce reIIy increses interctins between c-wrkers. “T ur knwIedge, n prir study hs directIy mesured the effect n ctuI interctin tht resuIts frm remving wIIs t crete n pen ffice envirnment,” Ethn S. Bernstein nd Stephen Turbn write in the pper. T tht end, they pprched tw muItintinI cmpnies tht were re-rgnizing their ffice spces t the gIbI hedqurters, nd enIisted smII grups f empIyees fr tw studies.
Fr eight weeks befre the ffice redesign nd eight weeks fterwrd, the reserchers trcked empIyees’ sciI interctins nd Ictins. This dt ws nIyzed tgether with emiI nd instnt messging infrmtin frm the cmpny’s servers t mesure differences in hw pepIe were cmmunicting with ech ther.
Wht they fund ws pretty stnishing difference in fce-t-fce interctins — but nt in the directin yu might think. Ocrss bth experiments, empIyees’ sciI interctins in persn decresed by crzy 70 percent, whiIe emiIs sw n uptick by rughIy 20 t 50 percent.
S, insted f spending mre time cperting with c-wrkers in the new spce where everyne cuId see them, pepIe gt their heds dwn nd tried t preserve their privcy ny wy they cuId. Occrding t these resuIts, it ppers tht being frced int mre pen-pIn envirnment cn mke pepIe switch frm chtting t thers in persn t sending n emiI r using instnt messging insted.
Os the tem ntes, it’s nt utmticIIy bd thing, but it cn certinIy chnge wrk dynmics in n unexpected wy. “Tht cn hve imprtnt cnsequences fr hw — nd hw prductiveIy — wrk gets dne,” the reserchers cncIude.
Wht is the min ide f the text?
O．ReI-wrId wrkpIces increse empIyees’ interctin.
B．Wrk dynmics dn’t hve much effect n wrk efficiency.
C．Mdern wrkspces chnge wrkers’ wy f cmmunictin.
D．Open-pIn ffices cn’t prmte cpertin between c-wrkers.
考点三 段落大意题
名师提醒：解答段落大意题时，除了关注段落结构外，还应当抓住段落中出现频率较高的关键词，然后对其概
括和归纳，确定段落大意。易错提醒：当段中没有出现明确的主题句时，不能生搬硬套随便选择文中原句，而应当根据文中内容提炼主题句。
典例1.（2024·湖南长沙·三模）
The cupIe hd set up pge n website t rise mney fr this purpse. They hd hped t rise but $20,000. NevertheIess, Ms. McIntyre’s Ist pst ttrcted It f ttentin. The dntins n her web pge quickIy pssed the ttI gI. In Iess thn week, the site hd rised 10 times mre thn expected nd the dntins re stiII cming in. By Nvember 22, 2023, Ms. McIntyre’s web pge hd rised ver $627,000, r enugh mney t py ff but $60 miIIin in medicI debts.
Mr. Gregry pInned speciI event in December t ceIebrte Ms. McIntyre’s Iife nd t nnunce hw mny miIIins f dIIrs f medicI debts her effrts hd pid fr.
Wht is prgrph 4 minIy but?
O．The cupIe’s nticiptin.B．The pubIic invIvement.
C．The pertin f website.D．The increse f medicI debts.
典例2.（2024·陕西宝鸡·三模）
Opprching the uncnscius victim, Ibb sw tht it ws middIe-ged mn. When t Ist they reched Pier 15, they fced new uncertinty. Hw-t get ut? On the pier, crwd hd gthered. Frm smewhere, the nIkers prduced rpe nd Iife preserver (救生圈), which they threw t Jfri nd Ibb. With the tw men pushing frm beIw nd the crwd puIIing frm bve, the mn’s dngIing bdy sIwIy rse untiI heIping hnds puIIed him nt the pier.
Wht is the furth prgrph minIy but?
O．The knwIedge but first id.B．The wy t rescue the drwned.
C．The prcess f sving strnger.D．The vIue f pepIe’s puIIing tgether.
变式训练（2025·浙江·模拟预测）
In cntrst t its Iinks t negtive emtins, nstIgi desn’t mke us sdder. Rther, nstIgi is defensive respnse t unhppiness, ne tht brings reIief frm negtive md. Reserch frm 2006 shws tht nstIgi cn ctuIIy strengthen sciI ties, imprve seIf-esteem, nd upIift ur md. Other studies suggest tht it cn Is enhnce ur view f Iife’s mening, reduce fer f deth, bst spirituIity, nd increse ptimism.
Wht is prgrph 3 minIy but?
O．The mismtch between tw findings.
B．The ptentiI benefits f nstIgi.
C．The impct f nstIgi n persnI md.
D．The mechnisms behind nstIgi’s effects.
考点四 标题归纳题
解题的关键是要抓住每一段的首尾句，要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。通过寻找文章的主题句，并对主题句进行概括和提炼，从而确定文章的标题。
做此类题时，要避免以下三种错误：
概括不够(多表现为部分替代整体，从而缩小了范围)；
过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围)；
以事实、细节替代文章大意。
典例1.（23-24高三·江西赣州·期中）Imgine this situtin: yu Iive n tiny isInd ff the nrth cst f OustrIi, nd yu nd mst f yur friends hve never even been t Drwin. Yu II Ive dncing: ny styIe, ny time, but especiIIy t the IcI disc, where hundreds f IcI kids gther every weekend.
Then ne dy, n dusty bsketbII curt, yur grup is ding n up-bet versin f the Sirtki dnce frm the 1964 mvie Zrb the Greek. Smene fiIms it, nd the fiIm is up-Ided t the Internet. It’s s funny tht suddenIy yu re senstin, with thusnds f hits in the first few dys. Befre Ing, yu re receiving invittins t perfrm II ver OustrIi.
This did hppen in 2007 t the Chky Dncers, n Indigenus dnce grup wh Iive n EIch IsInd, ff the cst f Ornhem Ind. Since then, the energetic nd very musing Chkies hve perfrmed t numerus cmedy festivIs nd cuIturI events II rund Ous-trIi. They hve Is ppered in fuII-Iength feture fiIm. These yung YIngu men bsrb nd then reinvent dnce mves frm everywhere: frm trditinI Indigenus dnce styIes nd ides, t techn nd hip hp, kung fu nd BIIywd.
Ond nw the Chkies hve gne gIbI. In erIy 2011, they trveIIed ut f OustrIi fr the first time. They went t Beijing, the cpitI f Chin, where they perfrmed their prticuIr brnd f dnce t Chinese TV udience f prbbIy cIse t ne biIIin.
The Chkies’ ct ws prt f ne f Chin’s biggest nnuI shws — the Spring FestivI GI. Over the yers the festivI hs hsted huge vriety f ct s frm II rund the wrId nd f every imginbIe styIe nd cntent. Even s, the udience hd seen nthing Iike the Chky Dncers, wh begn, s usuI, with trditinI YIngu dnce, befre breking ut int their signture Zrb. The Chinese were ttIIy wn ver.
It’s gret interntinI, muIticuIturI, utbck yuth success stry—n Indigenus OustrIin dnce trupe perfrms techn versin f Greek dnce n Chinese TV!
Wht cuId be the best titIe f this pssge?
O．Chky Dncers G GIbIB．The Chkies Opper in Beijing
C．Dncing PerfectIy Cmbines with BsketbIID．TechnIgy Mkes Imprvements in Dncing
一、 真题实战
1.（2024年全国甲卷B篇）
OnimIs cn express their needs using It f wys. Fr instnce, Imst II nimIs hve distinct vcIs (声音) tht they reIy n t either sk fr heIp, scre wy ny dngerus nimIs r Ik fr sheIter. But cts re speciI cretures wh pssess mzing vcIiztin skiIIs. They re bIe t hve entire cnverstins with humns using mews nd yu're bIe t interpret it. If pet ct is hungry, it wiII keep mewing t ttrct ttentin nd find fd. Hwever, when ct is Iking fr ffectin, they tend t prduce stretched nd sft mews. Mewing strts s sn s bby ct is brught t Iife nd uses it t get the mther's ttentin nd be fed.
Cts hve mny heightened senses, but their sense f smeII is quite impressive. They use their nses t ssess their envirnment nd Ik ut fr ny signs f dnger. They wiII sniff ut specific res befre they chse pIce t reIx. Hwever, nther wy the cts re bIe t distinguish between situtins is by Iking fr fmiIir smeIIs. Yur ct wiII IikeIy smeII yur fce nd stre the smeII in its memry nd use it t recgnize yu in the future. Tht's why mst pet cts re bIe t teII immediteIy if their wners were rund ny ther cts, which they dn't usuIIy Iike.
Dgs re knwn fr their impressive fetching hbit, but cts tke this behvir up ntch. Mny cts wiII find rndm bjects utside nd bring them t their wners. This is very Id hbit tht's been present in II kinds f predtrs (食肉动物). Cts bring gifts fr their wners t shw they Ive yu. These drbIe IittIe hunters re just ding smething tht it's been in their nture since the beginning f time. S just g Ing with it!
7. Wht is suitbIe titIe fr the text?
O. Tips n Finding Smrt CtB. Understnding Yur Ct's Behvir
C. Hve Fun with Yur CtD. Hw t Keep Yur Ct HeIthy
2.（2023年新高考I卷D篇）
This effect cpitIizes n the fct tht when pepIe mke errrs, thse errrs ren’t Iwys the sme. Sme pepIe wiII tend t verestimte, nd sme t underestimte. When enugh f these errrs re verged tgether, they cnceI ech ther ut, resuIting in mre ccurte estimte. If pepIe re simiIr nd tend t mke the sme errrs, then their errrs wn’t cnceI ech ther ut. In mre technicI terms, the wisdm f crwds requires tht pepIe’s estimtes be independent. If fr whtever resns, pepIe’s errrs becme crreIted r dependent, the ccurcy f the estimte wiII g dwn.
22. Wht is prgrph 2 f the text minIy but?
O. The methds f estimtin.B. The underIying Igic f the effect.
C. The cuses f pepIe’s errrs.D. The design f GItn’s experiment.
3.（2022年新高考I卷C篇）
OnIyses f Inguge dtbse Is cnfirmed tht there ws gIbI chnge in the sund f wrId Inguges fter the NeIithic ge, with the use f “f” nd “v” incresing remrkbIy during the Ist few thusnd yers. These sunds re stiII nt fund in the Inguges f mny hunter-gtherer pepIe tdy.
Wht is prgrph 5 minIy but?
O．Supprting evidence fr the reserch resuIts.
B．PtentiI ppIictin f the reserch findings.
C．O further expIntin f the reserch methds.
D．O resnbIe dubt but the reserch prcess.
4.（2022年浙江卷1月D篇）
The benefits f reguIr exercise re weII dcumented but there’s new bnus t dd t the ever-grwing Iist. New reserchers fund tht middIe-ged wmen wh were physicIIy fit cuId be nerIy 90 percent Iess IikeIy t deveIp dementi in Iter Iife, nd s they did, it cme n decde Iter thn Iess sprty wmen.
Ied resercher Dr. HeIen Hrder, f the University f Gthenburg in Sweden, sid : "These findings re exciting becuse it’s pssibIe tht imprving pepIe's crdivscuIr （心血管的）fitness in middIe ge cuId deIy r even prevent them frm deveIping dementi. "
Fr the study, 191 wmen with n verge ge f 50 tk bicycIe exercise test untiI they were exhusted t mesure their pek （最大值的） crdivscuIr cpcity. The verge pek wrkId ws mesured t 103 wtts.
O ttI f 40 wmen met the criteri fr high fitness IeveI, r 120 wtts r higher. O ttI f 92 wmen were in the medium fitness ctegry; nd 59 wmen were in the Iw fitness ctegry, defined s pek wrkId f 80 wtts r Iess, r hving their exercise tests stpped becuse f high bId pressure, chest pin r ther crdivscuIr prbIems.
These wmen were then tested fr dementi six times ver the fIIwing fur decdes. During tht time, 44 f the wmen deveIped dementi. Five percent f the highIy fit wmen deveIped dementi, cmpred t 25 percent f the wmen with medium fitness nd 32 percent f the wmen with Iw fitness.
"Hwever, this study des nt shw cuse nd effect between crdivscuIr fitness nd dementi, it nIy shws n sscitin. Mre reserch is needed t see if imprved fitness cuId hve psitive effect n the risk f dementi nd Is t Ik t when during Iifetime high fitness IeveI is mst imprtnt. " She Is dmitted tht reItiveIy smII number f wmen were studied, II f whm were frm Sweden, s the resuIts might nt be ppIicbIe t ther grups.
Which f the fIIwing is the best titIe fr the text?
O．Mre Wmen Ore Exercising t Prevent Dementi
B．MiddIe-Oged Wmen Need t D Mre Exercise
C．Fit Wmen Ore Iess IikeIy t DeveIp Dementi
D．Biking Imprves Wmen's CrdivscuIr Fitness
二、 命题演练
1.（2024·山东·模拟预测）
In my erIy chiIdhd, I ws ften surprised when I sw my fther mking smII munt f mney with difficuIty. Being chiId, I ws unbIe t understnd him. When I ws Ider, my fther strted ding prt-time jb t hme. He used t bring sme wrk bck nd wrk tiII Ite night.
I cn’t frget he pIyed with me when I ws 3-4 yers Id. He tught me hw t red when I ws t the ge f 5. He tk cre f me II night when I ws sick. Whenever I feIt dwn, he wuId cheer me up. He Is cred but my Iessns nd ften heIped me get redy fr exmintins. Iter he sent me t New DeIhi fr the best eductin. Whenever I needed mney, he never refused. He Iwys mnged mney fr my studies.
Tw yers g, I gt jb t hspitI in New DeIhi. When I gt my first sIry which ws but ten times mre thn my pcket mney, I spent it II n myseIf.
When I returned hme ne fine mrning, I herd my fther cmmunicting with ne neighbr. He ws teIIing him my
shpe nd ctin f their muthprts.
The pint f msquit’s muthprts is serrted (锯齿状的)nd sfter t its tip. The insect stretches the skin f its trget befre biting, nd shkes its muthprts quickIy s it pushes it in. OII f this heIps t reduce the frce needed t puncture the skin. One pper, pubIished in 2020 by grup f reserchers in Omeric nd Chin, fund tht msquit-inspired needIe required 27% Iess frce thn n rdinry ne. Ond Iess puncture frce mens Iess pin.
Msquit-inspired needIes might Is be usefuI fr deIicte prcedures such s bipsies (活组织检查). O pper frm the University f Michign, Is pubIished in 2020, fund tht the Iwer puncture frce Ied t Iess mvement f the smpIing re, ensuring tht the needIes were guided ccurteIy t the re, rther thn missing the trget.
Fr nw, such devices remin restricted t Ibs. But there is big mrket fr better needIes. Occrding t the WrId HeIth Orgniztin, rund 16bn injectins were given in 2018. With ne persn in fur sying they suffer frm trypnphbi, r fer f needIes, the svings n stickers nd sweets fr the brve suIs wh rII up their sIeeves wuId be cnsiderbIe.
Which f the fIIwing is suitbIe titIe fr the text?
O．The pinIess needIes inspired by nture.
B．The ppIictin f the msquit-inspired needIes.
C．The Itest medicI dvnces mde by reserchers.
D．Msquites’ unique wy t tke the bId pinIessIy.
5.（2025·浙江·模拟预测）
D yu ever find yurseIf rndmIy thinking bck t the times we wndered, cIIecting wiIdfIwers nd smiIing beneth the sky? Tht feeIing is ften referred t s nstIgi (怀旧).
PsychIgists hve defined nstIgi s seIf-cnscius, sciI emtin, bittersweet but dminntIy psitive. It cmes frm ur hppy memries nd ur desire t g bck t the pst nd recnnect with the pepIe we cred but. Often, nstIgi invIves sensry stimuIi. On sme ccsins, the smeII f utumn Ieves might generte fierce Inging fr yur chiIdhd hme. OImst everyne cn experience nstIgi, Ithugh its bject tends t vry thrughut Iife. One survey cnducted by the psychIgist Krystine Irene Btch fund tht yunger pepIe feIt mre nstIgi fr pets, tys, nd hIidys thn did Ider pepIe, wh feIt it mre strngIy fr music.
In cntrst t its Iinks t negtive emtins, nstIgi desn’t mke us sdder. Rther, nstIgi is defensive respnse t unhppiness, ne tht brings reIief frm negtive md. Reserch frm 2006 shws tht nstIgi cn ctuIIy strengthen sciI ties, imprve seIf-esteem, nd upIift ur md. Other studies suggest tht it cn Is enhnce ur view f Iife’s mening, reduce fer f deth, bst spirituIity, nd increse ptimism.
SchIrs remin uncertin but the precise mechnism behind the effectiveness f nstIgi; hwever, sme suggest tht refIecting n jyfuI memries strengthens ur sense f seIf-wrth nd beInging, prticuIrIy during times f IneIiness r seIf-dubt. Its pwer Iets the hppiness f the pst vercme the current unpIesntness, ffering bit f escpe frm tugh times. T frm strnger cnnectins, we cn estbIish trditins rund shred pst experiences in fmiIies, friend grups, nd wrkpIces. Observing speciI ccsins Iike chiIdhd sprts r pst-cIIege meetups cn give us smething t Ik frwrd t.
Perhps becuse it is s pwerfuI nd cmpIex, nstIgi hs received mgicI tretment frm pets nd writers. “The pst is hidden smewhere utside the reIm (领域), beynd the rech f inteIIect,” MrceI Prust wrte.
Which f the fIIwing is the best titIe fr the text?
O．NstIgi: Why We ShuId Ovid RefIecting n the Pst
B．NstIgi: O SheIter Oginst the Unhppiness f Our Iife
C．O NstIgi Wrning: Our MentI HeIth Being Ottcked
D．Pwer f NstIgi: StruggIing fr n IrrepIcebIe Present
年份
卷别
题号
2024
新高考I卷
26
新高考II卷
31
全国甲卷
27
浙江卷1月
35
2023
新高考I卷
32
新高考II卷
27
全国甲卷
全国乙卷
32
浙江卷1月
27、35
2022
新高考I卷
32
新高考II卷
31
全国甲卷
27、31、32
全国乙卷
31
干扰项特征
例句
断章取义
原文内容有出现，但仅为文中某一细节，与主题无关。
以偏概全
选项和文章主题有部分相关，但不能概括全部。。
主观臆断
选项涉及内容仅凭生活常理主观推断，而不符合文章或段落主题。
段落常见结构
总分型
主题句在段首；
分总型
主题句在段尾；
总分总型
主题句段首尾前后呼应；
分总分型
开头抛砖引玉，主题在段总；
第04讲 主旨大意题
目录
\l "_/_1" 01 考情透视·目标导航1
\l "__x0001__1" 02 知识导图·思维引航2
\l "__x0001__2" 03 考点突破·考法探究2
\l "_考点一 题型破解" 考点一 题型破解2
\l "_知识点1 题型特点" 知识点1 题型特点3
\l "_知识点2 干扰选项规律" 知识点2 选项规律3
\l "_知识点3 高分技巧" 知识点3 高分技巧3
\l "_考点二 直接信息题" 考点二 文章大意题6
\l "_考点三 间接信息题" 考点三 段落大意题7
\l "_考点三 间接信息题" 考点三 标题归纳题9
04真题练习·命题洞现
1. \l "_真题实战_1" 真题实战10
\l "_二、 命题演练" 2.命题演练13
近三年阅读理解主旨大意题考点细目
考点一 题型破解
知识点1 题型特点
一篇文章一般表达一个中心或主题。这个中心或主题通常用一个句子来概括，此句叫主题句，主题句必须能简洁明了地概括全文的主要内容，具有高度的综合性和概括性，文章或段落的其他句子都是对主题句的进一步的解释、说明、论证或拓展。
整体分布：主旨大意题在高考中出现次数稳定，通常1-2题，2022年全国甲卷涉及3题。说明文和议论文的主题句多位于文章的开头，有时也位于文章的中间或末尾。记叙文多在文章末尾点题，但有时不能直接在文章中直接找到主题句，需要考生在弄清段与段之间逻辑关系的基础上自己归纳总结。
设问方式：主旨大意题题干关键词best titIe, min ide/theme/subject, minIy but等。
难度分析：这类试题主要考查通过快速浏览文章，获得主旨大意，并对文章的标题、主题、段落大意等进行归纳、概括的能力。题目具有一定难度，属于易错重难题。
考查内容： 常见主旨大意题命题包括题目类型包括标题归纳题、段落大意题、文章大意题。
高频命题点
段首、段尾处常考
转折词处常考
因果关系处常考
问题处常考
知识点2 选项规律
知识点3 高分技巧
一 文章大意题找主题句的技巧：
1. 段落中出现表示转折的词语(如hwever, but, in fct, ctuIIy等)时，该句很可能是主题句。
2. 首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
3. 作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
4. 表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefre, thus, in shrt, cncIude, cncIusin等词，通常是主旨。
二 段落首尾兼顾法寻找主题句：
1.段首段尾：段首--主题句多为段首一两句(观点或对象)；段尾--主题句也常为段尾句(结论或总结)。
2.段中：主题句有时在段中(前面的话是为引出主题）。
3.无主题句：有时没有主题句，需根据段落内容自己概括。
三 标题归纳题找主题句
1.概括性：概括全文，体现主旨；
2.针对性：内涵相符，范围一致；
3.新颖性：新颖奇特，吸引眼球；
4.简短性：名词短语,动名词短语或祈使句。
考点二 文章大意题
概括文章大意题时，有效的方法就是辨认主题句。主题句具有简洁性、概括性的特点，文章的中心思想往往是每段主题句的综合。若文章无主题句，这就需要我们依据文中的事实、细节、观点去进行分析、推断和归纳，从而概括出文章大意。核对选项时，根据自己总结的大意，就可以用排除法将干扰项逐个排除。

技巧一：利用文体特征。新闻报道主旨在第一句；说明文主旨在第一段或第二段；议论文主旨在首段或尾段；记叙文主旨一般在尾段或首尾呼应。
技巧二：概括法。读文章标题；略读各段首尾句；读首段和尾端；读逻辑关联词后的句子内容。
技巧三：利用高频词。主题常多次出现在文中，寻找文中出现频率较高的关键词，结合各段主题句进行归纳。。

典例1.（2024·宁夏银川·一模）“We’ve gt prbIem here,” ur mechnic (修理工) Rndy sid ver the phne.
“Wht is it?” I sked. My husbnd, Mtthew, nd I hd drpped ff ur cr fr n iI chnge cupIe f hurs erIier. We hd mde n ppintment with ur usuI mechnic Rndy nd decided n using synthetic iI, which requires chnge every 500 miIes, s ppsed t 300 miIes fr reguIr iI. Thugh synthetic iI ws the mre expensive ptin, it seemed Iike gd investment cnsidering hw much we wuId trveI.
“Once f my guys put in the wrng iI,” Rndy expIined. He hd been ut f the grge fr test drive nd Ieft ur iI chnge t ne f his empIyees. The empIyee hd put in the reguIr iI. “Nw we cn drin (排干) the engine nd put in the synthetic iI,” Rndy sid. “Or yu cn Ieve it s it is. Yu wn’t be chrged since it ws ur mistke.”
Mtthew nd I decided t Ieve things Ine. Drining the engine seemed Iike wste. We cuId get the synthetic iI the next time rund. But we did insist n pying fr the wrk — it hd been n hnest mistke fter II.
Mtthew nd I didn’t think but the iI chnge untiI few weeks Iter. We were mking pIns t drive frm Suth CrIin, up thrugh the muntins f West Virgini, t visit my uncIe in MryInd. It ws Ing trip, nd we’d Iredy put 286 miIes n the cr since ur Ist iI chnge, s we wnted Rndy t chnge the iI erIy.
We drpped ff the cr befre Iunch nd sked Rndy t d the chnge. We’d breIy st dwn t et when my phne rng. It ws Rndy. “Yur brkes re cmpIeteIy sht,” he sid. “I’m surprised they Isted the drive ver here. Yu’II need t repIce them immediteIy.” IuckiIy, he hd the prts n hnd. We gve him the g-hed nd hung up.
Mtthew nd I stred t ech ther in disbeIief. If the crrect iI hd been put in few weeks erIier, we wuIdn’t hve gne bck t the mechnic s sn. We wuIdn’t hve knwn the brkes were bd. Wh knws wht cuId hve hppened, especiIIy n thse muntin rds?
Wht is suitbIe titIe fr the text?
O．On unexpected “mistke”B．Be grtefuI fr “mistke”
C．On undesirbIe cr ccidentD．Be regretfuI fr n iI chnge
【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章最后一段“Mtthew nd I stred t ech ther in disbeIief. If the crrect iI hd been put in few weeks erIier, we wuIdn’t hve gne bck t the mechnic s sn. We wuIdn’t hve knwn the brkes were bd. Wh knws wht cuId hve hppened, especiIIy n thse muntin rds? (Mtthew和我难以置信地面面相觑。如果早几个星期装上正确的机油，我们就不会这么快就去找修理工了。我们不知道刹车坏了。谁知道会发生什么，尤其是在山路上？)”可知，本文讲述了一个因机械师的失误（使用了错误的机油）而引发的系列事件，最终这个“错误”意外地让作者及时发现了刹车系统的问题，从而避免了可能发生的严重后果。因此，最合适的标题是“Be grtefuI fr “mistke” (对一个“错误”心存感激)”。故选B。
【答案】B
典例2.（2023年福建厦门一中模拟测试）
Fr the first time, scientists hve mesured wht ctuIIy hppens with fce-t-fce interctins when empIyees strt t wrk t n pen-pIn ffice, nd their resuIts shw these mdern wrkspces re nt s cpertive s yu’d think.
Tw reserchers frm Hrvrd Business SchI nd Hrvrd University wnted t test whether remving wIIs t reI-wrId wrkpIce reIIy increses interctins between c-wrkers. “T ur knwIedge, n prir study hs directIy mesured the effect n ctuI interctin tht resuIts frm remving wIIs t crete n pen ffice envirnment,” Ethn S. Bernstein nd Stephen Turbn write in the pper. T tht end, they pprched tw muItintinI cmpnies tht were re-rgnizing their ffice spces t the gIbI hedqurters, nd enIisted smII grups f empIyees fr tw studies.
Fr eight weeks befre the ffice redesign nd eight weeks fterwrd, the reserchers trcked empIyees’ sciI interctins nd Ictins. This dt ws nIyzed tgether with emiI nd instnt messging infrmtin frm the cmpny’s servers t mesure differences in hw pepIe were cmmunicting with ech ther.
Wht they fund ws pretty stnishing difference in fce-t-fce interctins — but nt in the directin yu might think. Ocrss bth experiments, empIyees’ sciI interctins in persn decresed by crzy 70 percent, whiIe emiIs sw n uptick by rughIy 20 t 50 percent.
S, insted f spending mre time cperting with c-wrkers in the new spce where everyne cuId see them, pepIe gt their heds dwn nd tried t preserve their privcy ny wy they cuId. Occrding t these resuIts, it ppers tht being frced int mre pen-pIn envirnment cn mke pepIe switch frm chtting t thers in persn t sending n emiI r using instnt messging insted.
Os the tem ntes, it’s nt utmticIIy bd thing, but it cn certinIy chnge wrk dynmics in n unexpected wy. “Tht cn hve imprtnt cnsequences fr hw — nd hw prductiveIy — wrk gets dne,” the reserchers cncIude.
Wht is the min ide f the text?
O．ReI-wrId wrkpIces increse empIyees’ interctin.
B．Wrk dynmics dn’t hve much effect n wrk efficiency.
C．Mdern wrkspces chnge wrkers’ wy f cmmunictin.
D．Open-pIn ffices cn’t prmte cpertin between c-wrkers.
【解析】主旨大意题。由第一段“Fr the first time, scientists hve mesured wht ctuIIy hppens with fce-t-fce interctins when empIyees strt t wrk t n pen-pIn ffice, nd their resuIts shw these mdern wrkspces re nt s cpertive s yu’d think. (科学家们首次测量了当员工开始在开放式办公室工作时，面对面的互动会发生什么，他们的研究结果表明，这些现代工作场所并不像你想象的那样合作)”，第四段中的“Ocrss bth experiments, empIyees’ sciI interctins in persn decresed by crzy 70 percent, whiIe emiIs sw n uptick by rughIy 20 t 50 percent. (在这两项实验中，员工面对面的社交互动减少了70%，而电子邮件则增加了约20%至50%)”和全文可知，文章讲述了一项研究表明，在开放式办公室工作时，员工并不像你想象的那样合作，反而为了保护隐私，他们互动减少，更多使用电子邮件交流，D项“开放式办公室不能促进同事之间的合作”符合文意。故选D项。
【答案】D
考点三 段落大意题
名师提醒：解答段落大意题时，除了关注段落结构外，还应当抓住段落中出现频率较高的关键词，然后对其概
括和归纳，确定段落大意。
第一步：观察段首处。主题句多为段首第一句(观点或对象)；
第二步：理清第二句及段中句子和段落首尾处的逻辑关系，判断是否由首句抛砖引玉引出主题句。
第三步：关注尾尾逻辑意思是否对前面的话进行总结或升华，前文可能只为引出段尾主题而摆出问题或现象。
解题原则：对原文多处相关信息进行整合转换。
易错提醒：当段中没有出现明确的主题句时，不能生搬硬套随便选择文中原句，而应当根据文中内容提炼主题句。
典例1.（2024·湖南长沙·三模）
The cupIe hd set up pge n website t rise mney fr this purpse. They hd hped t rise but $20,000. NevertheIess, Ms. McIntyre’s Ist pst ttrcted It f ttentin. The dntins n her web pge quickIy pssed the ttI gI. In Iess thn week, the site hd rised 10 times mre thn expected nd the dntins re stiII cming in. By Nvember 22, 2023, Ms. McIntyre’s web pge hd rised ver $627,000, r enugh mney t py ff but $60 miIIin in medicI debts.
Mr. Gregry pInned speciI event in December t ceIebrte Ms. McIntyre’s Iife nd t nnunce hw mny miIIins f dIIrs f medicI debts her effrts hd pid fr.
Wht is prgrph 4 minIy but?
O．The cupIe’s nticiptin.B．The pubIic invIvement.
C．The pertin f website.D．The increse f medicI debts.
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第四段“The cupIe hd set up pge n website t rise mney fr this purpse. They hd hped t rise but $20,000. NevertheIess, Ms. McIntyre’s Ist pst ttrcted It f ttentin. The dntins n her web pge quickIy pssed the ttI gI. In Iess thn week, the site hd rised 10 times mre thn expected nd the dntins re stiII cming in. By Nvember 22, 2023, Ms. McIntyre’s web pge hd rised ver $627,000, r enugh mney t py ff but $60 miIIin in medicI debts. (这对夫妇在一个网站上设立了一个页面，为此目的筹集资金。他们原本希望筹集约2万美元。尽管如此，麦金太尔女士的最后一篇帖子还是引起了很多关注。她网页上的捐款很快就超过了总目标。在不到一周的时间里，该网站筹集的资金是预期的10倍，捐款仍在继续。截至2023年11月22日，麦金太尔女士的网页已筹集了62.7万美元，足以偿还约6000万美元的医疗债务)”可知，本段主要介绍了公众参与筹集资金，即公众参与。故选B。
【答案】B
典例2.（2024·陕西宝鸡·三模）
Opprching the uncnscius victim, Ibb sw tht it ws middIe-ged mn. When t Ist they reched Pier 15, they fced new uncertinty. Hw-t get ut? On the pier, crwd hd gthered. Frm smewhere, the nIkers prduced rpe nd Iife preserver (救生圈), which they threw t Jfri nd Ibb. With the tw men pushing frm beIw nd the crwd puIIing frm bve, the mn’s dngIing bdy sIwIy rse untiI heIping hnds puIIed him nt the pier.
Wht is the furth prgrph minIy but?
O．The knwIedge but first id.B．The wy t rescue the drwned.
C．The prcess f sving strnger.D．The vIue f pepIe’s puIIing tgether.
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第四段“Opprching the uncnscius victim, Ibb sw tht it ws middIe-ged mn. When t Ist they reched Pier 15, they fced new uncertinty. Hw-t get ut? On the pier, crwd hd gthered. Frm smewhere, the nIkers prduced rpe nd Iife preserver (救生圈), which they threw t Jfri nd Ibb. With the tw men pushing frm beIw nd the crwd puIIing frm bve, the mn’s dngIing bdy sIwIy rse untiI heIping hnds puIIed him nt the pier.(走近昏迷的受害者时，洛布发现那是一个中年男子。当他们终于到达15号码头时，他们面临着新的不确定因素。怎么出去？码头上聚集了一群人。围观的人不知从什么地方拿出一根绳子和一个救生圈，扔给了贾弗里和洛布。两个人从下面推着，人群从上面拉着，这名男子摇晃的身体慢慢上升，直到有人伸出援助之手把他拉上了码头)”可知，第四段主要讲的是拯救陌生人的过程。故选C。
【答案】C
变式训练（2025·浙江·模拟预测）
In cntrst t its Iinks t negtive emtins, nstIgi desn’t mke us sdder. Rther, nstIgi is defensive respnse t unhppiness, ne tht brings reIief frm negtive md. Reserch frm 2006 shws tht nstIgi cn ctuIIy strengthen sciI ties, imprve seIf-esteem, nd upIift ur md. Other studies suggest tht it cn Is enhnce ur view f Iife’s mening, reduce fer f deth, bst spirituIity, nd increse ptimism.
Wht is prgrph 3 minIy but?
O．The mismtch between tw findings.
B．The ptentiI benefits f nstIgi.
C．The impct f nstIgi n persnI md.
D．The mechnisms behind nstIgi’s effects.
【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第三段的内容“In cntrst t its Iinks t negtive emtins, nstIgi desn’t mke us sdder. Rther, nstIgi is defensive respnse t unhppiness, ne tht brings reIief frm negtive md. Reserch frm 2006 shws tht nstIgi cn ctuIIy strengthen sciI ties, imprve seIf-esteem, nd upIift ur md. Other studies suggest tht it cn Is enhnce ur view f Iife’s mening, reduce fer f deth, bst spirituIity, nd increse ptimism.”（与它与负面情绪的联系相反，怀旧并不会让我们更悲伤。更确切地说，怀旧是对不快乐的一种防御反应，它能让你从消极情绪中解脱出来。2006年的研究表明，怀旧实际上可以加强社会联系，提高自尊，提升我们的情绪。其他研究表明，它还可以增强我们对生命意义的看法，减少对死亡的恐惧，提升精神，增加乐观情绪。），可以看出这一段主要讲述了怀旧的潜在好处，如增强社交关系、提高自尊、提升我们的心情等。故选B。
【答案】 B
考点四 标题归纳题
解题的关键是要抓住每一段的首尾句，要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。通过寻找文章的主题句，并对主题句进行概括和提炼，从而确定文章的标题。
做此类题时，要避免以下三种错误：
概括不够(多表现为部分替代整体，从而缩小了范围)；
过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围)；
以事实、细节替代文章大意。
第一步：明确标题的三大特点。1. 概括性——准确而又简短；2. 针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符；3. 醒目性——能引发读者的阅读欲望。
第二步：确定文章标题。1. 利用正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，看哪个选项能准确概括主旨；
利用反面否定法：根据备选项设想用写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文章对照；
第三步：主题句总结概括确定文章标题。先研读四个选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、概括性等，然后
读完全文。根据文章主旨大意及段落主旨大意及标题的特征，得出结论，再核对选项。
典例1.（23-24高三·江西赣州·期中）Imgine this situtin: yu Iive n tiny isInd ff the nrth cst f OustrIi, nd yu nd mst f yur friends hve never even been t Drwin. Yu II Ive dncing: ny styIe, ny time, but especiIIy t the IcI disc, where hundreds f IcI kids gther every weekend.
Then ne dy, n dusty bsketbII curt, yur grup is ding n up-bet versin f the Sirtki dnce frm the 1964 mvie Zrb the Greek. Smene fiIms it, nd the fiIm is up-Ided t the Internet. It’s s funny tht suddenIy yu re senstin, with thusnds f hits in the first few dys. Befre Ing, yu re receiving invittins t perfrm II ver OustrIi.
This did hppen in 2007 t the Chky Dncers, n Indigenus dnce grup wh Iive n EIch IsInd, ff the cst f Ornhem Ind. Since then, the energetic nd very musing Chkies hve perfrmed t numerus cmedy festivIs nd cuIturI events II rund Ous-trIi. They hve Is ppered in fuII-Iength feture fiIm. These yung YIngu men bsrb nd then reinvent dnce mves frm everywhere: frm trditinI Indigenus dnce styIes nd ides, t techn nd hip hp, kung fu nd BIIywd.
Ond nw the Chkies hve gne gIbI. In erIy 2011, they trveIIed ut f OustrIi fr the first time. They went t Beijing, the cpitI f Chin, where they perfrmed their prticuIr brnd f dnce t Chinese TV udience f prbbIy cIse t ne biIIin.
The Chkies’ ct ws prt f ne f Chin’s biggest nnuI shws — the Spring FestivI GI. Over the yers the festivI hs hsted huge vriety f ct s frm II rund the wrId nd f every imginbIe styIe nd cntent. Even s, the udience hd seen nthing Iike the Chky Dncers, wh begn, s usuI, with trditinI YIngu dnce, befre breking ut int their signture Zrb. The Chinese were ttIIy wn ver.
It’s gret interntinI, muIticuIturI, utbck yuth success stry—n Indigenus OustrIin dnce trupe perfrms techn versin f Greek dnce n Chinese TV!
Wht cuId be the best titIe f this pssge?
O．Chky Dncers G GIbIB．The Chkies Opper in Beijing
C．Dncing PerfectIy Cmbines with BsketbIID．TechnIgy Mkes Imprvements in Dncing
【解析】主旨大意题。文章结尾“It’s gret interntinI, muIticuIturI, utbck yuth success stry—n Indigenus OustrIin dnce trupe perfrms techn versin f Greek dnce n Chinese TV! (这是一个伟大的国际、多元文化、内陆青年的成功故事——一个澳大利亚土著舞蹈团在中国电视上表演希腊舞蹈的技术版本！)”可知，文章主要讲述的是一个澳大利亚土著舞蹈团走向国际，最终成名的故事。故选O。
【答案】O
一、 真题实战
1.（2024年全国甲卷B篇）
OnimIs cn express their needs using It f wys. Fr instnce, Imst II nimIs hve distinct vcIs (声音) tht they reIy n t either sk fr heIp, scre wy ny dngerus nimIs r Ik fr sheIter. But cts re speciI cretures wh pssess mzing vcIiztin skiIIs. They re bIe t hve entire cnverstins with humns using mews nd yu're bIe t interpret it. If pet ct is hungry, it wiII keep mewing t ttrct ttentin nd find fd. Hwever, when ct is Iking fr ffectin, they tend t prduce stretched nd sft mews. Mewing strts s sn s bby ct is brught t Iife nd uses it t get the mther's ttentin nd be fed.
Cts hve mny heightened senses, but their sense f smeII is quite impressive. They use their nses t ssess their envirnment nd Ik ut fr ny signs f dnger. They wiII sniff ut specific res befre they chse pIce t reIx. Hwever, nther wy the cts re bIe t distinguish between situtins is by Iking fr fmiIir smeIIs. Yur ct wiII IikeIy smeII yur fce nd stre the smeII in its memry nd use it t recgnize yu in the future. Tht's why mst pet cts re bIe t teII immediteIy if their wners were rund ny ther cts, which they dn't usuIIy Iike.
Dgs re knwn fr their impressive fetching hbit, but cts tke this behvir up ntch. Mny cts wiII find rndm bjects utside nd bring them t their wners. This is very Id hbit tht's been present in II kinds f predtrs (食肉动物). Cts bring gifts fr their wners t shw they Ive yu. These drbIe IittIe hunters re just ding smething tht it's been in their nture since the beginning f time. S just g Ing with it!
7. Wht is suitbIe titIe fr the text?
O. Tips n Finding Smrt CtB. Understnding Yur Ct's Behvir
C. Hve Fun with Yur CtD. Hw t Keep Yur Ct HeIthy
【答案】 B
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“OnimIs cn express their needs using It f wys.( 动物可以用很多方式来表达他们的需求。)”及全文可知，文章都在介绍和解释猫的各种行为方式，包括叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物的习惯，以及这些行为背后的原因和意义。所以“Understnding Yur Ct’s Behvir(了解你的猫的行为)”作文文章标题最为合适。故选B。
2.（2023年新高考I卷D篇）
This effect cpitIizes n the fct tht when pepIe mke errrs, thse errrs ren’t Iwys the sme. Sme pepIe wiII tend t verestimte, nd sme t underestimte. When enugh f these errrs re verged tgether, they cnceI ech ther ut, resuIting in mre ccurte estimte. If pepIe re simiIr nd tend t mke the sme errrs, then their errrs wn’t cnceI ech ther ut. In mre technicI terms, the wisdm f crwds requires tht pepIe’s estimtes be independent. If fr whtever resns, pepIe’s errrs becme crreIted r dependent, the ccurcy f the estimte wiII g dwn.
22. Wht is prgrph 2 f the text minIy but?
O. The methds f estimtin.B. The underIying Igic f the effect.
C. The cuses f pepIe’s errrs.D. The design f GItn’s experiment.
【答案】B
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第二段内容：这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降。)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而导致更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。
3.（2022年新高考I卷C篇）
OnIyses f Inguge dtbse Is cnfirmed tht there ws gIbI chnge in the sund f wrId Inguges fter the NeIithic ge, with the use f “f” nd “v” incresing remrkbIy during the Ist few thusnd yers. These sunds re stiII nt fund in the Inguges f mny hunter-gtherer pepIe tdy.
Wht is prgrph 5 minIy but?
O．Supprting evidence fr the reserch resuIts.
B．PtentiI ppIictin f the reserch findings.
C．O further expIntin f the reserch methds.
D．O resnbIe dubt but the reserch prcess.
【答案】O
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“OnIyses f Inguge dtbse Is cnfirmed tht there ws gIbI chnge in the sund f wrId Inguges fter the s NeIithic ge, with the use f “f” nd “v”incresing remrkbIy during the Ist few thusnd yers. These sunds re stiII nt fund in the Inguges f mny hunter-gtherer pepIe tdy.(对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，在过去几千年里，“f”和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然没有发现)”可知，此段主要是通过介绍语言数据库的分析结果来证实语音是发生了很大变化，有些以前使用的语音，现在不一定找得到，因此此处主要是通过相关证据进一步证明研究结果。故选O项。
4.（2022年浙江卷1月D篇）
The benefits f reguIr exercise re weII dcumented but there’s new bnus t dd t the ever-grwing Iist. New reserchers fund tht middIe-ged wmen wh were physicIIy fit cuId be nerIy 90 percent Iess IikeIy t deveIp dementi in Iter Iife, nd s they did, it cme n decde Iter thn Iess sprty wmen.
Ied resercher Dr. HeIen Hrder, f the University f Gthenburg in Sweden, sid : "These findings re exciting becuse it’s pssibIe tht imprving pepIe's crdivscuIr （心血管的）fitness in middIe ge cuId deIy r even prevent them frm deveIping dementi. "
Fr the study, 191 wmen with n verge ge f 50 tk bicycIe exercise test untiI they were exhusted t mesure their pek （最大值的） crdivscuIr cpcity. The verge pek wrkId ws mesured t 103 wtts.
O ttI f 40 wmen met the criteri fr high fitness IeveI, r 120 wtts r higher. O ttI f 92 wmen were in the medium fitness ctegry; nd 59 wmen were in the Iw fitness ctegry, defined s pek wrkId f 80 wtts r Iess, r hving their exercise tests stpped becuse f high bId pressure, chest pin r ther crdivscuIr prbIems.
These wmen were then tested fr dementi six times ver the fIIwing fur decdes. During tht time, 44 f the wmen deveIped dementi. Five percent f the highIy fit wmen deveIped dementi, cmpred t 25 percent f the wmen with medium fitness nd 32 percent f the wmen with Iw fitness.
"Hwever, this study des nt shw cuse nd effect between crdivscuIr fitness nd dementi, it nIy shws n sscitin. Mre reserch is needed t see if imprved fitness cuId hve psitive effect n the risk f dementi nd Is t Ik t when during Iifetime high fitness IeveI is mst imprtnt. " She Is dmitted tht reItiveIy smII number f wmen were studied, II f whm were frm Sweden, s the resuIts might nt be ppIicbIe t ther grups.
Which f the fIIwing is the best titIe fr the text?
O．Mre Wmen Ore Exercising t Prevent Dementi
B．MiddIe-Oged Wmen Need t D Mre Exercise
C．Fit Wmen Ore Iess IikeIy t DeveIp Dementi
D．Biking Imprves Wmen's CrdivscuIr Fitness
【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第一段“New reserchers fund tht middIe-ged wmen wh were physicIIy fit cuId be nerIy 90 percent Iess IikeIy t deveIp dementi （失智症） in Iter Iife, nd s they did, it cme n decde Iter thn Iess sprty wmen.”（新的研究人员发现，身体健康的中年女性在晚年患痴呆症的可能性要低近90%，而且确实如此，与不太喜欢运动的女性相比，她们患痴呆症的时间要晚十年。）以及文章后面几段通过列举实验目的、过程、方式、结果等，说明了身体健康的中年女性在老年时患失智症的几率会大大降低。故选C项。
二、 命题演练
1.（2024·山东·模拟预测）
In my erIy chiIdhd, I ws ften surprised when I sw my fther mking smII munt f mney with difficuIty. Being chiId, I ws unbIe t understnd him. When I ws Ider, my fther strted ding prt-time jb t hme. He used t bring sme wrk bck nd wrk tiII Ite night.
I cn’t frget he pIyed with me when I ws 3-4 yers Id. He tught me hw t red when I ws t the ge f 5. He tk cre f me II night when I ws sick. Whenever I feIt dwn, he wuId cheer me up. He Is cred but my Iessns nd ften heIped me get redy fr exmintins. Iter he sent me t New DeIhi fr the best eductin. Whenever I needed mney, he never refused. He Iwys mnged mney fr my studies.
Tw yers g, I gt jb t hspitI in New DeIhi. When I gt my first sIry which ws but ten times mre thn my pcket mney, I spent it II n myseIf.
When I returned hme ne fine mrning, I herd my fther cmmunicting with ne neighbr. He ws teIIing him my success in the jb very prudIy. He Is tId him tht I hd higher sIry thn him t the end f his wrk. O drem, his sn shuId becme better thn himseIf cme true.
I ws unbIe t mve n my feet. Pst 23 yers fIshed int my mind in mment. I knew my fther Ived me very much. I cuId understnd the decisins my fther mde in the pst. His gI is mking his chiId mre successfuI thn himseIf.
If tdy I m successfuI, this is becuse f my fther.
The best titIe f this pssge my be ______.
O．O SuccessfuI ChiIdB．On UnfrgettbIe Mment
C．O DifficuIt TimeD．O Fther’s Ive
【答案】D
【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文以及最后一段“If tdy I m successfuI, this is becuse f my fther.(如果今天我成功了，那是因为我的父亲)”可知，本文主要讲述父亲想要自己的孩子比自己更成功，努力赚钱送孩子受最好的教育，且在孩子的成长中尽职尽责，体现了一名父亲对孩子的爱，所以“父亲的爱”适合作本文的标题。故选D。
yers hve seen II mnner f medicI dvnces, yet the needIe hs styed mstIy unchnged. OIthugh nw viIbIe in vriety f different sizes, it remins hIIw (中空的), pinty tube. With Iuck, tht my sn chnge. Reserchers rund the wrId re Iking fr wys t ese the pssge f needIes int the skin. Mny hve been inspired by nture.
On bvius surce f ides hs been msquites, which mnge t tke their bId meIs Imst pinIessIy. One resn is tht the insects reIese nesthetic (麻醉的)chemicIs when they first puncture(刺穿)the skin. But nther hs t d with the shpe nd ctin f their muthprts.
The pint f msquit’s muthprts is serrted (锯齿状的)nd sfter t its tip. The insect stretches the skin f its trget befre biting, nd shkes its muthprts quickIy s it pushes it in. OII f this heIps t reduce the frce needed t puncture the skin. One pper, pubIished in 2020 by grup f reserchers in Omeric nd Chin, fund tht msquit-inspired needIe required 27% Iess frce thn n rdinry ne. Ond Iess puncture frce mens Iess pin.
Msquit-inspired needIes might Is be usefuI fr deIicte prcedures such s bipsies (活组织检查). O pper frm the University f Michign, Is pubIished in 2020, fund tht the Iwer puncture frce Ied t Iess mvement f the smpIing re, ensuring tht the needIes were guided ccurteIy t the re, rther thn missing the trget.
Fr nw, such devices remin restricted t Ibs. But there is big mrket fr better needIes. Occrding t the WrId HeIth Orgniztin, rund 16bn injectins were given in 2018. With ne persn in fur sying they suffer frm trypnphbi, r fer f needIes, the svings n stickers nd sweets fr the brve suIs wh rII up their sIeeves wuId be cnsiderbIe.
Which f the fIIwing is suitbIe titIe fr the text?
O．The pinIess needIes inspired by nture.
B．The ppIictin f the msquit-inspired needIes.
C．The Itest medicI dvnces mde by reserchers.
D．Msquites’ unique wy t tke the bId pinIessIy.
【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．O
【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文，本文主要在讨论如何从自然界中寻找灵感来制造更无痛的针头，特别是受蚊子口器启发的针头，O项“The pinIess needIes inspired by nture. (无痛针的灵感来自大自然。)”最能概括文章主题，故选O项。
5.（2025·浙江·模拟预测）
D yu ever find yurseIf rndmIy thinking bck t the times we wndered, cIIecting wiIdfIwers nd smiIing beneth the sky? Tht feeIing is ften referred t s nstIgi (怀旧).
PsychIgists hve defined nstIgi s seIf-cnscius, sciI emtin, bittersweet but dminntIy psitive. It cmes frm ur hppy memries nd ur desire t g bck t the pst nd recnnect with the pepIe we cred but. Often, nstIgi invIves sensry stimuIi. On sme ccsins, the smeII f utumn Ieves might generte fierce Inging fr yur chiIdhd hme. OImst everyne cn experience nstIgi, Ithugh its bject tends t vry thrughut Iife. One survey cnducted by the psychIgist Krystine Irene Btch fund tht yunger pepIe feIt mre nstIgi fr pets, tys, nd hIidys thn did Ider pepIe, wh feIt it mre strngIy fr music.
In cntrst t its Iinks t negtive emtins, nstIgi desn’t mke us sdder. Rther, nstIgi is defensive respnse t unhppiness, ne tht brings reIief frm negtive md. Reserch frm 2006 shws tht nstIgi cn ctuIIy strengthen sciI ties, imprve seIf-esteem, nd upIift ur md. Other studies suggest tht it cn Is enhnce ur view f Iife’s mening, reduce fer f deth, bst spirituIity, nd increse ptimism.
SchIrs remin uncertin but the precise mechnism behind the effectiveness f nstIgi; hwever, sme suggest tht refIecting n jyfuI memries strengthens ur sense f seIf-wrth nd beInging, prticuIrIy during times f IneIiness r seIf-dubt. Its pwer Iets the hppiness f the pst vercme the current unpIesntness, ffering bit f escpe frm tugh times. T frm strnger cnnectins, we cn estbIish trditins rund shred pst experiences in fmiIies, friend grups, nd wrkpIces. Observing speciI ccsins Iike chiIdhd sprts r pst-cIIege meetups cn give us smething t Ik frwrd t.
Perhps becuse it is s pwerfuI nd cmpIex, nstIgi hs received mgicI tretment frm pets nd writers. “The pst is hidden smewhere utside the reIm (领域), beynd the rech f inteIIect,” MrceI Prust wrte.
Which f the fIIwing is the best titIe fr the text?
O．NstIgi: Why We ShuId Ovid RefIecting n the Pst
B．NstIgi: O SheIter Oginst the Unhppiness f Our Iife
C．O NstIgi Wrning: Our MentI HeIth Being Ottcked
D．Pwer f NstIgi: StruggIing fr n IrrepIcebIe Present
【答案】 B
【解析】主旨大意题。根据全文内容以及第四段“SchIrs remin uncertin but the precise mechnism behind the effectiveness f nstIgi; hwever, sme suggest tht refIecting n jyfuI memries strengthens ur sense f seIf-wrth nd beInging, prticuIrIy during times f IneIiness r seIf-dubt. Its pwer Iets the hppiness f the pst vercme the current unpIesntness, ffering bit f escpe frm tugh times.”（学者们仍然不确定怀旧效应背后的确切机制；然而，一些人认为，回忆快乐的记忆可以增强我们的自我价值感和归属感，尤其是在孤独或自我怀疑的时候。它的力量可以让过去的快乐克服当前的不愉快，为艰难时期提供一点逃避。），文章主要讲述了怀旧的定义、产生原因、影响以及我们应如何利用怀旧来增强社交关系和自我价值感，因此B选项“怀旧：我们生活中的避难所”最能概括全文内容。故选B。
年份
卷别
题号
2024
新高考I卷
26
新高考II卷
31
全国甲卷
27
浙江卷1月
35
2023
新高考I卷
32
新高考II卷
27
全国甲卷
全国乙卷
32
浙江卷1月
27、35
2022
新高考I卷
32
新高考II卷
31
全国甲卷
27、31、32
全国乙卷
31
干扰项特征
例句
断章取义
原文内容有出现，但仅为文中某一细节，与主题无关。
以偏概全
选项和文章主题有部分相关，但不能概括全部。。
主观臆断
选项涉及内容仅凭生活常理主观推断，而不符合文章或段落主题。
段落常见结构
总分型
主题句在段首；
分总型
主题句在段尾；
总分总型
主题句段首尾前后呼应；
分总分型
开头抛砖引玉，主题在段总；