第09讲： 阅读理解C篇与长难句剖析-2025年春季高考英语冲刺总复习（上海专用）

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知识梳理
演练
【考情链接】
高考阅读文章均选自外刊，“原汁原昧”，尤其阅读C篇除了生词量大、篇幅长、信息量大以外．就是文中句子结构较为复杂，搀杂了大量的长难句，对长难句的理解会直接影响我们的阅读成绩。那么如何破解阅读理解中的长难句？长难句构成特征如下：
EQ \\ac(◇,●) 带有较多成分的简单句
EQ \\ac(◇,●) 含有多个从句的复合句
EQ \\ac(◇,●) 含有插入成份的句子
EQ \\ac(◇,●) 含有省略成份的句子
EQ \\ac(◇,●) 含有倒装句、强调句
【要点梳理】
破解长难句方法
找谓语，定主语
一般情况下，一个谓语形式的动词对应其动作的发出者（主语），我们可以根据谓语动词的意义来确定其主语。而且，如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语形式的动词，则该句可以是并列句或复合句（并列谓语动词的情况除外）。如
Declaring that he was ppsed t using this unusual animal husbandry technique t clne humans, he rdered that federal funds nt be used fr such an experiment --- althugh n ne had prpsed t d s and asked an independent panel f experts chaired by Princetn President Harld Shapir t reprt back t the White Huse in 90 days with recmmendatins fr a natinal plicy n human clning.
【简析】 此句中的谓语形式的动词及其对应的主语有： was ppsed --he; rdered--he; (shuld) nt be used ---federal--funds; had prpsed --- n ne; asked--he (asked前面有and, 说明asked与前面某个谓语动词并列，根据逻辑意义asked应与rdered并列)。这一句的主干为 “he rdered... asked ”, “Declaring that...”作状语。
句意：他宣布自己反对使用这种非同寻常的蓄牧繁殖技术来克隆人类，并下令不准联邦政府基金用于做此类试验——尽管还没有人建议这么做——他还请一个普林斯顿大学校长Harld Shapir 为首的独立专家组在90天内向白宫汇报关于制定有关克隆人的国家政策的建议。
提主干，去枝叶（从句等）
一般情况下，一个句子中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息，从句所表达的信息为次要信息。若句子的主干提炼不出来，就不能完全把握句子的核心意义，从而导致思维混乱，主次不分。如：
First put frward by the French mathematician Pierre de Frmat in the 17th century，the therem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds，including a French wman scientist wh made a majr advance in wrking ut the prblem，and wh had t dress like a man in rder t be able t study at the Ec-lab Ply technique.
【简析】本句夹杂分词短语、动名词及两个定语从句。 “First put frward by the French mathematician Pierre de Frmat in the 17th century”为过去分词短语作状语;“including...”为介词短语作状语;“wh wh had t...”为两个并列的定语从句，修饰a French wman scientist。所以句子的主干为the therem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds此为主要信息。
句意：这个定理，先是由十七世纪法国数学家Pierre de Frmat提出，曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难，其中包括一个法国女科学家，她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展。为了能够在Ec-lab Ply technique理工学院学习她曾女扮男装。
寻关联，辨逻辑
一些长句其实是由若干分句组成的并列句或复合句。而这些并列句或复合句之间需要一些关联词来连接。如果我们找准这些关联词，就能够分辨出句与句之间的逻辑关系，分别弄清主句的意义和从句的意义，则长句就容易对付得多了。要掌握此方法必须对英语中的常见的关联词谙熟于心。
Whereas a wman’s clsest female friend might be the first t tell her t leave a failing marriage, it wasn’t unusual t hear a man say he didn’t knw his friend’s marriage was in serius truble until he appeared ne night asking if he culd sleep n the sfa.
【简析】“whereas”提示前后对比; nt unusual=usual; 直到……才……。
句意：一个女人最亲密的女性朋友最可能是第一个告诉她离开一次失败的婚姻的人;而听见一个男人说，直到他的朋友一天晚上问他是否可以睡在他家的沙发上，他才知道他朋友的婚姻已非常糟糕，这是很平常的事。
看搭配，防隔离
有时一个长句或难句是由一个或多个搭配构成，而且这些搭配中常常出现分隔现象。读者若受分隔现象的干扰而看不清句子的本来面目，则对句意的理解就会发生偏差。如：
Sme cmpanies have made the manufacturing f clean and safe prducts，t sme degree，their main selling pints and emphasize it in their advertising.
【简析】其实本句是一个“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型“make+宾语+宾补”，即“使……成为……”，只不过宾语和宾补被“t sme degree”隔开而已。
句意：一些公司把生产的卫生的、安全的产品，从某种程度上说，当作他们的卖点，并在广告中强调这一点。
关键词，抓线索
有时某些句子句意模糊，读者理不清头绪，这时读者只能依靠关键词来抓，从而在大体上搞清楚句意。总之，在碰到长句和难句时，要根据实际情况灵活运用上述方法，在平时阅读过程中要加强对长句和难句的句法分析训练。有时要几种方法综合使用才能正确理解句意。如：
We even have different wrds fr sme fd，meat in particular, depending n whether it is still ut in the fields r at hme ready t be cked,which shws the fact that the Saxn peasants were ding the farming, while the upper class Nrmans were ding mst f the eating.
【简析】本句夹杂多种语法结构，而且包含对比。句子的主干为“We even have different wrds fr sme fds，meat in particular”;“depending n...”为分词短语作状语;“whether it is still ut in the fields r at hme ready t be cked”作depending n的宾语;“which”引导非限制性定语从句指代上述内容“the fact”后为其同位语，即同位语从句说明fact的具体内容。
句意：我们甚至对某些食物用不同的单词表达，特别是肉类，这取决于它是长在田野时，还是在家里准备煮着吃，这就表明一个事实，即萨克森农民在农田干活，而上层阶级的诺曼人在大口地吃。
阅读理解答题技巧（以C篇说明文或议论文为例）
高考阅读理解常见的设题形式有：词义猜测题、细节题、推断题、作者态度题和主旨大意题。题型不同，答题技巧也就有差异。下面就不同题型的答题技巧作一点简分析。
1、词义猜测题技巧
在高考阅读题中，考生遇到的最大障碍往往有两个：一是被已认识的单词的某一熟知含义所误导；二是被完全不认识的单词的意思所阻碍，从而出现理解偏差或理解困难，影响阅读的速度。其实解决这两个困难的一个重要法宝是考生在心目中树立起上下文观念，要学会"顺藤摸瓜"，通过构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。此类考题目要求考生能根据上下文确定某一特定的词或短语的准确含义。一般提问方式如下：
1) The wrd “ABC” in the passage prbably means ________.
2) The underlined wrd “ABC” in the passage refers t/means _______.
3) Which f the fllwing is clsest in meaning t the underlined wrd in the secnd paragraph？
4) The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means ____．
5) The wrd "it（them）" in the first paragraph refers t ____．
【例题】
（2024金山一模C篇）It’s nt unheard f fr ne event t kick ff a whle new field f scientific inquiry. Still it’s rare. When Lrimer’s paper came ut in the jurnal, it was nt surprising that many were skeptical. “Smetimes, what seems like a remarkable scientific discvery turns ut t be an errr in the data,” sme cmmented.
63. Which f the fllwing has the clsest meaning t the underlined wrd in paragraph 3?
A. Optimistic.B. Curius.C. Supprtive.D. Dubtful.
【答案】63. D
【解析】词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“Smetimes, what seems like a remarkable scientific discvery turns ut t be an errr in the data(有时候，看似了不起的科学发现，其实是数据上的错误)”可知，许多人对洛里默的论文持怀疑态度，认为是数据上的错误。故划线词意思是“怀疑的”。故选D。
【例题】
（2024年普陀区一模C篇）What is the pint f lking decades int space and struggling t explre the vastness f the universe? The develpment f the space industry has brught humans many benefits, the mst imprtant f which is the spread f infrmatin. The cell phne signal and TV signal peple use nw are all benefiting frm the develpment f the space industry. The ultimate gal f mankind is t g deeper int space, and t explre mre unknwn wrlds, that is, the Mn, Mars and beynd, and what humanity is eager t achieve is a cmmn hme f freedm and equality.
66. What des the underlined phrase in the last paragraph mean?
A. Studying space fr cuntless years.B. Living in space fr many years.
C. Explring space fr sme ten years.D. Observing space fr several ten years.
【答案】 66. A
【66题详解】
词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“and struggling t explre the vastness f the universe”可知，此处指研究太空很多年，努力探索浩瀚的宇宙，故划线词意思是“研究太空很多年”。故选A。
2、细节题技巧
细节题的破解一般采用寻读法，即先看试题，再读文章。对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率，节省了宝贵的时间。寻读法还特别适用于对图形表格类题材的理解。做此类型的题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。此类考题主要针对文章的细节，一般提问方式如下：
Which f the fllwing is NOT true accrding t the infrmatin in the passage?
Which f the fllwing statements is crrect accrding t the passage?
Which f the fllwing is nt mentined?
Chse the right rder f this passage.
Accrding t the passage, when (where, why, hw, wh, etc. ) ...
Frm this passage we knw that ________.
In the passage, the authr states that ______.
【例题】
（2024黄埔一模C篇）①A grup f 41 states and the District f Clumbia began a legal case against Meta, the parent cmpany f Facebk, Instagram, WhatsApp and Messenger, insisting that the cmpany knwingly used features n its platfrms t cause children t veruse them. The accusatins in the lawsuit raise a deeper questin abut behavir: Are yung peple becming addicted t scial media and the internet? Here’s what the research has fund.
63.What was Meta accused f?
A. It added prblematic features t its platfrm.
B. It started a discussin t mislead yung peple.
C. It tempted children t use scial media t much.
D. It cnducted illegal research n its parent cmpany.
【答案】63.C
【解析】 细节理解题。文章第一段讲到“A grup f 41 states and the District f Clumbia began a legal case against Meta, the parent cmpany f Facebk, Instagram, WhatsApp and Messenger, insisting that the cmpany knwingly used features n its platfrms t cause children t veruse them. (41个州和哥伦比亚特区开始对Facebk、Instagram、WhatsApp和Messenger的母公司Meta提起诉讼，坚称该公司故意使用其平台上的功能，导致儿童过度使用这些功能。)”可知，Meta被指控使用平台上的功能引起儿童过度使用它们，因此选择C。
3、推断题技巧
推理是在既有信息的基础上得出合乎文章内容的内涵意义，即某一问题、某一观点没有直接表述，而寓意在文章的字里行间，要求通过文中信息分析推出某种符合作者思想、符合文章逻辑的内涵意义。推断则是指通过对文章进行符合逻辑的综合分析，推出文章未直接陈述的言外之意。推断题推断得正确与否，很大程度上取决于是否能正确把握作者潜隐在字里行间的语气及观点。此类考题一般针对短文内容和考生应有的常识，文章中虽然没有明确的答案，但考生在理解全文的基础上可以进行推理和判断其答案。一般提问方式如下：
1) The authr implied（suggested）that．．．
2) We can infer frm the text that _______.
3) It can be inferred frm the text that ______.
4) It may be cncluded frm the passage that．．．
5) Which f the fllwing statements des the passage supprt？
6) The paragraph fllwing the passage will mst prbably be ___.
【例题】
（2024闵行一模C篇）Undeniably, peple may succeed in faking their way thrugh the prcess. And there may be mre rm fr interviewers’ prejudice t emerge. Finding smene annying may be a signal that smene lacks scial skills. But it may als mean that they are nervus r that interviewers are bad-tempered. Recruitment is set t change and is unlikely t becme less challenging.
66. What can be implied frm the last tw paragraphs?
A. Integrating sft skills assessment int a hiring prcess wn’t intrduce side effects.
B. Emplyees in lwer psitins may prvide useless insights int applicants’ sft skills.
C. Interviewers’ prejudice may influence their fair assessments and perceptins f candidates.
D. There is n pssibility f individuals successfully deceiving thers during the interview.
【答案】66. C
【解析】推理判断题。由文章最后一段“Undeniably, peple may succeed in faking their way thrugh the prcess. And there may be mre rm fr interviewers’ prejudice t emerge. Finding smene annying may be a signal that smene lacks scial skills. But it may als mean that they are nervus r that interviewers are bad-tempered. Recruitment is set t change and is unlikely t becme less challenging. (不可否认的是，人们可能会通过欺骗的方式成功地通过这个过程。而且面试官的偏见可能会有更大的空间出现。发现某人令人讨厌可能是一个缺乏社交技巧的信号。但这也可能意味着他们很紧张，或者面试官脾气不好。招聘势必会发生变化，而且不太可能变得不那么具有挑战性。)”可知，面试官的偏见可能会影响他们对候选人的公正评价和看法。故选C。
4、作者态度题技巧
这一类考题大都要求考生就作者对论述对象持什么样的态度做出推断，如作者对所陈述的观点是赞同、反对，还是犹豫不定，对记述或描写的人、物或事件是赞颂、同情、冷漠，还是厌恶。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出来，而往往隐含在字里行间。因此，进行这种推断时，我们既要依靠短文的主题思想作为推力的前提，又要注意作者的措辞，尤其是形容词一类的修饰语。此类题目的主要提问方式是一般提问方式如下：
What's the writer's/authr's attitude t/twards ... ?
The authr’s tne wuld be best described as _______ .
The attitude f ... t/twards ... is .
【例题】
（2024奉贤一模C篇）Deep cean samples revealed significant climate change arund 66.3 millin years ag. But this als cincides with a large vlcanic eruptin in India called the Deccan vlcanism, which prduced sme f the lngest lava (熔岩) flws n Earth. “We’ve always wed that transitin t the carbn dixide released by the Deccan vlcanism and the increase f greenhuse gases,” says Jhnsn. “There are tw things happening: The magnetic field is changing, the Deccan vlcanism is happening, and there’s climate warming. S that wuld be an example f cincidental climate change.”
66. Which f the fllwing statements des Kirk Jhnsn mst prbably agree with?
A. A magnetic reversal desn’t necessarily cause climate change.
B. A magnetic reversal is accmpanied with significant climate change
C. The extinctin f the dinsaurs is due t the magnetic reversal.
D. Climate change is nt relevant t the carbn dixide emissin.
【答案】66. A
【解析】情感态度推断题。根据最后一段“‘We’ve always wed that transitin t the carbn dixide released by the Deccan vlcanism and the increase f greenhuse gases,’says Jhnsn. ‘There are tw things happening: The magnetic field is changing, the Deccan vlcanism is happening, and there’s climate warming. S that wuld be an example f cincidental climate change.’(‘我们一直把这种转变归功于德干火山活动释放的二氧化碳和温室气体的增加，’约翰逊说。‘有两件事正在发生：磁场正在变化，德干火山活动正在发生，气候正在变暖。所以这将是巧合气候变化的一个例子。’)”可知，柯克·约翰逊认为磁场正在变化、德干火山活动正在发生与气候正在变暖只是巧合；由此可知，他最可能同意的观点是磁倒转并不一定会导致气候变化。故选A。
附：阅读理解中表示作者态度的高频词汇
5、主旨大意题技巧
这种题型要求考生能够把握文章的总体，并真正理解主题和中心；要求能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法解题，难度较大，属于高层次题。一般主旨大意题可以分为两类：1．确定文章的标题和主题(title r tpic)；2.主题句（tpic sentence）及主旨大意(main idea)的概括。
常见的标题型题干：
1) The best title/ headline fr this passage might be________.
2) The text (passage) culd be entitled ______.
3) What is the best title fr the passage?
4) What’s the tpic f the article?
常见的主题句和主旨型题干：
1) What is the tpic sentence f the passage?
2) This article/text/passage mainly tells that _____________.
3) What is the main purpse f the passage?
4) Which f the fllwing is the main idea f the passage?
【例题】
（2024年松江区一模C篇）Antibitics, which can destry r prevent the grwth f bacteria and cure infectins, are vital t mdern medicine. Their ability t kill bacteria withut harming the patient has saved billins f lives and made surgical prcedures much safer. But after decades f veruse, their pwers are fading. Sme bacteria have evlved resistance, creating a grwing army f superbugs, against which there is little effective treatment. Antimicrbial (抗菌的) resistance, expected t kill 10 millin peple a year by 2050 up frm arund 1 millin in 2019, has been seen as a crisis by many.
66. What is the main idea f the passage?
A. Gvernments fail t stp the use f antibitics.
B. Phages culd help prevent an antibitics crisis.
C. Develpment f antibitics is limited by phages.
D. Antimicrbial resistance calls fr new antibitics.
【答案】66. B
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Antibitics, which can destry r prevent the grwth f bacteria and cure infectins, are vital t mdern medicine. Their ability t kill bacteria withut harming the patient has saved billins f lives and made surgical prcedures much safer. But after decades f veruse, their pwers are fading. Sme bacteria have evlved resistance, creating been seen as a crisis by many.(抗生素对现代医学至关重要，它可以消灭或阻止细菌的生长，并治愈感染。它们在不伤害病人的情况下杀死细菌的能力挽救了数十亿人的生命，并使外科手术更加安全。但经过几十年的过度使用，它们的力量正在减弱。一些细菌已经进化出了耐药性，产生了越来越多的超级细菌，而目前几乎没有有效的治疗方法。抗微生物药物耐药性被许多人视为一场危机。预计到2050年，每年将导致1000万人死亡，而2019年约为100万人)”以及文章内容可知，文章主要解释了噬菌体可以替代问题多多的抗生素，有许多优点，建议政府多方面采取措施推动推广，所以本文的主旨是噬菌体可以帮助预防抗生素危机。故选B。
课堂精练
演练
（市西中学2024学年第一学期期中考试）
A few weeks ag, a well-meaning prfessr tried t explain the physilgical prcess behind viruses and the human bdy in a tweet and was immediately criticized fr a mistake in his infrmatin. He then issued an aplgy and deleted his errneus tweet.
Cmmunicating science beynd the academic bubble is necessary t augmenting (增加) public understanding f health and envirnmental issues and helping individuals make well-infrmed persnal decisins.
Hwever, scientists wh engage in science cmmunicatin must acknwledge that even in their area, their expertise is deep but narrw. They need t recgnize the cnstraints in their wn knwledge. That is nt t suggest that they nly write r present n their wn research, but rather, that they cnsult with an expert if the tpic is utside f their discipline. Fact-checking with a scientist wh wrks in the specialty will prevent the unintentinal spread f misinfrmatin, and the prcess f ding s may yield tiny pieces f interesting new infrmatin that can be incrprated.
Sme have argued that the public is nt educated enugh t understand scientific infrmatin, especially fr any cmplex phenmena, but this is absurd. Science instructin can be fund at all levels f public educatin with mst secndary schls ffering classes n bilgy, physics, and chemistry. If anything, scial media has shwn that the public craves knwledge based n a slid scientific fundatin. Even the public discurse (话语) that fllws mst scientific articles shws that nline readers can understand even the mst puzzling f scientific principles.
It is equally necessary t emphasize that being an expert n a tpic des nt autmatically make a schlar qualified t cmmunicate it t a nnscientific audience. A number f scientists recently have been ffering public-aimed explanatins f scientific phenmena. Even thugh they have apprpriate credentials, they ften d very little in the way f explaining. One bilgist shared a cmplex analgy(类比)invlving a library, bks, paper, a recipe, ingredients, and a cake t explain the prcess behind vaccines. Any explanatin that requires a written key t keep track f what each item represents is nt a clear example fr public cnsumptin.
Science cmmunicatin is a science in and f itself. It requires rigrus training and instructin. A scientist shuld take cmmunicatin curses that can teach a persn hw t identify and eliminate jargn (术语) and hw t develp effective analgies t explain cmplex cncepts. One cannt assume cmmunicatin expertise-imagine if smene just decided that they were a physicist and started trying t cntribute t the field withut the necessary backgrund. Ding a pr jb cmmunicating science t the public will nly create cnfusin and widen the gap between science and sciety, a gap that scientists are trying t clse.
43. What des the authr advise scientists d t deal with tpics utside f their specialty?
A. Write r present n them frm new angles.
B. Utilize infrmatin frm diverse surces.
C. Turn t a specialist fr prfessinal help.
D. Fact-check with clleagues in-their field.
44. What can be learned frm Paragraph 4?
A. A slid academic fundatin is essential t understanding puzzling scientific principles.
B. Mdern technlgy has facilitated cmmunicatin between scientists and the public.
C. Scientific articles have gained increasing ppularity amng the general public.
D. The public’s understanding f science is much better than sme have claimed.
45. What des the example f the bilgist wh shared an intricate analgy shw?
A. It is helpful t use illustratins in explaining scientific phenmena.
B. It is imperative t have apprpriate titles t explain scientific issues.
C. A learned schlar is nt necessarily a qualified science cmmunicatr.
D. A nnscientific audience cannt crrectly understand principles f science.
46. What des the authr suggest scientists d t clse the gap between science and sciety?
A. Develp cmmunicatin skills.
B. Make apprpriate use f scientific terms.
C. Take curses in public speaking.
D. Explain cmplex cncepts scientifically.
课后反馈
演练
（2024年宝山区二模）
Pretty much everyne has, at sme pint, made excuses t avid wrking n a task they fear. But sme peple d this mre ften than thers, which can result in disastrus cnsequences. Regularly putting ff difficult r unpleasant tasks can lead t lw grades at schl, pr perfrmance at wrk and financial cnsequences, such as late fees. Prcrastinatin can als harm relatinships and even affect yur health, as it increases stress levels, smetimes resulting in illness.
It's pssible t prcrastinate by binge-watching (大量观看) yur favrite shw r ding ther mindless activities, but prcrastinatin desn't always lk like laziness. Sme peple prcrastinate t avid difficult tasks by wrking n easier but less imprtant tasks. This can make them feel prductive even as they neglect the mst imprtant items n their t-d lists.
In rder t vercme prcrastinatin, yu must first understand why yu prcrastinate. Perhaps yu are a perfectinist, s yu find nt cmpleting a task less upsetting than ding it badly. Perhaps the task is cmplicated r cnfusing, and yu dn't knw where t begin. Or perhaps yu are waiting t feel inspired t cmplete the task r believe that yu becme better under pressure.
Crrecting yur thinking can aid yu in vercming prcrastinatin. Yu prbably tend t verestimate hw quickly yu can finish tasks and hw mtivated yu will feel later. Mst wrk des nt need t wait until yu feel inspired, and if yu begin the task, feelings f inspiratin may fllw. Further, research shws that despite sme peple's perceptins (感知), mst individuals d nt actually prduce better wrk under pressure.
If yu are prcrastinating because a task seems t verwhelming r t cmplicated, break it up int smaller pieces that feel mre manageable. This can mean ding a part f the task, r dedicating a set amunt f time - say, 15 minutes - t wrking n it.
It may help t think abut why the task is imprtant. Hw will it cntribute t yur gals? Hw will it affect ther peple? What negative cnsequences culd cme frm nt ding it in a timely manner?
Scheduling when yu will wrk n tasks can be helpful as well, and s can ruthlessly eliminating distractins. Yu may need t put away yur phne r g t a quiet rm.
Overcming prcrastinatin is a challenge, but ding s leads t benefits in many areas f life.
63. The wrd prcrastinate in the secnd paragraph mst prbably means ______.
A. keep ffB. get ffC. put ffD. take ff
64. Accrding t the passage, hw many kinds f cnsequences may result frm prcrastinatin?
A. 5.B. 2.C. 6.D. 7.
65. What can we cnclude frm the passage?
A. Nbdy can entirely avid prcrastinatin in his persnal life.
B. Ding easier r unimprtant tasks can make us mre prductive.
C. The mre pressure we have, the mre prductive we will becme.
D. It's generally mre subjective than bjective t prcrastinate in life.
66. The best title fr the passage may be ______.
A. The challenges f prcrastinatin and strategies t slve it
B. The reasns f prcrastinatin and the ways f aviding it
C. The advantages and disadvantages f prcrastinatin in life
D. The causes and prcess f prcrastinatin in cmmunicatin
（2024年崇明区二模）
Fr a lng time, psychlgists agreed with the findings f Ry Baumeister, whse research shwed that willpwer was a limited resurce that culd easily be exhausted thrugh use. His bk, Willpwer: Rediscvering the Greatest Human Strength, has lng been seen as the typical handbk n this subject. Plus, hundreds f experiments shwed that when peple had t cmplete tw back-t-back tasks which bth required willpwer, they wuld demnstrate less willpwer n the secnd task.
Frm this research willpwer came t be understd as a “brain muscle” that wuld grw mre tired the lnger yu used it. With adequate rest and recvery, the muscle’s energy wuld be restred, and willpwer levels wuld return t nrmal. This made sense and even pened the dr fr an ptimistic lng-term apprach t willpwer: Yu culd imprve yur willpwer by using it regularly, just as yu can strengthen a muscle thrugh exercise.
Hwever, just because an idea sunds gd desn’t mean it’s true. Later research failed t find Baumeister’s willpwer exhaustin effect. And ther research even shwed that willpwer exhaustin can be reversed if yu have a psitive belief abut what hard wrk des fr yu. If yu believe using willpwer is draining, yu’ll experience it as draining, but if yu believe it energizes yu, yu’ll be energized. In ther wrds, what yu believe abut willpwer might be a self-fulfilling prphecy.
The truble is that studying a psychlgical quality like willpwer in the lab is very difficult. Willpwer experiments greatly versimplify the human experience and dn’t reflect hw willpwer is used in the real wrld. Sample sizes are usually small because f limited funding, and it’s difficult t find diverse subjects. It almst certainly matters hw meaningful the willpwer-requiring task is t the persn ding it, and labratry experiments generally dn’t ask participants t perfrm meaningful tasks.
Furthermre, there are a great many factrs that can affect hw much willpwer an individual has. Willpwer levels change frm mment t mment and day t day. Smene wh has excellent willpwer in ne situatin might have terrible willpwer in anther. Yu might have high self-cntrl ne day and lw self-cntrl anther.
S we just dn’t knw hw willpwer really wrks, and we might never knw. Peple may r may nt have a limited amunt f willpwer. Believing yu have unlimited willpwer might help yu wrk harder than yu therwise wuld, r it might lead t vercnfidence.
63. Ry Baumeister’s bk, Willpwer: Rediscvering the Greatest Human Strength, is mentined at the beginning f the passage in rder t shw that _____.
A. willpwer as a limited resurce has been widely accepted
B. his bk is very ppular amng peple in varius fields
C. willpwer is essential in cmpleting back-t-back tasks
D. a great many experiments has been dne n willpwer
64. By “a self-fulfilling prphecy” in paragraph 3, the authr means that _____.
A. with enugh rest, willpwer can recver itself
B. with the right attitude, we can wn ur willpwer
C. we can fulfil ur dream as lng as we have willpwer
D. there is a fixed amunt f willpwer if we think psitively
65. The authr implies in the passage that we shuld _____.
A. view willpwer as unlimited t fully cultivate ur ptential
B. try ding different tasks when ur willpwer levels change
C. stp ding research n willpwer since it is t changeable
D. treat willpwer critically as it’s hard t get a full picture f it
66. Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the passage?
A. The Definitin f WillpwerB. The Great Willpwer Debate
C. The Imprtance f WillpwerD. Strategies t Increase Willpwer

（2024学年第一学期敬业中学高三阶段检测）
The budget line is an elementary cncept that mst cnsumers can understand withut a need fr graphs and equatins (图表及等式) — it’s the husehld budget, fr example. Taken infrmally, the budget line describes the line f affrdability fr a given budget and specific gds. This same cncept — ne that mst cnsumers make many times each day with reflectin n it — is the basis f the mre frmal budget line cncept in ecnmics.
One f the interesting ways the study f ecnmics relates t human behavir generally is that a lt f ecnmics thery is the frmalizatin f the kind f simple cncept — a cnsumer’s infrmal understanding f the amunt she has t spend and what that amunt will buy. In the prcess f frmalizatin, the cncept can be expressed as a mathematical equatin r a graph that can be applied generally.
T understand this, think f a graph where the vertical axis (众轴) quantifies hw many mvie tickets yu can buy and where the hrizntal axis des the same fr crime nvels. Yu like ging t the mvies and reading crime nvels and yu have $150 t spend. In the example belw, assume that each mvie csts $10 and each crime nvel csts $15. The mre frmal ecnmics term fr these tw items is budget set.
If mvies cst $10 each, then the maximum number f mvies yu can see with the mney available is 15. T nte this yu make a dt at the number 15 (fr ttal mvie tickets) at the extreme left-hand side f the chart. This same dt appears at the extreme left abve “0” n the hrizntal axis because yu have n mney left fr bks — the number f bks available in this example is 0.
Yu can als graph the ther extreme — all crime nvels and n mvies. Since crime nvels in the example cst $15 and yu have $150 available, if yu spend all the available mney crime nvels, yu can buy 10. S yu put a dt n the hrizntal axis at the number 10. Yu’ll place the dt at the bttm f the vertical axis because in this instance yu have $0 available fr mvie tickets.
If yu nw draw a line frm the highest, leftmst dt t the lwest, rightmst dt yu’ll have created a budget line. Any cmbinatin f mvies and crime nvels that falls belw the budget line is affrdable. Any cmbinatin abve it is nt.
43. What is this passage mainly abut?
A. Guidelines fr husehld purchase.B. The descriptin f a daily phenmenn.
C. Ways f presenting research data.D. The explanatin f an ecnmic cncept.
44. The authr uses the purchase f mvie tickets and crime nvels as an example f _________.
A. the frmalizatin f the budget lineB. the frmatin f vertical and hrizntal axes
C. an infrmal understanding f the budget lineD. a cmbinatin f budget set
45. What can be inferred frm the passage abut the budget line?
A. The dts shwing the maximum use f a budget can nly be fund n it.
B. It is intended t indicate ne’s husehld needs fr specific gds.
C. Graphs can interpret it mre precisely than equatins.
D. It is used t explain cnsumers’ shpping habits.
46. In the example mentined in the passage, if yu want t buy 10 mvie tickets and 10 crime nvels with the same budget, where shuld yu make the dt?
A. On the hrizntal axis.B. On the vertical axis.
C. Abve the budget line.D. Belw the budget line.
【2023年1月春考(C篇)】
T tell the age f mst layered rcks, scientists study the fssils these rcks cntain. Fssils prvide imprtant evidence t help determine what happened in Earth histry and when it happened.
The wrd “ fssil” makes many peple think f dinsaurs. Dinsaurs are nw featured in bks, mvies, and televisin prgrams, and the bnes f sme large dinsaurs are n display in many museums. These reptiles were dminant animals n Earth fr well ver 100 millin years frm the Late Triassic thrugh the Late Cretaceus. Many dinsaurs were quite small, but by the middle f the Meszic Perid, sme species weighed as much as 80 tns. By arund 65 years ag all dinsaurs were extinct.
In spite f all f the interest in dinsaurs, they frm nly a small fractin f the millins f species that live and have lived n Earth. The great bulk f the fssil recrd is dminated by fssils f animals with shells and micrscpic remains f plants and animals, and these remains are widespread in sedimentary rcks. It is these fssils that are studied by mst palentlgists.
In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the English gelgist and engineer William Smith and the French palentlgists Gerges Cuvier and Alexandre Brngniart discvered that rcks f the same age may cntain the same fssils even when the rcks are separated by lng distances. They published the first gelgic maps f large areas n which rcks cntaining similar fssils were shwn. By careful bservatin f the rcks and their fssils , these men and ther gelgists were able t recgnize rcks f the same age n ppsite sides f the English Channel.
William Smith was able t apply his knwledge f fssils in a very practical way.He was an engineer building canals in England, which has lts f vegetatin and few surface expsures f rck. He needed t knw what rcks he culd expect t find n the hills thrugh which he had t build a canal. Often he culd tell what kind f rck was likely t be belw the surface by examining the fssils that had erded frm the rcks f the hillside r by digging a small hle t find fssils. Knwing what rcks t expect allwed Smith t estimate csts and determine what tls were needed fr the jb.
Smith and thers knew that the successin f life frms preserved as fssils is useful fr understanding hw and when the rcks frmed. Only later did scientists develp a thery t explain that successin.
63. What is the purpse f scientists in studying fssils?
A. T clarify the categry f the layered rck.
B. T utilize the structure f the layered rck.
C.T determine the time f presence f the layered rcks.
D.T mdify the envirnment with a layered rck.
64. Which f the fllwing statements is true abut dinsaurs?
A. The mystery f the extinctin f the dinsaurs is still unreslved.
B. Dinsaurs have existed arund the wrld fr abut 6.5 millin years.
C.The dinsaurs were extinct in the Meszic Perid.
D.There was n crrelatin between dinsaurs and fssils.
65. What can we learn abut William Smith?
A. He is a famus French palentlgist.
B. He can predict the types f rck beneath the surface.
C.He can identify rcks f the same age arund the wrld.
D.He needs t turn t prfessinals t estimate the explratin csts.
66. What is this article mainly talking abut?
A.New fssils fund by gelgists.
B. The frmatin f the dinsaur fssils.
C. Tls required t develp the sedimentary rcks.
D. Fssils in the rcks facilitating related research advances.
【2022年1月春考(C篇)】
Cnservatinists g t war ver whether humans are the measure f nature's value. New Cnservatinists argue such trade-ffs are necessary in this human dminated epch. And they supprt “re-wilding", a cncept riginally prpsed by Sule where peple curtail ecnmic grwth and withdraw frm landscapes, which then return t nature.
New Cnservatinists believe the withdrawal culd happen tgether with ecnmic grwth The Califrnia-based Breakthrugh Institute believes in a future where mst peple live in cities and rely less n natural resurces fr ecnmic grwth.
They wuld get fd frm industrial agriculture. including genetically mdified fds, desalinatin intensified meat prductin and aquaculture, all f which have a smaller land ftprint. And they wuld get their energy frm renewables and natural gas.
Driving these prfund shifts wuld be greater efficiency f prductin, where mre prducts culd be manufactured frm fewer inputs. And sme unsustainable cmmdities wuld be replaced in the market by ther, greener nes---natural gas fr cal, fr instance, explained Michael Heisenberg., president f the Breakthrugh Institute. Nature wuld, in essence, be decupled frm the ecnmy.
And then he added a caveat:"We are nt suggesting decupling as the paradigm t save the wrld, r that it slves all the prblems r eliminates all the trade- ffs.
Cynics( 悲观者) may say all this sunds t utpian, but Breakthrugh maintains the wrld is already n this path tward decupling. Nwhere is this mre evident than in the United Sates, accrding t Idd Wernick, a research schlar at the Rckefeller University, wh has examined the natin’s use f 100 main cmmdities.
Wemck and his clleagues lked at data carefully frm the U.S. Gelgical Survey Natinal Minerals Infrmatin Center , which keeps a recrd f cmmdities used frm 1900 thrugh the present day. They fund that the use f 36 cmmdities ( sand, ire re , cttn etc.) in the U. S. Ecnmy had peaked.
Anther 53 cmmdities (nitrgen,timber, beef, etc. ) are being used mre efficiently per dllar value f grss dmestic prduct than in the pre-1970s era. Their use wuld peak sn, Wernick said.
Only 11cmmdities (industrial diamnd, indium, chicken, etc.) are increasing in use (Greenwire, Nv.6), and mst f these are emplyed by industries in small quantities t imprve systems prcesses.Chicken use is rising because peple are eating less beef, a desirable develpment since pultry cultivatin has a smaller envirnmental ftprint.
The numbers shw the United States has nt intensified resurce cnsumptin since the1970s even while increasing its GDP and ppulatin, said Jesse Ausubel f the Rckefeller University.
“It seems like the 20th-century expectatin we had, we were always assuming the future entailed greater cnsumptin f resurces," Ausubel said. "But what we are seeing in the develped cuntries is, f curse, peaks.”
63.What des the underlined wrd"trade-ffs"refer t in the first paragraph?
A. The balance between human develpment and natural eclgy
B. The prfitability f imprt and exprt trade.
C.The cnsumptin f natural resurces by industrial develpment
D. The difficult plight f ecnmies grwth.
64.Which fthe fllwing is true f the views f the new envirnmentalists?
A.They believe that mankind shuld live in frests with rich vegetatin
B.They believe that mankind will need mre natural resurces in the future.
C.They believe that mankind is the master f the whle universe.
D. They believe that mankind shuld limit ecnmic grwth
65.What can we infer frm the last paragraph f the passage?
A.Natural resurces cannt supprt ecnmic develpment.
B.Mre resurce cnsumptin will nt ccur in a certain perid f time.
C.Excessive resurce cnsumptin will nt affect the eclgical envirnment
D. All resurce cnsumptin in develped cuntries has reached a peak
66. What is the passage mainly abut?
A. Urbanizatin and re-wildness.
B. Human existence and industrial develpment
C.Sciecnmic develpment and resurce cnsumptin
D. Cmmdity trading and raw material develpmentpsitive 肯定的,积极的
passive 被动的，消极的
negative 消极的
supprtive 支持的
disapprving 不赞成的
critical 批评的
cnservative 保守的
suspicius 可疑的，怀疑的
puzzled/ cnfused 困惑的
subjective 主观的
bjective 客观的
neutral 中立的
cncerned 关心的，有关的
ptimistic 乐观的
pessimistic 悲观的
indifferent 漠不关心的
uncncerned 不关心的