备战2025年高考英语精品教案 第二部分 学透语法 基础词法篇 专题一 冠词、代词、介词、并列连词（Word版附解析）

这是一份备战2025年高考英语精品教案 第二部分 学透语法 基础词法篇 专题一 冠词、代词、介词、并列连词（Word版附解析），共29页。
编者按：考向的考查次数为该考点近5年全国卷及近4年新高考全国卷（共20套卷）累计考查次数。
考向1 冠词 [全国卷5年13考]
1.[2023新高考Ⅰ，63]The meat shuld be fresh with a tuch f sweetness， and the surrunding sup ht， clear and delicius.
2.[2022新高考Ⅰ，57]Cvering an area abut three times the size f Yellwstne Natinal Park， the GPNP[Giant Panda Natinal Park] will be ne f the first natinal parks in the cuntry.
3.[2022新高考Ⅱ，57] The Brwn family live in an apartment building utside Trnt.
4.[2022全国甲，64] A friend f his， Wu Fan， vlunteered t be his cmpanin during the trip.
5.[2021全国甲，68]It tk us abut 3 hurs t g all the way arund the Xi’an City Wall.
若空后的"（形容词＋）名词"前没有形容词性物主代词、指示代词等限定词，考虑填冠词。若该名词是可数名词，且在语境中第一次出现，空处可翻译为"一个（名、本等）"，一般填a/an；若该名词在前文出现过，空处可翻译为"这/那个，这/那些"，一般填the。
另外，还要注意固定搭配中的冠词及冠词的特殊用法（抽象名词具体化等）。
1.[2023新高考Ⅱ，59]Nt the pandas， even thugh the language used fr the medical training instructins is actually English.
2.[2023 浙江1月，65]In cntrast t the curt life and upper-class culture represented by the Frbidden City， the Summer Palace， and the Temple f Heaven， the hutngs reflect the culture f grassrts Beijingers.
3.[2022全国乙，62]T celebrate the festival， a number f events tk place at the Chinese Businessman Museum in Beijing n Thursday.
4.[2022浙江1月，63]Cbb， fr her part， started t ask cnference rganizers wh invited her t speak if she culd d s remtely； abut three-quarters f the time， they agreed.
5.[2020新高考Ⅱ，61]Each vlume in the set explres a wide range f materials， explains the basic cncepts f majr applicatins f digital systems...
6.[2020浙江，64]Then， with the rise f science， changes began.
考向2 代词[全国卷5年7考]
6.[2023 新高考Ⅰ，62] Nanxiang aside， the best xia lng ba have a fine skin， allwing them t be lifted ut f the steamer basket withut tearing r spilling any f their （they） cntents.
7.[2021新高考Ⅰ，64]As the sng ges， this lng and winding rad "will never disappear"， and it will always stick in the visitr’s memry. It sure des in mine （I）.
8.[2021全国乙，63]Ecturism has its （it） rigin with the envirnmental mvement f the 1970s.
9.[2020新高考Ⅰ，62]As well as lking at exhibits，visitrs can play with cmputer simulatins（模拟） and imagine themselves （they） living at a different time in histry r walking thrugh a rainfrest.
有提示词时，空处若作宾语，则用人称代词的宾格（him/her/them等）；空处若作定语，则用形容词性物主代词（its/ur/their等）；空处若作主语、宾语、表语，且表示所有物，则用名词性物主代词（its/mine等）；空处若作宾语、表语且又和句子的主语指同一人或物，则用反身代词（herself/themselves等）。
无提示词时，空处若作形式主语或形式宾语，则用it；还要注意一些固定句式（强调句型等）。
1.[2022北京，17]Since peple can’t always eat ut r ck fr themselves （they）， they get takeut r rder delivery.
2.[2020新高考Ⅱ，65]Readers are encuraged t cntinue explring the digital wrld with the guidance f ur （we） Further Resurces sectin featured in each vlume.
3.[全国Ⅲ，68]When the grillas and I frightened each ther， I was just glad t find them （they） alive.
4.[浙江高考，58]Many westerners wh cme t China ck much less than in their wn cuntries nce they realize hw cheap it can be t eat ut.
考向3 介词 [全国卷5年18考]
10.[2023全国甲，68]She warns f the envirnmental dangers facing sciety， and she teaches that peple must take respnsibility fr saving their envirnment.
11.[2022全国乙，61]May 21st this year marks the first Internatinal Tea Day， which was named fficially by the United Natins n Nvember 27th， 2019.
12.[2021全国甲， 62]It （the Xi’an City Wall） was built riginally t prtect the city in/during the Tang dynasty and has nw been cmpletely restred（修复）.
高考主要考查介词的基本用法和固定搭配中的介词。
解题时：1.注意分析句子结构，如果空处在名词、代词或动名词前，考虑填介词；2.注意固定搭配中的介词；3.注意有特殊用法的介词，如with/withut的复合结构。
1.[2023 新高考Ⅰ，60]There， yu’ll find them prepared differently — mre dumpling and less sup — and the wrappers are pressed by hand rather than rlled.
2.[2023新高考Ⅱ，58]Since June have been helping the panda keepers at the z t feel mre cmfrtable and cnfident speaking English. And wh d they speak English t/with ？
3.[2023 全国乙，61]Frm Buddhist temples t museums， narrw hutng t ryal palaces， it is hme t mre than 3，000 years f glrius histry even dwn t its layut， with the city keeping its carefully built system f ring rads.
4.[2023北京，17]Nina has run marathns in 32 cuntries. All f her runs have a guiding purpse： t call attentin t glbal water issues.
5.[2023浙江1月，63]Thanks t Beijing’s lng histry as the capital f China， almst every hutng has its stries， and sme are even assciated with histric events.
6.[2022全国甲，69]He flew 4，700 kilmeters frm Xi’an t Kashgar n Sept.20， planning t hike back t Xi’an in five mnths.
7.[2022浙江，62]Luc Gandarias， wh’s nw thirteen， went blind suddenly at age seven.
8.[2022北京，11]Helen was walking dwn the street late in the evening， her arms filled with grcery bags.
9.[2021全国乙，66] types f trips are nw being classified as ecturism.
10.[2020新高考Ⅰ，65]Museums must cmpete fr peple’s spare time and mney with ther amusements.
11.[2020全国Ⅰ，65]The far side f the mn is f particular interest t scientists because it has a lt f deep craters（环形山）， mre s than the familiar near side.
12.[2020全国Ⅱ，64]Orange trees are mre than decratin； they are a symbl f gd frtune and wealth.
13.[2020北京，6]Over time， the bags fall apart t/int cuntless tiny pieces， and fish can accidentally eat sme f them.
14.[全国Ⅰ，63]Mdern methds f/fr tracking plar bear ppulatins have been emplyed nly since the mid-1980s， and are expensive t perfrm cnsistently ver a large area.
15.[全国Ⅲ，63]We were first greeted with the barking by a pack f dgs， seven t be exact.
16.[浙江高考，61]But can unifrms help imprve schl standards？ The answer t this questin is nt clear.
注意 其后常跟介词t的名词还有key，slutin，apprach等。
考向4 并列连词[全国卷5年12考]
13.[2023全国乙，65]It is a distinct visual cntrast（反差） that shuldn’t wrk， but/yet smehw these tw very different wrlds make a gd cmbinatin.
14.[2022新高考Ⅱ，61]He hung n fr a few minutes and screamed fr his father， but his father didn’t hear him.
15.[2022全国乙，67]The "First Internatinal Tea Day Tea Rad Cperative Initiative" issued（发布） at the ceremny calls fr peple wrking in the tea industry t cme tgether t prmte internatinal cperatin and cultural exchanges.
16.[2021浙江，62]Althugh Mary lved flwers， neither she nr her husband was knwn as a gardener.
高考主要考查并列连词的基本用法和固定结构中的并列连词。
解题时，要根据句子意思及结构，厘清句子的逻辑关系。表示并列、递进、顺承常用and；表示转折常用but（但不能与althugh/thugh连用）或yet；表示选择常用r；表示结果常用s。
还要注意一些固定句式及结构。如"祈使句＋and/r＋陈述句"，either…r…， neither…nr…， nt…but…， bth…and…等。
1.[2023 新高考Ⅰ，58]T eat ne， yu have t decide whether t bite a small hle in it first， releasing the steam and risking a spill（溢出）， r t put the whle dumpling in yur muth， letting the ht sup explde n yur tngue（舌头）.
2.[2023 新高考Ⅱ，64]It’s been an hnr t watch the panda prgramme develp and t see the pandas settle int their new hme.
3.[2023浙江1月，56]During China’s dynastic perid， emperrs planned the city f Beijing and arranged the residential areas accrding t scial classes.
4.[2022新高考Ⅰ，61]The GPNP is designed t reflect the guiding principle f "prtecting the authenticity and integrity（完整性） f natural ecsystems， preserving bilgical diversity， prtecting eclgical buffer znes， and leaving behind precius natural assets（资产） fr future generatins".
5.[2022浙江，65]"The feeling f being able t see it and t frm my pinin is like breaking dwn anther wall as a blind persn."
6.[2021新高考Ⅱ，60]I fund the cntact infrmatin f the cmpany and emailed its president.
7.[2020新高考Ⅰ，57]They kept their cllectin at hme until it gt t big r until they died，and then it was given t a museum.
8.[全国Ⅱ，67]I wrk nt because I have t， but because I want t.
考点一 冠词
一、不定冠词a/an
不定冠词有a， an两种形式，用来表示不特定的人或事物，一般修饰可数名词单数。当紧跟冠词的词以辅音音素开头时，用a；当紧跟冠词的词以元音音素开头时，用an。
The Wilsns live in a Eurpean-style huse near the cast. It is an eighteenth-century cttage.
I earn my living as a supermarket cashier n weekdays.
Peple develp a preference fr a particular style f learning at an early age.
Mrs. Taylr has an 8-year-ld daughter wh has a gift fr painting — she has wn tw natinal prizes.
T tell the truth， Jhn is at a lss what t d currently.
I’m still hungry. Culd yu please give me a secnd piece f cake？
Yu have been wrking fr ten hurs. Take a rest and eat smething.
[2021新高考Ⅰ，65]While yu’re in China， Munt Huangshan is a must t visit！
此处must表示"必须做或看的事物"，为可数名词，常用单数，此处表示泛指。
二、定冠词the
With the assistance f dctrs and nurses，the patient recvered quickly.
[2022浙江，59]The tactile（可触知的） paintings wrk as a way t shw art t the blind because we dn’t see with just ur eyes： We see with ur brains.
[2021浙江，64] The Linclns enlarged the huse t a full tw stries in 1856 t meet the needs f their grwing family.
The little pupil tk his grandma by the arm and walked her acrss the street.
With the cllege entrance examinatin appraching， we have t make the mst f the time left.
Over the past twenty years， China has develped swiftly.
[2020全国Ⅱ，70]The plum trees are the first t flwer even as the snw is melting（融化）. They represent the prmise f spring and a renewal f life.
[浙江高考，57]Everybdy wears the same style f clthes. Unifrms can be useful in unexpected ways.
三、零冠词
1.China’s war epic The Battle at Lake Changjin rcketed t the tp f China’s bx ffice during the pening days f the cuntry’s lng Natinal Day hliday.
2.Pyang Lake， which is China’s largest freshwater lake，is a winter shelter fr plenty f migratry birds every year.
3.Later， when peple had the ability t use their imaginatin t express ideas， wdcarving became a kind f art.
4.A religius and cultural crssrads n the Silk Rad， Dunhuang has a number f caves that huse a vast cllectin f murals describing religius stries and life scenes.
5.Last mnth， researchers frm Bstn University published an article， which analyzed pht editing apps’ bad impacts n peple’s self-esteem and the ptential fr causing appearance anxiety.
6.We are living in the Infrmatin Age， a time f new discveries and great changes.
考点二 代词
一、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词
It was he that helped me when I traveled in Madrid， and I’ve kept in tuch with him ever since.（he）
[2022全国乙，70]The Chinese Ancient Tea Museum was fficially unveiled（揭幕） at the ceremny， pening its （it） first exhibitin： The Avenue f Truth — A Special Exhibitin f Pu’er Tea.
At first she tk my hand in hers （her） and listened patiently as I mentined my wrries.
Then the driver std up and asked，"Did anyne lse a suitcase at the last stp？ " A wman n the bus shuted， "Oh， dear！ It’s mine/me （I）."
空处用名词性物主代词mine，表示那个箱子是"我的"；也可用I的宾格形式me，表示是"我"在上一站丢失了手提箱。
Nw I’m much mre experienced as a driver. Althugh I still dn’t cnsider myself （I） a perfect ne， I’m much mre cnfident behind the wheel than I was when I started.
He’s writing this e-mail t ask fr sick leave because he’s nt feeling himself （he） tday.
Every year when Grain in Ear（芒种） cmes， peple make different types f bread with wheat flur and clr them （they） with vegetable juice.
二、不定代词
1.bth， either， neither， all， any， nne
If yu can’t decide which f the tw bks t brrw， why dn’t yu take bth？ I wn’t read them this week.如果你不能决定借这两本书中的哪一本，为什么不两本都借呢？我这周不看这两本书。
—D yu want tea r cffee？你想喝茶还是咖啡？
—Either is OK. I really dn’t mind.任何一种都可以。我真的不介意。
2.each
①each可直接作主语，也可接"f＋代词的复数形式"或"f＋the/these/形容词性物主代词＋名词复数"作主语，此时，谓语动词用单数。
Each （f the students） has a dictinary. 每位学生都有一本词典。
②each可作同位语，放在主语（复数）后，谓语动词用复数。
They each have a dictinary.他们每人有一本词典。
注意 each还可作限定词，修饰可数名词单数，常与every进行辨析。
each指"两者或两者以上中的每一个",强调个体。every指"三者或三者以上中的每一个",强调全体。
There are lts f flwers n each side f the rad. 路两边有许多花。
She knws nearly every student in the schl. 她几乎认识学校里的每个学生。
3.the ther， anther， the thers， thers
4.many，much，（a）few，（a）little
三、用作替代词的ne， the ne， that， it
[天津高考，3]A study shws the students wh are engaged in after-schl activities are happier than thse wh are nt.
The Chinese have knwn abut the benefits f green tea since ancient times， and they use it t treat varius diseases such as headaches and depressin.
四、it的常考用法
1.it作形式主语的常用句型
①It＋be＋adj.＋（fr/f sb.） t d sth.
②It＋be＋n.＋（fr sb./sth.）t d sth.
③It takes/tk sb.＋一段时间＋t d sth.做某事花费某人多长时间。
④It is wrthwhile t d/ding sth. 值得做某事。
⑤It is useless/n use/n gd ding sth.做某事没用。
⑥It is a pity/shame that... 真可惜/遗憾……
⑦It is n wnder that... 难怪……
⑧It is bvius/clear/evident that... 显然……
⑨It is said/reprted/believed that...据说/据报道/人们相信……
⑩It ccurs t/hits/strikes sb. that... 某人突然想起……
⑪It seems/appears that... 似乎……
It is very kind f yu t prvide me with generus help and supprt. 你真是太好了，给予我慷慨的帮助和支持。
It’s n use crying ver spilt milk.覆水难收。/后悔无益。
It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all ther species n Earth.显然，人类活动对地球上所有其他物种已经产生了负面影响。
2.it作形式宾语的常用句型
①主语＋think/believe/suppse/cnsider/feel/find/make/keep...＋it＋adj./n.＋（fr/f sb.） t d/that...
②主语＋think/believe/suppse/cnsider/feel/find/make/keep...＋it＋useless/wrth/wrthwhile/n use/n gd/a waste f time...＋ding sth.
She made it clear that she bjected. 她明确表示反对。
I find it quite necessary t tell her befrehand. 我觉得很有必要事先告诉她。
I cnsider it wrthwhile watching/t watch this mvie. 我认为这部电影值得一看。
3.it的相关短语和常用句型
make it 成功，做到 believe it r nt 信不信由你
as sb. puts it 正如某人所说
take it fr granted that...认为……是理所当然的
Take it easy.别紧张。 Dn’t mentin it.不客气。
When it cmes t...当涉及/谈及……（t为介词）
It （强调句型）
1.Rather than adding extra class time， schls may find it mre prductive t cnsider carefully the range and quality f activities prvided.
2.Accrding t Wang， the platfrm nt nly helps with prductin but als prmtes sales， as its （it） tracking system can cllect first-hand marketing feedback data.
3.The famus rck singer-sngwriter is a legendary figure in Chinese rck music， the media calling him （he） "the gdfather f Chinese rck and rll".
4.As the wrld leaders cntinue t cmmit themselves （they） t mnitring ur "sick" planet， we need t cntinue t take small steps t "heal" the wrld.
5.In additin， it is always wise t cmpare yur results with thse f ther grup members.
6. It is bad manners fr the yung t take up the seats fr the ld.
7.WFP（世界粮食计划署） wrks clsely with gvernments， rganizatins and individuals whse lve fr helping hungry peple equals urs （ur）.
考点三 介词
一、表示"时间"的介词
In Nvember 2020， Marshall saw a persn lying in the street after being hit by a car.
The stre， n every agreed day， will pack the fd well and send it t the custmer’s hme.
Frm mid-March t mid-April every year is the best time t enjy the beautiful cherry blssms.
Mre than 50，000 ancient artifacts have been fund at Sanxingdui since the 1920s， when a lcal farmer accidentally came upn a number f relics at the site.
It was nt until 1920 that regular radi bradcast began.
A cmpany says it has created a new battery that peple can fully charge in/within just five minutes. This is the same amunt f time it takes t fill a tank f petrl.
On Tuesday mrning， Shen Dng was abut t walk int the bank when he sptted smething falling dwn frm a building acrss the street.
[2021北京，14]While riding his bike hme n a cld night，he came acrss a sad-lking elderly wman wandering the streets by herself.
二、表示"地点或方位"的介词
The erhu is similar t the vilin， but there are many significant differences between them.
When we first arrive in a different cuntry， everything abut the new culture is strange and exciting.
[2020全国Ⅲ，70]The artist was finally humbled（谦卑） by the greatest artist n earth， Mther Nature.
[2020浙江，56]Sme time after 10，000 BC， peple made the first real attempt t cntrl the wrld they lived in ， thrugh agriculture.
三、表示"工具或手段"的介词
Nwadays many peple travel acrss China by means f high-speed trains， and the rail traffic is quite busy especially during festivals.
In India， fr example， mst peple traditinally eat with their hands.
四、表示"原因或理由"的介词
The Smiths are praised fr the way they bring up their children.
The number f rad accidents and the deaths resulting frm thse accidents has increased ver the past years.
五、表示"范围"的介词（短语）
六、常见的介词短语
1.at构成的短语
at first起先，首先 at last 最后
at nce立刻at wrk在工作；起作用
at the age f在……岁时at the end f在……末尾
at the ft f在……脚下at the same time同时
at a lss困惑，不知所措
2.by构成的短语
by chance碰巧by design故意地
by frce用武力by hand手工
by nature天生地by the way顺便提一下
by neself独自地
3.beynd构成的短语
beynd descriptin无法形容
beynd cntrl无法控制
beynd ne’s reach够不着
beynd ne’s understanding无法理解
4.in构成的短语
in advance事先，预先in case如果，万一
in charge主管，掌管in cmmn共有，共同
in cmfrt舒适地in cnclusin最后
in despair绝望地in detail详细地
in dubt不确定in effect实际上；有效
in fact事实上in general 大体上
in need在贫困中in rder正常，妥当
in return作为回报in n way决不
in peace平静地，安宁地in shrt 简言之；总之
in place在正确位置，准备妥当；准备就绪
in sight看得见in turn依次；转而in vain徒劳
5.n构成的短语
n display陈列，展出n hliday在度假
n leave在休假n sale出售；减价出售
n time准时n average平均
n behalf f代表n the cntrary与此相反
6.under构成的短语
under cnsideratin在考虑中
under cnstructin在建设中
under pressure承受着压力
7.ut f构成的短语
ut f balance失去平衡ut f breath喘不上气
ut f cntrl失去控制ut f date过时的
ut f rder出故障ut f place不适当；位置不当
ut f the questin不可能ut f reach够不着
ut f sight看不见ut f style不时髦的
ut f tuch失去联系ut f wrk失业
8."in＋名词＋其他介词"结构
in case f以防in celebratin f 庆祝……
in charge f 负责，主管
in curse f在……的过程中
in frnt f 在……前面in favur f 赞同，支持
in fear f担心，害怕in memry f为纪念……
in need f 需要in place f代替
in pssessin f 拥有in praise f 赞美
in respect f 关于，就……而言
in search f寻找in spite f 不管，尽管
in supprt f支持in terms f就……而言
in view f 鉴于，考虑到
in hnur f为向……表示敬意
in exchange fr 作为……的交换
in preparatin fr 为……做准备
in return fr 作为对……的回报
in reward fr 作为……的报酬
in additin t 除……之外
in respnse t 回答，响应
in cntrast t与……形成对比
in harmny with 与……协调
in tuch with 和……接触；和……有联系
9.其他介词短语
due t/wing t/thanks t/n accunt f/as a result f/because f因为 instead f 代替，而不是
regardless f 不顾，不管
ahead f 在……的前面；领先于……
accrding t 根据next t 紧挨着
alng with 与……一起tgether with 连同
rather than 而不是but fr 要不是
fr fear f唯恐up t 直到；由……决定
The bk describes in detail the prcess f planting tea plants， harvesting tea leaves， and preparing fr tea making.
The stre was renamed Shakespeare and Cmpany in 1964 in hnur f a bkseller he admired， Sylvia Beach.
[2021天津3月，5]Students are encuraged t take cntrl f their wn learning， rather than just depending n the teacher.
Taking n this challenge will bring yu in cntact with smene wh shares yur interests.
七、动词/名词/形容词与介词的常见搭配
1."动词＋介词"类
2."名词＋介词"类
3."形容词＋介词"类
4.常见的"动词＋名词/代词＋介词"类短语
An exhibitin which pened n August 30 in Xi’an displayed 121 clred terractta relics（遗物）， dating frm the Qin dynasty.
Develping the Yangtze River Ecnmic Belt is a systematic prject which calls fr a clear rad map and timetable.
Undubtedly， excessive gaming is purely a waste f time and energy and has a negative effect n bth physical and mental health.
[2020全国Ⅱ，67]Bamb plants are assciated with health， abundance and a happy hme.
1.In Chinese histry， writing brushes（毛笔） served as an essential tl fr cultural heritage.
2.The Chinese Farmers’ Harvest Festival falls n the Autumnal Equinx（秋分） each year.
3.Wdcarving serves practical purpses and at the same time is f decrative value.
4.Unlike the mdern dam， where the water is blcked with a huge wall， Dujiangyan still lets water flw thrugh the Minjiang River naturally， making the ecsystem and fish ppulatins exist in peace.
5.Because native plants are riginal t the ecsystem， they prvide the best habitats fr lcal insects， birds and ther animals.
6.Restaurants f cnsiderable sizes may have fully prepared mre than a hundred refreshments fr custmers t chse frm .
7.Ecturism has its rigin with the envirnmental mvement f the 1970s. It was nt widely accepted as a travel cncept until the late 1980s.
考点四 并列连词
并列连词用来连接两个或更多的单词、短语或分句。由并列连词连接两个或两个以上分句的句子叫并列句。
一、表示不同逻辑关系的并列连词
[2023浙江1月，56]During China’s dynastic perid， emperrs planned the city f Beijing and arranged the residential areas accrding t scial classes.
Ntices in the waiting rm request that yu shuld neither smke nr shut ludly.
[2021全国甲，67]My bike was ld and shaky but did the jb.
Small amunts f caffeine — a cup r tw f cffee a day — seem safe fr mst peple.
二、含有并列连词的固定句式
1.祈使句＋and/r＋陈述句
在此句式中，and表示顺承关系，r表示"否则"。 "祈使句＋and＋陈述句"有时可用"名词（词组）＋and＋陈述句"表示，名词词组中常含有mre， anther， further， earlier等词。
Dive dwn 650 feet， and yu will ntice that light starts fading rapidly.
We’d better g nw， r we’ll miss the train.
One mre hur， and I’ll get my assignment finished.
2.when作并列连词时的常用句式
when也可作并列连词，意为"这时，那时"，相当于and at this/that time。其常用于下列句式：
Sb. was ding sth. was abut t d/nthe pint f ding had just dne sth. when...
We were having a meeting when he brke in. 我们正在开会，这时他闯了进来。
I was abut t g ut when the telephne rang. 我正要出门，这时电话响了。
I had just left when it began t rain. 我刚离开，天就开始下雨了。
1.The spare rm can be designed as an excellent entertainment center， a playrm， r a large hme ffice.
2.The huse has high ceilings and many windws， s it is always very bright.
3.Sme children may seek cmfrt in hugs， while thers prefer physical space.
4.Cathy’s drawing may nt be excellent， but/yet I knw she has dne her best.
5.Stick t it， and yu will think mre quickly，mve mre swiftly and even see mre clearly.
6.Classical Chinese is nt nly a cde r a tl， but the cultural backbne f all the great philsphies， spirituality， and even arts in China and all ver Asia.
7.Shi Lei was cycling t wrk when he sptted an elderly wman fell int the icy water.
一、单句语法填空
1.[2024安徽皖江名校10月联考]Su embridery （Su Xiu） is the mst celebrated f the fur main styles f Chinese silk embridery.
2.[2024山西大同10月联考]Being expsed t high levels f radiatin may increase the risks f cntracting cancer and ther diseases.
3.[2024四川眉山阶段练]The "eight majr cuisines" have their wn systems， which represent different custms and cultural characteristics f different places.
4.[2024江苏无锡期中]Wuzhen ffers a wide variety f traditinal Chinese dishes， allwing turists t sink their teeth int the muth-watering experiences.
5.[2024浙江绍兴9月检测]Thanks t Sichuan htpt， the spicy flavrs have tickled the taste buds f diners all ver the cuntry.
【点拨】 tickle意为"（使）发痒"， 本句中tickle ne’s taste buds意为"刺激某人的味蕾"。
6.[2024重庆巴蜀中学月考]The results f the study suggest there is a unique and pwerful classrm experience when play is valued and used in the learning prcess.
7.During my freshman year， the teacher wuld pick the best essay in ur class t be read ut lud， but mine （my） was never chsen.
8.It’s nt always safe t pay ver the Internet， s yu shuld be careful.
9.In the Sng Dynasty， an instrument was als invented t indicate directin， called the cmpass fish， which flated n the water.
10.Frtunately， neither the driver nr the passengers were hurt in the car crash.
11.[2024江苏扬州统考]Tm was abut t jump int the swimming pl when he realized it was t shallw.
12.[2024上海格致中学考试]On Thursday， Hlden Thrp， editr-in-chief f America’s leading jurnal Science， annunced an updated editrial plicy， banning the use f text frm ChatGPT and clarifying that the prgram culd nt be listed as an authr.
13.[2024江苏无锡期中]Whether taking bat trips n the canal r just explring the narrw streets f the twn， the travel experience in Wuzhen is guaranteed t be as impressive as its histry.
14.Learn mre English wrds and expressins， and yu will find it easier t read and cmmunicate.
15.Sme f ur ancestrs chse t pursue the unknwn — and this curisity led them t， fr instance， discver the use f fire.
16.Talented musicians frm arund the wrld brught their （they） unique cultural influences and artistry t create an unfrgettable musical experience.
17.The main difference between ur brains and thse f mnkeys is that urs （we） are bigger.
18.They plan t prmte the cards amng all residents aged ver 60 and students in all schls frm kindergartens t senir high schls.
19.Yue Opera， ne f the five majr Chinese peras and the secnd mst influential pera natinally， is knwn as "Chinese drama" abrad.
20.Much t my astnishment， my mther appeared with a number f my ld friends wh I recgnized immediately when I pened the dr n my birthday.
21.[2024广东佛山联考]Tang suits， wrn by verseas Chinese peple during the Spring Festival each year， appeal t many freigners.
22.[2024黑龙江哈师大附中开学考]If taxpayers are t bear the cst f frgiving student lans， shuldn’t they have a say in hw their mney is used？
【点拨】 have a say in sth.意为"在某事上有发言权"。
23.[2024四川绵阳一诊]Xie Junwei， wh c-directs the mvie Chang’an with Zu Jing， says that he made multiple trips t Xi’an in search f inspiratin during the prductin， adding that the small statues and ancient paintings exhibited at the Shaanxi Histry Museum prvided them with valuable ideas fr the film.
24.This culd be actually a threat t the ther species within the envirnment as the alien animals enter the area and cmpete fr fd surces.
25.If yu are walking dwn the muntain in the dark， yu shuld always have headlamps with yu， r it will becme t dangerus.
26.Fr much f Chinese histry， what mst peple thught f as mney were small cins with hles in the middle.
【点拨】 think 意为"把……看作……，把……视为……"；此处为what引导的主语从句，且引导词what在从句中作f的宾语。
27.The Daqing shadw puppetry（皮影戏） used t be welcmed by peple f all ages in rural areas. Hwever， in the 1980s， with the ppularity f films and TV shws， it started t lse its （it） shine and many perfrmers mved n t ther jbs.
28.By means f studying the wrkings f wildlife， we’ve cme up with sme pretty brilliant inventins.
29.Tears are mre than salty water — they deliver xygen and nutrients t ur eyes， remve waste and serve as the first line f defense against disease.
30.See every mistake as an imprtant life lessn instead f a failure， and yu will find yu have nthing t be afraid f n yur way t success.
二、语篇语法填空
[2024辽宁丹东阶段测]The term Xuan paper first appeared in On Famus Paintings Thrugh the Ages， a bk 1 （write） by the Tang Dynasty schlar Zhang Yanyuan， in which he described Xuan paper as 2 ideal carrier fr calligraphy and painting. Handmade Xuan paper frm Jingxian cunty， East China’s Anhui Prvince， was listed as a tribute（贡品） t the imperial curt 3 its supreme quality during the perid.
The traditinal craft f making Xuan paper is 4 （extreme） demanding. The bark f sandalwd， a plant native t suthern China， ges thrugh 108 5 （prcedure） tgether with rice straw ver the curse f three years befre it can be transfrmed int fine Xuan paper. The entire prcedure is s cmplex 6 even the mst skilled craftsman can nly master a limited number f steps.
The flw f ink， bth guided 7 resisted by water， determines the utput f Chinese art， and Xuan paper ges beynd thers with 8 （it） excellent ability t give full play t ink. It is this durability that has made the preservatin f many 9 （value） wrks frm ancient China pssible.
Papermaking is a crystallizatin f 10 （wise） f the ancient Chinese， and Xuan paper is the peak f papermaking.
本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了一些关于中国宣纸的知识。
1.written 非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知， 动词write和其逻辑主语a bk之间是被动关系，所以应用过去分词作后置定语。故填written。
2.an 冠词。这里泛指一个理想的书画载体， 且空后的ideal发音以元音音素开头， 所以应用不定冠词an。故填an。
3.fr 介词。句意：这一时期， 来自中国东部安徽省泾县的手工宣纸因其质量上乘而被列为朝廷贡品。空处表示"因为"。故填fr。
4.extremely 副词。句意：制作宣纸的传统工艺要求极高。空处应用副词修饰形容词demanding。extreme的副词形式为extremely，意为"极其， 非常"。故填extremely。
5.prcedures 名词复数。prcedure意为"步骤， 程序"， 为可数名词， 且其前有数词108限定， 所以这里应用名词复数。故填prcedures。
6.that 状语从句。句意：整个过程非常复杂， 即使是最熟练的工匠也只能掌握有限的步骤。分析句子结构可知，这里是结构，引导结果状语从句，意为 "如此……以至于……"。故填that。
7.and 连词。句意： 墨的流动，既有水的引导， 也有水的阻碍，决定了中国艺术的输出，而宣纸因为其出色的润墨性超越了其他纸。意为"两者都；既……又……"， 为固定搭配。故填and。
8.its 代词。空后为名词短语excellent ability， 所以空处应填形容词性物主代词， it的形容词性物主代词为its。故填its。
9.valuable 形容词。分析句子结构可知， 空后为名词wrks， 所以空处应填形容词作定语。value的形容词形式为valuable。故填valuable。
10.wisdm 名词。句意： 造纸术是中国古代人民智慧的结晶，而宣纸是造纸术的巅峰。空处应填名词， 作空前介词f的宾语。wise的名词形式是wisdm， 意为"智慧"， 为不可数名词。故填wisdm。卷别
冠词
代词
介词
并列连词
2023
新Ⅰ
63.a（a tuch f"少许，微量"）
62.their
60.by（by hand）
58.r（）
新Ⅱ
59.the
58.t/with（speak t/with）
64.and
甲
68.fr（take respnsibility fr）
乙
61.t（）
65.but/yet
2022
新Ⅰ
57.the（倍数表达）
64.as（serve as）
61.and
新Ⅱ
57.The
61.and
甲
64.A
69.frm（）
乙
62.the
70.its
61.by
67.and
浙江
59.the（the blind）
62.at（at age seven）
65.and
2021
新Ⅰ
65.a（a must t d）
64.mine（介词后宾语）
62.and
新Ⅱ
65.frm（）
60.and
甲
68.the（all the way）
62.in（＋朝代）
67.but
乙
65.the
63.its
64.until
66.f（varius types f）
浙江
64.The（the＋姓氏复数）
61.herself（f宾语）
57.fr（buy sth. fr ＋ 金额）
62.neither
2020
新Ⅰ
62.themselves（动词宾语imagine sb. ding）
65.fr（cmpete fr）
57.r
新Ⅱ
61.a
65.ur
62.and
Ⅰ
70.its
65.than
Ⅱ
70.the（first）
64.than（mre than）
67.with（be assciated with）
Ⅲ
70.n（n earth）
浙江
64.the（with the rise f）
56.in
58.than
2019
Ⅰ
69.the
63.f/fr （methds f/fr）
Ⅱ
69.a
67.but（）
Ⅲ
63.f（a pack f）
浙江
57.the（the same）
61.t （the answer t this questin）
基
本
用
法
表示"一"，但不强调数量概念，或数量概念没有ne强烈。
Rme was nt built in a day. 罗马非一日建成。
用于指首次提到的对方不知道的人或物。
Occupied in carrying ut an experiment， he can’t spare time t lk after his sn. 因为忙着做一个试验，他抽不出时间来照看他的儿子。
a/an＋可数名词单数，泛指一类人或事物，或指同类人或事物中的"一个"。
In America， if a friend has invited yu t drp in at any time， it is best t call befre visiting. 在美国，如果一个朋友邀请你随时拜访他，你最好去之前打个电话。
a/an＋序数词，表示"又一，再一"；a mst＋形容词，表示"非常，很……"。
In rder t find a better jb， he decided t study a secnd freign language. 为了找到一份更好的工作，他决定再学一门外语。
It must be a mst unusual exhibitin.这一定是一次非常不寻常的展览。
不定冠词a/an表示"某一个"，相当于sme/a certain。
A Mr. Green called just nw.刚刚有一位格林先生打电话。
用于某些具体化的抽象名词前，常考的有：success， failure， danger， surprise， pleasure， beauty， cmfrt， hnur等。
I dn’t think the experiment is a failure. At least we have gained experience fr future success. 我认为这次试验不是失败的。至少，我们为以后的成功获得了经验。
固
定
搭
配
as a result/cnsequence结果as a whle总体上as a matter f fact事实上
at a lss不知所措in a hurry匆忙in a wrd总之
in a sense在某种意义上in a way在某种程度上in a shrt while不久
at an early age在幼年时keep an eye n照看，留意pay a visit t拜访
put an end t使……结束nce in a while偶尔have a gift fr有……天赋
all f a sudden突然have/take a rest休息d sb. a favur帮某人一个忙
give sb. a lift 让某人搭便车be/g n a diet节食
It is a pity/shame that...真可惜/遗憾……
It is an hnur t d...深感荣幸做……
基
本
用
法
表示双方都知道的或上文提到过的人或物。
Six f the thirty-eight peple were U.S. citizens. 那38人中有6个人是美国公民。
用于表特指的由短语或从句修饰的名词前。
I really enjyed the bk I’ve just finished reading. 我真的很喜欢我刚刚读完的这本书。
表示一类人或事物（用于形容词或分词前）。
He knws he is waiting fr the impssible. 他知道自己在期盼不可能的事。
用于指世界上独一无二的事物。
Paris is a beautiful city， where yu can see the famus Eiffel Twer. 巴黎是一个美丽的城市，在这里你能看到著名的埃菲尔铁塔。
用于演奏乐器名称前。
As far as I knw，he likes playing the pian but desn’t like playing ftball. 据我所知，他喜欢弹钢琴却不喜欢踢足球。
the＋表示姓氏的复数名词，表示一家人或夫妇二人。
The Jacksns are cming t visit us n Saturday. 杰克逊一家周六要来看我们。
用于序数词、最高级以及nly，very，same等词之前。
It was the first time that Helen had understd such a cmplex wrd. 这是海伦第一次理解了如此复杂的单词。
用于表示世纪、年代、朝代的名词以及逢十的复数数词前（指世纪中的几十年代或人的大约岁数）。
The Tang Dynasty is cnsidered a glden age f Chinese arts and culture. 唐朝被认为是中国艺术和文化的黄金时期。
用于表计量的名词前，如by the hur，by the day，by the dzen，by the meter等。但如果是在抽象名词前，则不用冠词，如：by weight，by time，by length，by size等。
I gt paid by time. T be exact，I gt paid by the hur. 我按时间拿报酬。确切地说，我是按小时拿钱。
固
定
搭
配
in the suth在南方n the right在右边make the mst/best f充分利用
in the end最后by the way顺便说一下in the distance在远处
n the whle总的说来at the same time同时n the ther hand另一方面
t tell （yu） the truth说实话fr the time being 暂时n the spt在现场
nt in the least一点也不the ther day前几天take the place f代替
t the pint中肯，切题in the charge f由……负责
in/ver the past＋时间段 在过去的……时间里
take/catch/hit sb. by/in/n the＋（身体部位）名词 抓住/打某人的……
基
本
用
法
不可数名词和可数名词复数表示泛指时。
Water is necessary t life. 水是生命所必需的。
Bks are my best friend.书是我最好的朋友。
名词前已有this， my， sme， each， n， any等限定时。
We are ding this all withut any supprt frm the hspital. 我们在没有得到医院任何支持的情况下做着这一切。
学科、语言、球类、棋类、日期、一日三餐、月份、星期、季节、节假日和以人名或地名命名的大学等名词前。
They can chse ther subjects like Art， Cmputer Science r languages such as Spanish and German. 他们可以选择其他的科目，如艺术、计算机科学或西班牙语、德语之类的语言课。
与by连用，位于表示交通/通信工具的名词前。
I will cntact yu by letter. 我会写信跟你联系。
表示独一无二的职位、头衔的名词（如captain，manager，mnitr，president等）在句中作表语、同位语或补语时。
Mr. Smith， president f the new cmpany， will be in charge f research and marketing peratins. 新公司的总裁史密斯先生，将负责调研和市场运作。
固
定
搭
配
at present目前take part in参加by chance/accident偶然by mistake错误地，无意中
n purpse故意ahead f time提前by law根据法律make use f利用
lse heart灰心ut f wrk失业in danger处于危险中
at daybreak/dawn/nn/dusk/night/midnight 在拂晓/黎明/正午/黄昏/夜晚/午夜
代词
作用
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
单数
复数
单数
复数
单数
复数
人称代词主格
作主语
I
we
yu
yu
he she it
they
人称代词宾格
作宾语或表语
me
us
yu
yu
him her it
them
形容词性
物主代词
相当于形容词，置于名词前作定语
my
ur
yur
yur
his her its
their
名词性
物主代词
相当于"形容词性物主代词＋名词"，常作主语、表语和宾语，也可用"f＋名词性物主代词"结构作后置定语
mine
urs
yurs
yurs
his hers its
theirs
反身代词
作宾语，常用在enjy， teach， hurt， behave等动词后和by， fr， t等介词后
myself
urselves
yurself
yurselves
himself
herself
itself
themselves
作同位语，用于加强语气，强调"亲自，本人，亲身"
作表语，常用于be， feel， lk等系动词后，表示身体状况等
代词
含义
作主语时谓语动词的数
两者
bth
"都"，肯定
复数
either
"任何一个"，肯定
单数
neither
"都不"，否定
常用单数
三者或
更多
all
"都"，肯定
与all指代的人或事物保持一致
any
"任何一个"
单复数均可（常与f短语连用）
nne
"都不"，否定
注意 "any/nne f＋不可数名词"作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
代词
用法
例句
the
ther
特指两者中的另一个，常用在" ther..."结构中
I have tw daughters. One is a dctr， and the ther is a teacher.我有两个女儿，一个是医生，另一个是教师。
anther
指三者或三者以上中的"另一，再一"
I gt anther f thse calls yesterday.昨天我又接了一个那样的电话。
the
thers
相当于"the ther＋可数名词复数"，特指其余全部的人或物，常用在" thers..."结构中
Tw bys will g t the z， and the thers will g t the museum.两个男孩将去动物园，其余的去博物馆。
thers
相当于"ther＋可数名词复数"，泛指别的人或物，常用在"" 结构中
Sme students are cleaning the classrm； thers are playing in the playgrund.一些学生在打扫教室，另一些在操场上玩。
含义
替代可数名词复数
替代不可数名词
"多"
many
much
"少"，否定意义
few
little
"一些/点"，肯定意义
a few
a little
注意nt a little，quite a little相当于muchnt a few，quite a few相当于many
Mst surprisingly， quite a few said they didn’t intend t vte at all.最让人吃惊的是，相当多的人说他们根本不打算参加投票。
代词
用法
所替代的名词的单复数
ne
替代上文出现的"同类"人或事物中的一个，表泛指
必须是可数名词单数
表示复数时用nes
the ne
替代上文出现的"同类"人或事物，表特指
必须是可数名词单数
表示复数时用the nes
that
替代上文出现的"同类"事物，表特指，其后常跟介词短语作后置定语
可数名词单数/不可数名词
表示复数时用thse
it
替代上文出现的"同一"事物，还可以指代时间、地点、距离、天气、季节等
可数名词单数/不可数名词
at
表示在某一时刻
at 2 ’clck
表示在进餐时间
at breakfast/lunch/supper
表示在一天中的某个时间点
at midnight at dawn
at sunset at nightfall
n
表示在特定的某一天
n Tuesday
n New Year’s Day
表示在某一天的或某种类型的早晨、中午或晚上
n a cld night
n the mrning f July 15
用于"n＋动词-ing/动作名词"结构
n arriving/n his arrival at the htel
fr
表示"长达……（时间）"，后接时间段，常与完成时连用
She has been ill fr tw days.
frm
表示"从……开始"，后接时间点，多用于""结构
Yu can cme anytime frm Mnday t Friday.
since
表示"自……以来"，后接时间点，常与完成时连用
We have knwn each ther since 2008.
befre
表示"在……之前"，与after相对
Please cme befre ten ’clck.
by
表示"不迟于，在……之前"
I’ll have it dne by tmrrw.
until
（till）
表示"直到……为止"，在肯定句中常与延续性动词连用
Yu must wait until/till tmrrw.
在否定句中常与非延续性动词连用
I didn’t g t bed until 12 ’clck.
in
表示"在……之后"或"在……之内"，"in＋时间段"常与将来时连用
I’ll cme t see yu again in a few days.
after
表示"在……之后"，可用于过去时和将来时
We’ll leave after lunch.
They arrived after 5 p.m.
within
表示"在……之内"，强调事情发生的全过程不超出某一段时间
I can finish it within an hur.
during
表示"在……期间"，指整个时间段或一段时间内的某个时候，有时可与in互换
What did she say during/in my absence？
thrugh
表示"自始至终"，指整个时间段
They wrked thrugh the night.
ver
表示"在吃（或喝）……的时候"，强调间隙
We had a pleasant chat ver a cup f tea.
表示"在……期间"，可与during互换
Will yu be hme ver/during the summer vacatin？
at
其后一般接小地方，接地名时，常将此地视为空间的一点
He arrived at the famus twn in Jiangsu at dusk.
n
表示两地接壤
Guangdng is n the east f Guangxi； Fujian lies t the suth f Jiangsu and all f them are in China.
t
表示两地的相对位置，不接壤
in
其后一般接大地方或表示在某个范围之内
ff
表示"（时空上）离，距"
He lives n an island ff the cast.
n
表示"在……上"，强调两个物体表面相接触
There is a glass n the table， a map f the wrld n the wall， and a clck abve the map.
abve
表示位置高于某物，但不一定在正上方，反义词是belw
ver
表示"在某物的正上方"，反义词是under
There is a lamp hanging ver the desk， and under it is a waste-paper basket.
alng
表示"沿着"某一路径在水平方向上行进
I saw them running alng the rad.
thrugh
意为"穿过"，表示从内部空间通过
They walked acrss the square and then thrugh the dark frest.
acrss
表示"横穿"，强调从某一物体的表面横过
He ran acrss the zebra crssing（斑马线）， rushing int the shp acrss the street.
表示"在……对面"
by/past
意为"经过"，表示从某人/某物的旁边经过
He walked by/past me withut speaking.
between
表示"在……之间（指两者）"，常和and连用；也可指三者或三者以上的每两者之间的相互关系和差别
I sat dwn between J and Diana.
The by has already knwn the difference between gases， slids and liquids.
amng
表示"在……之间（指三者或三者以上的同类事物，或笼统的一群人或一些物之间）"
I fund the letter amng his papers.
by
表示"靠……手段，用……方法，凭借……"，后可接名词、代词或动词-ing
We can realize ur dreams by wrking hard.
"by＋表示交通工具的名词"表示交通方式，此时名词前不加冠词
by bike/bus/train/
plane/ship
"by＋表示水、陆、空的名词"表示交通方式
by water/sea/land/
air
with
表示"用，使用（某种工具、物品或材料等）"，所接名词前应加冠词、形容词性物主代词等限定词
We see with ur eyes， hear with ur ears， and walk with ur legs.
in
表示"使用（某种语言、材料等）"
The bk was written in Chinese.
n
表示"通过，使用，借助于"
She learns English n the radi/n TV.
fr
常与表示闻名、奖罚等意义的形容词或动词连用，如famus，knwn，praise，punish等
Xi’an is famus fr its high status in the lng histry.
at
常与表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词（如angry，delighted等）连用，表示产生这种情感的原因
He was surprised at the news.
with
常与表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的抽象名词连用，表示因为某种感情而使某人有某种表现或行为
He shuted ludly with anger.
frm
表示伤、病或事故等原因
She felt sick frm tiredness.
f
多用于表示自身的原因；也常用于某些与情感相关的形容词后
Her friend died f cancer.
His father is prud f him.
besides
"除……之外（还）"，除去的部分也包括在整体之内
There are three mre visitrs besides me.除我之外，还有三位访客。
except
"除……之外"，除去的部分不包括在整体之内，一般表示同类之间的关系
Yu can take any f the apples except this ne.除了这个，你可以拿走这些苹果中的任何一个。
except
fr
"除……之外"，用于引出细节以修正或补充句子的主要意思
The rads were empty except fr a few cars.除了几辆小汽车，马路上空荡荡的。
apart
frm
具有多重意义，既可代替besides，也可代替except fr或except
Apart frm（＝Except fr） the kitchen， the huse is very nice.这座房子除了厨房，哪儿都很好。
搭配
动词
动词＋abut
care， dream， talk， think， wrry等
动词＋at
aim， glare， glance， knck， laugh， lk， pint， shut， stare等
动词＋fr
call， care， hunt， lng， lk， pay， search， stand， wait， allw等
动词＋frm
benefit， date， differ， hear， recver， result， suffer等
动词＋in
believe， hand， jin， lie， participate， result等
动词＋f
apprve， be， cmplain， cnsist， die， dream， think等
动词＋n
call， carry， cncentrate， depend， fcus， insist， rely等
动词＋t
appeal， attend， belng， cntribute， lead， refer， respnd等
动词＋as
serve， wrk， act等
搭配
名词
名词＋fr
desire， reasn， sympathy等
名词＋in
faith， interest， cnfidence等
名词＋n
effect， impact， influence等
名词＋t
access， answer， key， apprach， attitude， devtin， slutin等
搭配
形容词
形容词＋abut
anxius， careful， curius， particular， serius， srry， wrried等
形容词＋at
angry， gd/bad， disappinted， surprised等
形容词＋in
absrbed， experienced， interested， invlved等
形容词＋fr
eager， famus， fit， prepared， ready， respnsible， srry， thankful等
形容词＋frm
absent， different等
形容词＋f
afraid， ashamed， aware， fnd， prud， shrt， tired， wrthy等
形容词＋t
clse， cntrary， equal， familiar， ppsite， plite， relative， similar等
形容词＋with
busy， cntent， patient， pleased， assciated， satisfied等
搭配
动词
动词＋sb./sth.＋f＋sth.
accuse， cheat， cure， infrm， remind， rb， warn， suspect， persuade， cnvince等
动词＋sb./sth.＋fr＋sth.
blame， criticize， frgive， excuse， pardn， punish， scld， thank， praise， respect， admire等
动词＋sb./sth.＋frm＋（ding） sth.
prevent， stp， keep， prtect， preserve， defend， ban， prhibit， shelter等
其他
take care f照顾 take advantage f利用
take cntrl f控制 take part in参加
pay attentin t注意
向……捐赠/贡献……
devte neself t致力于，专心于
把……用于
使遭受；使接触；向……显露……
prvide sth. fr sb./prvide sb. with sth.为某人提供某物
表示并列、顺承或递进关系
and， ， ， nt als...， ， as well as等
表示转折关系
but（不能与从属连词althugh，thugh连用）
yet（既可作并列连词，也可作副词）
表示选择关系
r， r else， 等
表示因果关系
s（不能与because连用）
fr（表示原因，引出的分句一般用逗号与前句隔开，表示补充说明）
表示对比关系
while